PURPOSE: The article examines the role of management accounting in managing human capital, a key intangible asset for services sectors. Considering new expectations regarding the role of management accountants and human resource professionals, the article explores the ability of the disciplines to collaborate in becoming more strategic. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article considers literature on the evolution of the two disciplines, including archetype views on the role of management accountants, and presents case study analysis of a German information technology firm and a Dutch bank. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior managers from both the companies. FINDINGS/RESULTS: From the interviews, it appeared that management accountants play the role of business partner but stop short of acting as comprehensive integrator of human capital information. While both companies have innovated in measuring and valuing human capital, human resources and finance analytics teams tend to work on their own and accountants remain ad hoc advisors. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Efforts to refine the business case and value human capital fail to fully mainstream, as collaboration across departments remain loose. Innovations in soft management controls leave an impression of loose coupling between subsystems rather than comprehensively planned and integrated soft management control systems. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The study defines complementarity between two disciplines, both seeking to account for and manage intangible assets more effectively. It concludes with lessons for researchers and practitioners on the development action-to-value pathways, improving non-financial metrics and purposefully shaping soft control systems.

Resumen Esta investigación se orienta al tratamiento de la NIC 16 en las empresas comerciales ecuatorianas que vienen aplicando esta normativa desde el año 2011. En la actualidad, no se conoce a ciencia cierta el estado de avance en su aplicación, mismo que se convierte en el objetivo del artículo. El diseño metodológico abarca un enfoque cuantitativo, un tipo de investigación descriptivo con una modalidad bibliográfica - documental y un diseño transeccional descriptivo. Se confeccionó una matriz validada por expertos, elaborada con base en la NIC 16, que fue contrastada con los estados financieros auditados, las notas explicativas y las políticas empresariales de las empresas seleccionadas. Los resultados indican que: las empresas en su gran mayoría utilizan el modelo del costo como medición posterior, todas las empresas analizadas utilizan para cálculo de la depreciación el método de la línea recta y, en la mayoría de las entidades estudiadas, cumplen los requisitos exigidos en la norma en cuanto a información a revelar.

Abstract This investigation is oriented to the treatment of IAS 16 in Ecuadorian commercial companies that have been applying this regulation since 2011. Currently, the state of progress in its application is not well known, which becomes the article's objective. The methodological design encompasses a quantitative approach, a type of descriptive research with a bibliographical-documentary modality, and a descriptive transeccional design. A matrix validated by experts was prepared based on IAS 16, which was contrasted with the audited financial statements, the explanatory notes, and the business policies of the selected companies. The results indicate that: the vast majority of companies use the cost model as a subsequent measurement, all the companies analyzed use the straight-line method to calculate depreciation and, in most of the entities studied, they meet the requirements in the standard regarding information to be disclosed.

Abstract The research examines the relationship between the macroeconomic aggregates of the National Accounts and the Financial Accounts. The research is of an applied type with a qualitative approach, with bibliographic and documentary analysis procedures, including the analysis of the economic activities of “Empresa Internacional S.A”, to demonstrate the interrelationship and equivalence of the accounting economic statements. It was identified that there is a common starting point between the National Accounting and the Financial Accounting, since the macroeconomic aggregates and ledger accounts resort to the accrual basis, use double entry and coincide in the periodicity of their publications. It is shown that the economic and accounting statements are interrelated because both arise from the same and unique fact (economic activity), which only differs in the way in which each one observes it from their own analytical perspective, consequently the proximity is consolidated. between National Accounting and Financial Accounting. The continuous investigation of this field of research by economists, accountants and even statisticians is proposed for the continuous improvement of the information.

Resumen La investigación examina la relación entre los agregados macroeconómicos de la Contabilidad Nacional y los estados financieros de la Contabilidad Financiera. La investigación es de tipo aplicada con un enfoque cualitativo, con procedimientos de análisis bibliográfico y documental. Para demostrar la interrelación y equivalencia de los estados económicos contables, se identificó que existe un punto de partida común entre la Contabilidad Nacional y la Contabilidad Financiera, ya que los agregados macroeconómicos y las cuentas contables recurren a la base del devengado, utilizan la partida doble y coinciden en la periodicidad de sus reportes. El resultado de la investigación demuestra que, los estados económicos y contables están interrelacionados porque ambos surgen de un mismo y único hecho (la actividad económica), el cual solo difiere en la forma en que cada uno lo observa desde su propia perspectiva analítica, consecuentemente se consolida la proximidad entre la Contabilidad Nacional y la Contabilidad Financiera,

