Abstract Introduction: Semaprochilodus laticeps is a freshwater fish species native to the Orinoco Basin that is exploited in Colombia at two different stages of its life cycle: fry (for the ornamental trade) and adults (for the consumer market). This double exploitation of juveniles and adults raises concerns about the population stability of the species. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability of the exploitation of the species in these two life stages. Methods: 1 277 specimens of S. laticeps were sampled between June and December 2017. Population parameters were estimated from length-frequency data using ELEFAN 1 routine of the FISAT II package. Length at first maturity (Lm) and length at maximum yield (Lopt) were determined using the Froese and Binohlan equations. Virtual population analysis was performed based on Jones length cohort analysis. Results: Population parameters were as follows: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 yr-1, M = 1.24 yr-1 and F = 1.68. Lm was estimated to be 29.6 cm SL and Lopt at 33.4 cm SL. Of note, 96.3 % of the fish caught in the consumer fishery exceeded Lm and 80 % exceeded Lopt. The results of the virtual population analysis suggested that a very low proportion (0.85 %) of the population was caught as fry, possibly due to natural mortality. Conclusions: Based on the results, as no indicators of overexploitation were identified, it is recommended to continue with the dual use of S. laticeps. It is recommended to maintain the existing conservation measures, such as the closed season during the reproductive period, to ensure sustainable fishery exploitation. The results obtained can serve as a reference to analyze the situation of other species currently fished for both the ornamental (fry) and food (adult) markets.

Resumen Introducción: Semaprochilodus laticeps es una especie de pez de agua dulce originaria de la cuenca del Orinoco, explotada en Colombia en dos etapas distintas de su ciclo de vida: alevín (para el comercio ornamental) y adulto (para el mercado de consumo). Esta doble explotación de alevines y adultos genera preocupación sobre la estabilidad poblacional de la especie. Objetivo: Evaluar la sostenibilidad de la explotación de la especie en estas dos etapas de vida. Método: Entre junio y diciembre de 2017 se muestrearon 1 277 ejemplares de S. laticeps. Los parámetros poblacionales se estimaron utilizando datos de frecuencia de tallas con la rutina ELEFAN 1 del paquete FISAT II. La longitud de primera madurez (Lm) y la de máximo rendimiento (Lopt) se determinaron mediante ecuaciones de Froese y Binohlan. El análisis de la población virtual se realizó basándose en el análisis de cohorte de longitud de Jones. Resultados: Los parámetros poblacionales fueron los siguientes: K = 0.75, L∞ = 53.1 cm LE, Z = 2.92 año-1, M = 1.24 año-1 y F = 1.68. Lm se estimó en 29.6 cm SL y Lopt en 33.4 cm SL. En particular, el 96.3 % del pescado capturado en la pesquería de consumo superó Lm y el 80 % superó Lopt. El análisis de la población virtual sugirió que una fracción muy baja (0.85 %) de la población fue capturada como alevines, posiblemente atribuible a la mortalidad natural. Conclusiones: Con base en los hallazgos, al no identificarse indicadores de sobreexplotación, se recomienda continuar con el doble uso de S. laticeps. Se recomienda mantener las medidas de protección existentes, así como una veda durante el período reproductivo, para garantizar una explotación pesquera sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos pueden servir como referencia para analizar la situación de otras especies actualmente capturadas para el mercado tanto ornamental como de consumo.

Summary: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), due to its high demand and production, is the most important vegetable in the world, coupled with this, it is a functional food due to its antioxidant content. This crop is produced under a protected system with a synthetic inorganic fertilization source, which increases production costs. It is important to find an alternative source of fertilization and agronomic management that increases yields and improves the commercial and nutraceutical quality of this crop. The aim of the study was to verify the effect on the commercial quality and bioactive compounds of tomato, with doses of solarized bovine manure and the number of stems under a protected system, as well as evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on the soil. The research was carried out during the spring-summer 2021 cycle. Eight treatments (4×2 factorial) were obtained from the combination of four fertilization doses (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 of solarized manure and chemical fertilizer [Urea (46-0-0) and MAP (11-52-0)] with two numbers of stems (one and two stems) per plant. The commercial quality was superior organoleptically with the treatment of 60 Mg ha-1 and with a single stem being higher than 4.8 °Brix. The highest yield was obtained with the dose of 60 Mg ha-1 of bovine manure being statistically similar to chemical fertilization. The content of bioactive compounds (lycopene and antioxidant capacity) increased by 36% with the effect of the interaction of 60 Mg ha-1 of manure and a stem compared to the chemical treatment. The content of MO, NO3 -, NH4 + and PO4 -3 in the soil increased with the doses of manure, which reflects one of the benefits of using this fertilizer organic.

