• The extraction of the juice from the filters in the sugar industry enables the production of torula yeast cream to promote swine feeding, allowing the amount of leftover bagasse to be increased to be used to obtain xylitol for the food industry, and to take advantage of the resulting lignocellulosic material as a source of compacted energy for the generation of electricity, in the context of a biorefinery. Assess the alternatives for the production of torula yeast, xylitol and pellets from the extraction of the juice from the filters, considering the context of a biorefinery, for the benefit of swine feeding, the food industry and electricity generation. Starting from the extraction of juice from the filters, the investment and production capacities of torula yeast cream were used, and through the materials and energy balances, the possible increases in leftover bagasse and the integration of the production of xylitol and pellets were obtained. The quantities of sugar, honey, bagasse, torula, xylitol and pellets were obtained for the different extraction rates and the increase in profits and financial indicators were analyzed. With the prices of the products, the cost of raw materials and the investment estimates, the optimal extraction percentage of the juice from the filters is around 40 percent.

RESUMEN • La extracción del jugo de los filtros en la industria azucarera, posibilita la producción de crema de levadura torula para favorecer la alimentación porcina, permitiendo incrementar la cantidad de bagazo sobrante para utilizarlo en la obtención de xilitol para la industria alimenticia, aprovechando el material lignocelulósico resultante como fuente de energía compactada para la generación de electricidad, bajo el contexto de una biorrefinería. Partiendo de la extracción de jugo de los filtros, torula, y mediante los balances se obtuvieron los incrementos posibles de bagazo sobrante y la integración de las producciones de xilitol y pellets. Se obtuvieron las cantidades de azúcar, miel, bagazo, torula, xilitol y pellets para los diferentes porcentajes de extracción y se analizó el incremento de las ganancias y los indicadores financieros El porcentaje de extracción óptimo del jugo de los filtros, en correspondencia con los precios de productos, costo de materias primas y costos de inversión estimados, está en el entorno del 40 %.

Resumo O cálcio (Ca) é um mineral essencial para a formação da casca do ovo e a contração muscular. Sua falta pode resultar em má qualidade do ovo e diminuição da produção de ovos em patas poedeiras. Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar como a adição do mineral Ca em uma ração contendo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis afeta o desempenho de postura e a qualidade dos ovos para incubação em patos Mojosari. Um total de 105 patos Mojosari fêmeas e 15 machos, com idade de 78 semanas, foram criados durante três meses e divididos aleatoriamente em 15 bandos (cada bando contendo sete fêmeas e um pato macho). Foram realizados três tipos de tratamento: P0 (controle, sem mineral), P1 (proporção de farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 2:1 + 1% mineral) e P2 (relação farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis 1:2 + 1% mineral). Os resultados revelaram que a adição do mineral Ca à ração, incluindo farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis, não teve influência significativa (p>0,05) sobre o desempenho de poedeiras em termos de consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos, qualidade dos ovos, patinhos produzidos e renda sobre o custo da ração (IOFC). Além disso, a adição de Ca na ração não resultou em aumentos substanciais (p>0,05) em fertilidade e eclodibilidade, ou características de tamanho dos ovos. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, a alimentação com farinha de cabeça de camarão e cabeça de peixe Bilis pode ser usada como uma formulação alternativa de ração livre de cálcio. (Ca muscular 10 1 machos 7 semanas cada macho. macho . macho) tratamento P controle, controle (controle mineral, , proporção 21 2 2: relação 12 1: mineral. p>0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0,05 IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) disso eclodibilidade p>0,0 p00 (p>0,0 (IOFC p>0, p0 (p>0, p>0 (p>0 p> (p> (p

Abstract Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for eggshell formation and muscle contraction, and a lack of it can result in poor egg quality and decreased egg output in laying ducks. This study aims to see how feeding the mineral Ca in a ration containing Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head affects the laying performance and quality of hatching eggs in Mojosari ducks. A total of 105 female and 15 male Mojosari ducks, aged 78 weeks, were raised for three months and randomly divided into 15 flocks (each flock containing seven females and one male duck). There were three kinds of treatment, namely P0 (control, without mineral), P1 (ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 2:1 + 1% mineral), and P2 ((ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 1:2 + 1% mineral). The findings revealed that adding mineral Ca to feed, including Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head, had no significant influence (P>0.05) on laying Mojosari duck performance in terms of feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, ducklings produced, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Furthermore, Ca addition in the ration did not result in substantial increases (P>0.05) in fertility, hatchability, or egg size characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, feeding ducks with shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head can be used as an alternate calcium-free feed formulation. (Ca contraction 10 1 7 weeks each duck. . duck) treatment P control, control (control mineral, , mineral) ratio 21 2 2: 12 1: mineral. P>0.05 P005 0 05 (P>0.05 intake production weight produced IOFC. IOFC (IOFC) Furthermore fertility hatchability characteristics calciumfree calcium free formulation P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (IOFC P>0. (P>0. P>0 (P>0 P> (P> (P

