Abstract Introduction: The use of arthropods in ecological studies in the tropical dry forest (TDF) of Colombia focused mainly on spiders, butterflies, ants, and dung beetles; therefore, it is necessary to understand the seasonal dynamics of the other groups such as Geadephaga in this ecosystem. Objective: To evaluate the spatio-temporal variations and the effect of environmental conditions on the diversity of the Geadephaga communities in two TDF fragments in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: This study was conducted during four sampling events between February and June 2018, each lasting four days, and four nights. Four sampling stations were selected in each locality (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM and Reserva La Flecha = RLF), separated 350 m one from another, with square plots of 50 × 50 m. A light trap was installed in the center of each square, while pitfall traps were installed in the four vertices, and manual capture, beating sheets and leaf litter sieve were carried out. Results: A total of 348 Carabidae and 114 of Cicindelidae were captured. In both fragments, the richness and abundance presented the lowest values in dry season, while the highest values were observed during the rainy season. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) was the most abundant species in RCM during rainy season. Conclusions: The richness variation and abundance of Geadephaga corresponds to a seasonal pattern at both locations. A high dissimilarity between the communities of Geadephaga from the two fragments was found, despite having similar environmental conditions.

Resumen Introducción: El uso de artrópodos en estudios ecológicos en el bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) de Colombia se centra mayormente en arañas, mariposas, hormigas y escarabajos coprófagos; por lo tanto, es necesario comprender como es la dinámica estacional de otros grupos como Geadephaga en este ecosistema. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación espacio-temporal y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales sobre la diversidad de las comunidades de Geadephaga en dos fragmentos de Bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en cuatro eventos de muestreo entre febrero y junio de 2018; cada uno con una duración de cuatro días y cuatro noches. En cada localidad (Reserva Campesina La Montaña = RCM y Reserva La Flecha = RLF), se marcaron cuatro estaciones distanciadas 350 m, con parcelas de 50×50 m. En el centro de cada parcela se instaló una trampa de luz, mientras que en los cuatro vértices se instalaron trampas de caída, y se realizó captura manual, cernido de hojarasca y perturbación de follaje. Resultados: Se capturó un total de 348 ejemplares de Carabidae y 114 de Cicindelidae. La riqueza y la abundancia presentaron los valores más bajos durante el período seco, mientras que los mayores valores se observaron durante el período de lluvias, en ambos fragmentos. Tetracha affinis (Dejean, 1825) fue la especie más abundante en la RCM durante el período lluvioso. Conclusiones: La variación de la riqueza y abundancia de Geadephaga responde a un patrón estacional en ambos fragmentos. Se encontró una amplia disimilitud entre las comunidades de Geadephaga de ambos fragmentos, pese a tener condiciones ambientales parecidas.

Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Abstract Introduction: Extensive cattle ranching in tropical dry forest areas (TDF) has caused the transformation of natural ecosystems and has altered the behavior of associated organisms, generating variation in activity patterns. In bats, the activity pattern is affected by the composition and vegetation structure of the ecosystem, and by the climatic season (dry and rainy). Therefore, it is expected that conventional extensive livestock systems, as opposed to silvopastoral systems where environmental heterogeneity is favored, determine the activity of bats. Objective: To compare the activity patterns of bats in conventional management systems (CS) and silvopastoral (SPS) of extensive cattle ranching associated with TDF in the Colombian Caribbean. Methods: The activity pattern of bats in TDF fragments associated with conventional and silvopastoral systems was compared within an annual cycle. The daily activity patterns of 11 species with records for over 10 days in both livestock management systems were determined. Results: A total of 2 788 bats were captured, from six families, 22 genera, and 37 species. Greater bat activity was recorded during the rainy season. We found that although bats show behavioral adaptation to the different management systems (except for Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis and Glossophaga soricina), in TDF fragments associated with SPS there is greater bat activity throughout the year, compared to the activity recorded in CS. Likewise, the only nectarivorous species evaluated, G. soricina, also presented the lowest overlap value between the two types of management SC and SSP. Conclusion: The TDF fragments associated with SPS, due to the vegetation composition and structure, probably favor the constant supply of resources suitable for the bats’ assemblage stability, especially flowers and fruits.