Resumen: El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) por su alta demanda y producción es la hortaliza más importante en el mundo aunado a esto es un alimento funcional por su contenido de antioxidantes. Este cultivo se produce bajo un sistema protegido con una fuente de fertilización inorgánica sintética, lo cual incrementa los costos de producción. Es importante encontrar una fuente alternativa de fertilización y un manejo agronómico que incremente los rendimientos, mejore la calidad comercial y nutraceútica de este cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar el efecto sobre la calidad comercial y los compuestos bioactivos de tomate, con dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado y el número de tallos bajo un sistema protegido, así como evaluar el efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el suelo. La investigación se desarrolló durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2021. Se obtuvieron ocho tratamientos (factorial 4×2) originados de la combinación de cuatro dosis de fertilización (0, 40, 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol solarizado y fertilizante químico [Urea (46-0-0) y MAP (11-52-0)] con dos números de tallos (uno y dos tallos) por planta. La calidad comercial fue superior organolépticamente con el tratamiento de 60 Mg ha-1 y con un solo tallo encontrándose superior a los 4.8 °Brix. El mayor rendimiento se obtuvo con la dosis de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino siendo estadísticamente similar a la fertilización química. El contenido de compuestos bioactivos (licopeno y la capacidad antioxidante) se incrementó un 36% con el efecto de la interacción de 60 Mg ha-1 de estiércol y un tallo en comparación con el tratamiento químico. El contenido de MO, NO3 -, NH4 +y PO4 -3 en el suelo se incrementó con las dosis de estiércol, por lo que se ve reflejado uno de los beneficios del uso de este abono orgánico.

Resumen Introducción. El maíz es uno de los granos alimenticios más antiguos conocido. Con el cambio climático y las sequías severas y frecuentes, se reducirá en gran medida el agua disponible en el suelo. El déficit hídrico afecta en diversos grados el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz y la sensibilidad a este estrés varía en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar las etapas fenológicas más sensibles al déficit hídrico en el cultivo de maíz. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó durante dos ciclos en los años 2020 y 2021 en El Ejido, Provincia de Los Santos, Panamá. Se desarrolló bajo condiciones semicontroladas en la casa de cultivo del Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. Se utilizó el híbrido de maíz comercial ADV-9293. El manejo agronómico se realizó según las recomendaciones del Instituto de Innovación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). Durante todo el ciclo del cultivo, se determinaron las variables altura de planta, largo y ancho de hojas, diámetro del tallo, biomasa y los componentes del rendimiento como número de hileras por mazorca, número de granos por hilera y peso de cien granos. También, se determinó la humedad del suelo por el método gravimétrico. El déficit hídrico en distintas etapas se generó a través de la simulación de sequía. Resultados. El rendimiento de grano del testigo superó los diferentes tratamientos evaluados con 12,83 t ha-1, seguido por el tratamiento con estrés en el llenado de grano con 10,31 t ha-1. Se determinaron dos períodos más sensibles al déficit hídrico; los cuales son las etapas comprendidas desde los 20 a 35 y 40 a 55 dds. El déficit hídrico, durante las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, tuvo un impacto negativo en el contenido relativo de clorofilas. Conclusión. Las etapas de prefloración y floración resultaron más sensibles a la deficiencia hídrica en el cultivo del maíz.

Abstract Introduction. Corn is one of the oldest known food grains. With climate change and frequent and severe droughts, the water available in the soil will be considerably reduced. Water deficit affects maize crop development to varying degrees, and sensitivity to this stress varies at different development stages. Objective. To identify the phenological stages most sensitive to water deficit in maize. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons in 2020 and 2021 in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Panama, under semi-controlled conditions in the greenhouse facilities of the Instituto Coronel Segundo de Villarreal. The commercial corn hybrid ADV-9293 was used and agronomic management was carried out according to the recommendations of the Institute for Agricultural Innovation of Panamá (IDIAP). Plant height, leaf length and width, stem diameter, biomass and yield components, such as number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 100-grain mass, were determined throughout the crop cycle. Soil moisture was also determined by the gravimetric method. Water deficit at different stages was generated by drought simulation. Results. The grain yields of the control were higher than the different treatments evaluated with 12.83 t ha-1, followed by the treatment with grain filling stress with 10.31 t ha-1. Two periods were determined to be more sensitive to water deficit; these were the stages from 20 to 35 and 40 to 55 days after planting. Water deficit in the different phenological stages of the crop had a negative impact on the relative chlorophyll content. Conclusion. The pre-flowering and flowering stages were more sensitive to water deficiency in maize.

ABSTRACT Lemon verbena, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) has been widely used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. In Colombia the foliage is marketed fresh but there is no information regarding the plant phenology, nor on the insects associated, therefore the management practices are still empirical, and sometimes does not comply with the national regulations for the commercialization of medicinal plants. In this study it was determined that it takes 32 weeks from planting to flower senescence completing its phenological cycle; likewise, an associated arthropofauna of 50 families with different feeding habits were found, suggesting that the species offers different ecosystem services. The information obtained could contribute to establish more effective management plans for arthropods, and to improve quality of materials with medicinal purposes.