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this research is to investigate whether using an accounting fundamental strategy can provide valuable information about the value of a business and generate positive excess buy-and-hold returns on stocks in the Euronext 100 index. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework of the study is based on the combination of valuation theory and accounting research. We rely on fundamental analysis as a stock valuation method, which involves looking at both quantitative and qualitative information in a company's economic and financial records. Design/methodology/approach We examine the relevance of growth and earnings response coefficients, as well as Piotroski's F-scores and Lev and Thiagarajan's L-scores in predicting future stock returns. The analysis covers the years 2000 to 2020. Findings The study finds that accounting fundamental signals provide value-relevant information to investors and have a significant and positive relationship with future buy-and-hold market returns, resulting in high-scoring portfolios achieving significant average annual market excess returns. Practical & social implications of research The results of the study have practical implications for investors who use fundamental analysis as an investment strategy. The results indicate that accounting fundamentals provide value-relevant information to investors and can lead to positive excess buy-and-hold returns. Originality/value The study contributes to the understanding of the role of fundamentals in firm valuation and provides fresh insights into binary models and fundamental analysis applied to European markets. In addition, the study tests the robustness of fundamental strategies using fixed effects regression analysis.

ABSTRACT Fintechs are startups that operate in the financial sector and have gradually been receiving space in the market. However, it is still not clear which elements lead individuals, especially those involved in the business field, to adopt and use these services. Thus, this study aims to analyze which elements encourage the behavioral intention to use Fintech services from the perspective of students in the business field. The theoretical basis and hypothesis development were based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), which contemplates the facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and the behavioral intention to use said services. The study also included the variable “security” as an antecedent. Age and gender were controlled for this study. A survey resulted in a sample of 107 students, and the data was analyzed with a mixed-method approach: partial least squares - structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). With PLS-SEM, the findings demonstrate the positive effect of performance expectancy, effort expectancy and security on the behavioral intention to use fintech services. The fsQCA showed that different causal configurations can lead students to a high adoption of services provided by these startups. This study brings up new evidence that contributes to the UTAUT theory by intertwining this discussion with the security variable perceived during technology usage. Furthermore, it expands the entire discussion to the context of accepting a contemporary technology. Regarding the students, practical evidence is gathered regarding the determinants of their intention to use financial services.

RESUMO As FinTechs são startups atuantes no setor financeiro e vêm recebendo gradativo espaço no mercado. Entretanto, ainda não é claro quais elementos levam os indivíduos, especialmente da área de negócios, à adoção e uso desses serviços. Assim, o estudo tem por objetivo analisar quais elementos incentivam a intenção comportamental de uso dos serviços de FinTechs na perspectiva de estudantes que fazem parte do escopo da área de negócios. A fundamentação teórica e o desenvolvimento das hipóteses pautaram-se na Teoria Unificada da Aceitação do Uso da Tecnologia (UTAUT,) que contempla as dimensões de condições facilitadoras, expectativa de desempenho, expectativa de esforço, influência social e intenção comportamental de uso. O estudo ainda incluiu a variável segurança como antecedente. A idade e o gênero dos participantes foram controlados. Uma survey resultou em uma amostra de 107 estudantes, e os dados foram analisados por uma abordagem de métodos mistos: modelagem de equações estruturais por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-SEM) e análise qualitativa comparativa fuzzy-set (fsQCA). No âmbito da PLS-SEM, os achados apontam a influência positiva da expectativa de desempenho, expectativa de esforço e segurança na intenção comportamental de uso de serviços de FinTechs. Mediante a fsQCA, evidenciou-se que diferentes configurações causais podem levar os estudantes a uma alta adoção de serviços financeiros dessas startups. O estudo agrega novas evidências que contribuem para a teoria UTAUT, ao entrelaçar essa discussão com a variável de segurança percebida no uso da tecnologia. Além disso, expande toda essa discussão para o contexto de aceitação de uma tecnologia contemporânea: serviços de FinTechs. Para os estudantes, agregam-se evidências práticas sobre determinantes da intenção de uso de serviços financeiros.

