ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la calidad del agua que suministra la potabilizadora Altos de Quintero a la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba mediante el estudio de cinco consumidores. Al agua de los seis centros analizados se les determinó su calidad por la medición de los parámetros: pH, color, turbidez, cloro libre residual y determinación de coliformes totales y fecales, resultando La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey y el Combinado Lácteo las entidades en las cuales el cloro libre residual y la turbidez se encuentran fuera de norma en algunas ocasiones. Las afectaciones de la calidad del agua potable procedente de la potabilizadora se deben fundamentalmente al deterioro de la infraestructura de las redes de abastecimiento y a las malas condiciones de almacenamiento del líquido en las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se presentan opciones para garantizar que se mantenga la calidad del agua en los diferentes centros de consumo y se propone un modelo predictivo que posibilita determinar el tiempo máximo que garantiza el mínimo nivel de cloro residual libre permisible que debe disponer una fuente consumidora.

Abstract Introduction: Socioeconomic growth has caused pressure on marine ecosystems, and there is little information that can be used for the management of beaches in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objective: To determine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of marine-coastal water in Nicoya, Costa Rica. Methods: In October 2021, and May and June 2022, we used standard methods to assess physicochemical and microbiological water conditions, in three beaches with different administrations and number of tourists. Results: Water temperature ranged between 26,1°C to 31,2°C, salinity between 22 to 31ups, dissolved oxygen from 3,6 to 7,3mg/L, and total suspended hydrocarbon values were below the detection limit. Higher fecal contamination was found in the rainy season, with maximum values of 3,5x103 NMP/100mL fecal coliforms, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli and 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusion: While fecal contamination was high during the rainy season, physicochemical parameters were acceptable in the three beaches.

Resumen Introducción: El crecimiento socioeconómico ha causado presión sobre los ecosistemas marinos, y existe poca información que pueda ser utilizada para el manejo de playas en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua marino-costera en Nicoya, Costa Rica. Métodos: En octubre de 2021, y mayo y junio de 2022, usamos métodos estándar para evaluar las condiciones fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del agua, en tres playas con diferentes administraciones y número de turistas. Resultados: La temperatura del agua osciló entre 26,1°C y 31,2°C, la salinidad entre 22 y 31ups, el oxígeno disuelto entre 3,6 y 7,3mg/L y los valores de hidrocarburos totales suspendidos estuvieron por debajo del límite de detección. La mayor contaminación fecal se encontró en época de lluvias, con valores máximos de 3,5x103 NMP/100mL coliformes fecales, 1,1x103 NMP/100mL Escherichia coli y 2,4x103 NMP/100mL Enteroccocus faecalis. Conclusión: Si bien la contaminación fecal fue alta durante la época de lluvias, los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron aceptables en las tres playas.

RESUMEN Las plantas purificadoras de agua que carecen de un adecuado sistema de control de calidad pueden generar problemas de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la calidad microbiológica del agua proveniente de pequeñas plantas purificadoras de la ciudad de Puebla, así como, determinar la existencia de bacterias Aeromonas sp y Pseudomonas sp, y caracterizar si presentan un fenotipo patógeno oportunista. Se recolectaron 70 muestras de garrafones de agua de 25 establecimientos. La cuantificación bacteriana se realizó mediante el método de goteo en placa. Se comprobaron los géneros microbianos mediante análisis bioquímico. En las cepas que mostraron discrepancia se utilizó la identificación molecular con base a secuencias parciales del gen 16S rRNA para confirmar su especie y se les evaluaron sus características de patogenicidad: multirresistencia a antibióticos, producción de biopelícula y actividad hemolítica. El 40 % de las plantas purificadoras no cumplieron con la calidad microbiológica del agua para consumo humano. El 41.4 % de los garrafones de agua muestreados incumplió la normativa, presentando coliformes totales 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % y bacterias coliformes fecales el 5.7 %. Se obtuvieron 56 aislados, provenientes de los 29 garrafones contaminados; 10 de ellos se caracterizaron molecularmente, resultando 7 aislados relacionados con especies diferentes de P. aeruginosa y 3 con especies de Aeromonas. De los aislados de Pseudomonas, 5 presentaron resistencia a 2 familias de antibióticos y 2 mostraron multirresistencia. El 36 % de los 10 aislados produjeron hemólisis y biopelícula. Dos cepas de Aeromonas mostraron resistencia a Cefalosporina 3a generación pero no produjeron hemólisis. Los 10 aislados analizados fueron clasificados como no patógenos. Es necesario un seguimiento sanitario más estricto para lograr el cumplimiento de las normas nacionales e internacionales relacionadas con el consumo de agua purificada, para evitar dañar la salud de los consumidores.

