Resumen Introducción / objetivo: en las organizaciones los conflictos de intereses generan costos de agencia para mitigar el oportunismo de los agentes. La información contable de alta calidad reduce estos conflictos al minimizar la asimetría de la información. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre los costos de agencia y el conservadurismo condicional en empresas brasileñas del sector eléctrico listadas en la B3. Metodología: se utilizaron datos de 21 empresas del sector eléctrico brasileño para el período de 2012 a 2020. Se analizaron 24 atributos asociados con los costos de agencia, y el modelo de conservadurismo condicional de Ball y Shivakumar (2005) se empleó como medida de calidad de la información contable. Los resultados se obtuvieron mediante modelos de regresión de datos en panel. Resultados: según el modelo central de conservadurismo condicional, las empresas tienden a ser optimistas en lugar de conservadoras, anticipando ganancias en lugar de pérdidas. Los resultados, evaluados en cinco dimensiones, revelaron que factores como la composición del consejo, la compensación variable y los acuerdos con accionistas reducen el optimismo, mientras que las auditorías con salvedades, los plazos más largos y la existencia de un comité de auditoría permanente aumentan el optimismo. Por tanto, se identifican atributos que influyen en el optimismo, la neutralidad de la información contable y, en consecuencia, la calidad de los informes financieros. Conclusiones: este estudio beneficia a varios usuarios de la información contable. Los inversores pueden identificar políticas de gobernanza que alineen intereses, los reguladores pueden mejorar la supervisión y los miembros de las organizaciones pueden adoptar políticas que fomenten la alineación de intereses entre los principales y los agentes.

Abstract Introduction / objective: In organisations, conflicts of interest give rise to agency costs aimed at mitigating agent opportunism. High-quality accounting information reduces these conflicts by minimising information asymmetry. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the relationship between agency costs and conditional conservatism in Brazilian electric power industry companies listed on the B3. Methodology: Data from 21 Brazilian electric power industry companies for the period 2012 to 2020 were utilised. Twenty-four attributes associated with agency costs were analysed, and Ball and Shivakumar’s (2005) conditional conservatism model was employed as a measure of accounting information quality. Panel data regression models were used to obtain the results. Results: According to the central conditional conservatism model, companies tend to exhibit optimism rather than conservatism, anticipating gains instead of losses. Results, assessed across five dimensions, revealed that factors such as board composition, variable compensation, and agreements with shareholders reduce optimism, while qualified audits, longer tenures, and the presence of a permanent audit committee increase optimism. Therefore, attributes that influence optimism, accounting information neutrality, and consequently, financial reporting quality, are identified. Conclusions: This study benefits various users of accounting information. Investors can pinpoint governance policies that align interests, regulators can enhance oversight, and organisation members can adopt policies that encourage the alignment of interests between principals and agents.

ABSTRACT In this study, the relationship between performance auditing and cooperative education in Credit Unions (COAC) was analyzed to understand their influence on operational efficiency and financial transparency, as well as on governance and economic performance. The methodology included literature review and detailed analysis of the connection between these elements in the specific context of credit unions. Aspects such as organizational culture rooted in cooperative principles, participatory management, transparency and accountability were identified as having an impact on governance and economic performance. Internal control mechanisms, strengthened by cooperative education, were revealed as fundamental to ensure adherence to cooperative principles and promote efficient management. In conclusion, the effective integration of cooperative education in the performance audit and internal control processes complies with current regulations in Ecuador and builds a solid foundation for sustainability and transparency in the COACs.

RESUMEN En este estudio, se analizó la relación entre la auditoría de gestión y la educación cooperativa en las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito (COAC) para comprender su influencia en la eficiencia operativa y transparencia financiera, así como en la gobernanza y el desempeño económico. La metodología incluyó la revisión de la literatura y el análisis detallado de la conexión entre estos elementos en el contexto específico de las cooperativas. Se identificaron aspectos, como la cultura organizativa arraigada en principios cooperativos, la gestión participativa, la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas, que configuran su impacto en la gobernanza y el desempeño económico. Los mecanismos de control interno, fortalecidos por la educación cooperativa, se revelaron como fundamentales para asegurar la adhesión a principios cooperativos y promover una gestión eficiente. En conclusión, la integración efectiva de la educación cooperativa en los procesos de auditoría de gestión y control interno cumple con normativas vigentes en Ecuador y construye una base sólida para la sostenibilidad y transparencia en las COAC.

