Abstract When a building is demolished, its cohesive and planned structure fractures into countless fragments. These heterogeneous and disorganised fragments blur the boundaries between what was once private - the domestic space - and what is now public - the formerly occupied land. In 2019, I stumbled upon a family photograph amidst the rubble left by the demolition of the last towers of the Bairro do Aleixo in Porto. Constructed in the 1970s, this was a public housing estate designed to accommodate families from Ribeira-Barredo who had been displaced due to urban redevelopment. Throughout the years, the five towers have hosted a sizable and fluctuating population that has adapted and made use of this previously unconventional housing model. From 2011 to 2019, Aleixo underwent three demolition operations, politically supported by arguments citing its structural and social deterioration as justification. The first two were striking implosions broadcasted on television, whereas the final demolition, which I witnessed, unfolded as a slow deconstruction spanning several months. In the photograph, the woman dressed in white poses on a balcony of Tower 1 within the old Bairro do Aleixo. In the background stands the phallic skeleton of Tower 4, which would be imploded decades later. Upon its unearthing, the photograph, weathered by time and circumstance, hinted at a conceptual connection with the debris surrounding it. In this article, my focus centres on this found photograph, aiming to unveil the processes and tensions encapsulated within this fragment. I draw on the ontological connections between photography and death, as well as between photography and ruin, to analyse the spectral image of this obliterated site. I delve into what the encounter with this image might reveal about the memory of the neighbourhood, its public image, and the extensive and violent process of displacing its residents. I reach the concept of a "rubble-image" as pivotal in interpreting this nearly vanished imprint that stubbornly affirms the persistence of a dissenting and complex place, supposedly erased from public space and suppressed from urban memory by dominant sensibilities.

Resumo Quando uma edificação é demolida, a sua estrutura, unitária e planeada, é desintegrada em incontáveis fragmentos. Heterogéneos e desordenados, estes fragmentos borram os limites entre o que era privado - o espaço doméstico - e o que é público - o terreno antes ocupado. Em 2019, encontrei uma fotografia familiar entre os escombros da demolição das últimas torres do Bairro do Aleixo, no Porto. Este foi um conjunto de habitação pública construído na década de 1970 para realojar famílias da Ribeira-Barredo, deslocadas por uma reabilitação urbana. Ao longo do tempo, as cinco torres abrigaram uma população numerosa e mutável que se apropriou desse modelo de habitação até então incomum. Entre 2011 e 2019, o Aleixo foi alvo de três operações de demolição, politicamente justificadas por sua degradação estrutural e social. As duas primeiras foram implosões espetaculares e televisionadas, enquanto a última, que presenciei, foi uma lenta desconstrução que durou meses. Na fotografia, uma mulher vestida de branco posa numa varanda da Torre 1 do antigo Bairro do Aleixo. Ao fundo, paira o esqueleto fálico da Torre 4, implodida décadas depois. Quando encontrada, a fotografia, arruinada pelo tempo e pelas circunstâncias, sugeria uma afinidade conceptual com os escombros que a cercavam. Neste artigo, detenho-me sobre essa fotografia encontrada, objetivando desvelar os processos e as tensões armazenadas nesse fragmento. Recorro às relações ontológicas entre fotografia e morte, também entre fotografia e ruína, para analisar a imagem espectral desse sítio obliterado. Desenvolvo o que o encontro com ela pode indicar sobre a memória do bairro, a sua imagem pública, assim como o longo e violento processo de remoção dos seus moradores. Chego à noção de “imagem-escombro” como chave de leitura para esse vestígio quase desaparecido que afirma teimosamente a persistência de um lugar dissidente e complexo, pretensamente apagado do espaço público e suprimido da memória urbana pelas sensibilidades dominantes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if migration modifies the management and composition of agrobiodiversity in the homegardens, spaces where the richness of species ensures the provision of goods. In Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, we conducted semi-structured interviews and generated agrobiodiversity inventories in were applied to homegardens without migrants (SSM) and with migrants (SCM). The SSM recorded higher floristic and backyard fauna diversity; in SCM, there was a redistribution of management responsibilities. Thus, rural-urban migration, in Dzoyaxché, is a factor that determines agrobiodiversity.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la migración modifica el manejo y la composición de la agrobiodiversidad en los solares, espacios donde la riqueza de especies asegura la provisión de bienes. En Dzoyaxché, Yucatán, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y se realizó el inventario de la agrobiodiversidad a solares sin migrantes (SSM) y con migrantes (SCM). Los SSM registraron mayor diversidad florística y de fauna de traspatio; mientras que en SCM se registró una redistribución de las responsabilidades de manejo. En conclusión, la migración rural-urbana en Dzoyaxché es un factor que determina la agrobiodiversidad.