Resumen Introducción: La ganadería extensiva en áreas de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) ha causado la transformación de los ecosistemas naturales, y ha alterado la conducta de los organismos asociados, generando variación en los patrones de actividad. En murciélagos, el patrón conductual se ve afectado por la composición y estructura vegetal del ecosistema, y por la época climática (seca y lluviosa). Por lo que, se espera que en los sistemas convencionales de ganadería extensiva a diferencia de los silvopastoriles donde se favorece la heterogeneidad ambiental, determine la actividad de los murciélagos. Objetivo: Comparar los patrones de actividad de los murciélagos en sistemas de manejo convencional (SC) y silvopastoril (SSP) de ganadería extensiva asociados al bs-T en el Caribe colombiano. Métodos: Se comparó el patrón de actividad de los murciélagos en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SC y SSP durante un ciclo anual. Se determinó el patrón de actividad diaria de 11 especies con registros mayores a 10 días en ambos sistemas de manejo de ganadería. Resultados: Un total de 2788 murciélagos fueron capturados, de seis familias, 22 géneros y 37 especies. Se registró mayor actividad de murciélagos durante la época de lluvias. Encontramos que a pesar de que los murciélagos presentan adaptación del comportamiento a los diferentes sistemas de manejo (excepto Carollia perspicillata, Dermanura phaeotis y Glossophaga soricina), en fragmentos de bs-T asociados a SSP se presenta mayor actividad de los murciélagos durante todo el año, con respecto a la actividad registrada en los SC. Igualmente, la única especie nectarívora evaluada, G. soricina, presentó también el menor valor de solapamiento entre los dos tipos de manejo SC y SSP. Conclusión: Los fragmentos de bs-T inmersos en SSP debido a la estructura del paisaje, podrían estar favoreciendo la oferta constante de recursos adecuados para la estabilidad del ensamblaje de murciélagos, en especial flores y frutos.

Resumen La diversidad genética es importante para la adaptación de una especie a los cambios ambientales, por lo que el conocimiento del nivel y distribución de la diversidad es útil para elaborar estrategias de conservación y manejo de una especie; sin embargo, la información sobre diversidad genética es escasa para especies arbóreas que habitan en el bosque tropical caducifolio, como es el caso de lináloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], una especie que crece en dos subprovincias bióticas en el bosque tropical seco de los estados de Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla y Oaxaca en México. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar la diversidad y estructura genética de Bursera linanoe en poblaciones naturales en dos subprovincias bióticas. En 2019 se recolectó follaje de 92 árboles de lináloe en cuatro poblaciones en las subprovincias bióticas Balsasana y Cañadiana. Posteriormente, el ADN se extrajo del follaje con el protocolo CTAB. Cinco intermicrosatélites (ISSR) se utilizaron, y los fragmentos fueron separados en geles de agarosa. Los siguientes estimadores de diversidad genética se calcularon: porcentaje de loci polimórficos (P), heterocigosidad esperada (He), número efectivo de alelos por locus (Ne) e índice de Shannon (IS); además, se estimó el FST de Wright y se realizó un análisis de varianza molecular (AMOVA). También, la estructura genética se evaluó con el software STRUCTURE. Los valores de los estimadores de la diversidad genética para lináloe fueron: P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 e IS = 0.522, el valor de FST fue 0.160. La partición de la diversidad genética fue de 74 % dentro de poblaciones, 21 % entre poblaciones y 5 % entre subprovincias. Cuatro grupos (K) se formaron con los árboles de lináloe de las cuatro poblaciones. El número de migrantes fue 1.3 por generación. Se encontró una diversidad genética alta y una diferenciación alta entre poblaciones de Bursera linanoe.