This article analyses the importance of the solvency capital requirement (hereafter SCR) and the minimum capital requirement (hereafter MCR) formulae and why an insurer's external auditor should audit these and disclose its contents in the insurer's financial statements. When calculating the SCR, the reason for requiring such a disclosure is to allow the Prudential Authority an opportunity to understand whether the assumptions, parameters and techniques (also referred to as economic considerations) applied by actuaries comply with section 36 of the Insurance Act 18 of 2017. Administrative costs and written premiums are considered when calculating the MCR, although written premiums could be subjected to different interpretations, which might affect this formula. Accordingly, had Constantia Insurance Company Limited's auditor audited these formulae in 2018 and disclosed their contents in the financial statements, the Prudential Authority would have commenced liquidation procedures in 2019, not choosing instead to wait and monitor the company's solvency requirements on a weekly basis for four years. As a result, owing to the lack of transparency in the financial statements and non-compliance with the SCR and MCR, Constantia spent nearly R733 000 000 over the three-year period to fund its business activities.

Abstract For the research associated with this article, the reports of the quality audits carried out by the Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica (CFIA), during the period from 2006 to 2018, were reviewed. The most important variables that reflect the fulfillment of technical quality criteria of the houses were extracted to observe the behavior of these over time. Through the comparison of historical series, trends are analyzed and defined in the main structural, architectural, electrical, mechanical and urban aspects fundamental to the design and construction of social housing and are grouped into the positive aspects that have been maintained, those that have improved and problematic aspects that still exist. Finally, recommendations are provided on possible next steps that the National Financial System for Housing could take in order to promote improvement actions.