ABSTRACT Parietaria judaica and Soleirolia soleirolii (Parietariae, Urticaceae) are perennial herbs native to the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting urban and peri-urban environments in various countries. In this work, the record for P. judaica is updated with the inclu- sion new localities and habitats in the province of Buenos Aires, naturalization areas of S. soleirolii in Argentina are also mentioned, as well as the invasion status for each species is established. Herbarium specimens of both species collected between 1989 and 2022 in different cities of Buenos Aires were studied. The habitats were docu- mented through observations in naturalized populations. S. soleirolii was found only in urban environments, whereas the distribution area of P. judaica expanded to new habitats in both urban and peri-urban sectors of Buenos Aires. The latter species has a long period of flowering and fruiting. This work also mentions its probable agents and pathways of dispersal. Illustrative images of the species and their habitats are provided, together with maps showing the geographic position of the populations, and a key feature is introduced, allowing to differentiate the genera of the Parietarie- ae tribe in Argentina. The invasion status of these species in Argentina is different.S. soleirolii is not currently a species with high invasive potential; on the contrary,P. judaica has a high propagule pressure, and probably advances along the railroad tracks; therefore its invasive potential is high. In addition, its pollen is allergenic.

RESUMEN Parietaria judaica y Soleirolia soleirolii (Parietariae, Urticaceae) son hierbas perennes originarias del hemisferio norte que habitan ambientes urbanos y periurbanos en diversos países. En este trabajo, se actualiza el registro para P. judaica con nuevas localidades y hábitats en la provincia de Buenos Aires, se hace referencia a los focos de naturalización de S. soleirolii en Argentina, y se establece el estado de invasión para cada especie. Se estudiaron ejemplares de herbario de ambas especies coleccio- nados entre 1989 y 2022 en varias ciudades de la provincia de Buenos Aires y se documentaron los hábitats que ocupan mediante observaciones en las poblaciones naturalizadas. S. soleirolii se halló solamente en ambientes urbanos. Asimismo, se amplió el área de distribución de P. judaica con registros en numerosas ciudades de la provincia de Buenos Aires, en diversos hábitats de sectores urbanos y periurba- nos. Presenta un amplio período de floración y fructificación. Se mencionaron sus probables agentes y vías de dispersión. Se aportaron imágenes ilustrativas de las especies y sus hábitats, mapas de la posición geográfica de las poblaciones halladas en Buenos Aires y, adicionalmente, una clave para diferenciar los géneros de la tribu Parietarieae en Argentina. El estado de invasión de las dos especies en Argentina es diferente. S. soleirolii no es actualmente una especie con alto potencial invasor. Por el contrario, P. judaica presenta una alta presión de propágulos, avanza probablemente por las vías del ferrocarril, por lo tanto, su potencial invasor es alto. Además, su polen es alergógeno.

Summary Background and aims: Urban tree composition is generally highly diverse and largely non-native in origin. Species selection, however, should consider not only future predicted climate and species' environmental requirements, but also the regional invasion risk assessments and the respiratory health potential of species. Here, we assessed the suitability of the most frequent urban tree species by using available online databases. M&M: Suitability was assessed by analysing tree attributes in relation to their invasive status in the study area, the respiratory health potential of the species given by their known pollination strategy and the bioclimatic match of species with the plantation zone. We grouped species according to their nativeness as non-native, regionally native and local native. After filtering those with undesirable characteristics (i.e., invasive species and/or with anemophilous pollination strategy) we analysed three bioclimatic variables: annual temperature, annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality. Results: Results showed that the composition of Córdoba's street trees is heavily biased towards non-native species, many of which are invasive, have an anemophilous pollination strategy and/or exhibit high bioclimatic mismatch. In addition, the strong bias in the current tree composition towards species from more humid, temperate regions is evident. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of revising current policy decisions to adjust urban tree flora in the face of climate change.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La composición del arbolado urbano suele ser muy diversa y en gran medida de origen no nativo. Sin embargo, la selección de especies debe tener en cuenta no sólo el clima previsto en el futuro y los requisitos ambientales de las especies, sino también las evaluaciones regionales del riesgo de invasión y el potencial perjuicio para la salud respiratoria. Aquí evaluamos la idoneidad de las especies arbóreas urbanas más frecuentes utilizando bases de datos de libre acceso. M&M: La idoneidad se evaluó analizando los atributos de los árboles en relación con su estatus invasor en la zona de estudio, el potencial perjuicio para la salud respiratoria dado por la estrategia de polinización de las especies y la correspondencia bioclimática de las especies con la zona de plantación. Agrupamos las especies según su origen como no nativas, nativas regionales y nativas locales. Tras filtrar aquellas con características indeseables (especies invasoras y/o anemófilas) analizamos tres variables bioclimáticas: temperatura anual, precipitación anual y estacionalidad de las precipitaciones. Resultados: La composición del arbolado de Córdoba está fuertemente sesgada hacia especies no nativas, muchas de las cuales son invasoras, tienen una estrategia de polinización anemófila y/o presentan un elevado desajuste bioclimático. Además, es evidente el fuerte sesgo de la composición arbórea actual hacia especies procedentes de regiones más húmedas y templadas. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de revisar las decisiones políticas actuales para ajustar la flora arbórea urbana frente al cambio climático.