Summary Genetic diversity is important for the adaptation of a species to environmental changes, thus knowledge of the level and distribution of diversity is useful for developing conservation and management strategies for a species; however, information on genetic diversity is scarce for tree species that habit in the tropical deciduous forest as is case of linaloe [Bursera linanoe (La Llave) Rzed., Calderón & Medina], a species that grows in two biotic subprovinces in the dry tropical forest of the states of Guerrero, Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity and structure of Bursera linanoe in natural populations at two biotic subprovinces. In 2019, foliage was collected from 92 linaloe trees in four populations of the biotic subprovinces Balsasana and Cañadiana. Subsequently, the DNA was extracted from the foliage with the CTAB protocol. Five inter-microsatellites (ISSR) were used, and the fragments were separated on agarose gels. The following estimators of genetic diversity were calculated: percentage of polymorphic loci (P), expected heterozygosity (He), effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) and Shannon index (SI). In addition, the Wright’s FST was estimated, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed. Also, the genetic structure was evaluated with the STRUCTURE software. The values of the genetic diversity estimators were P = 100 %, He = 0.352, Ne = 1.618 and SI = 0.522, the FST value was 0.160. The partition of genetic diversity was 74 % within populations, 21 % between populations and 5 % between subprovinces. Four groups (K) were formed with the linaloe trees of the four populations. The number of migrants was 1.3 per generation. High genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation between population of Bursera linanoe were found.

Summary Background and aims: The most substantial global land use change is the transformation of native ecosystems into agroecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and reduction of ecosystem services. Potentially, these degraded systems could be restored from their soil seed bank. Our aim was to assess species richness and density of the soil seed bank along a structural complexity gradient in agroecosystems and Espinal forest fragments. Furthermore, we compared species composition between the soil seed bank and established vegetation of the reference system to explore its potential for regeneration of native plant communities. M&M: A structural complexity gradient was created from vegetation and soil structural variables from plots with different land uses to analyze seed bank variables. Results: The highest richness was recorded in the pasture soil seed bank, followed by the forests. The highest density and similarity to the established vegetation of the reference system was registered in the forests. Herbaceous species predominated in all plots. With the exception of Celtis tala, seeds of dominant woody species from the reference system were not observed. Conclusions: The pasture seed bank may be particularly relevant in the early stage of native forest restoration, especially if the aim is to reduce costs. However, the contribution of the seed bank to Espinal forests recovery in short to medium term is limited due to its low similarity to reference system.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: El cambio de uso del suelo más significativo a nivel mundial es la transformación de ecosistemas nativos en agroecosistemas, causando pérdida de biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos. Potencialmente, estos sistemas degradados podrían recuperarse a partir del banco de semillas del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la riqueza y densidad del banco de semillas en relación con un gradiente de complejidad estructural en agroecosistemas y fragmentos de bosques del Espinal, así como su potencial para regenerar especies nativas comparando su composición de especies con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia. M&M: A partir de variables estructurales de vegetación y de suelo de parcelas con distintos usos de suelo, se construyó un gradiente de complejidad estructural sobre el cual se analizaron las variables del banco de semillas. Resultados: El banco de semillas de la pastura registró la mayor riqueza, seguida por el de bosques. La mayor densidad del banco de semillas y similitud con la vegetación establecida del sistema de referencia la presentaron los bosques. Predominaron las especies herbáceas en todas las parcelas. A excepción de Celtis tala, no se observaron semillas de especies leñosas dominantes del sistema de referencia. Conclusiones: El banco de semillas de la pastura puede contribuir en las primeras etapas de restauración, especialmente si se busca reducir los costos asociados a este proceso. Sin embargo, su aporte para recuperar los bosques nativos del Espinal en el corto o mediano plazo es limitado debido a su baja similitud con el sistema referencia.

Abstract In the 1970s, an ovoid combustion structure was described for the first time in the San Francisco River Valley (Jujuy), which was interpreted as an archaeological oven. Since then, new findings have been made at other sites in the region. These are subterranean features excavated directly into the substrate with openings no larger than 35 cm. The walls are typically relatively compact and reddened, and in only one case was an external chimney observed. The interior is filled with ashes, and sometimes small charcoal fragments have been recovered. Despite a substantial corpus of background research in the region, the functionality of this particular type of structure remained unknown. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the operation and potential use of three excavated ovens at a site in the San Francisco Valley. To this end, analyses of plant microremains were conducted, emphasizing their significance as artifacts with a high labor investment. The results indicate that these ovens were used as an innovative culinary technology for processing both domestic and wild plant resources from the Chaco forest environments.