Resumen Para la investigación asociada a este artículo se revisaron los informes de las auditorías de calidad llevadas a cabo por el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y de Arquitectos de Costa Rica (CFIA) durante el periodo del año 2006 al 2018. Se extrajeron las variables más importantes que reflejan el cumplimiento de criterios de calidad técnica de las viviendas, para observar el comportamiento de estas a través del tiempo. Por medio de la comparación de series históricas, se analizan y definen tendencias de los principales aspectos estructurales, arquitectónicos, eléctricos, mecánicos y urbanísticos fundamentales del diseño en de la construcción de las viviendas de interés social. Estas se agrupan entre aspectos positivos que se han mantenido, aquellos que han mejorado y los aspectos problemáticos que aún existen. Finalmente se brindan recomendaciones sobre posibles pasos que podría tomar el Sistema Financiero Nacional para la Vivienda con el fin de promover acciones de mejora.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Healthcare management requires tools to make decisions at the local and systemic level in healthcare providers, with quality and timely information, to optimise organisational processes. Objective: To identify, through analysis of the state of knowledge, the generation of errors in the creation of diagnosis-related groups that affect hospital financial management strategy. Development: 487 research papers were reviewed, 54 of them identified processes of generation of the studied construct, with errors and evidenced in their materialization. These errors were grouped according to the original 3M model. Among those found were omissions in medical record documentation; poor quality in the minimum set of basic data; inaccuracies in diagnostic and procedure coding; insufficient grouping of diagnosis-related groups, variation in the casuistic index; deficiencies in team formation and audit processes; and discrepancies in the assignment of diagnosis-related groups. Recognising and addressing these errors will optimise efficiency in healthcare management. Conclusions: Errors were identified in the implementation of diagnosis-related groups, focusing on capture sub-processes, coding of clinical output and coding errors by healthcare staff. These types of omissions can contribute to key forms of performance evaluation of clinical care management, especially when this is associated with the billing structure and cost per patient in the current Chilean health system.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gestión sanitaria requiere herramientas para tomar decisiones a nivel local y sistémico en prestadores de salud, con información de calidad y oportuna, para optimizar procesos organizacionales. Objetivo: Identificar, mediante análisis del estado del conocimiento, la generación de errores en creación de grupos relacionados por diagnóstico que afectan la estrategia de gestión financiera hospitalaria. Desarrollo: Se revisaron 487 trabajos de investigación, 54 de ellos identificaron procesos de generación del constructo estudiado, con errores y evidenciados en su materialización. Estos errores se conglomeraron de acuerdo al modelo original de 3M. Entre los encontrados se precisaron como omisiones en documentación de los registros médicos; mala calidad en conjunto mínimo de datos básicos; inexactitudes en codificación diagnóstica y de procedimientos; insuficiente agrupación de grupos relacionados al diagnóstico, variación del índice casuístico; deficiencias en formación de equipos de trabajo y procesos de auditorías, además discrepancias en asignación de grupos relacionados al diagnóstico. Reconocer y abordar estos errores permitirán optimizar la eficiencia en la gestión sanitaria. Conclusiones: Se identifican errores en implementación de los grupos relacionados al diagnóstico, los que se focalizan en subprocesos de captura; codificación de la producción clínica y en errores del personal sanitario en codificación. Estos tipos de omisiones pueden contribuir en formas claves de evaluación del desempeño de la gestión clínico-asistencial, más aún cuando esta se asocia a estructura de facturación y costo por paciente en el actual sistema de salud chileno.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemodialysis catheter dysfunction compromises dialysis adequacy and may limit catheter survival. Strategies to prevent hemodialysis catheter dysfunction include catheter locks, generally either with heparin or citrate. Methods: Our hemodialysis unit converted to locking all central venous hemodialysis catheters with sodium citrate 4% instead of heparina 5000 U/mL. A retrospective analysis compared the outcomes of the 6 months prior and after the conversion. The compared outcomes were incidence of catheter thrombosis, catheter-related infection, flow-related catheter exchange rate, dialysis efficiency measured by Kt/V and catheter dysfunction. Results: Twenty-three patients were included. Between the two audit periods, the rate of catheter thrombosis was 0 (0 per 1000 catheter days) and 7 (2.78 per 1000 catheter days) during the heparin and citrate period respectively (p=0.109). The number of catheter exchanges due to catheter dysfunction was 0 (0 per 1000 catheter days) during the heparin period and just 1 (0.39 per 1000 catheter days) during the citrate period (p=0.317). Dialysis adequacy measured by KT/V was 1.54 (0.39) in the heparin group and 1.54 (0.35) in the citrate group (p=0.465). Catheter dysfunction was recorded in 146 sessions (12.3%) in the heparin period and in 159 sessions (14,7%) in the citrate period (p=0.234). There were no catheter related infections in either group. Conclusion: There was a 58% cost reduction associated with catheter-locking therapy between the heparin period and the citrate period. This cost reduction included the costs associated with alteplase use. Besides the financial advantages in switching to citrate locking, there are other potential advantages, namely the minimization of heparin related side effects or limitations.

In 2017, Zambia adopted a new Companies Act. The main purpose of the new Act is to promote the development of Zambia's economy through efficient regulation of companies. This article focuses on the small companies regime that the new Act introduces. More specifically, the article explores the extent to which the new small companies regime is fit for purpose by conducting a comparative analysis of that regime with the United Kingdom's (UK's) small companies regime in light of relevant literature, particularly literature in the field of regulatory economics. Overall, the analysis suggests that Zambia's small companies regime is largely inapt to achieving its intended purpose. The article's main argument in this connection is threefold. First, the new Act is somewhat at odds with its intended purpose insofar as it requires small companies to appoint a secretary. Exempting small companies from this requirement, as does the UK Companies Act of 2006, could better serve the purpose of the new Act. Second, whilst the exemption of small companies from the requirement to appoint auditors may be desirable, the 50 per cent shareholding threshold required for shareholders to demand an audit could inhibit controlling shareholder accountability and thus undermine the purpose of the new Act. A lower threshold such as the one applicable under the UK Companies Act, that is to say, ten per cent, could better serve the purpose of the new Act. Third, the lack of any special treatment for small companies as such vis-à-vis bookkeeping and financial reporting requirements could undermine the purpose of the new Act. Imposing lighter bookkeeping and financial reporting requirements on small companies, as does the UK Companies Act, could better serve the purpose of the new Act.