Resumen La expansión urbana por lo general implica la ocupación informal de espacios naturales vulnerables, lo que conlleva al deterioro de estos ecosistemas. Este mismo fenómeno se presenta en el humedal de Purrumpama, ubicado en Huamachuco, una ciudad de la sierra liberteña del Perú. Por ello, el presente artículo planteó como objetivo realizar un análisis temporal de la flora presente en el humedal, contrastando los resultados obtenidos con un análisis temporal en Google Earth e identificando la relación con la expansión urbana. Para tal fin, se hizo uso imágenes satelitales Landsat 8 y Google Earth, delimitando el área de estudio según lo establecido por planes de la Municipalidad Provincial Sánchez Carrión. De esta manera, se determinó que existe una disminución constante de cobertura vegetal en las zonas Sur y Sur-este del humedal, calculando una pérdida de 74 792 m2 del humedal desde 2012 hasta 2021. Así mismo, se arguyó que las acciones ambivalentes de la municipalidad han legitimado la ocupación de viviendas y las acciones de control han sido ineficaces.

Resumo A expansão urbana geralmente implica na ocupação informal de espaços naturais vulneráveis, o que leva à deterioração desses ecossistemas. Esse mesmo fenômeno ocorre no pantanal de Purrumpama, localizado em Huamachuco, cidade da Sierra Libertad do Peru. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma análise temporal da flora presente no pantanal, contrastando os resultados obtidos com uma análise temporal no Google Earth e identificando a relação com a expansão urbana. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens de satélite Landsat 8 e Google Earth, delimitando a área de estudo conforme estabelecido pelos planos do Município Provincial de Sánchez Carrión. Dessa forma, apurou-se que há uma diminuição constante da cobertura vegetal nas áreas Sul e Sudeste do pantanal, calculando uma perda de 74.792 m2 do pantanal de 2012 a 2021. Da mesma forma, argumentou-se que as ações ambivalentes do município têm legitimado a ocupação de domicílios e as ações de controle têm sido ineficazes.

Abstract Urban expansion generally implies the informal occupation of vulnerable natural spaces, which leads to the deterioration of these ecosystems. This same phenomenon occurs in the Purrumpama wetland, located in Huamachuco, a city in the Sierra Libertad of Peru. For this reason, the objective of this article was to carry out a temporal analysis of the flora present in the wetland, contrasting the results obtained with a temporal analysis in Google Earth and identifying the relationship with urban expansion. For this purpose, Landsat 8 and Google Earth satellite images were used, delimiting the study area as established by the plans of the Sánchez Carrión Provincial Municipality. In this way, it will continue that there is a constant decrease in vegetation cover in the South and South-East areas of the wetland, calculating a loss of 74,792 m2 of the wetland from 2012 to 2021. Likewise, it was argued that the ambivalent actions of the municipality has legitimized the occupation of houses and control actions have been ineffective.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Liquid-based cytology is a method that can contribute to the early identification of microscopic changes in the uterine cervix that can progress to malignancy, by reducing the number of unsatisfactory samples compared to conventional cytology. Objective: To analyze the microscopic characteristics identified by liquid-based cytology of the uterine cervix in women treated at the Student Welfare Unit of the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective and quantitative study was carried out where the sociodemographic, microbiological and histological characteristics collected in the medical records of 132 women who participated in the Pap smear campaign carried out during June 2019 were analyzed. Results: The age range that prevailed was 19 to 33 years who lived in urban areas, 64% of women began their sexual life before or at 18 years of age. The microbiological findings showed the presence of coccoid flora in 50% and 100% of the samples showed adequate quality. The cytological study presented, according to the Bethesda system, 75% of negative samples, with 13% low-grade IEL and 11% ASCUS. The background of the mild inflammatory smears was present in 52%, the history of previous positive cytology in 34% was more than three. All of the samples were useful. No relationship was found between the presence of intraepithelial lesion and the age of the patients (p=0.3076). Conclusions: CBL can ensure a higher quality of histological diagnosis by guaranteeing a greater number of useful samples.

RESUMEN Introducción: La citología líquida es un método que puede contribuir a identificar de manera precoz los cambios microscópicos del cérvix uterino que pudieran progresar a la malignidad, al disminuir el número de muestras insatisfactorias en relación a la citología convencional. Objetivo: Analizar las características microscópicas identificadas mediante la citología de base líquida del cérvix uterino en mujeres atendidas en la Unidad de Bienestar Estudiantil de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos donde se analizaron las características sociodemográficas, microbiológicas e histológicas procedentes de las fichas médicas de 132 mujeres que participaron en la campaña de Papanicolaou realizado durante junio de 2019. Resultados: El rango de edad predominante fue el de 19 a 33 años, residían en área urbana, 64 % de las mujeres inició la vida sexual antes o durante sus 18 años. Los hallazgos microbiológicos mostraron presencia de flora cocoide en 50 % y 100 % de las muestras manifestaron la calidad adecuada. El estudio citológico presentó, según el sistema Bethesda, 75 % de muestras negativas, con 13 % de LIE de bajo grado y 11 % de ASCUS. El fondo del frotis inflamatorio leve se presentó en 52 %, mientras los antecedentes de más de tres citologías anteriores positivas resultaron en 34 % de las féminas. No se encontró relación entre la presencia de lesión intraepitelial y la edad de las pacientes (p=0,3076). Conclusiones: El total de las muestras fueron útiles lo cual puede indicar que la citología de base líquida ofrece una mayor calidad del diagnóstico histológico.