RESUMEN El cidrón, Aloysia citriodora (Palau) ha sido ampliamente utilizada en la medicina tradicional, la cosmética y la industria alimentaria. En Colombia el follaje se comercializa fresco, pero no se cuenta con información sobre la fenología de la planta, ni sobre los insectos asociados, por lo que las prácticas de manejo son aún empíricas, y en ocasiones no cumplen con las normas nacionales para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. En este estudio se determinó que la planta tarda 32 semanas desde la siembra hasta la senescencia de la flor completando su ciclo fenológico; así mismo, se encontró una artrofauna asociada de 50 familias con diferentes hábitos alimentarios, lo que sugiere que la especie ofrece diferentes servicios ecosistémicos. La información obtenida podría contribuir a establecer planes de manejo más efectivos para los artrópodos y a mejorar la calidad de los materiales con fines medicinales.

RESUMO: A lesma invasora Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873) (Stylommathophora: Philomycidae) é originária da Ásia e foi introduzida em países latino-americanos como Argentina e Brasil, onde é considerada uma praga hortícola severa. Esta espécie também se tornou um hospedeiro intermediário do nematoide Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes, 1971 (Strongylida: Metastrongylidae), que pode causar a infecção angiostrongilíase abdominal em humanos quando ingerido o molusco ou frutas e vegetais contendo o seu muco contaminado com larvas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os parâmetros biológicos do ciclo de vida de M. pictum e avaliar sua preferência alimentar para entender o comportamento da espécie e fornecer informações sobre a escolha futura de métodos mais seguros de manejo e controle desta praga. Observamos que 68 e 75% das lesmas agrupadas e isoladas, respectivamente, sobreviveram 26 semanas (180 dias) em condições de laboratório. Além disso, os indivíduos mantidos isolados apresentaram maior massa corporal (2,8 ± 0,6 g), comprimento (3,3 ± 0,8 cm) e largura (0,37 ± 0,3 cm) do que os espécimes agrupados. Também descobrimos que M. pictum tem crescimento indeterminado e ciclo reprodutivo anual. Com relação à preferência alimentar, a alface foi bem aceita pelas lesmas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento (recém-nascido, juvenil e adulto). Nosso estudo apresenta a primeira descrição do ciclo de vida de M. pictum. Concluímos que M. pictum possui parâmetros biológicos indefinidos, com ciclo de vida longo o que dificulta sua criação em laboratório. No entanto, também demonstramos seu potencial como praga para diferentes culturas hortícolas, o que exigirá o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. RESUMO Stoliczka, Stoliczka (Stoliczka 1873 Stylommathophora (Stylommathophora Philomycidae latinoamericanos latino americanos Brasil severa Céspedes 197 Strongylida (Strongylida Metastrongylidae, Metastrongylidae , Metastrongylidae) larvas M 6 75 isoladas respectivamente 2 180 (18 dias laboratório disso 2,8 28 8 (2, 06 0 0, g, g g) 3,3 33 3 (3, 08 cm 0,37 037 37 (0,3 03 agrupados anual recémnascido, recémnascido recém nascido, nascido (recém-nascido adulto. adulto . adulto) indefinidos entanto hortícolas 187 19 7 18 (1 2, (2 3, (3 (0, 1 ( (0

ABSTRACT: The invasive chinese slug Meghimatiumpictum (Stoliczka, 1873) (Stylommathophora: Philomycidae) is originally from Asia, and it has been introduced in Latin American countries like Argentina and Brazil, where it is considered a critical horticultural pest. This species also became an intermediate host for the nematode AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera&Cespedes, 1971(Strongylida: Metastrongylidae), which can cause abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans when ingested molluscs or their mucus containing larvae released on fruit and vegetables. This research aimed to investigate the biological parameters of the life cycle of M. pictum and evaluate its food preference to understand the species’ behavior and provide information on the choice of safer pest management and control methods. We observed that 68 and 75% of the grouped and isolated slugs, respectively, survived 26 weeks (180 days) under laboratory conditions. In addition, the individuals kept isolated had higher body mass (2.8 ± 0.6 g), length (3.3 ± 0.8 cm), and width (0.37 ± 0.3 cm) than grouped specimens. We also found that M. pictum has indeterminate growth and an annual reproductive cycle. Concerning food preference, slugs better accepted lettuce at different developmental stages (neonate, juvenile, and adult). Our study presents the first description of the M. pictum life cycle. We concluded that M. pictum has undefined biological parameters, which hampers its laboratory rearing. However, we also demonstrate its potential as a pest for different horticultural crops, which will require the development of management strategies. ABSTRACT Stoliczka, Stoliczka (Stoliczka 1873 Stylommathophora (Stylommathophora Philomycidae Asia Brazil AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMoreraCespedes AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera Cespedes AngiostrongyluscostaricensisMorera&Cespedes 1971Strongylida Strongylida 1971 1971(Strongylida Metastrongylidae, Metastrongylidae , Metastrongylidae) vegetables M methods 6 75 respectively 2 180 (18 days conditions addition 2.8 28 8 (2. 06 0 0. g, g g) 3.3 33 3 (3. 08 cm, cm 0.37 037 37 (0.3 03 specimens neonate, neonate (neonate juvenile adult. adult . adult) rearing However crops strategies 187 197 7 18 (1 2. (2 3. (3 (0. 19 1 ( (0

