ABSTRACT The study was carried out with Creole sheep in flocks from the communities of Cruzpata and Siusay, both in the Lambrama district, Apurímac, Peru. The study aimed to characterize its productive capacity for meat and wool. Samples were taken from 60 sheep from two flocks to determine live weight, carcass weight, carcass yield, fleece weight and lock length. In addition, using 187 sheep from six flocks from the same area, samples of rib wool (10 g) were taken for analysis using OFDA 2000 equipment. The phenotype of the Creole sheep presents an angular body covered with fleece of various colours; bare face, belly and long legs, which grazes the puna, in an extensive system and without technical support from the State. Live weight, carcass weight and carcass yield are low, mainly affected by age, with variations like what occurs in other places in the mountains; Measurements of fleece weight and lock length are affected by age and sex, and by the lack of periodic shearing. The textile characteristics of the wool show medium fineness, with high variability, with relatively high comfort and spinning fineness indexes; better on the fleece of two-toothed females. The most important correlations were between fibre diameter (DM) and comfort factor (FH) (r=-0.5925); between DM and fineness of yarn (FH) (r=0.5857) and between FC and FH (r=-0.8767), which would indicate that the wool from the Lambrama area is of good quality for the textile industry.

RESUMEN El estudio se llevó a cabo con ovinos criollos en rebaños de las comunidades de Cruzpata y Siusay, ambos del distrito de Lambrama, Apurímac, Perú. Con el objetivo de caracterizar su capacidad productiva de carne y lana. Se tomaron muestras de 60 ovinos de dos rebaños para determinar peso vivo, peso de carcasa, rendimiento de la canal, peso de vellón y longitud de mecha. Además, empleando 187 ovinos de seis rebaños de la misma área, se tomaron muestras de lana del costillar (10 g), para su análisis en equipo OFDA 2000. El fenotipo del ovino criollo presenta un cuerpo anguloso cubierto de vellón de variados colores; cara, vientre y patas largas descubiertos, que pastorea la puna, en un sistema extensivo y sin apoyo técnico del Estado. El peso vivo, de carcasa y rendimiento en carcasa son bajos, afectados principalmente por la edad, con variaciones similares a lo que se presenta en otros lugares de la sierra; las medidas de peso vellón y longitud de mecha están afectadas por la edad y sexo, y por la falta de esquila periódica. Las características textiles de la lana muestran finura media, con alta variabilidad, con índices de confort y de finura al hilado relativamente alto; mejor en el vellón de hembras de dos dientes. Las correlaciones más importantes fueron entre diámetro de fibra (DM) y factor de confort (FH) (r=-0.5925); entre DM y finura al hilado (FH) (r=0.5857) y entre FC y FH (r=-0.8767), lo que indicaría que la lana de la zona de Lambrama es de buena calidad para la industria textil.

Abstract Fine-fleeced sheep are distinguished by numerous economically valuable traits that constitute the foundation for productive distinctions among breeds, populations, lines, and individuals. Many of these traits have already been mentioned or thoroughly examined during studies on the correlative variability of productivity indicators, blood parameters, characteristics of pulmonary gas exchange, histological structures of the skin, and features of the experimental sheep's coat. The objective of our research was to investigate the correlative variability of key economically valuable traits that characterize the overall functional state of sheep organisms under varying environmental conditions. The study was conducted at the “Sharbulak” breeding farms and the “Samat” peasant farms in the Kazygurt district of the Turkestan region. Our findings reveal that one-year-old rams surpass ewes in terms of live weight by 32-37% and in terms of unwashed wool shearing by 21-23%. Two-year-old rams outperform ewes in live weight by 2.15-2.17 times and in unwashed wool shearing by 2.38-2.44 times. The highest phenotypic variability in relative terms (as indicated by the coefficient of variation) is observed in the shearing of pure wool, with an average coefficient of variation of 18.1% across all sex and age groups of sheep. This is followed by the wool coefficient (17.4%) and the yield of pure fiber (12.5%). For each group of animals, the most substantial phenotypic correlation coefficients were observed between the live weight of sheep and the shearing of unwashed wool. On average, across all groups of sheep at the “Sharbulak” breeding farm, this phenotypic correlation reaches +0.411 ± 0.077. Correspondingly, for the sheep herd at the “Samat” peasant farm, it is +0.326 ± 0.075. The second-highest phenotypic correlation pertains to the cut of unwashed wool and the length of wool (with correlation coefficients of +0.156 ± 0.058 and +0.145 ± 0.057, respectively, for the herds). The third-highest correlation involves live weight and wool length (+0.131 ± 0.085 and +0.105 ± 0.078, respectively). No statistically significant differences were identified in the average correlation coefficients between the live weight of sheep, the shearing of unwashed wool, and the length of the staple among the flocks of sheep at the “Sharbulak” breeding farm and the “Samat” peasant farm. Finefleeced Fine fleeced breeds populations lines individuals indicators parameters exchange skin sheeps s coat conditions Sharbulak “Sharbulak Samat “Samat region oneyearold one year old 3237% 3237 32 37% 37 32-37 2123%. 2123 21 23%. 23 21-23% Twoyearold Two 2.152.17 215217 2.15 2.17 2 15 17 2.15-2.1 2.382.44 238244 2.38 2.44 38 44 2.38-2.4 as 181 18 1 18.1 17.4% 174 4 (17.4% 12.5%. 125 12.5% . 12 5 (12.5%) animals 0411 0 411 +0.41 0077 077 0.077 Correspondingly 0326 326 +0.32 0075 075 0.075 secondhighest second 0156 156 +0.15 0058 058 0.05 0145 145 +0.14 0057 057 0.057 respectively herds. herds herds) thirdhighest third +0.131 0131 131 (+0.13 0085 085 0.08 0105 105 +0.10 0078 078 0.078 respectively. respectively) 323 3 32-3 2123% 212 23% 21-23 152 2.152.1 21521 215 2.1 217 2.15-2. 382 2.382.4 23824 238 2.3 244 2.4 2.38-2. 18. 17.4 (17.4 12.5 (12.5% 041 41 +0.4 007 07 0.07 032 +0.3 015 +0.1 005 05 0.0 014 14 +0.13 013 13 (+0.1 008 08 010 10 32- 21-2 2.152. 2152 2. 2.15-2 2.382. 2382 24 2.38-2 17. (17. 12. (12.5 04 +0. 00 03 01 0. (+0. 21- 2.152 2.15- 2.382 2.38- (17 (12. +0 (+0 (1 (12 + (+ (