Abstract: Background and Aims: The coastal vegetation of Mazatlán, Mexico, has been scarcely studied due to its removal, which has been caused by the intense transformation of the environment for real estate, tourism, commercial, port and fishing development. However, the Estero del Yugo micro-watershed has one of the last fragments of dry forest in the urban area, which could reveal the biodiversity that the city of Mazatlán had before urbanization. The objectives of this work were to analyze and document the information generated during 25 years in the HCIAD herbarium of the Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) for the Estero del Yugo micro-watershed, to describe the plant communities and to present the floristic inventory, and thus contribute to future conservation and management programs in the study area. Methods: HCIAD vascular plant records (1996-2022) were analyzed, including georeferenced field observations. The specimens were identified with the help of specialists, and by consulting bibliography and specimens on digital platforms. Key results: The vascular flora comprised 75 families, 275 genera and 393 species of angiosperms, obtained from 756 collection records and 1000 field observations. Fabaceae (57 spp.), Cyperus (12 spp.) and Bromelia pinguin (35 records) were the best represented taxa. Forty-two endemic species to Mexico, 21 regional and three species exclusive to the state of Sinaloa were recognized in addition to four new records for the state. The plant communities present in the area are tropical deciduous forest, coastal tropical scrub, mangrove, water lily, cattail and fire flag wetlands, coastal dune vegetation, halophilous vegetation and urban vegetation. A relict coastal population of Piranhea mexicana was recorded. Conclusions: The vascular flora of the Estero del Yugo micro-watershed represents 10% of the flora of Sinaloa. Because of its scenic beauty, socioecological importance, and seriously threatened plant communities in this area, it should be preserved as a municipal nature reserve.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: La vegetación costera de Mazatlán, México, ha sido escasamente estudiada debido a su remoción, que ha sido provocada por la intensa transformación del entorno para el desarrollo inmobiliario, turístico, comercial, portuario y pesquero. Sin embargo, la microcuenca Estero del Yugo posee uno de los últimos fragmentos de selva seca en la zona urbana, que podría revelar la biodiversidad que tenía la ciudad de Mazatlán antes de la urbanización. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron analizar y documentar la información generada durante 25 años en el herbario HCIAD del Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) para la microcuenca Estero del Yugo, describir las comunidades vegetales y presentar el inventario florístico, con la finalidad de contribuir a futuros programas de conservación y manejo del área de estudio. Métodos: Se analizaron los registros de plantas vasculares del HCIAD (1996-2022), incluyendo observaciones en campo georreferenciadas. Los ejemplares fueron identificados con la ayuda de especialistas, y con la consulta de bibliografía y ejemplares en plataformas digitales. Resultados clave: La flora comprendió 75 familias, 275 géneros y 393 especies de angiospermas, obtenidos de 756 registros de colecta y 1000 observaciones en campo. Fabaceae (57 spp.), Cyperus (12 spp.) y Bromelia pinguin (35 registros) fueron los taxones mejor representados. Se reconocieron 42 especies endémicas de México, 21 regionales y 3 exclusivas de Sinaloa; además, cuatro nuevos registros para el estado. Las comunidades vegetales presentes en la zona son selva baja caducifolia, matorral tropical costero, manglar, nenúfar, tular, popal, vegetación de dunas costeras, halófila y urbana. También se registró una población costera relicta de Piranhea mexicana. Conclusiones: La flora vascular de la microcuenca Estero del Yugo representa 10% de la flora de Sinaloa. Por su belleza escénica, importancia socioecológica y comunidades vegetales gravemente amenazadas en esta zona, debería conservarse como reserva natural municipal.

Resumen La polución lumínica, catalogada como un tipo de degradación ambiental ha sido poco o nada estudiada en Ecuador, pero por el contrario, a nivel internacional ha contado con un amplio análisis, evidenciando sus efectos sobre la astronomía, energía, economía y seres humanos, pero también y principalmente sobre la naturaleza, encontrando como principal responsable a la luz artificial nocturna (ALAN) en todas sus presentaciones. El presente artículo empieza con una breve revisión de la teoría relacionada a contaminación lumínica. Después se presentan los resultados de las investigaciones científicas realizadas en la última década (2012 – 2022) sobre los efectos de esta problemática en la flora y fauna existente a nivel internacional. Se presenta también una recopilación de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo a nivel nacional. Gracias a esto, se conoció los serios problemas que afronta la flora y fauna existente, debido a la interferencia directa o indirecta de ALAN en los procesos naturales de desarrollo, movimiento, reproducción, depredación y alimentación en diferentes especies de fauna y flora, encontrando, dentro del primer grupo, a los insectos y aves como los más afectados y estudiados. A nivel nacional, apenas 4 son los estudiados que han tratado de abordar esta problemática, mismos que han sido enfocados en insectos y mamíferos dentro de la fauna, pero han sido inexistentes los estudios en la flora. Existe un gran nicho de estudio para la academia, sector público y privado del país, cuyos resultados permitirían proponer la creación de políticas y normas específicas para este tipo de degradación ambiental. Se invita a las áreas antes mencionadas, a impulsar estudios interdisciplinarios que permitan conocer los efectos que ALAN esté provocando en la flora y fauna.