ABSTRACT Water purification establishments that lack an adequate quality control system can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of water from small purification establishments in the city of Puebla, as well as to determine the existence of Aeromonas sp and Pseudomonas sp bacteria, and to characterize whether they present an opportunistic pathogenic phenotype. 70 water jug samples were collected from 25 establishments. Bacterial quantification was performed using the drop plate method. Microbial genera were determined by biochemical analysis using the standard methodology. In the strains that showed discrepancy, molecular identification based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene was used to confirm their species, and their pathogenic characteristics were evaluated: multiresistance to antibiotics, biofilm production, and hemolytic activity. The results showed that 40 % of the purification establishments did not comply with the microbiological quality of water for human consumption. Similarly, 41.4 % of the jugs of water sampled failed to comply with the regulations, presenting total coliforms 35.7 %, Pseudomonas 30 %, Enterococcus faecalis 8.6 % and fecal coliform bacteria 5.7 %. Likewise, 56 isolates were obtained from the 29 contaminated jugs, of which 10 were molecularly characterized, resulting in 4 different species for P. aeruginosa and 3 for Aeromonas. Of the 7 Pseudomonas isolates, 5 presented resistance to 2 families of antibiotics and 2 showed multiresistance. In total, 36 % of the 10 isolates produced hemolysis and biofilm. Two Aeromonas strains showed resistance to 3rd generation Cephalosporin but did not produce hemolysis. The 10 isolates analyzed were classified as non-pathogenic. A stricter sanitary monitoring is necessary to achieve compliance with national and international standards related to the consumption of purified water, to avoid harming the health of consumers.

Resumen Con el fin de investigar el efecto de cuatro biosólidos de las industrias láctea, maltera, jabonera y papelera sobre el crecimiento y producción de biomasa de plántulas de Vicia faba L., se realizaron mezclas de biosólido:suelo en proporciones 20:80, 40:60 y 60:40. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos a cada biosólido y las mezclas. Los biosólidos mostraron diferencias en la presencia (NMP) de coliformes fecales de 3 a 1 100 Salmonella sp., de 2 a 3 y de 0 a 16 huevos de helmintos por g de sólidos totales. La concentración (mg kg-1) de metales pesados en cobre fue de 0.7 a 1.9, cromo de 0.8 a 2.4, cadmio de 0 a 0.6, zinc de 4.3 a 8.6, níquel 1.2 a 3.8 y plomo 1.3 a 5.7, sin arsénico y mercurio. Los contaminantes fueron inferiores a los límites permisibles según la SEMARNAT (2002), además, entre los biosólidos el pH varió de 7 a 9.8 y la materia orgánica (MO) de 0.3 a 6.2%. Los biosólidos de la industria láctea y malta incorporados al suelo modificaron el pH de 8.1 a 7.4, incrementaron la MO de 1.2 a 3.5%, el nitrógeno total de 7 a 35 mg kg-1 y el fósforo disponible de 5 a 25 mg kg-1. A 30 días después de la siembra en invernadero, las plántulas de V. faba que crecieron en suelo con el biosólido de la industria láctea en la mayor proporción incrementaron la producción de biomasa en 1 145% y la longitud en 342%.