ABSTRACT The use of non-conventional feeds in poultry farming can reduce production costs, mainly because of its low cost, availability and chemical composition. Thus, parboiled whole rice bran (PWRB) appears as a potential use in feeding quails. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of PWRB in the diet of quails. In each experiment, a total of 288 seven-day-old European quails of both sexes, were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates of eight quails each. The treatments consisted in the inclusion of PWRB in the proportions of 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25% (first) and 0; 8; 16; 24; 32 and 40% (second). In the first experiment, a linear reduction in feed intake and weight gain was observed with the inclusion of PWRB above 5%, with no significant effect on feed conversion and carcass characteristics. However, there was no loss in the performance and carcass characteristics of quails fed with different levels of PWRB in comparison to the control group. In the second, it was observed that the inclusion of PWRB above 8% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake, weight gain and improvement in feed conversion, with no significant effect on carcass characteristics. However, quails fed 40% PWRB showed reduced intake and weight gain when compared to the control group. The use of PWRB provided an improvement in economic viability. Considering the effect on growth, PWRB can be used in the feeding of meat quails up to 32%. nonconventional non conventional costs cost composition Thus (PWRB experiment 28 sevendayold seven day old sexes 0 5 10 15 2 25 (first 8 16 24 3 40 second. second . (second) 5% However group viability growth 32% 1 4 (second

Abstract Biorefineries require low-cost production processes, low waste generation and equipment that can be used not only for a single process, but for the manufacture of several products. In this context, in this research a continuous 3D printing microbioreactor coupled to an Arduino-controlled automatic feeding system was developed for the intensification of the ethanol production process from xylose/xylulose (3:1), using a new biocatalyst containing the co-culture of Scheffersomyces stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (50/50). Initially, batch fermentations of monocultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis and co-culture were carried out. Subsequently, the immobilized co-culture was used as a biocatalyst in continuous fermentations using the developed microreactor. Fermentations carried out in the microbioreactor presented a 2-fold increase in the ethanol concentration and a 3-fold increase in productivity when compared to monocultures. The microbioreactor developed proved to be efficient and can be extended for other bioproducts production. This approach proved to be a promising alternative for the use of the hemicellulose fraction of biomasses without the need to use modified strains. lowcost cost processes products context D Arduinocontrolled Arduino controlled xylosexylulose xylose xylulose 31, 31 3 1 , (3:1) coculture co culture 50/50. 5050 50/50 . 50 (50/50) Initially S Subsequently microreactor 2fold fold 2 3fold strains (3:1 505 50/5 5 (50/50 (3: 50/ (50/5 (3 (50/ ( (50 (5

ABSTRACT The use of enzymes is a concrete fact in broiler feeding. The global economic situation has been undergoing major changes, especially in the cost of agricultural commodities such as corn and soybean meal, the main ingredients in broiler diets in many parts of the world. This study aimed to assess the effect of increasing doses of phytase by assigning an optimized non-linear increasing nutritional matrix to the diet of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age, using economic production indicators as response variables. 900 one-day-old chicks were distributed in a randomized block design with six treatments and ten replications. Different nutritional matrices were studied: a positive control diet without phytase; diets with increasing levels of this enzyme (350, 500, 1,000, 1,500 FTU); and a negative control diet (-100 kcal/kg EMA) without phytase supplementation. Performance from 1 to 42 days of age and economic viability were assessed. It was observed that the negative control and the overdose (1,500 FTU) of phytase showed worse feed conversion than the positive control diet. In the economic analysis, there was a reduction in feed costs with increasing doses of the enzyme, as well as lower production costs per carcass kilo. The data found in this study shows that performance indicators do not always reflect economic efficiency responses. Specifically, the production cost was lower in broiler diets (1 to 42 d) formulated with increasing doses of phytase (up to 1,500 FTU kg-1). feeding changes meal world nonlinear non linear 4 variables 90 onedayold one day old replications studied 350, 350 (350 500 1000 000 1,000 1500 1,50 100 (-10 kcalkg kcal kg EMA supplementation assessed (1,50 analysis kilo responses Specifically ( d up kg1. kg1 . kg-1) 9 35 (35 50 00 1,00 150 1,5 10 (-1 (1,5 kg-1 3 (3 5 0 1,0 15 1, (- (1, kg-