ABSTRACT Monitoring systems are essential to measure and evaluate food-nutritional security, since they can provide accurate, updated and reliable information to design effective policies and programs around the most vulnerable population groups, based on the risks they face and the capacity response from individuals and households. Taking into account the priority of the problem in the management of governments at the national, provincial and municipal levels in Cuba, the objective of the present investigation is to determine the components of a monitoring system of food-nutritional vulnerability for the province of Villa Clara. The study is based on the perspective of dialectical materialism and several of the inherent methods such as the logical-historical and the analytical-synthetic; At the empirical level, documentary analysis was used. The proposed components are conceived in correspondence with the cycle of public policies and adapted to the conditions and characteristics of the territory.

RESUMEN Los sistemas de monitoreo resultan fundamentales para medir y evaluar la seguridad alimentario-nutricional, pues pueden proporcionar información precisa, actualizada y confiable para diseñar políticas y programas efectivos en torno a grupos poblacionales más vulnerables, sobre la base de los riesgos que enfrentan y la capacidad de respuesta de personas y hogares. Teniendo en cuenta la prioridad de la problemática en la gestión de los gobiernos a escala nacional, provincial y municipal en Cuba, constituye objetivo de la presente investigación: determinar los componentes de un sistema de monitoreo de la vulnerabilidad alimentario-nutricional para la provincia de Villa Clara. El estudio se basa en la perspectiva del materialismo dialéctico y varios de los métodos consustanciales como el lógico-histórico y el analítico-sintético; del nivel empírico se empleó el análisis documental. Los componentes propuestos se conciben en correspondencia con el ciclo de políticas públicas, y adaptado a las condiciones y características del territorio.

Resumen Actualmente en las plantaciones de Eucalyptus en Ecuador, la plaga más importante es Gonipterus sp., el control químico es la práctica más común, pero su alto costo e ineficacia ha llevado a la industria maderera a buscar alternativas, como el control biológico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer aspectos relacionados a la biología y ecología de Podisus sp., depredador natural de Gonipterus sp. La recolección de estas especies se realizó en las plantaciones de la empresa NOVOPAN, ubicada en la provincia de Imbabura, para luego ser trasladados al laboratorio GDETERRA-ESPOCH, donde Podisus sp. fue criado en frascos herméticos de 100 ml, a una temperatura de 22°C y una humedad relativa del 43%. Inicialmente se alimentó con larvas de Gonipterus sp. y como alternativa larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda. Los resultados revelaron un ciclo biológico de huevo a adulto de 40-45 días, longevidad adulta 75 días y una producción de huevos de 30-35 por hembra. Al no obtener suficientes larvas de esta especie, se optó por larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda como alimento. El estudio concluye que es factible criar Podisus sp. en condiciones controladas utilizando larvas de Gonipterus sp. y Spodoptera frugiperda, siendo esta última más eficiente debido a su disponibilidad.

Abstract Currently, on Eucalyptus plantations in Ecuador, the most important pest is Gonipterus sp., and chemical control is the most common practice, but its high cost and inefficiency have led the timber industry to seek alternatives such as biological control. The objective of this research was to understand aspects related to the biology and ecology of Podisus sp., a natural predator of Gonipterus sp. These species were collected in NOVOPAN plantations located in the Imbabura province and then transferred to the GDETERRA-ESPOCH laboratory. Podisus sp. was reared in 100-ml airtight containers at a temperature of 22 °C and a relative humidity of 43%. Initially, they were fed Gonipterus sp. Larvae, and alternatively, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda. Results revealed a biological cycle from egg to adult of 40 - 45 days, adult longevity of 75 days, and egg production of 30 - 35 per female. Due to insufficient larvae of Gonipterus sp., larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda were used as an alternative food source. The study concludes that it is feasible to rear Podisus sp. under controlled conditions using larvae of both Gonipterus sp. and Spodoptera frugiperda, with the latter being more efficient due to its availability.

Abstract The results obtained from the study of an agglutinated mass made up of seeds and soft woody structures with different degrees of charring are presented. This mass was recovered in situ, close to a gold object, in structure 34 of El Molino site (Hualfín Valley), where a human burial was also located. From the analysis of a sample of 104 seeds, it was observed that the highest percentage of these belong to Chenopodium carnosolum, an agricultural weed known as ajara, which is associated with the cultivation of quinoa; a single specimen was identified as cf. Ch. hircinum, while another could not be identified taxonomically. Furthermore, almost all seeds were immature at the time of harvesting and show evidence of enhancement and hydration processes. In view of the findings context, it is considered that the culinary preparation analyzed could have been involved in ceremonies destined for the ancestors and could have been part of the rituals linked to the closing of the cycle. The possible consumption of ajara during a ritual event manifests an important significance and could therefore be considered as more than a weed.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados obtenidos del estudio de una masa aglutinada constituida por semillas y estructuras leñosas blandas carbonizadas y sin carbonizar, recuperada próxima a un objeto de oro en el recinto 34 del sitio El Molino (Valle de Hualfín), en el que se localizó, además, un entierro humano. El análisis de una muestra de 104 semillas condujo a determinar que el mayor porcentaje pertenece a Chenopodium carnosolum, maleza agrícola conocida como ajara que se asocia al cultivo de las quinoas; un solo ejemplar se identificó como posible Ch. hircinum, mientras que otro no pudo identificarse taxonómicamente. Asimismo, casi la totalidad de las semillas estudiadas estaban inmaduras al momento de su cosecha y tienen evidencia de haber sufrido un procesamiento de desaponificación e hidratación. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto de hallazgo, se considera que esta masa corresponde a una preparación culinaria, la cual podría haber estado involucrada en ceremonias destinadas a los antepasados y haber sido parte de las ritualidades vinculadas a los cierres de ciclo. Asimismo, el posible consumo de ajara durante un evento ritual manifiesta una importante significación, y, por lo tanto, podría considerarse como más que una maleza.