Abstract In order to investigate the effect of four biosolids from the dairy, malt, soap and paper industries on the growth and production of biomass of Vicia faba L. seedlings, biosolid:soil mixtures were made in ratios 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on each biosolid and mixtures. Biosolids showed differences in the presence (MPN) of fecal coliforms from 3 to 1 100, Salmonella sp., from 2 to 3 and from 0 to 16 helminth eggs per g of total solids. The concentration (mg kg-1) of heavy metals in copper was from 0.7 to 1.9, chromium from 0.8 to 2.4, cadmium from 0 to 0.6, zinc from 4.3 to 8.6, nickel from 1.2 to 3.8 and lead from 1.3 to 5.7, without arsenic and mercury. The contaminants were below the permissible limits according to SEMARNAT (2002), in addition, among biosolids the pH varied from 7 to 9.8 and organic material (OM) from 0.3 to 6.2%. Biosolids from the dairy and malt industries incorporated into the soil modified the pH from 8.1 to 7.4, increased OM from 1.2 to 3.5%, the total nitrogen from 7 to 35 mg kg-1 and the available phosphorus from 5 to 25 mg kg-1. At 30 days after sowing in the greenhouse, V. faba seedlings grown in soil with the biosolid from the dairy industry in the highest ratio increased biomass production by 1 145% and length by 342%.

Resumen El área protegida denominada Parque Nacional Río Dulce se encuentra ubicada en el nororiente del caribe de Guatemala. Es administrada por el Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (CONAP) y regido por un plan maestro. Sin embargo, afronta cada día retos, tales como a) el incremento de desarrollo inmobiliario debido a su belleza escénica, b) el incremento poblacional de las comunidades reconocidas dentro de las diversas zonas del parque y c) vertidos no regularizados de aguas residuales tipos ordinarias y especiales. Ante esta incipiente situación, se hace necesaria la evaluación de la calidad del agua de Río Dulce a través de métodos reconocidos internacionalmente; tal el caso del Índice de Calidad del Agua ICA-NSF, con la finalidad de interpretar los resultados de una manera holística y poder discutirlos en ámbitos académicos, no solo a nivel local, sino internacional. Para ello se georreferenciaron doce estaciones de muestreo en las desembocaduras de los principales tributarios a lo largo del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Posterior a las colectas de muestras de agua y análisis en laboratorio de los parámetros: coliformes fecales, potencial de hidrógeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, nitratos, fósforo total, temperatura, turbidez, sólidos totales disueltos y oxígeno disuelto, se estimó el ICA-NSF mediante la calculadora en línea del Centro de Investigación del Agua de los Estados Unidos de América. De manera general, considerando la calidad del agua de los afluentes, el ICA-NSF varió entre 71 y 90, lo que se cualifica como una calidad buena. Los parámetros críticos en la disminución del ICA-NSF en las diversas estaciones evaluadas fueron la presencia de coliformes fecales y los sólidos totales disueltos, lo que permite generar lineamientos para el manejo sustentable del Parque Nacional Río Dulce. Se concluye que el agua del Río Dulce no es apta para el consumo humano de forma directa, necesitando de un proceso de potabilización.

Abstract The protected area called Río Dulce National Park is located in the northeastern Caribbean region of Guatemala. It is administered by the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP) and governed by a master plan. However, it faces challenges every day, such as a) the increase in real estate development due to its scenic beauty, b) the population increase of the recognized communities within the various areas of the park, c) non-regularized discharges of ordinary and special wastewater. Given this incipient situation, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of the water in Río Dulce through internationally recognized methods; such is the case of the ICA-NSF Water Quality Index, with the aim of interpreting the results in a holistic manner and being able to discuss them in academic settings, not only locally, but also internationally. For this, twelve sampling stations were georeferenced at the source of the main tributaries along the Río Dulce National Park. After the collection of water samples and laboratory analysis of the parameters: fecal coliforms, hydrogen potential, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphorus, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen, the ICA-NSF was estimated using the online calculator from the Water Research Center of the United States of America. In general, considering the quality of the water of the tributaries, the ICA-NSF varied between 71 and 90, which qualifies as good quality. The critical parameters in the decrease of the ICA-NSF in the various stations evaluated were the presence of fecal coliforms and total dissolved solids, which allows the generation of guidelines for the sustainable management of the Río Dulce National Park. It is concluded that the water of the Río Dulce is not suitable for human consumption directly, requiring a purification process.