Abstract The objective of the article was to select a robotic system for milking and identify its benefits within the Agribusiness 4.0 concept. The study took place on a rural property that implemented robotization in dairy milking in 2021. The selection took place with the help of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, considering three basic criteria and three milking systems. The analysis considers the mechanized milking process (70 animals) with the implementation of robotization (increase in the herd to 107 heads). The results show, among the benefits of robotization, the reduction in demand for manual activities, contributing to the reduction of direct labor and cost reduction, considering that the robot controls consumption and productivity per matrix. In general, the results shows benefits in aspects related to the feeding of dairy cows, control of animal health and welfare, productivity and labor. It is noteworthy that investments made in technology, as recommended by Agribusiness 4.0, contribute to operational improvements (labor demand) and productivity, which can benefit rural producers' satisfaction with dairy farming. 40 4 0 4. concept 2021 AHP (AHP method systems 70 (7 animals increase 10 heads. heads . heads) show activities matrix general cows welfare technology producers farming 202 7 ( 1 20 2

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi selecionar um sistema robótico na ordenha e identificar seus benefícios dentro do conceito do Agronegócio 4.0. O estudo ocorreu em uma propriedade rural que implementou a robotização na ordenha leiteira em 2021. A seleção ocorreu com auxílio do método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), considerando três critérios básicos e três sistemas de ordenha. A análise considera o processo de ordenha mecanizada (70 animais) com a implantação da robotização (aumento do rebanho para 107 cabeças). Os resultados mostram, entre os benefícios da robotização, a redução da demanda por atividades manuais, contribuindo para a redução da mão de obra direta e redução de custos, considerando que o robô controla o consumo e a produtividade por matriz. De uma forma geral, os resultados mostram benefícios em aspectos relacionados com a alimentação das vacas leiteiras, no controlo da saúde e bem-estar animal, na produtividade e com a mão-de-obra. Ressalta-se que os investimentos realizados em tecnologia, conforme preconiza o Agronegócio 4.0, contribuem para melhorias operacionais (demanda de mão de obra) e de produtividade, o que pode beneficiar a satisfação dos produtores rurais com a atividade leiteira. 40 4 0 4.0 2021 AHP, AHP , (AHP) 70 (7 animais aumento 10 cabeças. cabeças . cabeças) manuais custos matriz geral leiteiras bemestar bem estar animal mãodeobra. mãodeobra obra. mão-de-obra Ressaltase Ressalta se tecnologia 4. 202 (AHP 7 ( 1 20 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: The extraction of the juice from the filters makes possible a torula yeast cream production facility with the aim of promoting swine feeding, however, it is necessary to confirm the real possibilities and alternatives to execute investments in this direction in a factory, specifically, of sugar with its refinery. Objective: To substantiate the possibilities of torula yeast cream production technologies and the appropriate percentage of juice extraction from the filters to obtain said cream in a sugar factory with a refinery. Materials and Methods: For the study, there were considered the different possibilities of extraction of juice from the filters in the studied facility and, using the works reported by other authors, the different possible annual production capacities of torula yeast cream using juice from the filters in harvest time and final molasses in non-harvest time. Results and Discussion: There are technological and economic possibilities for the production of torula yeast cream in sugar factories with a sugar refinery since increases in the profit of the blend are achieved with different percentages of juice extraction from the filters. Conclusions: Under the current conditions of product price, cost of raw materials and investment estimates, the optimal extraction percentage of the juice from the filters is estimated at 20 percent.

