The decomposition of a body, and the associated gaseous and liquid discharges emanating from it, attract gravid female blow flies which lay their eggs in or on the body. After the eggs have hatched, the emerging larvae start feeding on the body. As decomposition progresses, the blow fly larvae often migrate away, typically in a random manner in search of favourable conditions for pupation. In this paper, we report on a rarely described phenomenon of unidirectional mass migration of blow fly larvae and postulate on the factors which may drive this process. A decomposition trial utilising a 60-kg pig carcass, deployed in the summer months in Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, South Africa, was conducted in 2022. On the fifth day of the trial, simultaneous unidirectional mass dispersal of blow fly larvae was observed. The larvae moved downhill in a southeasterly direction, following the flow of decomposition fluids oozing out from the pig carcass. The 'larval migration stream' had a length of approximately 1.5 m with a width of 40 cm, tapering to 17 cm at the terminal point. The larval migration stream consisted of the larvae of Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of post-feeding blow fly larvae in each geographical region. This is crucial as the minimum post-mortem interval can be miscalculated if older immature insects dispersing from the corpse are not considered and collected during crime scene investigations. SIGNIFICANCE: • Understanding the timing and pattern of dispersal of blow fly larvae from decomposing vertebrate remains in each geographical region is important in time-since-death estimations when using entomological evidence. • In the summer season of the Western Cape Province, Chrysomya albiceps and Chrysomya chloropyga are among the blow fly species of forensic importance as they deposit their eggs on vertebrate remains. • When a decomposing body is found within the Table Mountain region, we suggest that crime scene investigators should examine the downhill area of the scene for larval/pupal entomological evidence that can assist in time and season of death estimations.

Abstract In this article we analyze how the social violence of organized crime is manifested in schools through the reproduction of a patriarchal order that materializes through processes of school precariousness, the formation of models of tense and dialogic masculinity, as well as daily practices of hierarchization, sexual division of schoolwork and the sexualization of the female body in schools. For this, an ethnographic study was carried out in which the staff of six basic education schools in Michoacán collaborated; Direct and participant observation, informal talks, group, and individual interviews were used. We identify that the patriarchal order established by organized crime in the regions is intertwined with the conditions of dismantling and job insecurity in the basic education sector, so that the necessary circumstances are provided for the reproduction of this order through different violent practices inside schools. This is facilitated by the alliances, silences, complicities, and fear of male school workers, who are attracted or subdued by the model of warrior masculinity that has displaced teacher masculinity. We conclude that within the schools in these contexts the gender device is reproduced according to the conditions of violence and territoriality related to organized crime.

Resumen En este artículo analizamos cómo las violencias sociales del crimen organizado se manifiestan en las escuelas mediante la reproducción de un orden patriarcal que se materializa a través de procesos de precarización escolar, de la conformación de modelos de masculinidad tensionadas y dialogantes, así como de prácticas cotidianas de jerarquización, división sexual del trabajo escolar y la sexualización del cuerpo femenino en las escuelas. Para ello, se realizó un estudio etnográfico donde colaboró el personal de seis escuelas de educación básica en Michoacán; se recurrió a la observación directa y participante, charlas informales, entrevistas grupales e individuales. Identificamos que el orden patriarcal que establece el crimen organizado en las regiones se entrama con las condiciones de desmantelamiento y precarización laboral del sector de educación básica, de modo que se disponen las circunstancias necesarias para la reproducción de este orden a través de distintas prácticas violentas al interior de las escuelas. Esto es facilitado por las alianzas, silencios, complicidades y el miedo de los trabajadores escolares varones, quienes se ven atraídos o sometidos por el modelo de masculinidad guerrerista que ha desplazado a la masculinidad magisterial. Concluimos que al interior de las escuelas en estos contextos se reproduce el dispositivo de género acorde a las condiciones de violencia y territorialidad relacionadas con el crimen organizado.