Resumen En los años 1970, se describe por primera vez una estructura de combustión de forma ovoide, en el valle del río San Francisco (Jujuy), la que fue interpretada como un horno arqueológico. Desde entonces, nuevos hallazgos se sucedieron en otros sitios de la región. Se trata de rasgos subterráneos excavados directamente en el sustrato con aberturas no mayores a los 35 cm, cuyas paredes suelen ser relativamente compactas y rubificadas, y sólo en un caso se observó una chimenea externa. El interior se encuentra colmatado de cenizas, y a veces, se han recuperado pequeños carbones. A pesar de contar con un importante corpus de antecedentes en la región, la funcionalidad de esta particular clase de estructura era desconocida. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento y posible uso de tres hornos excavados en un sitio del valle de San Francisco. Para ellos se realizó análisis de microrrestos vegetales, ponderando su importancia como artefactos con una alta inversión de trabajo. Los resultados indican que fueron utilizados como una innovadora tecnología culinaria para el procesamiento de recursos vegetales, tanto domésticos como silvestres, de ambientes del bosque chaqueño.

Resumo A importância da agricultura familiar em Nova Friburgo decorre da relevância da produção de hortaliças e flores, da manutenção de fragmentos florestais, da organização social e política para manutenção das conquistas e atendimento de anseios, como as estratégias agroecológicas a partir de evento climático extremo ocorrido em 2011. O objetivo foi caracterizar o município de Nova Friburgo nos aspectos territorial, ambiental, histórico, produtivo e organizacional, assim como destacar a presença de dinâmicas camponesas e empresariais nos sistemas de produção locais. Foram realizadas 47 entrevistas com agricultores e 4 com atores-chave in loco, utilizando de questionário semiestruturado com 57 perguntas, associado à aplicação de ferramenta participativa inovadora em que se diagnosticaram aspectos sociais, produtivos, ambientais e da dinâmica local da transição agroecológica. Ressalta-se a importância de fortalecer a ação de agentes de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, representados pela pesquisa participativa, extensão rural coletiva e assistência técnica continuada em agroecologia, aproximando grupos de agricultura orgânica e agricultura convencional. Conclui-se, a partir da caracterização do município, que a busca da sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar do município deve se apoiar em um processo de gestão social, integrado à ação de agentes externos, representados pela pesquisa participativa, extensão rural coletiva e assistência técnica em agroecologia e de valorização da riqueza histórica e diversidade de cultivos dessa produção, proveniente de agricultores familiares, organizados socialmente de forma associativa, visando ao desenvolvimento rural sustentável. flores florestais anseios 2011 territorial ambiental histórico organizacional locais atoreschave atores chave loco 5 perguntas sociais produtivos agroecológica Ressaltase Ressalta sustentável convencional Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, Conclui-se externos familiares associativa 201 20 2

Abstract The importance of family farming in Nova Friburgo stems from the importance of producing vegetables and flowers, maintaining forest fragments, social and political organization to maintain achievements and meet desires, such as agroecological strategies from the extreme weather event that occurred in 2011. The objective was to characterize the municipality in terms of territorial, environmental, historical, productive and organizational aspects, as well as to highlight the presence of peasant and business dynamics in local production systems. 47 interviews were carried out with farmers and 4 with key actors in loco, using a semi-structured questionnaire with 57 questions, associated with the application of an innovative participatory tool in which was diagnosed social, productive, environmental aspects and the local dynamics of the agroecological transition were characterized. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening the action of sustainable rural development agents, represented by participatory research, collective rural extension and continued technical assistance in agroecology, bringing groups of organic agriculture and conventional agriculture together. It is concluded from the characterization of the municipality, that the quest for sustainability of family farming in the municipality must be based on a social management process, integrated with the action of agents of sustainable rural development, represented by participatory research, collective rural extension and technical assistance in agroecology and valorization of the historical richness and crops diversity of this production, from family farmers, socially organized in an associative way, aiming at sustainable rural development. flowers fragments desires 2011 territorial systems loco semistructured semi structured 5 questions characterized research together process way 201 20 2