Abstract Light pollution, catalogued as a type of environmental degradation, has been little or no studied in Ecuador, but at international scale it has been amply discussed, evidencing its effects on astronomy, energy, economy and human beings, but also and mainly on nature, finding artificial light at night (ALAN) in all its presentations as the main responsible. This article begins with a brief review of the theory related to light pollution. It then presents the results of scientific research carried out in the last decade (2012 - 2022) on the effects of this problem on the existing flora and fauna at the international scale. A compilation of the research carried out at the national scale is also presented. As a result, the serious problems faced by the existing flora and fauna due to the direct or indirect interference of ALAN in the natural processes of development, motion, reproduction, predation and feeding in different species of fauna and flora are known, finding, within the first group, insects and birds as the most affected and studied. At the national scale, only 4 studies have tried to approach this problem, focusing on insects and mammals within the fauna, but studies on the flora have been nonexistent. There is a great niche of study for the academy, public and private sectors of the country, whose results would allow proposing the creation of specific politics and norms for this type of environmental degradation. The departments mentioned above are invited to promote interdisciplinary studies to learn about the effects that ALAN is having on flora and fauna.

Resumen La presencia de la avifauna, en hábitats urbanos es uno de tantos bioindicadores eficientes que se pueden considerar para la calidad ambiental en un área de estudio, y más aún en áreas de conservación. Las mismas que poseen diferentes recursos ecosistémicos, los cuales atraen a ciertas especies, sin embargo, es importante señalar que la riqueza y abundancia de la avifauna urbana varía según las características del área en estudio. Con la finalidad de identificar las diferentes especies que se encuentran dentro de la ciudad Manta, para obtener una línea base de la avifauna urbana que habitan en dos áreas verdes de la ciudad, se procedió a realizar en los meses de septiembre, octubre y noviembre del 2021 monitoreos en el Parque de La Madre y en el Área de Conservación de Flora y Fauna de la Universidad Laica “Eloy Alfaro” de Manabí. La metodología utilizada fue la de conteo por puntos, seleccionando dos puntos en la primera área y un punto en la segunda área de estudio. Se obtuvo como resultado el monitoreo de 5997 individuos en el Parque de La Madre, mientras que en el Área de Conservación de Flora y Fauna se lograron registrar 4555 individuos, obteniendo una riqueza total en cada área de estudio de 19 y 20 especies, teniendo 12 especies en común.

Abstract The presence of birds in urban habitats is one of many efficient bioindicators that can be considered for environmental quality in a study area, and even more so in conservation areas. The same ones that have different ecosystem resources, which attract certain species, however, it is important to point out that the richness and abundance of urban avifauna varies according to the characteristics of the area under study. In order to identify the different species that are found within the city of Manta, to obtain a baseline of the urban avifauna that inhabit two green areas of the city, it was carried out in the months of September, October and November of the 2021 monitoring in La Madre Park and in the Flora and Fauna Conservation Area of the “Eloy Alfaro” Lay University of Manabí. The methodology used was point counting, selecting two points in the first area and one point in the second study area. As a result, the monitoring of 5,997 individuals was obtained in the Parque de La Madre, while in the Flora and Fauna Conservation Area, 4,555 individuals were recorded, obtaining a total richness in each study area of 19 and 20 species, with 12 common species.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una primera prospección sobre la etnobotánica de plantas tóxicas en el partido de Vicente López (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se trabajó con personas adultas que residen y/o trabajan en el área de estudio. La información y materiales se recopilaron mediante recorridos por la zona y entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas. Se identificaron 42 especies consideradas tóxicas, cuyas partes producen efectos variados y de distinta gravedad. El consenso sobre su toxicidad es en general bajo y el concepto vernáculo de tóxico no es unívoco; la gente emplea diferentes criterios para clasificar a una especie como tóxica. Las actitudes ante las plantas tóxicas también varían. Los resultados están en concordancia con lo previsto para el conocimiento botánico urbano. La postura de quienes hacen un manejo consciente de estas especies, basado en sus conocimientos y en las particularidades del contexto, es la deseable para conservar la salud y la flora simultáneamente. Este trabajo provee una base para comprender las representaciones y percepciones locales sobre el tema, a partir de las cuales se pueden diseñar programas educativos, a la vez que aporta a la etnobotánica y disciplinas afines.

Summary: The purpose of this study was to carry out a first survey on the ethnobotany of toxic plants in Vicente López district (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The study was performed with adult men and women who live and/or work in the study area. Information and materials were gathered through visits to the surroundings, and open and semistructured interviews. A total of 42 species were considered toxic by the interviewees; their parts produce various effects of different severity. Consensus about their toxicity was generally low and the vernacular concept of toxic was not univocal; people use different criteria to classify a plant as toxic. Attitudes in relation to toxic plants also vary. The results agree with the predictions for urban botanical knowledge. The position of those who make a conscious management of these species, based on their knowledge and the particularities of the context, is the desirable one in order to simultaneously preserve human health and flora. This work provides a basis for understanding local representations and perceptions on the topic, from which educational programs can be designed, and contributes to ethnobotany and related disciplines.