RESUMEN Introducción: El consumo de drogas es un problema de salud que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en la población joven, pues su prevalencia aumenta cada día. En la actualidad existe preocupación sobre la percepción de riesgo del consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: Describir la percepción de riesgo sobre el consumo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí en Ecuador. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva y transversal; universo de 787 estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí en Ecuador. La muestra quedó conformada por 259 estudiantes. Se utilizó la encuesta como técnica de recolección de datos. Como instrumento de investigación se utilizaron las encuestas escolares sobre el uso indebido de drogas de la oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el procesamiento de los datos. Resultados: Se obtuvo una media de edad de 22,37 años, predominio del sexo femenino (65,25 %) y de estudiantes que consumen algún tipo de droga (79,92 %). El 91,30 % refirió consumo de drogas lícitas (tabaco 43,63 % y alcohol 61,39 %); el 31,26 % consumían drogas medicamentosas y el 23,29 % drogas ilícitas; de ellos, el 85,42 % refirió consumo de marihuana. El 32,04 % tenía una percepción baja sobre el riesgo de consumo de drogas. Conclusiones: En el grupo de estudiantes universitarios de la provincia Manabí que son investigados, existe un aumento del consumo de drogas lícitas, medicamentosas e ilícitas debido a una percepción deficiente del riesgo de consumo de estas sustancias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Drug use is a health problem that occurs more frequently in the young population; its prevalence increases every day. Currently, there is concern about the perception of risk of drug use in university students. Objective: Describe the risk perception of drug consumption in university students from the Manabí province in Ecuador. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional research; universe of 787 university students from the Manabí province in Ecuador. The sample was made up of 259 students. The survey was used as a data collection technique. The School Surveys on Drug Abuse from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime were used as a research instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to process the data. Results: An average age of 22.37 years was obtained, predominance of the female sex (65.25%) and students who consume some type of drug (79.92%). 91.30% reported consumption of legal drugs (tobacco 43.63% and alcohol 61.39%); 31.26% used medicinal drugs and 23.29% used illicit drugs; Of them, 85.42% reported marijuana use. 32.04% had a low perception of the risk of drug use. Conclusions: In the group of university students from the Manabí province who are investigated, there is an increase in the consumption of licit, medicinal and illicit drugs due to a poor perception of the risk of consumption of these substances.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the protective and destructive critical processes of 34 water women in the municipalities of Cabo de Santo de Agostinho and Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil, from February/21 to August/22. The work process stages were systematized by the work flowchart, and we employed Breilh’s critical processes matrix to organize the data. The destructive processes identified in the general domain were injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability, such as the economic development model, the Suape Industrial Port Complex, the 2019 oil spill crime disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficult access to public policies; in the particular domain: overloads and extended working hours, use of rudimentary equipment and tools, and unequal gender, class, and race relationships; in the singular domain: physical and mental illnesses and deaths. The protective processes identified in the general domain were sustainable development objectives, public health, and social assistance policies; in the particular domain, group work and processing, consumption for subsistence; in the singular domain, fishing as a therapeutic, pleasurable, and sharing process. The study highlighted the central issues of the water women and the need to establish public policies targeting their care.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os processos críticos, protetores e destrutivos do trabalho de 34 mulheres das águas nos municípios de Cabo de Santo de Agostinho e Ipojuca (PE), de fevereiro de 2021 a agosto de 2022. As etapas do processo de trabalho foram sistematizadas pelo fluxograma do trabalho e organizadas na matriz de processos críticos de Breilh. Os processos destrutivos, no domínio geral, foram: injustiça e vulnerabilização socioambiental como modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, o desastre-crime de petróleo ocorrido em 2019, a pandemia de COVID-19 e dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas; no particular: jornadas e sobrecargas de trabalho, uso de equipamentos e ferramentas rudimentares e relações desiguais de gênero, classe e raça; no singular: adoecimentos físicos, mentais e mortes. Os processos protetores, no domínio geral: os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social; no particular: trabalho e beneficiamento em grupo, consumo para subsistência; no singular: a pesca como processo terapêutico, prazeroso e de partilha. O estudo destacou os problemas centrais das mulheres das águas e a necessidade do estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao seu cuidado.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os processos críticos, protetores e destrutivos do trabalho de 34 mulheres das águas nos municípios de Cabo de Santo de Agostinho e Ipojuca (PE), de fevereiro de 2021 a agosto de 2022. As etapas do processo de trabalho foram sistematizadas pelo fluxograma do trabalho e organizadas na matriz de processos críticos de Breilh. Os processos destrutivos, no domínio geral, foram: injustiça e vulnerabilização socioambiental como modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, o desastre-crime de petróleo ocorrido em 2019, a pandemia de COVID-19 e dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas; no particular: jornadas e sobrecargas de trabalho, uso de equipamentos e ferramentas rudimentares e relações desiguais de gênero, classe e raça; no singular: adoecimentos físicos, mentais e mortes. Os processos protetores, no domínio geral: os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social; no particular: trabalho e beneficiamento em grupo, consumo para subsistência; no singular: a pesca como processo terapêutico, prazeroso e de partilha. O estudo destacou os problemas centrais das mulheres das águas e a necessidade do estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao seu cuidado. Objetivouse Objetivou se 3 PE, PE , (PE) 202 2022 Breilh geral econômico Suape desastrecrime desastre crime 2019 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 particular gênero raça singular físicos mortes sustentável social grupo subsistência terapêutico partilha cuidado (PE 20 201 COVID1 1 COVID- 2