Abstract Environmental accounting has the purpose of registering, controlling and disclosing environmental and social aspects in the operation of companies. The importance of this type of accounting is promoted and strengthened by the millennium objectives in the path of sustainability, presenting various proposals from international organizations. In this topic, this work studies the proposals of business environmental accounting to date, its focus, scope and interpretations, through a qualitative methodology to analyze if they respond to an adequate proposal of accounting materialization of sustainability. Concluding with an unproven emerging advance, unclear from the conception of business accounting, with a trend of orientation of an environmental accounting materiality, defined from the significant financial effect, and not necessarily to achieve the original mission of green accounting.

Resumen La contabilidad medioambiental tiene como propósito el registro, control y revelación de aspectos ambientales y sociales en la operación de las empresas. La importancia de este tipo de contabilidad se impulsa y fortalece por los objetivos del milenio en el camino de la sostenibilidad, presentándose diversas propuestas de organismos internacionales. En este tema, este trabajo estudia las propuestas de contabilidad medioambiental empresarial a la fecha, su enfoque, alcance e interpretaciones, mediante una metodología cualitativa para analizar si responden a una propuesta adecuada de materialización contable de la sustentabilidad. Concluyendo con un avance emergente no probado, poco claro de la concepción de la contabilidad empresarial, con una tendencia de orientación de una materialidad contable ambiental, definida a partir del efecto financiero significativo, y no necesariamente para lograr la misión original de la contabilidad verde.

Resumen: la predicción de las dificultades financieras se ha convertido en uno de los temas más importantes en el área contable y financiera debido a su correlación significativa con el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es predecir la dificultad financiera con base en la Regresión de Procesos Gaussianos (GPR) y luego comparar los resultados de este modelo con los resultados de otros modelos de aprendizaje profundo (SVM, LR, LD, DT, KNN). El análisis se basa en un conjunto de datos de 352 empresas extraídos de la base de datos de Kaggle. En cuanto a los predictores, se utilizaron 83 ratios financieros. El estudio concluyó que el uso de la GPR logra resultados muy relevantes. Además, superó al resto de los modelos de aprendizaje profundo y logró el primer lugar por igual con el modelo SVM con una precisión de clasificación del 81 %. Los resultados contribuyen al mantenimiento del sistema integrado y a la prosperidad de la economía del país, a la predicción de las dificultades financieras de las empresas y, por lo tanto, a la posible prevención de perturbaciones del sistema en cuestión.

Abstract: predicting financial distress has become one of the most important topics of the hour that has swept the accounting and financial field due to its significant correlation with the development of science and technology. The main objective of this paper is to predict financial distress based on the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and then compare the results of this model with the results of other deep learning models (SVM, LR, LD, DT, KNN). The analysis is based on a dataset of 352 companies extracted from the Kaggle database. As for predictors, 83 financial ratios were used. The study concluded that the use of GPR achieves very relevant results. Furthermore, it outperformed the rest of the deep learning models and achieved first place equally with the SVM model with a classification accuracy of 81%. The results contribute to the maintenance of the integrated system and the prosperity of the country’s economy, the prediction of the financial distress of companies and thus the potential prevention of disruption of the given system.

Abstract Purpose: The Spanish airport system contains several regional airports within an amenity distance and alternative travel modes. Profitable airports cross-subsidise small airports, which are not required for regional development or connectivity. Airports are government-owned and centralised-managed by Spanish Airports and Air Navigation (AENA, for its Spanish acronym). This study aims to analyse the probability of an under-used public infrastructure and the AENA’s managerial ability as per the financial sustainability of the network in the long term. Design/methodology/approach: The national regulatory framework determines the airports’ environment. Six airports revealed unobserved heterogeneity, avoiding model misspecification. The framework is defined through proxies of the singularities of the Spanish framework: public investments and geographical specifications. The stochastic frontier analysis model follows two time-varying specifications, accounting for airports’ environmental factors, to ensure the robustness of the results to differ from the inefficiency caused by AENA and external factors. Findings: Airports’ infrastructure capacity and traffic are not correlated; regional airports become a financial burden for the system unless they specialise or differentiate. Proxies defining the airports’ context are relevant. Because airports do not compete for airlines and passengers, there are too many regional airports with little traffic, resulting in disused public infrastructure that falls far short of improving connectivity and regional development. Originality/value: This study contributes to paying attention to the characteristics of the regulatory framework, such as management strongly centralised in AENA, airport charges decided by the owner, lack of competition and lack of an independent regulatory entity. Another original contribution considers reliable capital measures (airports’ infrastructure).