RESUMEN Introducción: La extracción del jugo de los filtros posibilita una instalación de producción de crema de levadura torula con el objetivo de favorecer a la alimentación porcina, sin embargo, es necesario confirmar las posibilidades y alternativas reales para ejecutar inversiones en esta dirección en una fábrica, específica de azúcar con su refinería. Objetivo: Fundamentar las posibilidades de las tecnologías de producción de crema de levadura torula y el por ciento adecuado de extracción del jugo de los filtros para la obtención de dicha crema en una fábrica de azúcar con refinería. Materiales y Métodos: Para el estudio se consideró las diferentes posibilidades de extracción de jugo de los filtros en la instalación estudiada y utilizando los trabajos reportados por otros autores, las diferentes posibles capacidades de producción anual de crema de levadura torula utilizando jugo de los filtros en tiempo de zafra y mieles finales en tiempo de no zafra. Resultados y Discusión: Existen posibilidades tecnológicas y económicas para la producción de crema de levadura torula en fábricas de azúcar con refinería de azúcar pues se logran incrementos de la ganancia del combinado con diferentes por cientos de extracción de jugo de los filtros. Conclusiones: En las condiciones actuales de precio de los productos, costo de las materias primas y los estimados de las inversiones el por ciento de extracción óptimo del jugo de los filtros se estima en un 20 por ciento.

Abstract Background: Farm profitability depends on raising healthy calves, which rests on successful feeding and management programs. Objective: To determine the effects of weaning weight on growth performance, feed efficiency, behavioral traits, as well as feeding cost of Holstein-Friesian and Brown Swiss calves. Methods: Sixty-seven newborn dairy calves were allocated into four weaning-weight groups [60 kg (n=18), 65 kg (n=19), 70 kg (n=18) and 75 kg (n=12)]. Body weights (BW) and measurements were recorded at birth, weaning, and four months of age. An instantaneous sampling method was used to collect behavioral data. Results: Daily weight gain of Brown Swiss calves was higher than Holsteins between weaning and four months of age (p<0.05). During pre-weaning, daily weight gain of calves weaned at 60 kg was lower than the other three groups (p<0.05). Feed efficiency of Holstein-Friesian was higher than Brown Swiss calves in the period between birth and four months of age (p<0.05). Chest depth of calves weaned at 60 kg was (p<0.05) lower compared to the other groups. Water drinking behavior during the pre-weaning period was notably higher in calves weaned at 75 kg (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that dairy calves can be weaned at 60 kg of BW without detrimental effects on performance, and their feed cost per kg weight gain is significantly lower compared to higher weaning weights.

Resumen Antecedentes: La crianza de terneros sanos es uno de los principales requisitos para asegurar la rentabilidad de la granja, y depende en gran medida del éxito en los programas de alimentación y manejo de los terneros. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos del peso al destete sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la eficiencia alimenticia, las características de comportamiento y el costo de alimentación de terneros Holstein-Friesian y Pardo suizo. Métodos: Sesenta y siete terneros lecheros recién nacidos se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos diferentes de peso al destete [60 kg (n=18), 65 kg (n=19), 70 kg (n=18) y 75 kg (n=12)]. Los pesos y medidas corporales se registraron al nacimiento, al destete, y a los cuatro meses de edad. Se utilizó un método de muestreo instantáneo para recopilar los datos de comportamiento. Resultados: La ganancia diaria de peso de los terneros Pardo suizo entre el destete y los cuatro meses de edad fue mayor que la de los Holstein-Friesian (p<0,05). Además, las ganancias diarias de peso de los terneros destetados con 60 kg de peso corporal (PC) fueron menores que las de los otros tres grupos durante el período previo al destete (p<0,05). La eficiencia alimenticia de los terneros Holstein-Friesian fue mayor que la de los Pardo suizo en el período entre nacimiento y cuatro meses de edad (p<0,05). La profundidad del pecho de los terneros en el grupo destetado a 60 kg fue menor que en otros grupos (p<0,05). El comportamiento de consumo de agua fue notablemente superior en los terneros destetados a 75 kg de PC durante el período previo al destete (p<0,05). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los terneros lecheros pueden destetarse a los 60 kg de PC sin efectos perjudiciales sobre su rendimiento, y su costo de alimento por 1 kg de aumento de peso es significativamente menor en comparación con mayores pesos de destete.