BACKGROUND: Corporate scandals have resulted in decreasing levels of confidence in the audit profession so that audit quality is under finer scrutiny. AIM: This article has explored the role external audit regulation in Namibia plays in ensuring the quality of its financial statement audits. SETTING: The opinions of audit and regulation experts in Namibia were examined. METHOD: A mixed-method approach, grounded in an interpretive epistemology, was employed. A correspondence table was developed, using the current literature. The opinions of audit and regulation experts on the effect that external regulations have on audit quality were then sought, using correspondence analysis and interviews. RESULTS: The primary themes of audit quality from a regulatory perspective are maintaining independence and consulting on complex audit matters, the employment of competent members in the engagement team and a culture of quality, driven by firm leadership. It is further revealed that administrative functions play a vital role in contributing to the quality of an audit. CONCLUSION: A conceptual model, linking regulation and audit quality, is presented. Independence is considered the cornerstone of the audit profession, while regulations are relevant to independence. Regulators may consider introducing measures such as rotation of audit firms or the disclosure of audit tenure in annual financial statements. CONTRIBUTION: This is the first research of its kind in Namibia. It is helpful to regulators and audit practitioners because it allows them to gain a better understanding of whether the current regulations adequately enhance audit quality, instead of being perceived as a 'tick-box' exercise.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the key audit matters (KAMs) being reported in South Africa by assessing 356 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)-listed entities' audit reports from 2017 to 2020, which entailed 1424 audit reports and 2903 KAM disclosures DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study assessed the impact and inter-relationship of three determinants (financial year, audit firm type and industry category) on the type of KAMs disclosed, total KAMs disclosed, the number of entity- and account-level KAMs and the readability of KAM disclosures. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify the core KAM themes and classifications FINDINGS/RESULTS: The findings suggest the most common KAM disclosures are related to business combinations and impairments of goodwill, followed by measurement and impairment considerations for nonfinancial assets. Key audit matters disclosed predominantly have a micro-level focus on core account-level issues. Differences in KAM disclosures between Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms are not that pronounced, which signals an increased market credibility perception for second-tier firms. The Flesch average reading score indicates that KAM disclosures are complex and difficult to read. This is concerning because the KAM disclosures are in place to facilitate greater transparency for stakeholders. However, the technical nature of financial statements may mean that only users with an understanding of accounting, finance and economics will derive value from KAM disclosures PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This research will be relevant for standard-setters, regulators and users of audit reports interested in how ISA 701 is being implemented and the state of KAM disclosures in an emerging economy ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Barring only some exceptions, relatively little is known about the auditors' expanded reporting requirements in a South African context

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar se houve aumento da incidência de impairment de ativos não circulantes com o advento da crise da covid-19. A literatura contábil brasileira sobre as implicações da covid-19 nos negócios ainda carece de evidências empíricas, especificamente sobre os reflexos dessa crise em variáveis contábeis de longo prazo, em que o efeito da covid-19 é mais difícil de ser determinado. O tema é relevante, pois revela aos investidores, órgãos reguladores, preparadores e auditores os efeitos que uma futura crise, similar à covid-19, poderá trazer aos negócios. O trabalho é também relevante para a academia, sendo um dos primeiros a analisar o efeito da pandemia em ativos de longo prazo. Os achados permitem uma reflexão sobre como empresas e setores estão mais ou menos expostos ao risco de impairment em crises, fornecendo inputs para a tomada de decisão de investimentos perante esses cenários. O estudo foi realizado com 383 companhias abertas brasileiras registradas na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) no período de 2016 a 2020. Para testar a hipótese desta pesquisa, foram coletadas manualmente as constituições e reversões das perdas por impairment de 1.805 demonstrações financeiras e empregados modelos estatísticos de regressão linear com dados em painel de efeitos fixos. Constatou-se relação positiva e significante entre os efeitos da crise da covid-19 e a incidência de impairment de ativos não circulantes em companhias brasileiras, a qual manteve-se mesmo após o controle de diversos fatores econômico-financeiros. Ao segregar os impairments de ativos imobilizados e intangíveis, os achados sugerem que os ativos intangíveis estiveram mais expostos à crise da covid-19 em relação aos imobilizados. Os resultados permaneceram robustos nas diferentes análises econométricas realizadas, dentre as quais destacam-se padrões setoriais, subamostras e o efeito da firma de auditoria. Esta pesquisa contribui para o debate acadêmico e profissional ao confirmar a correlação dessa crise com os impairments lançados nas demonstrações financeiras, levantando seus efeitos na contabilização de ativos não circulantes e nos retornos de longo prazo das empresas e setores analisados.