Resumen La importancia de la agricultura familiar en Nova Friburgo se deriva de la relevancia de la producción de hortalizas y flores, el mantenimiento de los fragmentos de bosque, la organización social y política para mantenerlos logros y satisfacerlas ansiedades, como las estrategias agroecológicas a partir del evento climático extremo de 2011. El objetivo fue caracterizar el municipio en términos territoriales, ambientales, históricos, productivos y organizacionales, además de destacar la presencia de dinámicas campesinas y empresariales en los sistemas productivos analizados. Se realizaron 47 entrevistas a agricultores y 4 actores clave in loco, mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado con 57 preguntas, asociado a la aplicación de herramienta participativa innovadora, en la que se caracterizaron los aspectos sociales, productivos, ambientales y las dinámicas locales de la transición agroecológica. Se destaca la importancia de fortalecer la acción de los agentes del desarrollo rural sostenible, representado por la investigación participativa, la extensión rural colectiva y la asistencia técnica continua en agroecología, reuniendo a grupos de agricultura orgánica y convencional. Se concluye, de la caracterización del municipio, que la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad de la agricultura familiar en el municipio debe estar sustentada en proceso de gestión social integrada a la acción de los agentes del desarrollo rural sostenible, representada por la investigación participativa, la extensión rural colectiva y la asistencia técnica en agroecología y la valorización de la riqueza histórica y diversidad de cultivos de esta producción, de agricultores familiares, socialmente organizados de forma asociativa, con miras al desarrollo rural sostenible. flores bosque ansiedades 2011 territoriales históricos organizacionales analizados loco 5 preguntas innovadora sociales agroecológica sostenible convencional concluye familiares asociativa 201 20 2

Resumo Efeito da Inclinação na Estrutura de uma Floresta do Domínio Mata Atlântica no Sul do Brasil. A composição da paisagem em mosaico de fragmentos florestais localizados em encostas altas, solos rasos dificultam as interações ecológicas e a sobrevivência de espécies vegetais. Este estudo teve como objetivo mostrar em um ambiente com essas características o efeito do gradiente ambiental relacionando o solo, a declividade e a vegetação de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana. A estrutura da floresta foi amostrada em 12 parcelas retangulares contínuas, com 30X20m, totalizando 0,72ha. As amostras de solo foram coletadas por perfuração a cada 20m ao longo do divisor hidrográfico e abertura de três trincheiras usadas como locais de amostragem de solo para determinação in situ da cor do solo, horizonte e nutrientes. Os horizontes foram classificados como O/A/Cr na rocha alterada com presença marcante de cascalhos, e o solo foi classificado como Neossolo Litólico. A área apresenta declive acentuado, de 18,05% a 36,99%. A análise de regressão linear destacou o padrão oposto de riqueza de espécies em relação à inclinação e uma relação positiva entre a inclinação e o número de indivíduos mortos em pé. A riqueza de espécies também foi positivamente relacionada à distância das bordas da floresta. A avaliação evidenciou que a forte influência do declive e das atividades antrópicas no remanescente florestal são fatores comuns a diversos remanescentes de altitude, e pequenas ações de conservação podem garantir sua manutenção.

Abstract The mosaic landscape composition of forest fragments located on high slopes, shallow soils hinder ecological interactions and the survival of plant species. This study aimed to show, in an environment with these characteristics, the effect of the environmental gradient relating the soil, slope, and vegetation of a fragment of the Montane Seasonal Semideciduous Forest. The forest structure was sampled in 12 continuous rectangular plots, with 30 X 20m, totaling 0.72ha. Soil samples were taken by drilling every 20m along the hydrographic divisor and opening of three trenches used as soil sampling sites for in situ determination of soil color, horizon, and nutrients. Horizons were classified as O/A/Cr in the altered rock with a marked presence of gravels, and the soil was classified as Litholic Neosol. The area has a steep slope, from 18.05% to 36.99%. Linear regression analysis indicated an opposite pattern for species richness in relation to slope and a positive relationship between slope and the number of standing dead individuals. Species richness was also positively related to the distance from forest edges. The evaluation evidenced the strong influence of slope and human activities in forest remnant as common to several high-altitude remnants, and small conservation actions can guarantee their maintenance.