Resumo Antecedentes: A criação de bezerros saudáveis é um dos principais requisitos para garantir a rentabilidade dos empreendimentos e depende muito do sucesso nos programas de alimentação e manejo dos bezerros. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos do peso ao desmame sobre o desempenho de crescimento, eficiência alimentar, características comportamentais e custo de alimentação de bezerros da raça Holstein-Friesian e Pardo suíço. Métodos: Sessenta e sete bezerros recém-nascidos foram alocados em quatro diferentes grupos de peso ao desmame [60 kg (n=18), 65 kg (n=19), 70 kg (n=18) e 75 kg (n=12)]. Os pesos e medidas corporais foram determinados ao nascimento, desmame e 4 meses de idade. O método de amostragem instantânea foi utilizado para coletar os dados comportamentais. Resultados: O ganho de peso diário dos bezerros Pardos suíços entre o desmame e os 4 meses de idade foi significativamente maior do que os da Holstein-Friesian (p<0,05). Além disso, o ganho de peso diário dos bezerros desmamados com 60 kg de peso corporal (PC) foi significativamente (p<0,05) menor do que os outros três grupos no período pré-desmame. A eficiência alimentar dos bezerros Holstein-Friesian foi significativamente maior do que a dos bezerros Pardo suíço nos períodos entre o nascimento e os 4 meses de idade (p<0,05). O crescimento na profundidade do peito dos bezerros do grupo desmamado com 60 kg de PC foi significativamente (p<0,05) menor do que os demais grupos. Apenas o comportamento de beber foi notavelmente maior (p<0,05) nos bezerros desmamados com 75 kg de PC no período pré-desmame. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que bezerros leiteiros podem ser desmamados com 60 kg de PC sem qualquer efeito prejudicial sobre seu desempenho e o custo de alimentação para ganho de peso de 1 kg é significativamente menor em comparação com pesos de desmame avançado.

ABSTRACT The conservation of forage as silage allows its application during the dry season in dairy cattle feeding. The most commonly used forage for this purpose is maize (Zea mays L.), but due to the possible effects of climate change, the diversification of crops with shorter agronomic cycles as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should be considered. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the chemical composition of silages, the productive response of dairy cows fed wheat and maize silage, as well as their feeding costs. Three treatments were evaluated with 9.8 kg DM cow-1 d-1 silage plus 4.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 commercial concentrate each. Treatments were 100% wheat silage (WS), 50% wheat silage-50% maize silage (WMS), and 100% maize silage (MS). Six Holstein cows were used in groups of three randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 3×3 Latin square design repeated twice. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments in silage chemical composition, except in NDF and ADF (P > 0.05). There were nonsignificant differences in animal variables (P > 0.05) with mean milk yield of 15.4 kg cow-1 d-1, 33.7 g kg-1 milkfat, 30.5 g kg-1 milk protein, 481.2 kg live weight and 2.1 body condition score. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in silage and total DM intake in the third experimental period (three periods, 14 d each one) with 8.1 and 12.7 kg DM cow-1 d-1, respectively. Although cost for wheat silage were higher than maize silage, all three treatments showed positive margins on feeding costs.

Resumen. El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad endémica en porcinos que tiende a la cronicidad. Los esfuerzos se centran en prevención y control para minimizar el daño, pues no existe tratamiento. Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) en la alimentación de cerdas reproductoras afectadas con PRRS sobre su desempeño productivo, de salud y en su progenie. Cuarenta y ocho cerdas de primer parto se distribuyeron al azar en cuatro tratamientos (Tr1, testigo; Tr2, DHA; Tr3, EP; Tr4, DHA+EP). El ensayo con el segundo parto siguió el mismo diseño. Tr3 y Tr4 obtuvieron más peso de lechones al nacer en ambos partos (P < 0.05) que los demás. En ambos partos, la adición de DHA y EP resultó en menos cantidad de momias (P < 0.05) y menor costo que los otros tratamientos. Tr3 tuvo mayor número de lechones vivos en ambos partos, mientras que Tr4 solo en el segundo parto (P < 0.05). En el primer parto, se destetaron más lechones en Tr2 y Tr3 (P > 0.05); pero Tr2 superó a los demás en el segundo parto (P > 0.05). Por ELISA, todos los cerdos desarrollaron anticuerpos contra PRRS. Los grupos que recibieron DHA y/o EP tuvieron concentraciones séricas de IgG superiores al testigo (P < 0.05). Se concluye que la adición de DHA y EP mejora la respuesta productiva y mayores concentraciones de IgG en ambos partos, además de reducir el costo de producción de las cerdas.