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Platanus are widely distributed around the globe, due to their ornamental use. Although there are 10 valid species, an undetermined number of hybrids have been generated from them. Therefore, in different cities where these taxa have been planted -including Chilean cities- the diversity and taxonomic representation of Platanus is confusing and controversial. Through a PCR -based procedure on the LEAFY gene (LFYi2), an informative gene to identify Platanus species, we analyzed the diversity of the genus in Santiago, measuring also its representation. We sampled 269 Platanus trees distributed in streets and avenues of Santiago, showing that there are at least seven taxa, including the species P. occidentalis and P. orientalis, and five hybrid taxa; one of them is P. × hispanica, while the other four have no discernible origin from Leafy-i2 (here called Platanus A, Platanus B, Platanus C and Platanus D). In terms of representation, the set of hybrid taxa accumulated 84.7% of the trees sampled; while P. orientalis and P. occidentalis together accumulated 15.3% of the trees. Of the species, P. orientalis was the most frequent (14.9%), while among the hybrids, the most frequent was Platanus A (40.8%); in contrast, P. × hispanica represented a low proportion of the sample (1.9%). These results confirm the presence of P. occidentalis, P. orientalis and P. × hispanica in Santiago; however, the cumulative representation of these three taxa (17.2%) is lower than that of undetermined hybrids (82.8%). The taxonomic recognition and representation of Platanus specimens in Santiago is an important tool for projecting future urban tree planting efforts, especially in view of the ecosystem services provided by them.

RESUMEN Las especies del género Platanus se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en el globo, por su uso ornamental. Aunque existen 10 especies válidas, de ellas se ha generado un número no determinado de híbridos. Por ello, en distintas ciudades donde estos taxa se han plantado la riqueza y representación taxonómica de Platanus es confusa y controversial. A través de un procedimiento basado en PCR sobre el gen LFY-i2, un gen informativo para identificar especies de Platanus, analizamos la diversidad del género en Santiago, midiendo además, su representación. Para ello, muestreamos 269 árboles de Platanus distribuidos en calles y avenidas de Santiago, evidenciando que existen al menos, siete taxa, entre las que se hallan las especies P. occidentalis y P. orientalis, además de cinco taxa híbridas; uno de estos híbridos es P. × hispanica, en tanto que los otros cuatro no tienen nominación ni origen discernible a partir del gen LFY-i2. En términos de la representación, el conjunto de taxa híbridos acumuló 84,7% de los árboles muestreados; mientras que P. orientalis y P. occidentalis juntos acumularon el 15,3% de los árboles. De las dos especies, P. orientalis fue la más frecuente (14,9%), mientras que entre los híbridos, el más frecuente fue Platanus A (40,8%); en contraste, P. × hispanica representó una baja proporción de la muestra (1,9%). Estos resultados confirman la presencia P. occidentalis, P. orientalis y P. × hispanica en Santiago, no obstante, la representación acumulada de estos tres taxa (17,2%) es menor a la de híbridos no determinados (82,8%). El reconocimiento taxonómico y representación de especímenes de Platanus en Santiago es una importante herramienta para proyectar futuros esfuerzos de arborización urbana, especialmente en atención a los servicios ecosistémicos que de ellas devienen.

Abstract Background: Wild edible plants are species that are not cultivated but can be consumed as food. These plants may exhibit the highest taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity within urban floras, since they have a longer history of use associated with humans than non-edible plants. Also, because biodiversity is strongly associated with biomass, edible plants plant might show higher productivity (biomass per site) than non-edible plants. Questions: Is taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of wild edible plants higher than non-edibles within urban areas? Is the alpha-biodiversity of wild edible plants positively related to biomass productivity in urban areas? Study sites and years of study: Cities of the coastal Mediterranean-type ecosystem, central Chile, 2015 and 2016. Methods: We characterized the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of urban flora differentiating wild edible and non-edible plants. Then, we assessed whether alpha-diversity of assemblages is related to their biomass productivity. Results: Both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were higher for edibles than non-edible plants. For edible plants, biomass was positively related to species richness and negatively with the mean phylogenetic diversity (MPD, a measure of evolutionary relationship among plants within an assemblage). Conclusions: Species richness is a suitable proxy to estimate wild edible plant diversity and their biomass in cities surpassing other proxies, such as phylogenetic diversity. Negative effect of MPD on biomass suggests that only a subgroup of related plants, possibly highly adapted to urban conditions, contribute to edible plant production. The distinction between wild edible and non-edible plants offers a better understanding of the assembly rules and biodiversity-biomass relationship within urban floras.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas silvestres comestibles son especies no cultivadas que pueden utilizarse como alimento. Estas pueden exhibir una mayor diversidad taxonómica y filogenética dentro de las floras urbanas, debido a un historial de uso más largo asociado con los humanos que las plantas no-comestibles. Debido a la relación biodiversidad-biomasa, las plantas comestibles pueden mostrar una mayor productividad que las no-comestibles. Preguntas: ¿Es la diversidad taxonómica y filogenética de las plantas silvestres comestibles mayor que la de las no-comestibles en áreas urbanas? ¿La alfa-biodiversidad de las plantas comestibles está relacionada positivamente con la productividad de biomasa en áreas urbanas? Sitios de estudio y años: Ciudades del ecosistema mediterráneo costero, Chile central, 2015 y 2016. Métodos: Caracterizamos la diversidad taxonómica y filogenética de la flora urbana diferenciando plantas silvestres comestibles y no-comestibles, evaluando si la alfa-diversidad de los ensambles está relacionada con su productividad. Resultados: La diversidad taxonómica y filogenética fue mayor para las plantas comestibles que las no-comestibles. Para las comestibles, la biomasa se relacionó positivamente con la riqueza de especies y negativamente con la diversidad filogenética media (MPD). Conclusiones: La riqueza de especies es un proxy adecuado para estimar la diversidad de plantas silvestres comestibles y su biomasa en las ciudades. El efecto negativo de MPD sobre la biomasa sugiere que solo un subgrupo de plantas relacionadas contribuye a la producción de plantas comestibles. La distinción entre plantas silvestres comestibles y no-comestibles ofrece una mejor comprensión de las reglas de ensamblaje y la relación biodiversidad-biomasa en la flora urbana.