Abstract Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.

Resumen Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010.

Resumen La calidad e inocuidad del agua de bebida de los animales de abasto es esencial para garantizar la salud y bienestar animal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la calidad e inocuidad del agua de consumo de animales de abasto para identificación de condiciones sanitarias de predios en los municipios de El Dorado y Granada (Meta, Colombia). Se seleccionaron 60 sistemas de producción animal donde se tomaron muestras de agua desde puntos de extracción y abastecimiento tanto para animales como para humanos. Se analizaron sus características fisicoquímicas (pH, Amoniaco- amonio, nitratos y nitritos) y microbiológicas (recuento de organismos mesófilos aerobios y facultativos, así como determinación de coliformes totales y fecales). El pH del agua de los sistemas de producción varió entre 6,0-7,2 en Granada y 7,2-7,6 en El Dorado. Respecto a nitratos y nitritos, todos los valores fueron considerados normales. Los valores de amoniaco-amonio variaron entre 0-1 ppm en los sistemas de producción de Granada y entre 0-0,5 en los sistemas de producción de El Dorado. En relación con la presencia de bacterias coliformes totales y fecales, se encontró en el 100% de las muestras. El 58% de los predios del municipio de El Dorado presentaron valores ≥ 48.000 ufc/100 mL de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios, mientras que en el municipio de Granada el porcentaje más alto de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios se encontró entre 100-1.000 ufc/100 mL. Todos los sistemas de producción animal presentaron en su agua de bebida contaminación por coliformes fecales, siendo un riesgo para la salud humana y animal al ser fuente de enfermedades trasmitidas por el agua.

Abstract Safe drinking water is essential for our livestock in order for them to live a prosperous life. The objective of this research was to determine the quality and safety of drinking water for animals in farms to identify the sanitary conditions of some farms in the villages of the municipalities of El Dorado and Granada (province of Meta, Colombia). A total of 60 animal production systems were selected, and water samples were taken from the extraction and supply points for both animals and humans. The samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical characteristics (pH, Ammonia-Ammonium, Nitrates, and Nitrites) and the microbiological quality (count of aerobic mesophilic organisms and determination of fecal coliforms). The pH values of the drinking water of the animal production systems ranged between 6.0 - 7.2 in Granada and 7.2 - 7.6 in El Dorado. Regarding Nitrates and Nitrites, all the farms' values were considered normal. Ammonia-Ammonium values varied between 0 - 1 ppm in the Granada production system and 0 - 0.5 in the El Dorado production system. The presence of fecal coliform bacteria was found in 100% of the samples. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the farms in El Dorado presented values ≥ 48,000 CFU/100 ml of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms. In the municipality of Granada, the highest percentage of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was between 100 - 1000 CFU/100 ml. All animal production systems had their water with poor microbiological quality as fecal coliforms contaminate it. These results expose the risk that this water represents to human and animal health as it is a source of waterborne infectious diseases.

Resumen: La vegetación riparia juega un rol importante en la reducción de la entrada de contaminantes a los cuerpos hídricos. La disponibilidad de agua en Ecuador es amplia, sin embargo, áreas rurales están sin acceso a agua de calidad y la expansión agrícola reduce la vegetación riparia. El objetivo es evaluar la calidad del recurso hídrico influenciado por la vegetación riparia en el área rural del cantón Mocache en Ecuador. Se empleó el método cuantitativo. Se analizaron 8 parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos en 12 puntos de muestreo con y sin vegetación. Se contrastaron las concentraciones con estándares nacionales (Tulsma) e internacionales, Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (OMS y EPA). Se aplicó dos índices de calidad de agua (ICA), Dinius (1978) y NSF (1972). Los resultados demostraron alta concentración de solidos suspendidos totales en áreas sin vegetación (52.00 mg L-1) y el agua no cumple con el estándar para uso agrícola de la EPA. La contaminación fecal es extremadamente alta, la máxima concentración de coliformes fecales es 1 538.00 NMP.100ml-1 en áreas con vegetación y 23 493.33 NMP.100ml-1 para coliformes totales en sitios sin flora. Los ICA mostraron diferencias en su evaluación de calidad, Dinius categoriza el agua entre regular a excelente, mientras que NSF de mala a regular. Los recursos hídricos poseen contaminación fecal y representa un riesgo para el consumo humano. Así mismo, se determinó que la vegetación riparia no influyo en la calidad del agua (P > 0.05).