Abstract Frugivore bats are important seed dispersers in forests and their abundance are associated with the presence of zoochoric plants. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of the frugivore bat S. lilium with the diaspores of the zoochoric plant S. mauritianum, a common arboreal species present in forest fragments of southern Brazil. We also investigated the diet of the species based on seed content present in feces of individuals. Bats were mist-netted from November 2017 to April 2018 in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. The proportion of immature and mature diaspores of S. mauritianum was estimated in the same area where bats were sampled, and feces were sampled from captured individuals. In total, 61 individuals of S. lilium were captured, and 795 seeds were sampled from their feces. The abundance of S. lilium was significantly associated with the proportion of immature diaspores of S. mauritianum. We identified seeds of two botanical families: Solanaceae (89%) and Moraceae (11%) in the fecal samples. Our findings support the view that S. lilium is a legitimate disperser of S. mauritianum, and that its ecological function is probably a result of co-adaptation. plants context S Brazil mistnetted mist netted 201 Forest total 6 79 families 89% 89 (89% 11% 11 (11% samples coadaptation. coadaptation co adaptation. adaptation co-adaptation 20 7 8 (89 1 (11 2 (8 (1 (

ABSTRACT Forest remnants play an important role within urban ecosystems, contributing significantly not only to the environmental quality of municipalities, but also to improving social, economic and aesthetic aspects. In this context, applying and analyzing tools that can contribute to the environmental discussion of these ecosystems become an important contribution in the management of these spaces within the municipalities. The present work aimed to analyze and discuss the forest fragmentation and the environmental quality of the existing forest fragments in the hydrographic basin of the Quilombo River, located in the municipality of Campinas/SP, which is an area that suffers from the processes of urbanization, soil sealing and floods. In general, the procedures performed to assess the environmental quality of forest remnants in the watershed under study were carried out in five main stages: (1) Mapping of forest remnants; (2) Landscape metrics calculations; (3) Environmental Quality Assessment of the remnants; (4) Statistical analysis of data; and, finally, (5) Diagnosis of hydrographic basins based on the results obtained. In general, it can be observed that the Quilombo basin, characterized by the high degree of use and occupation of the soil and predominance of urbanized areas, with non-critical soil and slope conditions, and the forest remnants are predominantly of medium size and have similar conditions of nearest neighbor distance (ENN), where approximately 50% of them are less than 60 m away from their nearest neighbor. Given these conditions, the management and conservation actions of natural vegetation in the Quilombo basin can hardly be based on the connectivity of the remnants. It is indicated that actions are proposed especially aimed at mitigating the edge effects that have acted on these remnants and guaranteeing the effectiveness and quality of the ecological processes involved. municipalities social aspects context River CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanization floods general stages 1 (1 2 (2 calculations 3 (3 4 (4 data finally 5 (5 obtained areas noncritical non critical ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 6 involved ( (ENN

RESUMO Os remanescentes florestais desempenham um importante papel dentro dos ecossistemas urbanos, contribuindo de forma significativa não somente com a qualidade ambiental dos municípios, mas também com a melhoria dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e estéticos das paisagens urbanas. Nesse contexto, aplicar e analisar ferramentas que possam contribuir na discussão ambiental desses ecossistemas se tornam uma contribuição importante na gestão desses espaços dentro dos municípios. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e discutir a fragmentação florestal e a qualidade ambiental dos fragmentos florestais existentes na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Quilombo, localizada no município de Campinas/SP, sendo esta uma área que sofre com os processos de urbanização, de impermeabilização do solo e de enchentes. De forma geral, os procedimentos executados para avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos remanescentes florestais na bacia hidrográfica em estudo foram realizados em cinco etapas principais: (1) Mapeamento dos remanescentes florestais; (2) Cálculos das métricas de paisagem; (3) Avaliação da Qualidade Ambiental dos remanescentes; (4) Análise estatística dos dados; e, por fim, (5) Diagnóstico da bacia hidrográfica a partir dos resultados obtidos. De um modo geral, pode-se observar que a bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Quilombo, caracterizada pelo alto grau de uso e ocupação do solo e predomínio de áreas urbanizadas, com condições de solo e declividade não críticas, sendo que os remanescentes florestais são de tamanho predominantemente médio e apresentam condições semelhantes de distância de vizinho mais próximo (ENN), onde aproximadamente 50% deles encontram-se a menos de 60 m de distância do seu vizinho mais próximo. Diante dessas condições, as ações de manejo e conservação de vegetação natural na bacia do Quilombo dificilmente poderá estar pautada na conectividade dos remanescentes. Indica-se que sejam propostas ações especialmente voltadas em amenizar os efeitos de borda que tem atuado sobre esses remanescentes e garantir a efetividade e qualidade dos processos ecológicos envolvidos. urbanos municípios sociais urbanas contexto CampinasSP Campinas SP Campinas/SP urbanização enchentes geral principais 1 (1 2 (2 paisagem 3 (3 4 (4 dados fim 5 (5 obtidos podese pode urbanizadas críticas ENN, ENN , (ENN) 50 encontramse encontram 6 Indicase Indica envolvidos ( (ENN