Resumo Ovelhas de lã fina distinguem-se por numerosas características economicamente valiosas que constituem a base para distinções produtivas entre raças, populações, linhagens e indivíduos. Muitas dessas características já foram mencionadas ou examinadas minuciosamente durante estudos sobre a variabilidade correlativa de indicadores de produtividade, parâmetros sanguíneos, características das trocas gasosas pulmonares, estruturas histológicas da pele e características da pelagem experimental da ovelha. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa foi investigar a variabilidade correlativa das principais características economicamente valiosas que caracterizam o estado funcional geral dos organismos ovinos sob diversas condições ambientais. O estudo foi realizado nas fazendas de criação “Sharbulak” e nas fazendas camponesas “Samat” no distrito de Kazygurt, na região do Turquestão. Nossas descobertas revelam que os carneiros com um ano de idade superam as ovelhas em termos de peso vivo em 32-37%, e em termos de tosquia de lã não lavada, em 21-23%. Carneiros de dois anos superam as ovelhas em peso vivo em 2,15-2,17 vezes, e em tosquia de lã não lavada, em 2,38-2,44 vezes. A maior variabilidade fenotípica em termos relativos (conforme indicado pelo coeficiente de variação) é observada na tosquia de lã pura, com um coeficiente de variação médio de 18,1% em todos os sexos e faixas etárias das ovelhas. Seguem-se o coeficiente de lã (17,4%) e o rendimento de fibra pura (12,5%). Para cada grupo de animais, foram observados os coeficientes de correlação fenotípica mais substanciais entre o peso vivo dos ovinos e a tosquia da lã não lavada. Em média, em todos os grupos de ovinos da exploração de criação “Sharbulak”, esta correlação fenotípica atinge +0,411 ± 0,077. Correspondentemente, para o rebanho ovino da fazenda camponesa “Samat”, é de +0,326 ± 0,075. A segunda maior correlação fenotípica refere-se ao corte da lã não lavada e ao comprimento da lã (com coeficientes de correlação de +0,156 ± 0,058 e +0,145 ± 0,057, respectivamente, para os rebanhos). A terceira maior correlação envolve peso vivo e comprimento da lã (+0,131 ± 0,085 e +0,105 ± 0,078, respectivamente). Não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos coeficientes de correlação médios entre o peso vivo dos ovinos, a tosquia da lã não lavada e o comprimento do alimento básico entre os rebanhos de ovinos da quinta de criação “Sharbulak” e da quinta camponesa “Samat”. distinguemse distinguem se raças populações indivíduos produtividade sanguíneos pulmonares ovelha ambientais Sharbulak “Sharbulak Samat “Samat Kazygurt Turquestão 3237%, 3237 32 37%, 37 32-37% 2123%. 2123 21 23%. 23 21-23% 2,152,17 215217 2,15 2,17 2 15 17 2,15-2,1 vezes 2,382,44 238244 2,38 2,44 38 44 2,38-2,4 conforme 181 18 1 18,1 Seguemse Seguem 17,4% 174 4 (17,4% 12,5%. 125 12,5% . 12 5 (12,5%) animais média Sharbulak, , 0411 0 411 +0,41 0077 077 0,077 Correspondentemente Samat, 0326 326 +0,32 0075 075 0,075 referese refere 0156 156 +0,15 0058 058 0,05 0145 145 +0,14 0057 057 0,057 respectivamente rebanhos. rebanhos) +0,131 0131 131 (+0,13 0085 085 0,08 0105 105 +0,10 0078 078 0,078 respectivamente. respectivamente) Samat. 3237% 323 3 37% 32-37 2123% 212 23% 21-23 152 2,152,1 21521 215 2,1 217 2,15-2, 382 2,382,4 23824 238 2,3 244 2,4 2,38-2, 18, 17,4 (17,4 12,5 (12,5% 041 41 +0,4 007 07 0,07 032 +0,3 015 +0,1 005 05 0,0 014 14 +0,13 013 13 (+0,1 008 08 010 10 32-3 21-2 2,152, 2152 2, 2,15-2 2,382, 2382 24 2,38-2 17, (17, 12, (12,5 04 +0, 00 03 01 0, (+0, 32- 21- 2,152 2,15- 2,382 2,38- (17 (12, +0 (+0 (1 (12 + (+ (