Abstract This teaching case reports the real situation of CVC S.A., a company operating in the tourism industry. The company was founded in 1972, with its first agency located in the Brazilian city of Santo André (SP). The dilemma of the case refers to accounting failures that boosted the company’s results. and led to payment of bonuses to former executives. This teaching case aims to contribute to the discussion about possible incentives that generate conflicts of interest and the identification of internal control tools that minimize exposure to accounting fraud. The construction of the case involved data collection from the Internet through newspaper reports, analysis of explanatory notes, reference forms, report of audited financial statements, and unverified independent audit reports, available on the company’s and B3’s websites. This teaching case is recommended for undergraduate or graduate programs in Administration and Accounting, in courses addressing conflict of interest and earnings management, such as Corporate Governance, Corporate Finance, Auditing, Corporate Fraud, or Analysis of Financial Statements.

Resumen El caso didáctico relata la situación real de la empresa CVC S.A., del ramo de turismo, que fue fundada en 1972 y cuya primera agencia estaba ubicada en el municipio de Santo André, SP. El dilema gira en torno a una situación provocada por posibles errores contables que incrementaron los resultados de dicha empresa y generaron el pago de compensación variable a los exejecutivos. Se espera que el caso contribuya a la discusión sobre posibles estímulos que generan conflictos de interés y la identificación de herramientas de control interno que minimicen la exposición al fraude contable. La construcción del caso implicó la recolección de datos, a través de internet, de reportajes periodísticos, análisis de notas explicativas, formularios de referencia, informe de los estados financieros auditados e informe de auditoría independiente no auditado, disponibles en los sitios web de la empresa y de la Bolsa de Valores B3. Se recomienda que se utilice en cursos de grado o posgrado en Administración y Contabilidad, así como en disciplinas que aborden los temas de conflicto de intereses y gestión de resultados, como Gobernanza Corporativa, Finanzas Corporativas, Auditoría, Fraude Corporativo o Análisis de Estados Financieros.

Resumo O caso de ensino relata a situação real de uma companhia com atuação no ramo de turismo, que foi fundada em 1972 e teve sua primeira agência localizada no município de Santo André, SP. O dilema dá-se em torno de uma situação causada por possíveis falhas contábeis que elevaram os resultados da companhia CVC S.A. e geraram o pagamento de remuneração variável aos ex-executivos. Espera-se que o caso contribua para a discussão sobre possíveis estímulos que geram conflito de interesses, bem como para a identificação de ferramentas de controle interno que minimizem a exposição a fraudes contábeis. A construção do caso envolveu a coleta de dados na internet por meio de reportagens de jornais, análise das notas explicativas, dos formulários de referência, do relatório das demonstrações financeiras auditadas e do relatório de auditoria independente não auditado, disponíveis nos sites da companhia e da B3. Recomenda-se a sua aplicação em cursos de graduação ou pós-graduação em Administração e Contabilidade, assim como sua utilização em disciplinas que abordem os tópicos “conflito de interesses” e “gerenciamento de resultados”, tais como Governança Corporativa, Finanças Corporativas, Auditoria, Fraude Corporativa ou Análise das Demonstrações Financeiras.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to identify the explanatory factors of mandatory disclosure (MD) and voluntary disclosure (VD) levels related to discount rates, based on disclosure theories. The size, leverage, profitability, and audit firms were selected from different theories, namely agency theory, signaling theory, positive accounting theory, including the political cost hypothesis, and the cost of capital theory. Furthermore, the materiality (weight of the items) and the relevance (nature) of the topic were also considered, based on the evidence already obtained in the literature. Research on disclosures related to discount rates has been assessed either as an incidental topic or from a limited-scope analysis, particularly with respect to MDs. This paper assesses this topic as its specific object of analysis for both MD and VD. The use of the discount rate has been assuming growing importance within financial reporting. Therefore, this topic should deserve particular attention from international standard-setting bodies. The understanding of the proper set of items to be disclosed and understanding the factors that explain its disclosure, aligned with the efforts to assure its compliance by legal authorities, may contribute to reducing asymmetries and increasing transparency in entities' financial reporting. This study uses the method of archival research and content analysis of consolidated reports and accounts for the year 2020 of listed entities in Euronext Lisboa. Regression models were used, having disclosure indices related to discount rates as dependent variables. This paper finds a positive association between disclosures related to discount rates and the entity’s size, as well as the materiality and the relevance, assessed by the weight of the items and the nature of the topic under assessment, respectively. It adds new explanatory factors on the VDs and MDs related to discount rates in a broader perspective of analysis.