Abstract Introduction: The aquaculture industry is constantly growing, registering a global production of almost 88 million tonnes by 2020. This industry brings environmental problems if its effluents are not properly treated. In 2020, the first technology-based company of CONICET was established in Argentine Patagonia whose purpose is the aquaculture production of the green sea urchin, Arbacia dufresnii to develop a range of nutraceutical products. Its cultivation system entails a commitment to sustainability since its creation, and yet it generates effluents with high levels of nitrates and phosphates. Objective: Given this scenario, and valuing bioremediation as a water treatment tool, the use of marine microalgae as phytoremediating agents of aquaculture effluent is proposed in this work. Methods: The microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomona salina, Nanochloropsis galvana and Cylindrotheca closterium were use; which are used as food for sea urchins larvae in the production process. An experiment was designed that compares the microalgal growth and the removal capacity of nutrients in the effluent in contrast to the artificial culture medium currently used in the production cycle. Results: It is possible to remedy the aquaculture industry’s effluent by employing the selected microalgae, with a percentage of removal efficiency of 100 % of the nitrate and an average removal efficiency percentage of 50 % for all the microalgae tested. Likewise, significantly higher microalgal biomass values were obtained when the culture was carried out in the effluent the culture in the artificial environment. Conclusions: The advances in research provided in this work show that it is possible to take advantage of a discard to cultivate microalgae, even improving microalgal productivity for use as food, reducing the costs involved in the microalgal production sector by changing the use of the type of current culture medium (F/2) for that from a current discard. These advances, if scaled and validated, can improve industry sustainability standards within the framework of a circular economy.

Resumen Introducción: La industria acuícola está en constante crecimiento, registrando una producción mundial de casi 88 millones de toneladas para el año 2020. Esta industria trae consigo problemas ambientales si sus efluentes no son debidamente tratados. En el 2020, se constituyó la primera empresa de base tecnológica del CONICET en la Patagonia Argentina cuyo propósito es la producción acuícola del erizo verde de mar, Arbacia dufresnii con la finalidad de elaborar una gama de productos nutracéuticos. Su sistema de cultivo conlleva un compromiso de sustentabilidad desde su creación, y sin embargo genera efluentes con niveles altos de nitratos y fosfatos. Objetivo: Ante este escenario, y valorizando la biorremediación como herramienta de tratamiento de aguas, se propone en este trabajo la utilización de las microalgas marinas como agentes fitorremediadores del efluente acuícola. Métodos: Se utilizaron las microalgas Chaetoceros gracilis, Navicula sp., Tetraselmis suecica., Rhodomona salina., Nanochloropsis galvana y Cylindrotheca closterium, las cuales son usadas como alimento de las larvas del erizo en el proceso productivo. Se diseñó un experimento que compara el crecimiento microalgal y la capacidad de remoción de los nutrientes en el efluente en contraste con el medio de cultivo artificial actualmente usado en el ciclo productivo. Resultados: Es posible remediar el efluente de la industria acuícola mediante las microalgas seleccionadas, con porcentaje de eficacia de remoción del 100 % del nitrato y un porcentaje de eficacia de remoción promedio de 50 % para todas las microalgas testeadas. Asimismo, se obtuvieron valores de biomasa microalgal significativamente mayores cuando el cultivo fue realizado en el efluente respecto del cultivo en el medio artificial. Conclusiones: Los avances en investigación proporcionados en este trabajo ponen de manifiesto que es posible el aprovechamiento de un descarte para cultivar las microalgas, incluso mejorando la productividad microalgal para su uso como alimento, disminuyendo los costos involucrados en el sector de producción microalgal cambiando el uso del tipo de medio de cultivo actual (F/2) por el proveniente de un descarte. Estos avances si son escalados y validados, pueden mejorar los estándares de sustentabilidad de la industria en el marco de una economía circular.