Abstract: Urbanization implies the loss of biodiversity and promotes the extirpation of local flora and fauna. It favors habitat fragmentation and the establishment and increase of non-native species and, eventually, the homogenization of the landscape. This study aims to evaluate the urbanization process in a medium-sized city in the Mexican southeast, San Cristóbal de Las Casas (SCLC) in the Neotropics, and the response of the rodent community to such process. The study area was categorized according to its structural characteristics into four coverage classes: urban, forest, agricultural and mountain wetlands. Rodents were sampled over urbanization gradients. In each gradient, nine sampling sites were established. The responses of rodent alpha and beta diversities to landscape structure (landscape metrics) were evaluated. The larger diversity of rodents was found in the mosaic and transition landscape categories and the least diverse were the conserved and urban ones. In SCLC, rodent richness responds to the number of fragments and the diversity of the landscape. Mus musculus and Rattus rattus were more abundant in landscapes with a high percentage of urban cover, while Peromycus mexicanus and P. beatae, in landscapes with higher forest cover. San Cristóbal de Las Casas is a city that grows over areas with native vegetation, forests and mountain wetlands; of which fragments remain embedded in the urban matrix. Mosaic and transition landscapes favor areas with high diversity and richness of rodent species (intermediate disturbance hypothesis). This study suggests that both native and non-native rodent species are abundant in areas with natural vegetation and also in urban sites. Sanitary measures are granted, since reservoir species of pathogens with zoonotic potential can be found in the area.

Resumen: La urbanización representa la pérdida de biodiversidad y promueve la extirpación de la flora y fauna locales. Favorece la fragmentación y el establecimiento e incremento de especies no nativas, y eventualmente, la homogenización del paisaje. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el proceso de urbanización en una ciudad mediana del sureste mexicano, San Cristóbal de Las Casas (SCLC) en el Neotrópico, y la respuesta de la comunidad de roedores a ésta. Se caracterizó el área de estudio en 4 clases de cobertura: urbana, boscosa, agropecuaria y humedal de montaña. Se muestrearon roedores en gradientes de urbanización. En cada gradiente se establecieron 9 sitios de muestreo. El área de estudio se categorizó según sus características estructurales. Se evalúo la diversidad alfa y beta, y la respuesta de la diversidad de roedores a la estructura del paisaje (métricas de paisaje). La mayor diversidad de roedores, se encontró en las categorías de paisaje tipo mosaico y de transición y las menos diversas fueron las conservadas y urbanas. En SCLC la riqueza de roedores responde al número de fragmentos y a la diversidad del paisaje. Mus musculus y Rattus rattus fueron más abundantes en paisajes con alto porcentaje de cobertura urbana y Peromycus mexicanus y P. beatae, en paisajes con mayor cobertura de bosque. San Cristóbal de Las Casas es una ciudad que avanza sobre las áreas con vegetación nativa, bosques y humedales de montaña, de las cuales, quedan fragmentos embebidos en la matriz urbana. Los paisajes de mosaico y transición propician áreas con altas diversidades y riqueza de especies de roedores (hipótesis del disturbio intermedio). Este estudio sugiere que las especies de roedores nativos y no nativos son abundantes en áreas con vegetación natural y también en sitios urbanos. Es importante considerar algunas medidas sanitarias, pues existen especies reservorios de patógenos con potencial zoonótico.

Resumo O IPTU Verde constitui uma política urbana que visa estimular o desenvolvimento de ações ambientalmente sustentáveis. Com o intuito de conhecer a aplicação desse instrumento, neste trabalho analisaram-se as legislações sobre o IPTU Verde dos municípios de Minas Gerais com mais de 500 mil habitantes: Belo Horizonte, Uberlândia, Contagem e Juiz de Fora. A partir da análise dessas legislações quanto aos objetivos, critérios e benefícios, observou-se que Belo Horizonte é o único município com IPTU Verde cujo objetivo é voltado somente à conservação da biota nativa. No que tange às exigências e forma de avaliação, foram encontradas semelhanças nas leis de Belo Horizonte e Uberlândia para a proteção da flora nativa, e nas leis de Juiz de Fora e Contagem para a adoção de ações e práticas sustentáveis. Nas legislações analisadas, o benefício ocorre mediante isenção e/ou desconto no IPTU, com descontos maiores direcionados a uma proteção mais intensa da flora. Embora Belo Horizonte seja mais populoso que Uberlândia, possui menor quantidade de beneficiários, o que pode estar associado aos critérios estabelecidos em sua lei. Ademais, notou-se que os objetivos, critérios e benefícios do IPTU Verde variam conforme os interesses dos municípios, e inexistem diretrizes para a elaboração dessa política pública.