Resumo Surtos frequentes do vírus da gripe aviária H9N2 no Paquistão revelaram que esse subtipo se tornou endêmico na avicultura e, além das perdas econômicas, representa uma ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo descreve a caracterização molecular e as alterações patológicas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com a atual cepa H9N2 e sua dinâmica filogenômica. Neste estudo, amostras de tecidos (traqueia, pulmões, rim e intestino) de 100 lotes comerciais de frangos foram coletadas de julho de 2018 a agosto de 2019. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção molecular, filogenia e posterior exame patológico. O comprimento completo do gene HA foi amplificado com sucesso em cinco amostras. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos revelou amostras positivas colocadas em um clado pertencente à sublinhagem B2 do genótipo G1 e categorizado como LPAIV com base na sequência de aminoácidos do gene da hemaglutinina (HA) no local de clivagem (PAKSSR/G). A análise genética do gene da HA revelou: nt = 80,5%-99,5%; aa = 83,8%-98,9% de homologia com cepas de H9N2 relatadas anteriormente no Paquistão e em países vizinhos (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). As lesões macroscópicas incluíram aerossaculite leve, hemorragias leves, congestão difusa e exsudato purulento na mucosa traqueal, cilindro fibrinonecrótico no lúmen da traqueia e congestão pulmonar leve. As alterações histopatológicas incluíram descamação de células epiteliais, infiltração de células inflamatórias na traqueia, infiltração de células mononucleares (MNCs), congestão pulmonar e exsudato no lúmen dos parabrônquios, congestão peritubular nos rins com degeneração das células epiteliais tubulares, alterações degenerativas nas células epiteliais das vilosidades intestinais e hiperplasia de células caliciformes. A análise imunoistoquímica confirmou a presença do antígeno AIVH9N2 na traqueia, nos pulmões, no rim e no intestino. A microscopia eletrônica revelou alterações ultraestruturais na traqueia, incluindo cílios degenerados, inchaço mitocondrial e retículo endoplasmático aumentado. Com base em todas as análises, o presente estudo revelou a distribuição do vírus H9N2 do genótipo G1 em Punjab, Paquistão, com patogenicidade de leve a moderada.

Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

Resumo O cálcio (Ca) é um mineral essencial para a formação da casca do ovo e a contração muscular. Sua falta pode resultar em má qualidade do ovo e diminuição da produção de ovos em patas poedeiras. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar como a adição do mineral Ca em uma ração contendo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis afeta o desempenho de postura e a qualidade dos ovos para incubação em patos Mojosari. Um total de 105 patos Mojosari fêmeas e 15 machos, com idade de 78 semanas, foram criados durante três meses e divididos aleatoriamente em 15 bandos (cada bando contendo sete fêmeas e um pato macho). Foram realizados três tipos de tratamento: P0 (controle, sem mineral), P1 (proporção de farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 2:1 + 1% mineral) e P2 (relação farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 1:2 + 1% mineral). Os resultados revelaram que a adição do mineral Ca à ração, incluindo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis, não teve influência significativa (p>0,05) sobre o desempenho de poedeiras em termos de consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos, qualidade dos ovos, patinhos produzidos e renda sobre o custo da ração (IOFC). Além disso, a adição de Ca na ração não resultou em aumentos substanciais (p>0,05) em fertilidade e eclodibilidade, ou características de tamanho dos ovos. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, a alimentação com farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis pode ser usada como uma formulação alternativa de ração livre de cálcio. (Ca muscular 10 1 machos 7 semanas cada macho. macho . macho) tratamento P controle, controle (controle mineral, , proporção 21 2 2: relação 12 1: mineral. p>0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0,05 IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) disso eclodibilidade p>0,0 p00 (p>0,0 (IOFC p>0, p0 (p>0, p>0 (p>0 p> (p> (p