Abstract This study aims to analyze the protective and destructive critical processes of 34 water women in the municipalities of Cabo de Santo de Agostinho and Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil, from February/21 to August/22. The work process stages were systematized by the work flowchart, and we employed Breilh’s critical processes matrix to organize the data. The destructive processes identified in the general domain were injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability, such as the economic development model, the Suape Industrial Port Complex, the 2019 oil spill crime disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficult access to public policies; in the particular domain: overloads and extended working hours, use of rudimentary equipment and tools, and unequal gender, class, and race relationships; in the singular domain: physical and mental illnesses and deaths. The protective processes identified in the general domain were sustainable development objectives, public health, and social assistance policies; in the particular domain, group work and processing, consumption for subsistence; in the singular domain, fishing as a therapeutic, pleasurable, and sharing process. The study highlighted the central issues of the water women and the need to establish public policies targeting their care. 3 Ipojuca Pernambuco Brazil February21 February 21 February/2 August22 August 22 August/22 flowchart Breilhs Breilh s data socioenvironmental socio environmental vulnerability model Complex 201 disaster COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic hours tools gender class relationships deaths objectives health processing subsistence therapeutic pleasurable care February2 2 February/ August2 August/2 20 COVID1 1 COVID- August/

Resumen Aunque la sociedad tipifique el delito de violación, sus estereotipos todavía son reproducidos por varias instituciones. En el contexto universitario, la violación puede ocurrir de varias maneras que no corresponden a lo que se concibe en su estereotipo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar cómo los estudiantes de grado identifican las situaciones de violación y cómo se lleva a cabo la asignación de responsabilización de la víctima y de los agresores. Para esto, 228 participantes comentaron sobre historias ficticias de violación que manipulaban las variables: violación con o sin penetración; comportamiento previo de la víctima; relación previa entre los personajes y la presencia o ausencia de fuerza física. Se concluyó que estas variables influyen en la identificación de la violación y que los estudiantes hombres tienden a culpar más a las víctimas que las estudiantes mujeres. Se espera que comprender los múltiples factores que influyen en la identificación y responsabilización de situaciones de violencia sexual puede auxiliar estrategias más efectivas para actividades de intervención y prevención. instituciones universitario estereotipo tanto agresores esto 22 penetración física mujeres prevención 2

Abstract Although society criminalizes rape, many institutions reproduce stereotypes of this sexual assault. Rape can also occur in the university and in various ways that do not correspond to its stereotypes. The article aimed to evaluate how undergraduates identify situations of rape and how they attribute fault to the victim and the aggressor. 228 participants commented on fictional stories of rape that manipulated the variables: sexual assault with or without penetration; previous behavior of the victim; previous relationship between the characters; and presence or absence of physical strength in the rape. The results showed that these variables influence the identification of rape and that male students tend to blame victims more than female students. Understanding the multiple variables that affect identification and attribution of blame can lead to more effective sexual violence prevention and intervention strategies. aggressor 22 penetration characters strategies 2

Resumo Embora a sociedade tipifique o crime de estupro, muitas instituições reproduzem estereótipos desta violência sexual. Nas universidades, o estupro pode ocorrer de diversas maneiras que não correspondem ao seu estereótipo. O objetivo deste estudo foi aferir como alunos/as de graduação identificam situações de estupro nas interações entre acadêmicos/as e como atribuem responsabilidade à vítima e aos agressores. Para isso, 228 participantes opinaram sobre histórias fictícias de estupro que manipulavam as variáveis: violência sexual com ou sem penetração; comportamento prévio da vítima; relacionamento prévio entre os personagens e a presença ou ausência de força física no estupro. Os resultados mostraram que essas variáveis influenciam na identificação do estupro e que os universitários homens tendem a culpabilizar mais as vítimas do que as universitárias mulheres. Compreender os múltiplos fatores que afetam a identificação e responsabilização de situações de violência sexual pode subsidiar estratégias mais efetivas de intervenção e prevenção. universidades estereótipo alunosas alunos acadêmicosas acadêmicos agressores isso 22 penetração mulheres prevenção 2