Abstract.- The circular economy and sustainable development are critical issues today, given the growing environmental pollution caused by solid waste, especially plastics. Furthermore, plastic waste has raised significant social concerns and alerted plastic product designers. Therefore, developing or redesigning plastic products in the flexible packaging industry is imperative to ensure their recyclability at the end of their life cycle. It is necessary to ensure that the mechanical and barrier properties of the ecological plastic packaging remain intact for specific uses. The current study aims to redesign flexible packaging, focusing on providing the mechanical and barrier properties of the packaging suitable for food industry applications, thus offering a solution through new design proposals that allow the development of sustainable and flexible packaging, emphasizing material reduction and recyclability. This study assessed and compared the mechanical properties of the proposed packaging with those of existing products. The results demonstrated the feasibility of reducing plastic film thickness or eliminating layers in a tri-laminated structure and transitioning to a bi-laminated structure. This adjustment did not compromise the mechanical and barrier properties; the oxygen barrier remained at 35.39 cc/m 2 *day, and the humidity stood at 0.57 mg/m 2 *day. This investigation led to a 26.48% reduction in the raw material consumption of laminated coils and 12.68% in Doypack type packaging used in food applications. Consequently, the decreased material usage and adoption of monomaterial structures significantly minimized the environmental impact of plastic waste contamination due to the possibility of mechanically recycling the final product.

Resumen.- La economía circular y el desarrollo sostenible son temas críticos hoy en día, dada la creciente contaminación ambiental provocada por los residuos sólidos, especialmente los plásticos. Además, los residuos plásticos han generado importantes preocupaciones sociales y han alertado a los diseñadores de productos plásticos. Por lo tanto, desarrollar o rediseñar productos plásticos en la industria del embalaje flexible es imperativo para garantizar su reciclabilidad al final de su ciclo de vida. Es necesario garantizar que las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera de los envases de plástico ecológicos permanezcan intactas para usos específicos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo rediseñar los envases flexibles, enfocándose en proporcionar las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera del envase adecuadas para aplicaciones de la industria alimentaria, ofreciendo así una solución a través de nuevas propuestas de diseño que permitan el desarrollo de envases sostenibles y flexibles, enfatizando en la reducción de materiales y la reciclabilidad. Este estudio evaluó y comparó las propiedades mecánicas del embalaje propuesto con las de los productos existentes. Los resultados demostraron la viabilidad de reducir el espesor de la película plástica o eliminar capas en una estructura trilaminada y realizar la transición a una estructura bilaminada. Este ajuste no comprometió las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera; la barrera de oxígeno se mantuvo en 35.39 cc/m 2 *día y la humedad se situó en 0.57 mg/m 2 *día. Esta investigación condujo a una reducción del 26.48% en el consumo de materia prima de bobinas laminadas y un 12.68% en empaque tipo doypack utilizadas en aplicaciones alimentarias. En consecuencia, la disminución del uso de materiales y la adopción de estructuras monomateriales minimizaron significativamente el impacto ambiental de la contaminación por desechos plásticos debido a la posibilidad de reciclar mecanicamente el producto final.

Resumo O ciclo menstrual é um fator biológico, e a pessoa que menstrua, mensalmente, necessita de absorventes íntimos, água potável, banheiro adequado e medicações; isso é chamado de boa administração do período. Sua ausência, por questões socioeconômicas, incide no que denominamos pobreza menstrual, contrária à saúde, à vida e à dignidade. Por essa razão, o Legislativo levou à sessão plenária o Programa de Proteção e Promoção da Saúde Menstrual, que não teve objeção dos parlamentares, mas foi vetado parcialmente pelo Poder Executivo, o qual, em sequência, proferiu falas públicas para explicar o veto. Então, indaga-se: há backlash nos discursos que sustentam o veto parcial à Lei n. 14.214/2021, que instituía o Programa de Proteção e Promoção à Saúde Menstrual? A hipótese é de que o Executivo agiu de forma conservadora e contraproducente no que se refere aos direitos das mulheres. Para tanto, esta pesquisa utiliza metodologia descritiva e exploratória, com natureza qualitativa, seguida de análise do discurso presidencial no que tange aos insumos previstos pelo projeto de lei, e, ainda, delimita a categoria epistemológica do conceito de mulher. Conclui-se que há a institucionalização do backlash, já que o discurso define quem pode ter acesso a direitos, o que gera insegurança social para uma questão de saúde pública. biológico menstrua mensalmente íntimos potável medicações período ausência socioeconômicas dignidade razão Menstrual parlamentares qual sequência Então indagase indaga indaga-se n 142142021 14 214 2021 14.214/2021 mulheres tanto exploratória qualitativa lei ainda mulher Concluise Conclui pública 14214202 1 21 202 14.214/202 1421420 2 20 14.214/20 142142 14.214/2 14214 14.214/ 1421 14.214 142 14.21 14.2 14.