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for eggshell formation and muscle contraction, and a lack of it can result in poor egg quality and decreased egg output in laying ducks. This study aims to see how feeding the mineral Ca in a ration containing Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head affects the laying performance and quality of hatching eggs in Mojosari ducks. A total of 105 female and 15 male Mojosari ducks, aged 78 weeks, were raised for three months and randomly divided into 15 flocks (each flock containing seven females and one male duck). There were three kinds of treatment, namely P0 (control, without mineral), P1 (ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 2:1 + 1% mineral), and P2 ((ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 1:2 + 1% mineral). The findings revealed that adding mineral Ca to feed, including Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head, had no significant influence (P>0.05) on laying Mojosari duck performance in terms of feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, ducklings produced, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Furthermore, Ca addition in the ration did not result in substantial increases (P>0.05) in fertility, hatchability, or egg size characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, feeding ducks with shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head can be used as an alternate calcium-free feed formulation. (Ca contraction 10 1 7 weeks each duck. . duck) treatment P control, control (control mineral, , mineral) ratio 21 2 2: 12 1: mineral. P>0.05 P005 0 05 (P>0.05 intake production weight produced IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) Furthermore fertility hatchability characteristics calciumfree calcium free formulation P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (IOFC P>0. (P>0. P>0 (P>0 P> (P> (P

Abstract The high prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and its anthelmintic resistance have affected sheep production worldwide. Machine learning approaches are able to investigate the complex relationships among the factors involved in resistance. Classification trees were built to predict multidrug resistance from 36 management practices in 27 sheep flocks. Resistance to five anthelmintics was assessed using a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and 20 flocks with FECRT < 80% for four or five anthelmintics were considered resistant. The data were randomly split into training (75%) and test (25%) sets, resampled 1,000 times, and the classification trees were generated for the training data. Of the 1,000 trees, 24 (2.4%) showed 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting a flock as resistant or susceptible for the test data. Forage species was a split common to all 24 trees, and the most frequent trees (12/24) were split by forage species, grazing pasture area, and fecal examination. The farming system, Suffolk sheep breed, and anthelmintic choice criteria were practices highlighted in the other trees. These management practices can be used to predict the anthelmintic resistance status and guide measures for gastrointestinal nematode control in sheep flocks. worldwide 3 2 FECRT, , (FECRT) 80 75% 75 (75% 25% 25 (25% sets 1000 1 000 1,00 times 2.4% 4 (2.4% 100 accuracy sensitivity 12/24 1224 12 (12/24 area examination system breed (FECRT 8 7 (75 (25 00 1,0 2.4 (2.4 10 12/2 122 (12/2 (7 (2 0 1, 2. (2. 12/ (12/ ( (12 (1

Resumo A criação de ovinos é afetada pela alta prevalência de Haemonchus contortus e pela resistência anti-helmíntica, cujas complexas inter-relações podem ser elucidadas por técnicas de aprendizado de máquina. Árvores de classificação identificaram a importância de práticas de manejo em 27 rebanhos ovinos, para a predição da resistência anti-helmíntica múltipla. A resistência a cinco anti-helmínticos foi determinada pelo teste de redução de contagem de ovos nas fezes (TRCOF), e as 20 propriedades com eficácia inferior a 80% no TRCOF para quatro ou cinco anti-helmínticos foram consideradas resistentes. Os dados foram aleatoriamente separados em 1.000 amostragens de treinamento (75%) e teste (25%), e as árvores de classificação foram geradas para os dados de treinamento. Dessas, 24 árvores (2,4%) apresentaram acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade de 100% para a predição do estado de resistência nos dados de teste. O tipo de forragem foi detectado em todas as árvores, enquanto a área de pastagem e a realização de exame de fezes foram observadas nas árvores mais frequentes (12/24). O sistema de produção, a raça ovina Suffolk e o critério de escolha do anti-helmíntico geraram quebras nas demais árvores. Essas práticas de manejo podem predizer o estado de resistência anti-helmíntica em rebanhos e orientar medidas, visando ao controle da verminose em ovinos. antihelmíntica, antihelmíntica anti helmíntica, helmíntica interrelações inter relações máquina 2 múltipla antihelmínticos helmínticos TRCOF, , (TRCOF) 80 resistentes 1000 1 000 1.00 75% 75 (75% 25%, 25 25% (25%) Dessas 2,4% 4 (2,4% acurácia 100 12/24. 1224 12/24 . 12 (12/24) produção antihelmíntico helmíntico medidas (TRCOF 8 00 1.0 7 (75 (25% 2,4 (2,4 10 122 12/2 (12/24 0 1. (7 (25 2, (2, 12/ (12/2 ( (2 (12/ (12 (1