Summary: Riparian vegetation plays an important role in reducing the input of pollutants into water bodies. Water availability in Ecuador is plenty, however, rural areas are without access to quality water and agricultural expansion reduces riparian vegetation. The aim is to assess the quality of the water resource influenced by riparian vegetation in the rural area of the canton Mocache in Ecuador. The quantitative method was used. Eight physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed at 12 sampling points with and without vegetation. Concentrations were compared with national (Tulsma) and international, World Health Organization, and United States Environmental Protection Agency (WHO and EPA) standards. We applied two water quality index (WQI), such as Dinius (1978) and NSF (1972). The results indicate a high concentration of total suspended solids in unvegetated areas (52.00 mg L-1) and the water does not meet the EPA standard for agricultural use. Faecal contamination is extremely high, the maximum concentration of faecal coliforms is 1 538.00 NMP.100ml-1in areas with vegetation and 23 493.33 NMP.100ml-1 for total coliforms in sites without flora. The WQIs showed differences in their quality assessment, Dinius characterized the water as regular to excellent while NSF as poor to regular. The water resources have faecal contamination and represent a risk for human consumption. Likewise, riparian vegetation does not influence water quality (P > 0.05).

Resumo: Objetivo Os eventos de inundação associados às planícies de inundação de muitos rios do mundo afetam a composição e estrutura da biota aquática, pois a variação do nível de água pode garantir a integridade ecológica das áreas úmidas associadas. O objetivo do presente é descrever a variação espacial e temporal na composição da assembleia de macrófitas aquáticas em uma área alagável em Santo Tomás durante um período de inundação no rio Magdalena (norte da Colômbia). Métodos Nós avaliamos a composição e abundância da comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em três estações de coleta no rio Magdalena mensalmente durante 8 meses entre 2017 e 2018. Nós estimamos a variação espaço-temporal da comunidade usando o método Chao e a cobertura vegetal usando os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e U Mann-Whitney. Uma curva de abundância de classificação foi usada para a dominância das espécies entre os meses de amostragem e as estações. Uma escala não métrica multidimensional (nMDS) foi utilizada para analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal e a análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) foi realizada para estudar a relação entre a composição das espécies de macrófitas e as variáveis físico-químicas da água. Resultados Nos transectos foi registrado um total de 24 espécies de plantas aquáticas distribuídas em 23 gêneros e 15 famílias. A espécie mais abundante (% de cobertura vegetal) foi Ipomoea aquatica (19%), seguida por Ludwigia helminthorrhiza (14%) e Eichhornia azurea (13%). Espécies flutuantes e emergentes foram observadas com mais frequência. As mudanças espaço-temporais e os maiores valores de riqueza e cobertura de macrófitas aquáticas nas zonas úmidas de Santo Tomás ocorreram durante a estação das chuvas. As espécies mais dominantes foram L. helminthorrhiza, E. azurea, Pistia stratiotes, Neptunia oleracea, I. aquatica, Salvinia auriculata e Hymenachne amplexicaulis. A qualidade da água apresentou variações espaciais e temporais durante o pulso de inundação, e algumas variáveis como matéria orgânica (DOQ, DBO5), pH, profundidade, amônia e coliformes fecais foram relacionados à composição da comunidade de macrófitas. Conclusões Em suma nós concluímos que o pulso de inundação do rio Magdalena influenciou a composição das plantas aquáticas nas zonas úmidas de Santo Tomás.