ABSTRACT Background: Information regarding the distribution of Culicidae species in the northeastern region of Brazil is scarce. Methods: Immatures were collected from approximately four fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Results: This study presents new occurrences of 18 Culicidae species in Pernambuco state: Anopheles kompi, Georgecraigius fluviatilis, Culex bidens, Culex chidesteri, Culex bastagarius, Culex imitator, Mansonia humeralis, Wyeomyia incaudata, Uranotaenia apicalis, Culex mollis, Culex usquatus, Culex dunni, Culex serratimarge, Culex ybarmis, Culex microphyllus, Sabethes purpureus, Wyeomyia pilicauda, and Wyeomyia airosai. The last nine species were also new records for the northeast region. Conclusions: With the inclusion of these newly recorded species, the total number of mosquitoes documented in Pernambuco state now rises to 94. Background scarce Methods Forest Results 1 kompi fluviatilis bidens chidesteri bastagarius imitator humeralis incaudata apicalis mollis usquatus dunni serratimarge ybarmis microphyllus purpureus pilicauda airosai Conclusions 94 9

ABSTRACT Body weight and vertical stratum utilization are important functional characteristics of species. Several studies have explored the capture success of different traps. These studies, however, did not explore how trappability is influenced by body weight. Here, we investigated the relationship between the weight of marsupial species caught in traps with trap type (wire cage and Sherman) and trap placement (ground and understory). For this we used data from Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 (n = 127; 75-958 g) and Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister, 1854) (n = 327; 8.5-46 g) captured in semideciduous forest fragments in central Brazil. The results show that heaviest individuals of D. albiventris (391.01 ± 197.57 g) were captured more often by wire cage traps, regardless of trap placement. In contrast, G. agilis was trapped at similar rates regardless of weight, trap type or trap placement. We conclude that wire cage traps are more efficient at catching large marsupials weighing more than 300 g on average. Furthermore, the size of the individuals captured is not influenced by where the trap is placed (ground or understory). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the natural history and trappability of Neotropical marsupials. however Here Sherman ground understory. understory . understory) Lund 184 n 127 75958 75 958 75-95 Burmeister, Burmeister (Burmeister 1854 327 8.546 8546 8.5 46 8 5 8.5-4 Brazil D 391.01 39101 391 01 (391.0 19757 197 57 197.5 contrast G 30 average Furthermore 18 12 7595 7 95 75-9 185 32 546 8.54 854 85 8. 4 8.5- 391.0 3910 39 0 (391. 1975 19 197. 3 1 759 9 75- 54 391. (391 (39 (3 (

ABSTRACT Urban forest fragments are subjected to anthropogenic pressures that can impact their regeneration process. We analyzed plant floristic and functional composition of regeneration mechanisms of urban forest fragment with 2 ha at the Guarulhos International Airport, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate their functional resilience to anthropogenic disturbance. The tree vegetation showed high richness with a predominance of zoochoric and shade-tolerant species. The regeneration mechanisms are composed predominantly by the native tree species, but they presented anthropogenic impacts and are susceptible to biological invasion. The greater abundance of fast-growing species along in the regeneration mechanisms shows that the process of forest secondarization has been established, which could lead the forest fragments towards an early-successional stages, altering their floristic and functional composition. Airport State Brazil disturbance shadetolerant shade tolerant invasion fastgrowing fast growing established earlysuccessional early successional stages