RESUMO Este artigo visa identificar os fatores explicativos dos níveis de divulgação obrigatória (DO) e de divulgação voluntária (DV) relacionados às taxas de desconto, com base em teorias de divulgação. O tamanho, a alavancagem, a rentabilidade e as empresas de auditoria foram selecionados a partir de diferentes teorias, a saber: teoria da agência, teoria da sinalização, teoria positiva da contabilidade - incluindo a hipótese do custo político, e a teoria do custo do capital. Além disso, a materialidade (peso dos itens) e a relevância (natureza) do tópico também foram consideradas, com base nas evidências já obtidas na literatura. As pesquisas sobre as divulgações relacionadas às taxas de desconto foram avaliadas como um tópico incidental ou a partir de uma análise de escopo limitado, particularmente em respeito às Dos. Este trabalho avalia o tópico mencionado como seu objeto específico de análise tanto para DO como para DV. O uso da taxa de desconto vem assumindo uma importância crescente nos relatórios financeiros. Portanto, esse tópico deve merecer atenção especial por parte dos organismos internacionais de normalização. O entendimento do conjunto adequado de itens a serem divulgados e a compreensão dos fatores que explicam sua divulgação, alinhados com os esforços para assegurar seu cumprimento pelas autoridades legais, podem contribuir para reduzir assimetrias e aumentar a transparência nos relatórios financeiros das entidades. Este estudo utiliza o método de pesquisa de arquivo e análise de conteúdo de relatórios e contas consolidadas para o ano de 2020 das entidades listadas na Euronext Lisboa. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão, tendo índices de divulgação relacionados às taxas de desconto como variáveis dependentes. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre as divulgações relacionadas às taxas de desconto e o tamanho da entidade, assim como a materialidade e a relevância, avaliada pelo peso dos itens e a natureza do tópico em avaliação, respectivamente. Este trabalho acrescenta novos fatores explicativos sobre as DVs e Dos relacionados às taxas de desconto em uma perspectiva de análise mais extensa.

Abstract This research analyzes the role of accounting in the slave system of Brazil in the 19th century, looking at the records and inventories of the slave trade and the accounting of the slave buyers. The study had a qualitative approach using historiographical research. In terms of media, it was bibliographic and documentary with an exploratory objective. Part of the documentary research was carried out in the online database Slave Voyages and in person at the Historical and Geographical Institute of Pernambuco (IAHGP). Based on the analysis of the documental sources, from the slave trade to the purchase of the slaves by plantation owners, the slaves were registered in the accounts as merchandise/property to generate wealth. Accounting is considered to have reproduced in its records and financial statements the naturalization of power relations established by the colonial system. This study contributed to the reflection on the role of accounting professionals who, from a more critical perspective, could have understood the process of objectification to which the enslaved were subjected. It also indicates that they cooperated in the abolitionist movement.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el papel de la contabilidad en el sistema esclavista del Brasil del siglo XIX, indagando los registros e inventarios de la trata de esclavos y también la contabilidad de los compradores de esclavizados. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cualitativo utilizando la investigación historiográfica, en cuanto a los medios fue bibliográfico y documental con un objetivo exploratorio. Parte de la investigación documental se realizó en el banco de datos en línea Slave Voyages y presencialmente en el Instituto Histórico y Geográfico de Pernambuco (IAHGP). Con base en el análisis de fuentes documentales, desde la trata de esclavos hasta su compra como esclavizados por parte de los señores de las haciendas, los esclavizados eran registrados en la contabilidad como una mercancía o propiedad para generar riqueza. Se considera que la contabilidad ha reproducido en sus registros y estados financieros la naturalización de las relaciones de poder establecidas por el sistema colonial. Este estudio contribuyó a la reflexión sobre el rol de los profesionales de la contabilidad que, desde una perspectiva más crítica, podrían haber entendido el proceso de objetificación al que fueron sometidos los esclavizados, pero también señala que cooperaron en el movimiento abolicionista.