Abstract. Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is an endemic disease in pigs that tends to become chronic. Efforts are focused on prevention and control to minimize damage, as no treatment exists. The effect of adding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (plant extracts, PE) in the feeding of breeding sows affected with PRRS on their productive performance, health and progeny was evaluated. Forty-eight first-parturition shows were randomly distributed into four treatments (Tr1, control; Tr2, DHA; Tr3, PE; Tr4, DHA+PE). The second parturition assay followed the same design. Tr3 and Tr4 got more piglet weight at birth in both parturitions (P < 0.05) than the others. In both deliveries, the addition of DHA and PE resulted in fewer mummies (P < 0.05) and lower cost than the other treatments. Tr3 had a higher number of live piglets in both parturitions, while Tr4 only got that in the second parturition (P < 0.05). More piglets were weaned in Tr2 and Tr3 (P > 0.05) in the first parturition; but Tr2 outperformed the others in the second parturition (P > 0.05). By ELISA, all pigs developed antibodies against PRRS. The groups receiving DHA and/or PE had higher serum IgG concentrations than control (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the addition of DHA and PE improves the productive response and induced higher concentrations of IgG in both parturitions, in addition to reducing the production cost of sows.

RESUMO: O estudo comparou os resultados econômicos entre cinco grupos de bezerros de raça holandesa com pesos vivos de chegada diferente, mas com idades semelhante em confinamento. Os pesos corporais médios de chegada foram 105, 112, 123 e 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60 e 30 bezerros, respectivamente) com idade de 113 ± 1-d. Os bezerros foram distribuídos em um desenho não balanceado completamente aleatório. Os bezerros foram pesados da chegada ao confinamento e, posteriormente, nos dias 112, 22 e 361 do estudo. Os bezerros foram alimentados com dietas à base de milho floculado. A dieta de adaptação (2,21 Mcal de NEm / kg MS) foi fornecida durante os 112 dias iniciais de ração. Após 112 até o final do estudo todos os novilhos receberam a dieta de terminação (2,27 Mcal de NEm /kg MS). Diante do exposto, foram avaliados dois períodos parciais de alimentação e um período completo (1 a 112, 113 a 361 e 1 a 361 d, respectivamente). O lucro de cada grupo foi estimado subtraindo o custo de compra dos bezerros mais o custo total da alimentação da receita obtida com a venda dos novilhos. O ganho de peso geral e o consumo de ração aumentaram com o aumento do ABW, mas a eficiência alimentar foi melhor para os grupos intermediários ABW (112 e 117 kg), sendo os novilhos com ABW de 112 kg os mais lucrativos (USD 15, 8 a mais do que o grupo de 117 kg.)

ABSTRACT: The study compared the economic results between five groups of Holstein steers with different arrival body weights (ABW) but similar ages in the feedlot. The average ABW were 105, 112, 117, 123 and 129 kg (30, 90, 87, 60, and 30 calves, respectively) with an age of 113 ± 1d. The calves were randomly distributed using an unbalanced design. The calves were weighed upon arrival at the feedlot and subsequently on days 112, 224, and 361 of the study. The calves were fed a steam- flaked corn-based diets. A receiving diet (2.21 Mcal of NEm/kg DM) was provided during the initial 112 days of feeding. From day 112 until harvest all steers received a finishing diet (2.27 Mcal of NEm/kg DM). Because two different diets were used, two partial (day 1 to day 112 and day 113 to day 361), and one full period (day1 to day 361) feeding periods were evaluated. Statistical differences between the final weights of all the groups were observed, which allowed a profit estimation, obtained by subtracting the purchase cost of calves plus the total feed cost from the revenue obtained from the sale of the steers. Overall weight gain and feed intake were higher with increased ABW, feeding efficiency was better for intermediate ABW groups (112 and 117 kg), with the calves with ABW of 112 kg being the most profitable (USD 15.8 more profit than the 117 Kg. group)