ABSTRACT Respiratory tract infections in poultry have become serious problems with negative consequences for poultry production. Among these diseases, mycoplasmosis and avian pneumoviruses stand out, which, despite being relevant in poultry health, have not been systematically investigated in Brazil, especially regarding the interaction between these agents or the occurrence of co-infection in broiler chickens. The present study investigated the occurrence of infection by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and subtypes A and B of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in broiler chickens from commercial poultry flocks kept on farms with high biosecurity standards and located in the Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription nested-PCR techniques were applied to detect and/or identify, respectively, MG and aMPV in samples of nasal and tracheal swabs collected between 2017 and 2018, from 87 batches of broiler chickens from 15 commercial production farms that showed respiratory clinical signs. Two out of 87 batches sampled (2.3%) were positive for MG, while none of them were positive for aMPV. The low or no incidence of these pathogens can be explained by the adoption of increasingly effective health control measures for these agents on farms with high biosecurity standards. In addition, there are clues that other bacterial and viral infectious agents may be involved in the etiology of respiratory problems of these broiler chickens, which showed clinical signs of respiratory diseases upon sample collection. Brazil coinfection co (MG (aMPV PCR (PCR nestedPCR nested andor identify respectively 201 2018 8 1 2.3% 23 2 3 (2.3% addition collection 20 2.3 (2.3 2. (2. (2 (

Abstract Reviewing the current state of knowledge on reproductive performance and productive traits in rams has many advantages. First, the compilation of this information will serve as a literature resource for scientists conducting research around the world and will contribute to the understanding of the data collected and interpreted by researchers on the different hormonal strategies used to improve reproductive performance in rams. Second, it will allow scientists to identify current knowledge gaps and set future research priorities in ram reproduction. Rams play an important role in the global flock economy, but their reproductive analysis has been limited in the use of hormonal technologies to increase the productivity of sheep flocks. In this review, we cite the most important works on six hormones that, in one way or another, modify the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, at different doses, in and out of the reproductive season, breeds, application methods, among other factors. The overall aim is to increase the reproductive efficiency of rams in different scenarios and, in some cases, of other species due to the lack of limited information on rams. advantages First Second reproduction economy flocks review that another hypothalamuspituitarygonadal hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis doses season breeds methods factors cases

This study evaluates the effects of white wool's characteristics (fibre diameter/fineness, staple strength, vegetable matter, and staple length) that contribute to determining the wool price in South Africa. The analysis was based on wool price data for the 2009 to 2019 production seasons. A multiple regression analysis of the price (R/kg) of White wool was applied to four independent variables: fibre diameter/fineness, staple strength, vegetable matter and staple length. Fibre diameter, staple length and clean yield, except vegetable matter, made a significant contribution (p < 0.05) to the determination of wool price after all other independent variables were controlled. A one-unit increase in staple length was associated with a 0.018-unit increase in wool price (R/kg). One unit (micron) increase in fibre diameter/fineness resulted in a 0.331 unit decrease in wool price (R/kg). One unit (percentage) increase in clean yield resulted in a 0.115 unit increase in wool price (R/kg). The analysis found that a 1% increase in clean yield, a measure of the amount of clean, usable wool produced by a sheep, was associated with an average increase of 0.115 R/kg in the price of wool. This means that as clean yield increases, wool price tends to increase. Clean yield varies within sheep flocks due to varying amounts of wax and contaminants such as vegetable matter dirt, breed of sheep, and the environmental conditions during wool growth. There was no statistically significant association between vegetable matter and wool price. Wool farmers need to produce wool with low fibre diameter, good length of wool and high clean yield percentage for White wool. Additionally, farmers should focus on improving their production and marketing practices, and policymakers should consider implementing policies that support the wool industry and increase its competitiveness.