Abstract: Aim The associated flood events to floodplain of many rivers in the world affect the composition and structure of aquatic biota due the water levels variation can ensure ecological integrity of associated wetlands. This study describes the spatial and temporal variation in the macrophyte assemblage in the Santo Tomás wetland during seasonally flood-pulsed of the Magdalena River (North of Colombia). Methods For eight months, between 2017 and 2018 samplings were carried out in three stations for composition and abundance of aquatic macrophytes. Spatio-temporal pattern of richness was estimated with Chao methodology and vegetation cover was calculated using Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests. A range abundance curve was used for species dominance between samplings and stations. A non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was used to analyze the Spatio-temporal distribution, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (ACC) was performed to relate the physicochemical variables to the species composition. Results A total of 24 species of aquatic plants distributed in 23 genera and 15 families were registered in the transects. The most abundant species (% of vegetation cover) were Ipomoea aquatica (19%), followed by Ludwigia helminthorrhiza (14%) and Eichhornia azurea (13%). The most frequent life form was free-floating, followed by the emergent one. The Spatio-temporal changes and the highest values of richness and vegetation cover in the Santo Tomás wetlands occurred during the filling and high waters period. L. helminthorrhiza, E. azurea, Pistia stratiotes, Neptunia oleracea, I. aquatica, Salvinia auriculata, and Hymenachne amplexicaulis were the most dominant species. The quality water of Santo Tomás Wetlands showed spatial and temporal variations during flooding pulse and some physicochemical variables such as organic matter (COD, BOD5), pH, depth, ammonia, and fecal coliforms were related to macrophyte community composition Conclusions Spatial and temporal changes of aquatic plants in Santo Tomás wetlands were related to the flooding pulse of Magdalena River.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do processo de estabilização de dejetos suínos em lagoas de estabilização quanto à presença e à resistência a antibióticos de bactérias patogênicas. O estudo foi realizado em dois ensaios, em dez granjas de suínos localizadas no município de Presidente Castello Branco, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. No primeiro ensaio, investigou-se a eficiência na redução de Escherichia coli (EC), coliformes não E. coli e Salmonella sp., bem como a resistência de isolados a antimicrobianos sob condições de manejo recomendadas. A amostragem foi realizada em três níveis de profundidade e dois tempos. No segundo ensaio, avaliou-se a concentração de coliformes totais e fecais (EC) em condições de manejo a campo, no momento da distribuição do dejeto na lavoura. A profundidade de amostragem não influencia a concentração de EC e Salmonella sp., e as bactérias isoladas são multirresistentes aos antibióticos avaliados. O tempo de retenção hidráulica é determinante na redução dos níveis populacionais dos agentes indicadores. Os resultados obtidos são indicativos de que o manejo dos dejetos suínos deve ser realizado de acordo com as normas sanitárias, para minimizar o risco de propagação e a resistência antimicrobiana de microrganismos patogênicos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the stabilization process of swine manure in storage ponds regarding the presence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria. The study was carried out in two trials in ten swine farms located in the municipality of Presidente Castello Branco, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In the first trial, the efficiency in reducing Escherichia coli (EC), non-E. coli coliforms, and Salmonella sp., as well as the resistance of isolates to antimicrobials, was investigated under recommended handling conditions. Sampling was done at three depths and two times. In the second trial, the concentration of total and fecal coliforms (EC) was evaluated under field handling conditions, when the manure was distributed on the field. Sampling depth does not influence the concentration of EC and Salmonella sp., and isolated bacteria are multi resistant to the evaluated antibiotics. Hydraulic retention time is determinant in reducing the population levels of the indicator agents. The obtained results are indicative that swine manure handling must be carried out according to sanitary standards, in order to minimize the propagation risk and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.