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate whether feeding calves with replacers instead of cow's milk interferes with complete blood count, biochemistry variables, survival, and weight gain, and the cost-benefit of these feeds in the suckling phase. We used 16 calves of the Holstein breed with an average of 8±4 days and 39±6 kg of average body weight, randomly divided into two groups: Replacer Group (N=8), receiving four liters of replacer milk during the 60 experimental days; and the Milk Group (N=8), calves receiving four liters of cow's milk. We observed that animals fed with cow's milk had higher body weight and weight gain at all weightings compared to those who consumed the dairy replacer. There was no calve death during the study. The cost (R$) of the diet of the calves that consumed replacer was lower. However, if we consider the weight gain during the experiment, the cost to produce 1 kg of body weight was similar between the treatments, because the calves that consumed milk were weaned with an average of 19kg more body weight. In conclusion, the use of dairy replacers as a replacer for cow's milk caused calves to have an overall lower performance compared to those who received cow's milk during the suckling phase. cows cow s count variables survival costbenefit benefit phase 84 8 4 8± 396 39 6 39± groups N=8, N8 N N=8 , (N=8) R$ R (R$ However experiment treatments conclusion 3 N= (N=8 (R (N= (N

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a alimentação de bezerros com sucedâneoem substituição ao leite de vaca causa interferência no hemograma, variáveis bioquímicas, sobrevivência e ganho de peso e o custo-benefício desses alimentos na fase de aleitamento. Foram utilizados 16 bezerros da raça Holandesa com média de 8±4 dias e 39±6 kg de peso corporal médio, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo Sucedâneo (N=8), recebendo quatro litros de leite em pó durante os 60 dias de experimentos; e o Grupo Leite (N=8), bezerros recebendo quatro litros de leite de vaca. Observamos que os animais alimentados com leite de vaca apresentaram maior peso corporal e ganho de peso em todas as pesagens em relação aos que consumiram o sucedâneo lácteo. Não houve morte de bezerros durante o estudo. O custo (R$) da dieta dos bezerros que consumiram substituto foi menor. No entanto, se considerarmos o ganho de peso durante o experimento, o custo para produzir 1 kg de peso corporal foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, pois os bezerros que consumiram leite foram desmamados com média de 19kg a mais de peso corporal. Em conclusão, o uso de sucedâneos lácteos como substituto do leite de vaca fez com que os bezerros tivessem um desempenho geral inferior em comparação com aqueles que receberam leite de vaca durante a fase de aleitamento. hemograma bioquímicas custobenefício benefício aleitamento 84 8 4 8± 396 39 6 39± médio grupos N=8, N8 N N=8 , (N=8) experimentos lácteo R$ R (R$ menor entanto experimento tratamentos conclusão 3 N= (N=8 (R (N= (N

ABSTRACT Dairy farming is essential for Brazilian agriculture and, especially, for the Minas Gerais State. The understanding of technical efficiency and its impacts on the economic performance of dairy farms contributes to the development of the milk production chain. In the context of organizations, the Firm Theory helps in understanding how production factors affect the economic performance of these organizations, which are little studied in dairy farming. The objective of this study was to identify the main characteristics that differentiate dairy farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this purpose, dairy farms with different levels of efficiency (high, medium and low) were compared using data envelopment analysis (DEA), descriptive statistics and mean difference tests, analyzing socioeconomic, cost and economic performance variables. To increase the technical efficiency of dairy farms, it is important to reduce the total operating cost (TOC) and effective operating cost (EOC) by optimizing their components. However, spending on feeding (concentrated) and electricity should be increased so that the analyzed dairy farms become more efficient. In addition, the increase in the technification of dairy farms must happen, but always with caution, so that depreciation costs do not rise disproportionately. This research contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge by applying the assumptions of the Firm Theory to dairy farming, an incipient topic in the literature. For rural producers, this research can be especially useful when presenting efficiency indicators and parameters for dairy farms, such as food costs, which must be more than 60% of the EOC. State chain organizations Brazil purpose high, high (high low DEA, DEA , (DEA) tests socioeconomic variables TOC (TOC EOC (EOC components However concentrated (concentrated efficient addition happen caution disproportionately literature producers 60 (DEA 6