RESUMO Fragmentos florestais urbanos estão submetidos a pressões antrópicas que podem afetar sua regeneração secundária. Analisamos a composição florística e funcional dos mecanismos de regeneração de um fragmento florestal com 2 ha no Aeroporto Internacional de Guarulhos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, para avaliar a resiliência funcional dos mecanismos de regeneração diante de perturbações antrópicas. A vegetação arbórea apresentou elevada riqueza, com o predomínio de espécies zoocóricas e tolerantes à sombra. Os mecanismos de regeneração foram compostos por espécies nativas, mas apresentaram impactos antrópicos e ambos estão susceptíveis à invasão biológica. A maior abundância de espécies de crescimento rápido nos mecanismos de regeneração demonstra que o processo de secundarização florestal encontra-se estabelecido no fragmento, o que pode ocasionar uma sucessão retrogressiva a estádios pioneiros, alterando sua composição florística e funcional. secundária Guarulhos Paulo Brasil riqueza sombra nativas biológica encontrase encontra se pioneiros

Abstract Synthesising knowledge on carbon stocks is an essential tool for understanding the potential of forests to store carbon and its drivers. However, such a synthesis needs to be constructed for the Atlantic Forest due to various methodological approaches and biogeographic heterogeneity. Thus, here we conducted a bibliographic search (2000 to 2021) on carbon stocks in the biomass and necromass of Atlantic Forest ecosystems to understand the variation in stocks and their explanatory variables. Drivers included spatial (altitude, forest size) and climatic (precipitation and temperature) variables, and successional stages. Based on the information in 46 articles, biomass exhibited the highest carbon stock (96%), in Mature Forests (MF), with an average of 125.34±40.3 MgC.ha-1, whereas Secondary Forests (SF) stored 82.7±38.2 MgC.ha-1. The carbon in the necromass varied from 1.63 to 11.47 MgC.ha-1, with SF exhibiting 3.90±2.73 MgC.ha-1 and MF 4.31±2.82 MgC.ha-1. Only average annual precipitation and successional stage positively explained the carbon in Atlantic Forest. This research clarifies the function and potential of Atlantic Forest fragments for storing carbon and reinforces need for conserving mature forest patches throughout the biome since one hectare of mature forest can store almost twice as much carbon as one hectare of secondary young patches. drivers However heterogeneity Thus 2000 (200 2021 variables altitude, altitude (altitude size temperature stages 4 articles 96%, 96 96% , (96%) MF, (MF) 12534403 125 34 40 3 125.34±40. MgC.ha1, MgCha1 MgCha MgC.ha 1, MgC ha 1 (SF 827382 82 7 38 2 82.7±38. MgC.ha1. 1. 163 63 1.6 1147 11 47 11.4 390273 90 73 3.90±2.7 MgC.ha1 MgC.ha- 431282 31 4.31±2.8 200 (20 202 9 (96% (MF 1253440 12 125.34±40 ha1 82738 8 82.7±38 16 6 114 11. 39027 3.90±2. 43128 4.31±2. 20 (2 (96 125344 125.34±4 8273 82.7±3 3902 3.90±2 4312 4.31±2 ( (9 12534 125.34± 827 82.7± 390 3.90± 431 4.31± 1253 125.34 82.7 39 3.90 43 4.31 125.3 82. 3.9 4.3 125. 3. 4.

Abstract The study aimed to characterize the digestive tract of Uranoscodon superciliosus and its associations to the diet and foraging behavior already described for the species. Five lizards were captured in forest areas near the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines fragments were collected, fixed, and processed for light microscopy. Hyaline cartilage was present in the center of the tongue, and the papillae from the apex and glands from the radix showed positive reaction to Alcian blue. The oesophagus presented a folded mucosa, covered by an epithelium with mucous and goblet cells positive to PAS and Alcian blue. There was presence of gastric glands in the cardic and fundic stomach regions, plus all the regions reacted positively to PAS. Fold and villi variations in both small and large intestine were noted, as well as the number and arrangement of goblet cells. Mucous and goblet cells from the small intestine were positively stained in PAS, while only the goblet cells were Alcian blue positive. These findings indicate that the Amazonian Diving Lizard’s digestive tract organs, mainly the tongue and stomach, present morphologies associated to ambush-type foraging and a specific diet largely based on small invertebrates. species Manaus Amazonas Brazil Tongue collected fixed microscopy mucosa noted Lizards Lizard s organs ambushtype ambush type invertebrates