Abstract Worldwide, there are a large number of retailers in popular markets offering fresh orange juice, which is preferred for its nutritional and health value. Incorrect management during the preparation, the presence of pests, and inadequate environmental conditions can affect the microbiological quality of the juices sold in popular markets and can even make them a reservoir for enteropathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality and presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in freshly prepared orange juice sold in popular markets, by quantifying the fungi, yeasts, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and total and fecal coliforms. The fecal colonies were subjected to tests to confirm the presence of enteropathogenic bacteria. The results showed that none of the juice sold at popular markets had fungi, while all of them had yeasts, mesophilic bacteria, and total coliforms, and only 14% did not present fecal coliforms. The identification of the fecal bacteria was positive for E. coli and Salmonella. The microbiological quality of the orange juices sold in popular markets needs to be improved, since the high microbial load makes them a health risk.

Abstract Paipa cheese is the unique Colombian ripened cheese produced from raw milk that has a protected designation of origin (PDO); nonetheless, to date, the dairy product lacks a defined sensory profile, since no study has been previously performed. The aim of this study was to approach the definition of the sensory attributes of the Paipa cheeses that are produced within the PDO region in order to establish the organoleptic aspects of the PDO regulation. A trained panel of five members used the multidimensional approach as a descriptive sensory analysis to establish the sensory profile of Paipa cheese; such analysis was complemented with the method used for PDO cheeses were three cheese producers, two government delegates, one gastronomy expert and two Paipa cheese researchers participated in the descriptive sensory analysis. A microbiological assessment (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococci, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) of cheese samples was carried out prior to sensory analysis to guarantee the safety of the samples. The descriptive sensory analysis was performed with 17 cheese samples that represented 77% of Paipa cheese produced in the PDO region. 82 sensory descriptors were identified and 47 were finally established (seven descriptors for appearance, 15 for odor, 15 for taste and 10 for texture) for describing the sensory profile of Paipa cheese. Due to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, the texture and taste profiles of Paipa cheese were based only on three samples. Sensory profiles of cheese samples were highly heterogeneous and it may be a consequence of the variations among raw milk used and/or manufacturing practices of cheese producers. Therefore, in order to find the sensory identity of Paipa cheese and guarantee quality and safety, cheese production and raw milk characteristics must be defined and regulated among milk and Paipa cheese producers. (PDO) nonetheless date regulation producers delegates mesophilic bacteria coliforms coagulasepositive coagulase positive Staphylococci spp monocytogenes 1 77 8 4 seven appearance odor andor or Therefore (PDO 7

Resumo O queijo Paipa é o único queijo curado colombiano com denominação de origem protegida (DOP) e é feito com leite cru; No entanto, até o momento, o produto não apresenta um perfil sensorial definido, já que nenhum estudo foi feito até o momento. O objetivo deste estudo foi abordar a definição dos atributos sensoriais dos queijos Paipa produzidos na região do DOP, a fim de estabelecer os aspectos organolépticos da regulação DOP. Um painel treinado de cinco membros utilizou o teste de análise sensorial descritiva por abordagem multidimensional para estabelecer o perfil sensorial do queijo Paipa; esta análise foi complementada com o método utilizado para queijos DOP, no qual participaram também três produtores de queijo, dois delegados do governo, um especialista em gastronomia e dois pesquisadores do queijo Paipa. A avaliação microbiológica (bactérias aeróbicas mesofílicas, bactérias do ácido láctico, coliformes totais e fecais, estafilococos coagulase positiva, Salmonella spp. Listeria monocytogenes) das amostras de queijo foi feita antes da análise sensorial a fim de garantir a segurança das amostras a serem testadas. A análise sensorial descritiva foi feita com 17 amostras de queijos que representaram 77% dos queijos Paipa produzidos na região DOP. 82 descritores sensoriais foram identificados e finalmente 47 foram estabelecidos (sete descritores para aparência, 15 para odor, 15 para sabor e 10 para textura) para descrever o perfil sensorial do queijo Paipa. Devido à presença de bactérias patogênicas, os perfis de textura e sabor do queijo Paipa estiveram baseados em apenas três amostras. Os perfis sensoriais das amostras de queijo foram altamente heterogêneos e isso pode ser uma consequência da grande variação nas características do leite cru e/ou nas práticas de elaboração dos produtores de queijo. Portanto, para encontrar a identidade sensorial do queijo Paipa e garantir sua qualidade e segurança sanitária, a produção de queijo e as características do leite cru devem ser definidas e regulamentadas entre os produtores de leite e queijo Paipa. DOP (DOP entanto momento definido governo mesofílicas láctico fecais positiva spp monocytogenes testadas 1 77 8 4 sete aparência odor patogênicas eou ou Portanto sanitária 7