Abstract The menstrual cycle is a biological factor, and the person who menstruates, on a monthly basis, needs intimate absorbents, drinking water, adequate bathroom and medications, which we call good management of the period. Its absence, for socioeconomic reasons, incurs in what we call menstrual poverty, contrary to health, life, and dignity. For this reason, the Legislative took to the plenary session the Menstrual Health Protection and Promotion Program, which was not objected by the parliamentarians, but was partially vetoed by the Executive Power, which, afterwards, made public speeches to explain the veto. So, the question is: is there backlash in the speeches supporting the partial veto of Law n. 14.214/2021, that instituted the Menstrual Health Protection and Promotion Program? The hypothesis is that the Executive has acted in a conservative and counterproductive way in relation to women’s rights. To do so, this research uses descriptive and exploratory methodology, with qualitative nature, followed by an analysis of the presidential speech regarding the inputs provided by the Bill, and delimits epistemological category of the concept of woman. It is concluded that there is an institutionalization of backlash, since the discourse defines who can have access to rights, generating social insecurity for a public health. factor menstruates basis absorbents water medications period absence reasons poverty health life dignity reason Program parliamentarians Power afterwards So n 142142021 14 214 2021 14.214/2021 womens women s rights so methodology nature Bill woman 14214202 1 21 202 14.214/202 1421420 2 20 14.214/20 142142 14.214/2 14214 14.214/ 1421 14.214 142 14.21 14.2 14.

Resumen El ciclo menstrual es un factor biológico, y la persona que menstrúa cada mes necesita compresas, agua potable, un aseo adecuado y medicación; a esto llamamos buena gestión del periodo. Su ausencia, por razones socioeconómicas, conduce a lo que llamamos pobreza menstrual, que es contraria a la salud, la vida y la dignidad. Por esta razón, la Legislatura brasileña llevó al pleno el Programa de Protección y Promoción de la Salud Menstrual, que no fue objetado por los parlamentarios, pero fue parcialmente vetado por el Poder Ejecutivo, que luego dio discursos públicos para explicar el veto. La pregunta que surge es: ¿Hay un contragolpe en los discursos de apoyo al veto parcial de la Ley n. 14.214/2021, que establecía el Programa de Protección y Promoción de la Salud Menstrual? La hipótesis es que el Ejecutivo actuó de forma conservadora y contraproducente con relación a los derechos de las mujeres. Para eso, esta investigación utiliza una metodología descriptiva y exploratoria, de carácter cualitativo, seguida de un análisis del discurso presidencial en relación con los insumos previstos en el proyecto de ley, y también delimita la categoría epistemológica del concepto de mujer. Se concluye que hay una institucionalización del backlash, ya que el discurso define quién puede tener acceso a derechos, lo que genera inseguridad social para un tema de salud pública. biológico compresas potable medicación periodo ausencia socioeconómicas dignidad razón Menstrual parlamentarios Hay n 142142021 14 214 2021 14.214/2021 mujeres eso exploratoria cualitativo ley mujer backlash pública 14214202 1 21 202 14.214/202 1421420 2 20 14.214/20 142142 14.214/2 14214 14.214/ 1421 14.214 142 14.21 14.2 14.

Abstract Paper aims This study aims to identify the advances in the literature related to Sustainable Life Cycle Assessment in the agricultural and food process sectors. Originality This study pioneers an investigation into trends in applying Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment techniques within the agricultural and food processing sectors, with a comprehensive consideration of environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Research method A systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis revealed 71 articles that applied at least one of the life cycle assessment tools. Main findings The bibliometric analysis indicated that the studied areas have two main areas that separate studies in the food process sector and the agricultural sector areas. The content analysis indicated that most studies apply the environmental assessment of the life cycle, coupling some studies with the economic and social view and mainly using an attributional approach with the scope ranging from the cradle to the grave regarding the area. Implications for theory and practice As for theory, this study includes advancing knowledge and filling a research gap, while the practical relates to more sustainable decision-making by professionals involved in the agricultural and food processing sectors. sectors perspectives 7 tools area gap decisionmaking decision making

Abstract As a positional and geometrical isomer of linoleic acid, trans 10, cis 12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) reduces white fat by reducing food intake, modulating lipid metabolism, and stimulating energy expenditure. However, the t10c12-CLA products are mostly mixtures, making it difficult to obtain accurate results. Studies are needed to investigate the effects of pure t10c12-CLA on animals and humans. In this study, we used the biallelic transgenic (tg) mice, which could produce t10c12-CLA itself, to investigate the effects of pure t10c12-CLA on female reproductive ability. The results showed that the body and relative ovary weights had no significant difference between tg and wild-type (wt) littermates at ages 3 or 10 weeks. While the fecundity test found that tg mice had a significantly longer first litter time (32.0 ± 4.70 days vs. 21.3 ± 2.31 days, P<0.05), and a significantly lower number of litters (4.75 ± 2.75 vs. 6.67 ± 0.57, P<0.05) when compared with wt mice during continuous mating within seven months. Hormone profiles showed that serum estradiol levels did not change in tg mice; however, significantly (P<0.05) decreased progesterone and increased prostaglandin E2 levels were observed in tg mice compared with those of wt mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed no pathological characteristics in tg ovaries, except for the increased atresia follicles (P<0.05). Moreover, the tg mice had a significantly more extended diestrus period than the wt mice (48.4 ± 6.38% vs. 39.6 ± 3.81%, P<0.05). In summary, t10c12-CLA could affect serum progesterone and prostaglandin E2 levels, lead to a disordered estrus cycle, and impact the reproductive performance of female mice. This study provided theoretical and biosafety recommendations for applying t10c12-CLA in female mammals. 1 t10c12CLA tcCLA t10c12 CLA t c (t10c12-CLA intake metabolism expenditure However mixtures humans (tg itself ability wildtype wild type (wt weeks 32.0 320 32 0 (32. 470 4 70 4.7 vs 213 21 21. 231 2 31 2.3 P<0.05, P005 P P<0.05 , 05 4.75 475 75 (4.7 275 2.7 667 6 67 6.6 057 57 0.57 months however (P<0.05 E Hematoxylineosin Hematoxylin eosin ovaries P<0.05. . Moreover 48.4 484 48 (48. 638 38 6.38 396 39 39. 381 81 3.81% summary cycle mammals tc t10c1 32. (32 47 7 4. 23 2. P00 P<0.0 (4. 27 66 6. 5 0.5 (P<0.0 48. (48 63 6.3 8 3.81 t10c (3 P0 P<0. (4 0. (P<0. 3.8 ( P<0 (P<0 3. P< (P< (P