ABSTRACT This papers aims to investigate whether the incidence of impairment of non-current assets increased with the advent of the covid-19 crisis. The Brazilian accounting literature on the impact of covid-19 on businesses still lacks empirical evidence, especially on the impact of the crisis on long-term accounting variables, for which the effect of covid-19 is more difficult to determine. The topic is relevant because it provides investors, regulators, preparers, and auditors with insights into the impact that a future crisis similar to covid-19 could have on businesses. The work is also relevant to academia, as it is one of the first to analyze the effect of the pandemic on long-term assets. The findings allow us to reflect on how companies and sectors are more or less exposed to the risk of impairment in crises, providing inputs for investment decision making in these scenarios. We studied 383 Brazilian publicly traded companies registered with the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) between 2016 and 2020. To test the hypothesis of this research, we manually collected the recognitions and reversals of impairment losses in 1,805 financial statements and, then, estimated a set of linear regression models with using fixed effects panel data. We found a positive and significant relationship between the effects of the covid-19 crisis and the incidence of impairment of non-current assets in Brazilian firms, which persisted even after controlling for various economic and financial factors. By separating the impairment of fixed and intangible assets, the findings suggest that intangible assets were more exposed to the covid-19 crisis than fixed assets. The results remained robust to various econometric analyses, including industry patterns, sub-samples, and the effect of the audit firm. This research contributes to the academic and professional debate by confirming the correlation between this crisis and the impairments recorded in financial statements, studying their effects on the accounting of non-current assets and on the long-term returns of the companies and sectors analyzed.

Resumo O caso de ensino relata a situação real de uma companhia com atuação no ramo de turismo, que foi fundada em 1972 e teve sua primeira agência localizada no município de Santo André, SP. O dilema dá-se em torno de uma situação causada por possíveis falhas contábeis que elevaram os resultados da companhia CVC S.A. e geraram o pagamento de remuneração variável aos ex-executivos. Espera-se que o caso contribua para a discussão sobre possíveis estímulos que geram conflito de interesses, bem como para a identificação de ferramentas de controle interno que minimizem a exposição a fraudes contábeis. A construção do caso envolveu a coleta de dados na internet por meio de reportagens de jornais, análise das notas explicativas, dos formulários de referência, do relatório das demonstrações financeiras auditadas e do relatório de auditoria independente não auditado, disponíveis nos sites da companhia e da B3. Recomenda-se a sua aplicação em cursos de graduação ou pós-graduação em Administração e Contabilidade, assim como sua utilização em disciplinas que abordem os tópicos “conflito de interesses” e “gerenciamento de resultados”, tais como Governança Corporativa, Finanças Corporativas, Auditoria, Fraude Corporativa ou Análise das Demonstrações Financeiras.

Abstract This teaching case reports the real situation of CVC S.A., a company operating in the tourism industry. The company was founded in 1972, with its first agency located in the Brazilian city of Santo André (SP). The dilemma of the case refers to accounting failures that boosted the company’s results. and led to payment of bonuses to former executives. This teaching case aims to contribute to the discussion about possible incentives that generate conflicts of interest and the identification of internal control tools that minimize exposure to accounting fraud. The construction of the case involved data collection from the Internet through newspaper reports, analysis of explanatory notes, reference forms, report of audited financial statements, and unverified independent audit reports, available on the company’s and B3’s websites. This teaching case is recommended for undergraduate or graduate programs in Administration and Accounting, in courses addressing conflict of interest and earnings management, such as Corporate Governance, Corporate Finance, Auditing, Corporate Fraud, or Analysis of Financial Statements.