RESUMO A pecuária leiteira é essencial para a agropecuária brasileira e, principalmente, para o estado de Minas Gerais. A eficiência técnica e seus impactos no desempenho econômico das propriedades leiteiras contribuem para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do leite. A Teoria da Firma auxilia no entendimento de como os fatores de produção afetam o desempenho econômico dessas organizações, pouco estudada na pecuária leiteira. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais características que diferenciam as propriedades leiteiras do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para tanto, propriedades leiteiras com diferentes níveis de eficiência (alta, média e baixa) foram comparadas por meio de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), estatística descritiva e testes de diferença de médias, sendo analisadas variáveis socioeconômicas, de custos e de desempenho econômico. Para aumentar a eficiência técnica de propriedades leiteiras, é importante reduzir o custo operacional total (COT) e o custo operacional efetivo (COE) otimizando seus componentes. No entanto, os gastos com alimentação (concentrada) e energia elétrica devem ser aumentados para que as propriedades leiteiras analisadas se tornem mais eficientes. Além disso, o aumento da tecnificação de propriedades leiteiras deve acontecer, mas sempre com cautela, para que os custos com depreciação não se elevem desproporcionalmente. Esta pesquisa contribui para o avanço do conhecimento científico ao aplicar os pressupostos da Teoria da Firma à pecuária leiteira, tema incipiente na literatura. Para produtores rurais, esta pesquisa pode ser especialmente útil ao apresentar indicadores e parâmetros de eficiência de propriedades leiteiras, caso dos custos com alimentação, que devem ser mais de 60% do COE. principalmente Gerais leite organizações Brasil tanto alta, alta (alta baixa DEA, DEA , (DEA) médias socioeconômicas COT (COT COE (COE componentes entanto concentrada (concentrada eficientes disso acontecer cautela desproporcionalmente literatura rurais 60 (DEA 6

ABSTRACT. The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed. ABSTRACT freerange free range chickens habitat lowcost cost activity Bombyx mori chrysalis Eisenia foetida, foetida , foetida) Musca domestica, domestica domestica) Hermetia illucens Tenebrio molitor plantbased plant based general extract feeding production characteristics

ABSTRACT Chickpea is a commercially exploited crop on a relatively new scale in Brazil, that is why, little information on the main pests is available. Mostly caterpillars showing Heliothinae morphological characteristics have emerged in production areas. In order to point out the species of these insects in chickpea fields produced in the Federal District and the surrounding areas, this study aimed to determine the morphological and molecular identification of these invertebrates in order to assist producers in pest management in a more sustainable way. Caterpillars were hand-collected directly from the plants in six sites and the moth collection was collected using light traps in four sites, monthly, in 2017 and 2018. The morphological identification was made through the adult insect genitalia and the subsequent molecular identification was performed using the cytochrome oxidase I enzyme with the quantitative PCR technique, which resulted in the development of an efficient and low-cost DNA extraction protocol to be used in samples under unfavorable storage conditions. Morphological and molecular studies showed the presence of Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens and Chloridea subflexa, with a predominance of Chloridea virescens in chickpea plants. Chloridea subflexa was verified for the first time feeding on chickpeas in Brazil. Brazil why available areas way handcollected hand monthly 201 2018 technique lowcost low cost conditions armigera zea 20 2

RESUMO O grão-de-bico é uma cultura com exploração comercial em escala relativamente nova no país e, por isso, há poucas informações disponíveis sobre as principais pragas, majoritariamente lagartas, com características morfológicas de Heliothinae, que têm surgido nas áreas de produção. Com o intuito de apontar as espécies desses insetos no grão-de-bico produzido no Distrito Federal e região produtora em seu entorno, este trabalho foi realizado para a identificação morfológica e molecular desses invertebrados para auxiliar os produtores no manejo de pragas de forma mais sustentável. Foram realizadas coletas manuais de lagartas diretamente nas plantas em seis locais e a coleta de mariposas com o uso de armadilhas luminosas em quatro locais, mensalmente, durante os anos de 2017 e 2018. A identificação morfológica foi feita através da genitália dos insetos adultos e a posterior identificação molecular foi realizada através da enzima citocromo oxidase I com a técnica de PCR quantitativo, o que resultou no desenvolvimento de um protocolo de extração de DNA eficiente e de baixo custo para o uso em amostras sob condições desfavoráveis de armazenamento. Os estudos morfológico e molecular resultaram na constatação da presença de Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens e Chloridea subflexa, com predominância de Chloridea virescens nas plantas de grão-de-bico. Foi registrada pela primeira vez Chloridea subflexa se alimentando em grão-de-bico no Brasil. grãodebico grão bico isso Heliothinae produção entorno sustentável mensalmente 201 2018 quantitativo armazenamento armigera zea grãodebico. bico. Brasil 20 2