RESUMO Ceratitis capitata é uma espécie polífaga, adaptando-se aos mais diversos hospedeiros. O ciclo de vida de C. capitata é influenciado pelas espécies hospedeiras em que se desenvolve, e informações sobre seus dados biológicos em carambola são escassas. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o ciclo biológico de C. capitata nas frutas carambola e manga. Porções de 10 g foram oferecidas em placas de Petri forradas com papel filtro umedecido para 20 larvas de primeiro ínstar com até três horas de idade. As avaliações foram realizadas diariamente, quantificando-se o período e sobrevivência larval, viabilidade e massa pupal (pupários pesados às 24 horas de idade), longevidade, período ovo-adulto e fecundidade. A sobrevivência larval variou de 89,75% em carambola a 94,25% em manga, a viabilidade e a massa pupal foram maiores em larvas alimentadas com manga. A duração do período larval não foi afetada pelo substrato alimentar. As fecundidades total e diária foram maiores nas fêmeas de larvas alimentadas com manga. Ambas as frutas testadas permitiram o desenvolvimento completo de C. capitata, mas a manga é o hospedeiro mais adequado para seu desenvolvimento. polífaga adaptandose adaptando hospedeiros C desenvolve escassas 1 2 idade diariamente quantificandose quantificando pupários idade, , idade) longevidade ovoadulto ovo adulto fecundidade 8975 89 75 89,75 9425 94 25 94,25 alimentar 897 8 7 89,7 942 9 94,2 89, 94,

ABSTRACT Ceratitis capitata is a polyphagous species adapted to the most diverse hosts. The life cycle of C. capitata is influenced by the host species in which it develops, and information about its biological data in star fruit is scarce. This study aimed to characterize the biological cycle of C. capitata in star fruit and mango. Portions of 20 g were offered in Petri dishes lined with moistened filter paper to 20 first-instar larvae up to three hours of age. Evaluations were performed daily, quantifying the period and larval survival, pupal viability and mass (puparia weighed at 24 hours of age), longevity, egg-adult period, and fecundity. Larval survival ranged from 89.75% in star fruit to 94.25% in mango. Pupal viability and mass were higher in larvae fed mango. The length of the larval period was not affected by the food substrate. Total and daily fecundities were higher in females from larvae fed mango. Both fruits allowed the complete development of C. capitata, but mango is the most suitable host for its development. hosts C develops scarce 2 firstinstar first instar age puparia age, , age) longevity eggadult egg adult fecundity 8975 89 75 89.75 9425 94 25 94.25 substrate 897 8 7 89.7 942 9 94.2 89. 94.

TC4 (Ti6Al4V) alloy is widely used in aerospace, medical equipment, food industry and other fields. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology has a short production cycle and high precision for formed parts, providing new ideas for the manufacturing of complex structures such as aerospace and having great development prospects and manufacturing advantages. This paper took the TC4 heat dissipation structure prepared by LPBF technology as the study object and established a numerical simulation model to analyze the temperature field changes of the TC4 heat dissipation structure prepared by LPBF. By adopting the annealing heat treatment process, it was found that with the increase in annealing temperature and holding time, the microstructure coarsened, the hardness first increased and then decreased, and the corrosion resistance improved. Among them, when the annealing temperature was 900 °C, and the α' phase was basically transformed into α phase, and the content of β phase increased. The grains and structure of the heat dissipation structure were uniform, and the most significant was in the near inner-pore area. At this point, the hardness value significantly decreased, and the difference in hardness around and outside the heat dissipation hole was 12.42 HV0.2. TC Ti6Al4V TiAlV Ti Al V (Ti6Al4V equipment fields (LPBF parts advantages process time coarsened decreased improved them 90 C °C uniform innerpore inner pore area point 1242 12 42 12.4 HV02 HV HV0 2 HV0.2 9 124 1 4 12. HV0.