Resumen El caso didáctico relata la situación real de la empresa CVC S.A., del ramo de turismo, que fue fundada en 1972 y cuya primera agencia estaba ubicada en el municipio de Santo André, SP. El dilema gira en torno a una situación provocada por posibles errores contables que incrementaron los resultados de dicha empresa y generaron el pago de compensación variable a los exejecutivos. Se espera que el caso contribuya a la discusión sobre posibles estímulos que generan conflictos de interés y la identificación de herramientas de control interno que minimicen la exposición al fraude contable. La construcción del caso implicó la recolección de datos, a través de internet, de reportajes periodísticos, análisis de notas explicativas, formularios de referencia, informe de los estados financieros auditados e informe de auditoría independiente no auditado, disponibles en los sitios web de la empresa y de la Bolsa de Valores B3. Se recomienda que se utilice en cursos de grado o posgrado en Administración y Contabilidad, así como en disciplinas que aborden los temas de conflicto de intereses y gestión de resultados, como Gobernanza Corporativa, Finanzas Corporativas, Auditoría, Fraude Corporativo o Análisis de Estados Financieros.

RESUMO Este artigo visa identificar os fatores explicativos dos níveis de divulgação obrigatória (DO) e de divulgação voluntária (DV) relacionados às taxas de desconto, com base em teorias de divulgação. O tamanho, a alavancagem, a rentabilidade e as empresas de auditoria foram selecionados a partir de diferentes teorias, a saber: teoria da agência, teoria da sinalização, teoria positiva da contabilidade - incluindo a hipótese do custo político, e a teoria do custo do capital. Além disso, a materialidade (peso dos itens) e a relevância (natureza) do tópico também foram consideradas, com base nas evidências já obtidas na literatura. As pesquisas sobre as divulgações relacionadas às taxas de desconto foram avaliadas como um tópico incidental ou a partir de uma análise de escopo limitado, particularmente em respeito às Dos. Este trabalho avalia o tópico mencionado como seu objeto específico de análise tanto para DO como para DV. O uso da taxa de desconto vem assumindo uma importância crescente nos relatórios financeiros. Portanto, esse tópico deve merecer atenção especial por parte dos organismos internacionais de normalização. O entendimento do conjunto adequado de itens a serem divulgados e a compreensão dos fatores que explicam sua divulgação, alinhados com os esforços para assegurar seu cumprimento pelas autoridades legais, podem contribuir para reduzir assimetrias e aumentar a transparência nos relatórios financeiros das entidades. Este estudo utiliza o método de pesquisa de arquivo e análise de conteúdo de relatórios e contas consolidadas para o ano de 2020 das entidades listadas na Euronext Lisboa. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão, tendo índices de divulgação relacionados às taxas de desconto como variáveis dependentes. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre as divulgações relacionadas às taxas de desconto e o tamanho da entidade, assim como a materialidade e a relevância, avaliada pelo peso dos itens e a natureza do tópico em avaliação, respectivamente. Este trabalho acrescenta novos fatores explicativos sobre as DVs e Dos relacionados às taxas de desconto em uma perspectiva de análise mais extensa. (DO DV (DV alavancagem saber agência sinalização político capital disso (natureza consideradas literatura limitado Portanto normalização legais 202 Lisboa regressão dependentes entidade avaliação respectivamente extensa 20 2