BACKGROUND: Globally, crime is highly masculinised and research into female criminality is scarce. In South Africa, no research specifically investigating the characteristics of female observandi referred for non-violent crimes has been published. AIMS: The study aimed to describe the socio-demographic, clinical, and forensic correlates in women referred to Sterkfontein Hospital for forensic psychiatric observation following a non-violent criminal charge between 2010 and 2019. It also sought to establish the relationship between the correlates and fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility, as well as the relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics and the different non-violent criminal charges. SETTING: Sterkfontein Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective record review of all cases referred to Sterkfontein Hospital for a single observation over 10 years was conducted. RESULTS: Sixty-five cases were included in the study. Most observandi referred for non-violent crimes were found to be single (84.6%), unemployed (67.7%), reported abuse (55.4%), and had a high prevalence of mental illness (90.8%). Non-adherence to treatment was identified in 59.1% and substance use was identified in 72.2% of the study sample. The most common charge was theft (64.6%). The majority of the sample was found fit and responsible (57%). Bipolar (21%) and Primary Psychotic Disorders (35.7%) were associated with statistically significant outcomes of trial incompetence (p = 0.005) and lack of responsibility (p = 0.028 CONCLUSION: It is recommended that prospective studies are conducted which include comparisons with male counterparts and females referred for violent crimes. CONTRIBUTION: The study identified correlates that should be included in the standard of care in forensic assessments of female observandi.

Abstract Studies of citizen reaction to crime have oscillated between two categories: objective insecurity, which actual experiences with crime represent, and subjective insecurity, which perceptions and sensations in the face of criminality focus on. This article aims to analyze the divergence or convergence between these two dimensions, based on the analysis of the gender factor, but a particular characteristic of a fundamental context for Colombia and Mexico transversalizes: the high rates of criminal violence. For this purpose, in line with previous research on fear of crime, we use the victimization and perception of security surveys existing in both countries. This analysis allows us to affirm that from the objective dimension, the data coincide for men and women in the "official" victimization scenarios and practices, surpassing the traditional approach of interpretation that anchors female fear to cultural and historical factors that determine and make it. However, the behavioral component of the subjective dimension is the one that marks the greatest differential in the response to fear by men and women, making evident the impact of the fear of crime on the ways of living of the latter.

Resumen Los análisis sobre la reacción ciudadana ante el fenómeno delictivo han oscilado entre dos categorías: inseguridad objetiva, representada en las experiencias reales con el delito, y la inseguridad subjetiva, centrada en las percepciones y sensaciones ante la criminalidad. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la divergencia o convergencia entre estas dos dimensiones, a partir del análisis del factor género, pero transversalizado por una característica particular de contexto fundamental para Colombia y México: los altos índices de violencia criminal. Para ello, en consonancia con la tendencia investigativa, desde la corriente de miedo al delito, se hizo uso de las encuestas de victimización y percepción de seguridad existentes en ambos países. Este análisis permite afirmar que desde la dimensión objetiva los datos coinciden para hombres y mujeres en los escenarios y prácticas de la victimización “oficiales”, sobrepasando el enfoque tradicional de interpretación que ancla el temor femenino a factores culturales e históricos que lo determinan y particularizan. No obstante, el componente conductual de la dimensión subjetiva es el que marca el mayor diferencial en la respuesta al temor por parte de hombres y mujeres, haciendo evidentes los impactos del “temor al delito” en las formas de habitar de estas últimas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la satisfacción con la vida y el malestar psicológico con el afrontamiento frente a la percepción de peligro delictual en universitarios. Método: Se utilizaron tres escalas, la escala de satisfacción con la vida, la escala de malestar psicológico k-10, y la escala de afrontamiento frente a la percepción de peligro. Participaron 370 estudiantes universitarios, de los cuales un 65,4% son mujeres y un 13,8% han sufrido un delito en los últimos 2 años. Resultados: Se encontró una relación positiva, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño entre el afrontamiento frente la percepción de peligro, como evitación prudente (r=0,274, (p ≤ 0,00), afrontamiento preventivo (r=0,344, p ≤ 0,00) y evitación extrema (r=0,207, p ≤ 0,00) con malestar psicológico. En víctimas de delitos, estas relaciones se hacen más fuertes. Las mujeres muestran un mayor malestar psicológico, así como también estrategias de afrontamiento frente al peligro más prudentes, preventivas y extremas que los hombres. Por último, se observa una relación negativa y significativa entre malestar psicológico y satisfacción con la vida. Conclusión: Se videncia que independiente de que, si la persona es víctima de un delito en los últimos dos años, la percepción de peligro y las estrategias llevadas a cabo para prevenir el delito de forma prudente e incluso extrema, se relacionan entre sí.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to relate life satisfaction and psychological distress to coping with the perception of criminal danger in university students. Method: Three scales were used: The Life Satisfaction Scale, the K-10 Psychological Distress Scale, and the Coping with Perceived Danger Scale. A total of 370 university students participated, of whom 65.4% were female, and 13.8% had experienced crime in the previous two years. Result: A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between coping with perceived danger, such as cautious avoidance (r=0.274, p ≤ 0.00), preventive coping (r=0.344, p ≤ 0.00), and extreme avoidance (r=0.207, p ≤ 0.00), with psychological distress. These relationships were even stronger for victims of crime. Women show higher levels of psychological distress and more cautious, avoidant and extreme coping strategies in the face of danger compared to men. Finally, a negative and significant relationship was observed between psychological distress and life satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that regardless of whether a person has been a victim of crime in the last two years, perceptions of danger and strategies of cautious and even extreme crime prevention are related