Resumo A presente pesquisa tem por propósito analisar o papel da contabilidade no sistema escravagista do Brasil oitocentista, investigando os registros e inventários do tráfico negreiro e também da contabilização dos compradores de escravizados. O estudo teve abordagem qualitativa ao utilizar a pesquisa historiográfica, quantos aos meios, foi bibliográfica e documental com objetivo exploratório. Parte da pesquisa documental foi realizada no banco de dados on-line Slave Voyages e presencialmente no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Pernambuco (IAHGP). Com base na análise das fontes documentais do ciclo da escravidão desde o tráfico negreiro até a compra dos escravizados pelos senhores das fazendas, os escravizados eram registrados contabilmente como uma mercadoria e/ou propriedade para gerar riquezas. Considera-se que a contabilidade reproduziu nos seus registros e demonstrações contábeis a naturalização das relações de poder instituídas pelo sistema colonial. Este estudo contribuiu para reflexão acerca da função dos profissionais da contabilidade que, de uma perspectiva mais crítica, poderiam ter compreendido o processo de objetificação ao qual foram submetidos os escravizados, mas também aponta que cooperaram no movimento abolicionista.

PURPOSE: This study explored the nature of business practices of small- and micro-enterprises within the South African context to propose recommendations for financial literacy education strategies DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The data collection technique used for this qualitative study included semi-structured in-depth interviews with a case study of 10 small- and micro-enterprise owners who collectively trade within five of the nine South African provinces FINDINGS/RESULTS: Small- and micro-enterprises do not need to differ significantly because the respective business practice themes identified are relevant within both contexts. Both category enterprises make use of a cash basis system, generally have inventory management systems in place and do not have sophisticated financial planning practices. The micro-enterprises studied do not have business plans or accurate pricing strategies and cash management is a concern. The small-enterprise participants generally did not show interest in competitors and their enterprises had more sophisticated bookkeeping practices in place than micro-enterprises PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Financial literacy education strategies for the owners should focus on providing guidance on tax matters, significance of business plans and how to prepare them, debtors management strategies, inventory management strategies, and a basic bookkeeping system that evolves from the cash basis of accounting to the accrual basis of accounting. It should also aim to educate owners on the importance of financial planning and risk management ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This research provides an evidence-based description of the characteristics of South African small- and micro-enterprises, which could prove valuable in developing future owner financial literacy education programmes as well as other support strategies targeted at this audience

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the key audit matters (KAMs) being reported in South Africa by assessing 356 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)-listed entities' audit reports from 2017 to 2020, which entailed 1424 audit reports and 2903 KAM disclosures DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study assessed the impact and inter-relationship of three determinants (financial year, audit firm type and industry category) on the type of KAMs disclosed, total KAMs disclosed, the number of entity- and account-level KAMs and the readability of KAM disclosures. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify the core KAM themes and classifications FINDINGS/RESULTS: The findings suggest the most common KAM disclosures are related to business combinations and impairments of goodwill, followed by measurement and impairment considerations for nonfinancial assets. Key audit matters disclosed predominantly have a micro-level focus on core account-level issues. Differences in KAM disclosures between Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms are not that pronounced, which signals an increased market credibility perception for second-tier firms. The Flesch average reading score indicates that KAM disclosures are complex and difficult to read. This is concerning because the KAM disclosures are in place to facilitate greater transparency for stakeholders. However, the technical nature of financial statements may mean that only users with an understanding of accounting, finance and economics will derive value from KAM disclosures PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This research will be relevant for standard-setters, regulators and users of audit reports interested in how ISA 701 is being implemented and the state of KAM disclosures in an emerging economy ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Barring only some exceptions, relatively little is known about the auditors' expanded reporting requirements in a South African context