ABSTRACT This paper aims to identify the explanatory factors of mandatory disclosure (MD) and voluntary disclosure (VD) levels related to discount rates, based on disclosure theories. The size, leverage, profitability, and audit firms were selected from different theories, namely agency theory, signaling theory, positive accounting theory, including the political cost hypothesis, and the cost of capital theory. Furthermore, the materiality (weight of the items) and the relevance (nature) of the topic were also considered, based on the evidence already obtained in the literature. Research on disclosures related to discount rates has been assessed either as an incidental topic or from a limited-scope analysis, particularly with respect to MDs. This paper assesses this topic as its specific object of analysis for both MD and VD. The use of the discount rate has been assuming growing importance within financial reporting. Therefore, this topic should deserve particular attention from international standard-setting bodies. The understanding of the proper set of items to be disclosed and understanding the factors that explain its disclosure, aligned with the efforts to assure its compliance by legal authorities, may contribute to reducing asymmetries and increasing transparency in entities' financial reporting. This study uses the method of archival research and content analysis of consolidated reports and accounts for the year 2020 of listed entities in Euronext Lisboa. Regression models were used, having disclosure indices related to discount rates as dependent variables. This paper finds a positive association between disclosures related to discount rates and the entity’s size, as well as the materiality and the relevance, assessed by the weight of the items and the nature of the topic under assessment, respectively. It adds new explanatory factors on the VDs and MDs related to discount rates in a broader perspective of analysis. (MD VD (VD theories size leverage profitability theory hypothesis Furthermore (nature considered literature limitedscope limited scope reporting Therefore standardsetting standard setting bodies authorities 202 Lisboa used variables entitys entity s assessment respectively 20 2

Resumo: Este estudo examina o efeito das características do comitê de auditoria e da diversidade do conselho sobre o desempenho das empresas na Indonésia. Além disso, esta pesquisa também explora o efeito das características do comitê de auditoria e da diversidade do conselho sobre o desempenho da empresa em várias classificações etárias. O estudo envolve 170 amostras de empresas do setor primário e secundário registradas na Bolsa de Valores da Indonésia de 2014 a 2020, analisadas por análise de regressão em painel de dados. As principais conclusões do estudo revelaram que o tamanho do comitê de auditoria e a competência do comitê de auditoria financeira estão influenciando positivamente o desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. No entanto, não afeta significativamente a frequência de reuniões do comitê de auditoria em relação ao forte desempenho baseado no mercado. Além disso, o estudo revela que o gênero estrangeiro e do conselho influenciam positivamente o desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. Tais descobertas são benéficas para os formuladores de políticas no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de mecanismos de governança apropriados no contexto do mercado indonésio como um país em desenvolvimento. Para o melhor conhecimento do autor, este estudo é o primeiro a analisar de forma abrangente a associação entre as características do comitê de auditoria e a diversidade do conselho no desempenho da empresa baseada no mercado. Além disso, nenhum estudo anterior realizou análises adicionais com base na idade da empresa no contexto indonésio. Resumo disso etárias 17 201 2020 dados entanto autor 1 20 202 2

Abstract: This study examines the effect of audit committee characteristics and board diversity on the performance of companies in Indonesia. In addition, this research also explores the effect of the audit committee's characteristics and the board's diversity on the company's performance in various age classifications. The study involves 170 samples of primary and secondary sector firms registered on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2020, analyzed by data panel regression analysis. The study's main findings disclosed that the audit committee's size and the competence of the financial audit committee are positively influencing the market-based firm performance. However, it does not significantly affect the audit committee's meeting frequency regarding the market-based strong performance. Furthermore, the study discloses that foreign and board gender positively influences market-based firm performance. Such findings benefit policymakers in developing appropriate governance mechanisms in the Indonesian market as a developing country. To the best author's knowledge, this study is the first to comprehensively analyze the association between audit committee characteristics and board diversity on market-based firm performance. Furthermore, no previous study conducted additional analyzes based on firm age in the Indonesian context. Abstract Indonesia addition committees s boards companys company classifications 17 201 2020 analysis studys marketbased However Furthermore country authors author knowledge context 1 20 202 2