Abstract The Green IPTU is an urban policy that aims to encourage the development of environmentally sustainable actions. In order to know the application of this instrument, in this work we analyzed the legislation of the Green IPTU on the municipalities of Minas Gerais with more than 500 thousand inhabitants: Belo Horizonte, Uberlândia, Contagem and Juiz de Fora. From the analysis of these legislations regarding to objectives, criteria and benefits, it was observed that Belo Horizonte is the only municipality whose objective of the Green IPTU is aimed only at the conservation of native biota. Regarding to the requirements and form of assessment, similarities were found in the laws of Belo Horizonte and Uberlândia, for the protection of native flora, and in the laws of Juiz de Fora and Contagem, for the adoption of sustainable actions and practices. In the analyzed legislation, the benefit occurs through fiscal exemption or discount in the IPTU, with larger discounts directed to a more intense protection of the flora. Although Belo Horizonte is more populous than Uberlândia, it has a smaller number of beneficiaries, which may be associated with the criteria established in its law. In addition, it was noted that the objectives, criteria and benefits of the Green IPTU changed according to the interests of the municipalities and there are no guidelines for the elaboration of this public policy.

Resumo As espécies exóticas invasoras alteram a biodiversidade, a estrutura da paisagem, as funções e serviços do ecossistema e os habitats das espécies nativas da flora e fauna. Análises multicritério em ambiente de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) podem ser usadas para avaliar a vulnerabilidade das áreas verdes urbanas à invasão biológica por essas espécies. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar parâmetros naturais e antrópicos relacionados à vulnerabilidade à invasão biológica por Hovenia dulcis Thunb. em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Uma avaliação de vulnerabilidade foi feita nas áreas verdes urbanas de Curitiba com menores graus de antropização. Foram considerados seis fatores relacionados à presença de Hovenia dulcis: nove pontos de ocorrência da espécie; altitude e declive (métricas topográficas); e área, forma e isolamento entre fragmentos de habitat (métricas da paisagem). O método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) foi utilizado para definir pesos para cada fator. A vulnerabilidade foi avaliada como muito baixa (0 - 0.2); baixa (0.21 - 0.4); moderada (0.41 - 0.6); alta (0.61 - 0.8); e muito alta (0.81 - 1). As análises espaciais foram realizadas no software QGIS® 3.10. Os pontos de ocorrência da espécie representaram 45% do modelo gerado, seguidos pelos fatores paisagísticos, principalmente a forma dos fragmentos (17,69% do modelo). Nas áreas verdes urbanas selecionadas, 995,15 ha corresponderam à classe de alta vulnerabilidade e 839,54 ha à classe de vulnerabilidade moderada à invasão pela espécie. As regiões oeste, sul e norte da cidade são as mais vulneráveis, e também as mais urbanizadas. O Parque Passaúna é a área verde mais suscetível à invasão pela espécie principalmente devido à forma irregular, mais propensa ao efeito de borda. Curitiba tem uma alta vulnerabilidade à invasão biológica por Hovenia dulcis em suas áreas verdes, principalmente naquelas localizadas em regiões mais urbanizadas.

Abstract Alien invasive species alter biodiversity, landscape structure, ecosystem functions and services, and habitats of native species of flora and fauna. Multicriteria analysis in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment can be used to evaluate the vulnerability of urban green areas to biological invasion by these species. The objective of this research was to investigate natural and anthropic parameters related to the vulnerability to biological invasion by the Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. A vulnerability assessment was done in the Curitiba’s urban green areas with lower degrees of anthropization. Six factors related to the presence of Hovenia dulcis were considered: nine points of species occurrence; altitude and slope (topographic metrics); and area, shape, and isolation between areas (landscape metrics). The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to define weights for each factor. The vulnerability was assessed as very low (0 - 0.2); low (0.21 - 0.4); moderate (0.41 - 0.6); high (0.61 - 0.8); and very high (0.81 - 1). Spatial analyses were performed on QGIS® 3.10 software. The occurrence points of the species represented 45% of the generated model, followed by the landscape factors, mainly the shape of the fragments (17.69% of the model). Within the selected urban green areas, 995.15 ha corresponded to the high vulnerability class, and 839.54 ha to the moderate vulnerability class to invasion by the species. The western, southern, and northern parts of the city are the most vulnerable, which are also the most urbanized. Passaúna Park is the green area most susceptible to invasion by the species mainly due to its irregular shape, most susceptible to the edge effect. Curitiba has a high vulnerability to biological invasion by Hovenia dulcis in its green areas, especially in those located in more urbanized regions.