ABSTRACT We investigated the influence of poultry rearing factors, including strain, type of ventilation, and sex on the slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens. Factorial analysis of mixed data was employed to analyze the data from broiler flocks slaughtered between 2018 and 2020 in Mato Grosso do Sul, comprising 2,684 flocks and 82,486,500 birds. The characterization information considered included age at slaughter, average weight, date of slaughter, percentage of pododermatitis, percentage of scratches, percentage of pre-slaughter condemnations, percentage of slaughter condemnations, percentage of total condemnation, percentage of field mortality, type of ventilation, strain, and sex. The factorial analysis of mixed data aimed to identify the relationships between pre-slaughter factors and slaughter characteristics. Five main components, explaining 85.5% of the total data variance, were derived from the analysis. Age, generated value per kilo of product, and percentage of pre-slaughter condemnations exhibited positive correlations. Negative pressure ventilation was found to be more closely associated with the percentage of pododermatitis, while the dark house system showed a stronger association with the percentage of total condemnation and percentage of pre-slaughter condemnation. The Cobb strain and female sex were found to be more strongly related to the generated value of the product. Strain, sex, and type of ventilation were identified as decisive factors influencing the characteristics of meat yields and the economic results of poultry activity in slaughterhouses. Moreover, it was observed that percentages of scratches and pododermatitis were negatively correlated with the value generated ($/kg) by broiler flocks, and they were more closely associated with positive pressure ventilation systems, Ross strain, mixtures of strains within the same flock, and male chickens. It was possible to prove the strong interdependence between the rearing stage of broiler chickens and the slaughterhouse, which needs to be considered in decision making by agroindustry to achieve an ideal rearing model. 201 202 Sul 2684 2 684 2,68 82486500 82 486 500 82,486,50 birds weight preslaughter pre mortality components 855 85 5 85.5 variance Age product correlations Strain slaughterhouses Moreover $/kg kg ($/kg systems flock slaughterhouse model 20 268 68 2,6 8248650 8 48 50 82,486,5 85. 26 6 2, 824865 4 82,486, 82486 82,486 8248 82,48 824 82,4 82,

RESUMO O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) compreende o grupo de isômeros posicionais e geométricos do ácido linoleico. Na dieta de matrizes, aumenta a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados dos ovos e pode ser uma importante ferramenta para o estudo dos efeitos da suplementação materna de CLA sobre o metabolismo lipídico da progênie. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de CLA na dieta de matrizes de frango de corte sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos da gema, a qualidade dos ovos e a incubação. Dois lotes comerciais de matrizes Cobb500®, com 58 semanas de idade, foram suplementados com 0% ou 0,025% de CLA (trans-10, cis-12). Após 26 dias, 300 ovos por tratamento foram coletados, dois quais 30 foram utilizados para as análises de qualidade e perfil de ácidos graxos da gema, enquanto os ovos restantes foram submetidos à incubação. A qualidade das aves foi avaliada à eclosão, e o peso e conteúdo do saco vitelínico residual foram avaliados à eclosão. Ovos não eclodidos foram submetidos a análise residual. A suplementação das matrizes não influenciou os parâmetros de incubação e peso dos pintos à eclosão. Contudo, modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos da gema e do saco vitelínico, levando ao acúmulo de CLA no saco vitelínico após a eclosão. Conclui-se que a suplementação de 0,025% de CLA na dieta de matrizes não altera parâmetros de incubação e o peso da progênie à eclosão, mas modifica os perfis de ômega-6 e ácidos palmitoleico, linoleico e araquidônico tanto na gema quando no saco vitelínico residual. (CLA Objetivouse Objetivou se Cobb500 Cobb Cobb500® 5 idade 0 0025 025 0,025 trans10, trans10 trans 10, 10 (trans-10 cis12. cis12 cis 12 . cis-12) 2 dias coletados 3 eclosão Contudo Concluise Conclui ômega6 ômega 6 ômega- palmitoleico Cobb50 002 02 0,02 trans1 1 (trans-1 cis1 cis-12 Cobb5 00 0,0 (trans- cis-1 0, (trans cis-

ABSTRACT Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid. Hens fed a diet supplemented with CLA exhibit increased levels of saturated fatty acids, which may influence the quality characteristics of eggs and the offspring lipid metabolism. The present study, aimed to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of CLA for broiler breeders on the residual yolk sac fatty acid profile, egg quality, and hatchability. Two 58-week-old Cobb500® broiler breeder commercial flocks were fed diets supplemented with 0% or 0.025% CLA (trans-10, cis-12). After 26 days, 300 eggs from each treatment group were collected, and among these eggs, 30 were subjected to egg quality assessment and egg yolk fatty acid profile analysis. The remaining 270 eggs were subjected to incubation analysis. The quality of the chicks was evaluated at hatch. The residual yolk sac content and weight at hatch were also evaluated. Unhatched eggs were subjected to residual analysis. The supplementation of the breeders’ diet with 0.025% CLA did not influence the incubation parameters and the weight of the chicks at hatch. However, the egg yolk and residual yolk sac fatty acid profile were altered and CLA accumulation was increased in the residual yolk sac at hatch in this treatment group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation in the diet of breeders did not influence the incubation parameters and the weight of the chicks, although it did alter the profiles of omega-6, palmitoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids in both egg yolk and residual yolk sac. (CLA metabolism study hatchability 58weekold weekold 58 week old Cobb500 Cobb 0 0025 025 0.025 trans10, trans10 trans 10, 10 (trans-10 cis12. cis12 cis 12 . cis-12) 2 days collected 3 analysis 27 However conclusion omega6, omega6 omega 6, 6 omega-6 palmitoleic 5 Cobb50 002 02 0.02 trans1 1 (trans-1 cis1 cis-12 omega- Cobb5 00 0.0 (trans- cis-1 0. (trans cis-