Abstract This work aims to map and discuss the representations constructed around the “female offender” in a Brazilian Criminal Sciences journal, as well as to demarcate absences of this category, using a feminist legal method. For this, we used the documentary analysis, cutting a sample composed of articles from the Brazilian Journal of Criminal Sciences published in the last twenty years with the theme of the illicit trade in narcotics. The material was read through the content analysis technique, directed by Katharine Bartlett’s proposal in Feminist Legal Methods. In the end, in the context of a growing increase on women’s criminalization and in the interest on this theme, we conclude that, although the “female offender” category is present in most of the sample, it was mobilized more descriptively - for the composition of a scenario - than as an analytical category, by the reflexivity on gender and crime. female offender journal method narcotics technique Bartletts Bartlett s Methods end womens women that crime

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo mapear e discutir as representações construídas em torno da “criminosa” em um periódico das Ciências Criminais brasileiras, bem como demarcar ausências dessa categoria, a partir de um método jurídico feminista. Para tanto, utilizamos a análise documental, recortando uma amostra composta de artigos da Revista Brasileira de Ciências Criminais (RBCCrim) publicados nos últimos vinte anos com a temática do comércio ilícito de entorpecentes. O material foi lido sob a ótica da técnica de análise de conteúdo, direcionada pela proposta de Katharine Bartlett em Feminist Legal Methods. Ao final, no contexto de crescente aumento da criminalização da mulher e do interesse pelo tema, concluímos que, apesar de a categoria “criminosa” estar presente em grande parte da amostra, ela foi mobilizada mais de forma descritiva - para a composição de um cenário - do que como categoria analítica, a partir da reflexividade sobre gênero e crime. criminosa “criminosa brasileiras feminista tanto documental RBCCrim (RBCCrim entorpecentes conteúdo Methods final tema analítica crime

Latent fingerprint is an important crime scene evidence, but it is not always recoverable or technically suitable for analysis with fingerprint patterns. Forensic science has shown that other information can be explored from traces using chemical compounds. Infrared spectroscopy is a nondestructive technique that is widely applied to a variety of forensic evidence. In this work, infrared spectroscopy and partial least square discriminant analysis were used to determine the human sex based on latent fingermark analysis. Fingerprint samples were taken from 42 male and female donors, then kept in either dark or light storage conditions, and the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were measured considering a period of up to 30 days from collection. The regions from 3000 to 2800 cm-1 and 1790 to 1150 cm-1 presented the greatest differences in the peak intensities among the two sex groups. The results showed a correct discrimination rate higher than 80%. evidence patterns compounds work 4 donors conditions FTIR (FTIR 3 collection 300 280 cm1 cm 1 cm- 179 115 groups 80 80% 28 17 11 8 2

Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the profile of the perpetrators; it is based on detailed interviews with 75 migrant women victims of sex trafficking in Mexico. The results of this study present a masculinized profile. The perpetrators who lead trafficking networks are predominantly men, while female perpetrators generally take up secondary positions and in many cases are coerced. Women in leadership positions accounted for only 5% of all cases studied. Furthermore, the acts of migrant women in secondary positions were the result of a situation of trafficking. By contrast, the actions of autochthonous women in secondary positions appeared to be motivated for profit.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo, sustentado en entrevistas en profundidad con 75 mujeres migrantes víctimas de trata sexual en México, es examinar el perfil de los victimarios. Los resultados de la investigación muestran un perfil básicamente masculinizado. Quienes lideran las redes de trata son casi siempre hombres, mientras que las mujeres victimarias por lo general ocupan posiciones secundarias y en muchos casos son coaccionadas. Las mujeres que tenían posiciones de liderazgo representaban únicamente 5% del total de los casos estudiados. Por otra parte, los actos de las mujeres migrantes que ocupaban posiciones secundarias eran resultado de una situación de trata. Como contraste, los actos de las mujeres autóctonas en estas mismas posiciones estaban motivados por el lucro.