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre as Deficiências de Controles Internos (DCIs) e a Qualidade de Auditoria (QA). O artigo preenche uma lacuna na literatura nacional, pois apresenta evidências de associação entre as Deficiências de Controles Internos reportadas e as principais proxies de QA. O estudo é relevante porque evidencia a inexistência de associação contemporânea entre as DCIs reportadas e a QA das empresas brasileiras negociadas em bolsa de valores, mas verificou uma associação defasada entre essas variáveis. Diferente dos estudos anteriores, observou-se que as DCIs reportadas no ano anterior podem funcionar como uma Red Flag de Auditoria no ano corrente, contribuindo assim com a avaliação de risco dos contadores, auditores, membros de comitês de governança e da auditoria e reguladores. O estudo, documental e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, analisou dados de uma amostra de 257 empresas negociadas na Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3) no período de 2010-2018. Os dados foram avaliados a partir de modelos de regressão com dados em painel, logístico e binomial negativo. Os resultados evidenciaram que, apesar de existirem diferenças significativas entre as proxies de QA das empresas que reportaram DCIs e as que não o fizeram, não há associação contemporânea e estatisticamente significativa entre a divulgação de DCIs e as proxies de QA. Entretanto, observou-se que o audit delay e a probabilidade de envolvimento em um Processo Administrativo Sancionador (PAS) estão associados à quantidade de DCIs reportadas no ano anterior. (DCIs . (QA) nacional valores variáveis anteriores observouse observou se corrente contadores auditores reguladores descritivo quantitativa 25 Brasil Bolsa B3 B (B3 20102018. 20102018 2010 2018. 2018 2010-2018 painel negativo fizeram Entretanto PAS (PAS (QA 2 (B 2010201 201 2010-201 201020 20 2010-20 20102 2010-2 2010-

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the association between Internal Control Weaknesses (or Internal Control Deficiencies - ICDs) and Audit Quality (AQ). The article fills a gap in the national literature, as it provides evidence of an association between reported ICDs and the main AQ proxies. The study is relevant because it evinces the lack of contemporary association between reported ICDs and the AQ of listed Brazilian companies, but found a lagged association between these variables. Unlike prior studies, it was observed that the ICDs reported in the previous year can function as an Audit Red Flag in the current year, thus contributing to risk assessment by accountants, auditors, members of governance and audit committees, and regulators. The study, documentary and descriptive, with a quantitative approach, analyzed data from a sample of 257 companies listed on the Brazil Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Market (Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão [B3]) in the period 2010-2018. Data were assessed using regression models with panel data, logistic and negative binomial. The results showed that, although there are significant differences between the AQ proxies for companies that reported ICD and those that did not, there is no contemporary and statistically significant association between ICD disclosure and AQ proxies. However, it was observed that audit delay and the probability of being involved in an Administrative Sanctioning Procedure (ASP) are associated with the number of ICDs reported in the previous year. or AQ. . (AQ) literature variables studies accountants auditors committees regulators descriptive approach 25 OvertheCounter Over Counter Brasil, Brasil (Brasil Bolsa B3 B [B3] 20102018. 20102018 2010 2018. 2018 2010-2018 binomial not However ASP (ASP (AQ 2 [B3 2010201 201 2010-201 [B 201020 20 2010-20 20102 2010-2 2010-

Abstract In the recent updates to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidance on Financial Transactions the importance of distinguishing between the payment of interest and the payment of dividends in loan transactions between related parties is reiterated. The distinction is critical with regards to the erosion of the tax base since interest is deductible for purposes of income tax payments while dividends are not. To date, there is no methodology with quantitative indicators that can unambiguously determine the difference between the two. Given this lack of clarity, this article presents the case of a tax audit performed on a Mexican subsidiary that carries out loan operations with its parent company abroad. The case presents a situation that tax authorities frequently face in real transfer pricing audits, in which it can be unambiguously ruled that interest payments can be declared as dividend payments, thus protecting the integrity of the national tax base.

Resumen En las recientes actualizaciones a las directrices de la OCDE en materia de precios de transferencia en operaciones financieras, se reitera la importancia de distinguir entre el pago de intereses y el pago de dividendos en operaciones de préstamo entre partes relacionadas. La distinción es crítica en lo que se refiere a la erosión de la base gravable puesto que los intereses son deducibles para efectos del pago del impuesto sobre la renta mientras que los dividendos no lo son. A la fecha, no existe una metodología con indicadores cuantitativos que pueda determinar sin ambigüedad la diferencia entre ambos. Ante esta falta de claridad, este artículo presenta el caso de una auditoría fiscal que se practica a una subsidiaria mexicana que realiza operaciones de préstamo con su casa matriz en el exterior. El caso presenta una situación a la que se enfrentan las autoridades fiscales con frecuencia en auditorías reales en materia de precios de transferencia, en la que se puede dictaminar sin ambigüedad, que el pago de intereses puede ser declarado pago de dividendos protegiendo de esta forma la integridad de la base gravable nacional.