Sheep farming plays a significant role in generating economic opportunities and employment on a global scale. It is a vital support system for rural economies, mainly where agricultural alternatives are scarce, like farmers living in arid and semiarid areas. This article aims to investigate andpromote sustainable communal sheep farming practices and examine the significance of the weaning percentage and how it determines the communal wool industry's success, economic viability, and sustainability. Additionally, the article will address the challenges these farmers face in sweet-, sour-and mixed grass veld types. Furthermore, the article will explore the impact of lambing seasons and flock structures on ewe productivity and identify strategies to mitigate adverse effects in communal sheep flocks. Lastly, the article will discuss management practices in sheep production systems, considering their economic and environmental sustainability. The mean weaning percentage, a critical indicator of reproductive success and productivity, was 48.78%, reflecting substantial dispersion within a sample population of 9 603 sheep across 351 farmers' interviews. Pure breeding exhibits a 5.6% higher weaning percentage than crossbreeding. In cases where there was inbreeding, the weaning percentage was 11.3% lower than that of flocks using unrelated rams. Statistical analysis further underscores the substantial influence (p<0.001) of consistent dissemination of production and reproduction technical information, facilitated through governmental initiatives and stakeholder engagements, in driving these improvements. Best sheep and health management practices are paramount for enhancing the weaning percentage of sheep flocks. The quality of grazing and the utilisation of well-adapted breeding stock are pivotal factors. Statistical analysis reveals a significant impact (p<0.05) of rotational grazing with a herding effect (extensive grazing) compared to free grazing (continuous grazing) with minimal management. Integrating labourers into communal sheep enterprises profoundly influences various operations, notably sheep herding, where they safeguard animals, identify health issues, and guide flock movements to optimal grazing areas, enhancing nutrition and weaning percentages.

Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Angola. Several outbreaks of ND occurred in small backyard flocks and village chickens with high mortality in the southern provinces of the country, Cunene, Namibe and Huíla, in 2016 and 2018. In those years, 15 virulent ND virus (NDV) strains were isolated and grouped within subgenotype 2 of genotype VII (subgenotype VII.2). We now present a study on the thermostability of the isolates, aiming at the selection of the most thermostable strains that, after being genetically modified to reduce their virulence, can be adapted to the production of vaccines less dependent on cold chain and more adequate to protect native chickens against ND. Heat-inactivation kinetics of haemagglutinin (Ha) activity and infectivity (I) of the isolates were determined by incubating aliquots of virus at 56 °C for different time intervals. The two isolates from Namibe province showed a decrease in infectivity of 2 log10 in ≤ 10 min, therefore belonging to the I-phenotype, but while the NB1 isolate from 2016 maintained the Ha activity up to 30 min and was classified as thermostable virus (I−Ha+), the Ha activity of the 2018 NB2 isolate decreased by 2 log2 in < 30 min, being classified as a thermolabile virus (I−Ha−). Of the 13 NDV isolates from Huíla province, 10 isolates were classified as thermostable, eight with phenotype I+Ha+ and 2 with phenotype I−Ha+. The other three isolates from this province were classified as thermolabile viruses (I−Ha−). CONTRIBUTION: This study will contribute to the control and/or eradication of Newcastle disease virus in Angola. The thermostable viral strains isolated from chickens in the country can be genetically manipulated by reverse genetic technology in order to reduce their virulence and use them as a vaccine in the remote areas of Angola

The study assesses the profitability of Karoo farms. It develops an enterprise wool and mutton production budgetfrom eight years of survey data collectedfrom 73 farms. Costs are presented in constant 2019 Rand so that data from various years can be pooled. According to income composition, farms were classified into mutton, wool or mixed mutton-wool operations. Mutton and mixed farms run similar-sized flocks on similar-sizedproperties, while wool farms operate larger flocks on more land. Mutton producers stock their land 15% less densely than wool or mixed farms, which use the same stocking density. At R80.89 per hectare, the small stock enterprise on mixedfarms is approximately 40% more expensive to operate than the unit cost of production on mutton or wool farms, which are similar. Wool farms generate the best per-hectare incomes, 48% higher than the unit income of livestock on mixedfarms and 62% higher than the per-hectare income on mutton farms. Netfarm income is presented and discussed, and profitability is related to rainfall.

ABSTRACT The Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet (Touit huetii) is the only one from the seven species of the genus Touit with no published data on its diet. In March 2023, in Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, Northeast of Ecuador, we recorded flocks of Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet feeding on the bark of Terminalia catappa and the bark and leaves of Syzygium malaccense, both ornamental trees introduced from Asia. Consumption of resin-secreting vegetative structures has been rarely recorded in Neotropical psittacines. We suggest that these two resources may be important in the diet of the Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet and that this could be due to the fact that they have specific active compounds with properties of relevance for the health of individuals (e.g., antibacterial, an-tifungal, hepato-protective, or anti-inflammatory). We highlight the need for futher observations to understand if their consumption is a generalized pattern.