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to verify how corporate governance measures relate to earnings management in Brazilian publicly traded financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach: To carry out the research, 20 financial institutions listed on B3 were analyzed, with annual data from 2010 to 2019 obtained from the websites of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) and the IF.Data of the Central Bank of Brazil (Bacen). To obtain the results, regression models were estimated for each attribute of corporate governance in comparison with the selected earnings management measure. Findings: The results point to several associations of corporate governance attributes with earnings management measures. That is, corporate governance attributes reduce/increase earnings management in financial entities. Research limitations/implications: The findings of this study aim to assist company managers in improving their corporate governance policies to reduce accounting choices related to accounting management. Originality/value: The study proves to be original by the use of a broad panorama referring to corporate governance measures. Generally, studies that analyze the effects of governance on earnings management use few measures for this attribute. The study also advances by specifically analyzing financial institutions, generally excluded from studies on information quality due to their particularities.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar como as medidas de governança corporativa se relacionam com o gerenciamento de resultados em instituições financeiras de capital aberto brasileiras. Desenho/metodologia/abordagem: Para a realização da pesquisa, foram analisadas 20 instituições financeiras listadas na B3, com dados anuais de 2010 a 2019 obtidos dos sites da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e do IF.Data do Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen). Para obter os resultados, foram estimados modelos de regressão para cada atributo de governança corporativa em comparação com a medida de gerenciamento de resultados selecionada. Resultados: Os resultados apontam para diversas associações de atributos de governança corporativa com medidas de gerenciamento de resultados. Ou seja, atributos de governança corporativa reduzem/ aumentam o gerenciamento de resultados em entidades financeiras. Limitações/implicações da pesquisa: Os achados deste estudo visam auxiliar os gestores das empresas a melhorar suas políticas de governança corporativa para reduzir as escolhas contábeis relacionadas à gestão contábil. Originalidade/valor: O estudo mostra-se original pela utilização de um amplo panorama referente às medidas de governança corporativa. Geralmente, os estudos que analisam os efeitos da governança no gerenciamento de resultados utilizam poucas medidas para esse atributo. O estudo também avança ao analisar especificamente as instituições financeiras, geralmente excluídas dos estudos sobre qualidade da informação por suas particularidades.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to analyze the impact of International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the indicators of Brazilian lessee companies, segregated by economic sector. The effects of IFRS 16 after its entry into force and of COVID-19 simultaneously with the concession of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on the indicators of lessee companies, segregated by Brazilian economic sectors, were not yet known. The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the consequences of the accounting standard setters’ decisions, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, on the indicators of different economic sectors. The study helps both preparers and regulators to understand the impact of the accounting standardization and COVID-19 on the indicators of lessee companies according to economic activity. For investors, it shows the importance of anticipating the impact of the standards on their decision making. A comparative analysis of the indicators before and after the adoption of the new standard and the pandemic was carried out, as well as a statistical relevance analysis for the indicators of public companies, by economic sector and using the difference in differences method and multiple linear regression with panel data, for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study showed that the impact of IFRS 16 on the indicators was differentiated by sector, with healthcare, oil, gas, and biofuels, and cyclical consumption being the most affected. The standard was not relevant to the value of most sectors, with the exception of healthcare and non-cyclical consumption, showing that investors were positively surprised by the adoption of IFRS 16 by these sectors. The effect of COVID-19, combined with the IASB’s concession to lessees, was positive for profitability and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) in the healthcare sector, but did not reverse the deterioration in leverage and profitability of the industrial goods sector and the lessees as a whole and the profitability of the cyclical consumption sector, highlighting the partial effectiveness of the measure.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o impacto da International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) e da pandemia da doença do coronavírus 2019 (covid-19) nos indicadores das empresas arrendatárias brasileiras por setor econômico. Ainda não eram conhecidos os efeitos da IFRS 16 após sua vigência e da covid-19 simultaneamente com a concessão do International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) sobre os indicadores das empresas arrendatárias, segregados por setores econômicos brasileiros. O estudo contribui para a literatura ao fornecer evidências sobre as consequências das decisões dos normatizadores contábeis, bem como da pandemia da covid-19 sobre os indicadores de diferentes setores econômicos. O estudo auxilia na compreensão, tanto por preparadores quanto por reguladores, do efeito da normatização contábil e da covid-19 nos indicadores das empresas arrendatárias, conforme atividade econômica. Para investidores, demonstra que é relevante antecipar o impacto das normas em suas tomadas de decisão. Foi realizada análise comparativa dos indicadores, antes e após a adoção do novo padrão e da pandemia, e análise de relevância estatística para os indicadores das empresas listadas, por setor econômico e por meio do método de diferenças em diferenças e regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel, no período de 2010 a 2020. O estudo evidenciou que o impacto da IFRS 16 nos indicadores foi diferenciado por setores, sendo saúde e petróleo, gás e biocombustíveis e consumo cíclico os mais afetados. A norma não foi relevante para o valor da maioria dos setores, exceto saúde e consumo não cíclico, demonstrando surpresa positiva dos investidores quanto à aplicação da IFRS 16 por esses setores. O efeito da covid-19 combinado com a concessão do IASB às arrendatárias foi positivo para a rentabilidade e earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) do setor de saúde, mas não reverteu a piora do endividamento e rentabilidade do setor de bens industriais e conjunto das arrendatárias e da rentabilidade do setor de consumo cíclico, revelando efetividade parcial da medida.