BACKGROUND: While there is now considerable evidence in support of a relationship between executive function (EF) and academic success, these findings almost uniformly derive from Western and high-income countries. Yet, recent findings from low- to -middle-income countries have suggested that patterns of EF and academic skills differ in these contexts, but there is little clarity on the extent, direction and nature of their association AIM: This study aimed to investigate the contribution of EF to pre-academic skills in a sample of preschool children (N = 124; Mage = 50.91 months; 45% female SETTING: Two preschools were recruited from an urban setting in a community with both formal and informal housing, overcrowding, high levels of crime and violence, and poor service delivery. Three preschools were recruited from rural communities with household plots, a slow rate of infrastructure development, reliance on open fires for cooking, limited access to running water and rudimentary sanitation METHODS: Pre-academic skills were assessed using the Herbst Early Childhood Development Criteria test, and EF was assessed using the Early Years Toolbox RESULTS: Although EF scores appeared high and pre-academic skills were low (in norm comparisons), EF inhibition (ß = 0.23, p = 0.001) and working memory (ß = 0.25, p < 0.001) nevertheless showed strong prediction of pre-academic skills while shifting was not significant CONCLUSION: While EF is an important predictor of pre-academic skills even in this low- and middle-income country context, factors in addition to EF may be equally important targets to foster school readiness in these settings CONTRIBUTION: The current study represents a first step towards an understanding of the current strengths that can be leveraged, and opportunities for additional development, in the service of preparing all children for the demands of school

Abstract This text focuses on the figure of unorthodox mothers in the work of Paula Rego and how it questions the centrality of maternity within dominant patriarchal and religious norms. It engages with images that span her early works of the nineteen eighties to her most recent ones, drawing upon religious texts (the Old and New Testaments), literary texts (Eça de Queirós’ The Crime of Father Amaro/O crime do padre Amaro; Alexandre Herculano’s The Dame with a Goat’s Foot/A Dama Pé de Cabra; Hélia Correia’s Enchantment/Fascinação); to social polemics (abortion rights, female genital mutilation).

Resumo Este texto considera a figura da mãe inconforme na obra de Paula Rego, e como a sua apresentação visual desafia a importância da maternidade no pelouro do patriarcado e de regras religiosas. Abrange obras da artista desde os anos 1980 até ao presente, e textos e narrativas que incluem as Escrituras (o Antigo e o Novo Testamentos), textos literários (Eça de Queirós, O Crime do Padre Amaro; Alexandre Herculano, A Dama Pé de Cabra; Hélia Correia, Fascinação) e polémicas sociais em torno do direito ao aborto e da mutilação genital feminina.

Abstract This article aims to analyze how the manifestations and effects caused by the exercise of violence do not disappear when women leave their country of origin but follows them during their transit and stay in the host country. Using a qualitative methodological design, this article analyzes testimonies from in-depth interviews with asylum-seeking women and lawyers who work in civil society organizations (CSOs). The findings highlight that, although asylum seekers left their country of origin fleeing violence, in Mexico they have found an occasionally more violent context where both governmental and organized crime actors intervene, promoting the transnationalization of violence. This implies seeing violence as a cycle that forces the authorities to generate comprehensive protection mechanisms for women in mobility.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las manifestaciones y los efectos generados por el ejercicio de la violencia no finalizan en el momento en el que las mujeres abandonan el lugar de origen, sino que les persiguen durante el tránsito y la estancia en el país de destino. Utilizando un diseño metodológico cualitativo, se analizan testimonios recabados a partir de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas tanto a mujeres solicitantes de asilo como a abogadas de organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC). Los hallazgos indican que, aunque las solicitantes de asilo salieron de su lugar de origen huyendo de la violencia, en México han encontrado un contexto ocasionalmente más violento donde intervienen actores tanto gubernamentales como de la delincuencia organizada, propiciando la transnacionalización de la violencia. Lo anterior implica ver la violencia como un ciclo que obliga a las autoridades a generar mecanismos de protección integral para las mujeres en movilidad.