RESUMEN La Cotorrita Alirroja (Touit huetii) es la única de las siete especies del género Touit, de la que no existen datos publicados sobre su dieta. En marzo de 2023, en Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, noreste de Ecuador, registramos bandadas de Cotorrita Alirroja alimentándose de la corteza de Terminalia catappa y de la corteza y las hojas de Syzygium malaccense, dos árboles ornamentales originarios de Asia. El consumo sobre estructuras vegetativas que poseen resina ha sido poco registrado en psitácidos neotropicales. Sugerimos que estas dos especies podrían ser importantes en la dieta de la Cotorrita Alirroja y que esto podría deberse a que poseen compuestos activos específicos con propiedades de relevancia para la salud de los individuos (e.g., antibacterianas, antifúngicas hepato-protectoras, o antiinflamatorias). Resaltamos la necesidad profundizar estas observaciones para entender si su consumo es un patrón generalizado.

ABSTRACT: Pullorum disease is described worldwide and is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). S. Pullorum infection is important in commercial poultry, provoking a systemic disease with high mortality rates. Its occurrence requires notification, and when it is diagnosed in commercial breeding flocks, its eradication is demanded. The aim of this study was to report a severe outbreak of Pullorum disease in young Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), resulting in 100% mortality of keets (n=290) within the first two weeks of age. All examined keets had enlarged liver, kidneys and spleen (5/5), and the affected tissues were submitted to histological and bacteriological examination. On histopathology, random paratyphoid nodules characterized by areas of necrosis with fibrin and a moderate infiltrate of macrophages and heterophils were observed in the liver. In kidneys, discrete areas of necrosis associated with moderate multifocal infiltrates of lymphocytes, and plasma cells were observed. In the spleen, a moderate infiltrate of macrophages was noticed. Isolation of colonies suggestive of S. Pullorum from liver and spleen was performed in selective agars and, after biochemical tests, confirmed by specific duplex-PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated strain revealed resistance to only sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim among the tested antimicrobials. The S. Pullorum isolate recovered in the present study was highly pathogenic to N. meleagris and may represent a risk to other avian species, including industrial poultry. ABSTRACT S (S Pullorum. . Pullorum) poultry rates notification flocks demanded Numida meleagris, , meleagris) 100 n=290 n290 n 290 (n=290 age 5/5, 55 5/5 5 (5/5) examination histopathology lymphocytes noticed tests duplexPCR. duplexPCR duplex PCR. PCR duplex-PCR antimicrobials N species 10 n=29 n29 29 (n=29 5/ (5/5 1 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 (5/ n= (n= (5 (n (

RESUMO: A pulorose é descrita mundialmente e é causada por Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). A infecção por S. Pullorum é importante em aves comerciais, provocando doença sistêmica com altas taxas de mortalidade. Sua ocorrência requer notificação e quando diagnosticada em aves de criação comercial resulta na erradicação do plantel. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um surto grave de pulorose em filhotes de galinhas-d’Angola (Numida meleagris), resultando em 100% de mortalidade das aves (n=290) nas primeiras duas semanas de idade. Os pintinhos recebidos tinham hepato, espleno e nefromegalia (5/5). Os tecidos dos cinco indivíduos recebidos foram submetidos a exame histológico e bacteriológico. Na histopatologia, foram observados nódulos paratifoides aleatórios caracterizados por áreas de necrose com fibrina e infiltrado moderado de macrófagos e heterófilos no fígado. Nos rins, foram observadas áreas discretas de necrose associadas a infiltrados multifocais moderados de linfócitos e plasmócitos. No baço, foi observado infiltrado moderado de macrófagos. O isolamento de colônias sugestivas de S. Pullorum de fígados e baços foi realizado em ágares seletivos e, após testes bioquímicos, confirmado por duplex-PCR específico. A susceptibilidade antimicrobiana da cepa isolada revelou resistência apenas ao sulfametoxazol + trimetoprim entre os antimicrobianos testados. O isolado de S. Pullorum recuperado no presente estudo foi altamente patogênico para N. meleagris e pode representar um risco para outras espécies de aves, incluindo aves industriais. RESUMO S (S Pullorum. . Pullorum) comerciais plantel galinhasdAngola galinhas d Angola Numida meleagris, , meleagris) 100 n=290 n290 n 290 (n=290 idade hepato 5/5. 55 5/5 5 (5/5) bacteriológico histopatologia fígado rins plasmócitos baço bioquímicos duplexPCR duplex PCR específico testados N industriais 10 n=29 n29 29 (n=29 5/ (5/5 1 n=2 n2 2 (n=2 (5/ n= (n= (5 (n (