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la calidad del agua que abastece a la población de la Vereda Rio Suarez del municipio de Puente Nacional por medio del cálculo del índice de riesgo de la calidad del agua (IRCA). Métodos. Se tomaron 10 muestras de diferentes puntos de la red de distribución del agua veredal, se realizó análisis físico-químico y microbiológico por técnica de filtración por membrana bajo parámetros del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Resultados. El análisis físico-químico mostró cuantificación de hierro elevado y nivel de turbiedad inadecuado lo que puede afectar el sabor y el aspecto del agua. El recuento de coliformes totales fue >300 UFC/100ml., con identificación de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterococcus entre otras, habitantes de suelo y aguas que pueden ser causantes de infecciones gastrointestinales e infecciones urinarias, resultados que indican que el agua no es apta para consumo humano.

Abstract Objective. To determine the quality of the water that supplies the population of the Vereda Rio Suarez of the municipality of Puente Nacional through the calculation of the risk index of water quality (IRCA). Methods. 10 samples were taken from different points of the water distribution network, physical-chemical and microbiological analysis was performed by membrane filtration technique under parameters of the National Institute of Health. Results. The physical-chemical analysis showed high iron quantification and inadequate turbidity level that can affect the taste and appearance of the water. The total coliform count> 300 CFU / 100ml., with identification of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus among others that inhabit soils and waters and can cause gastrointestinal infections and urinary infections and is not suitable for human consumption.

ABSTRACT It is common to find effects on agricultural production derived from water quality, so the evaluation of its aptitude for irrigation is decisive to ensure food safety. The present work aimed to evaluate the chemical-physical and microbiological quality of the surface water of Mampostón sub-basin, for its use in agricultural irrigation. The parameters pH, electrical conductivity (EC), majority anions and cations, heavy metals (HM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particular (POC), chemical (COD) and biological oxygen (BOD5) demand and content of total and fecal coliforms. The spatio-temporal variability of these parameters was determined by bifactorial ANOVA, establishing that the differences were in the main effects (monitoring stations and sampling time) and not in the interaction between them. The analysis of spatial variability indicated that stations G2, G3 (Ganuza river) and M5 (Mampostón river), presented organic and soluble salts contributions that establish limitations for their use. The average concentrations of dissolved Pb exceeded the permissible limits in stations G1, G2, G4 (Ganuza river), M2, M3 (Mampostón river) and P1 (Pedroso diverter dam), which disables their exploitation. The content of fecal coliforms compromises the quality of the water in station M5 (Mampostón river). The water from the rest of the sampling stations in the Pedroso diverter dam and the Mampostón dam are suitable for use in agricultural irrigation. A monitoring program and management strategy should be designed in the area.

RESUMEN Es común encontrar afectaciones en la producción agrícola derivadas de la calidad de las aguas, por lo que la evaluación de su aptitud para el riego es determinante para asegurar la inocuidad de los alimentos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad químico-física y microbiológica del agua superficial de la subcuenca Mampostón, para su uso en el riego agrícola. Se determinaron los parámetros pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), aniones y cationes mayoritarios, metales pesados (MP), carbono orgánico disuelto (COD) y particular (COP), demanda química (DQO) y biológica de oxígeno (DBO5) y contenido de coliformes totales y fecales. La variabilidad espacio-temporal de estos parámetros se determinó mediante ANOVA bifactorial, estableciéndose que las diferencias radicaron en los efectos principales (estaciones de monitoreo y época de muestreo) y no en la interacción entre los mismos. El análisis de la variabilidad espacial indicó que las estaciones G2, G3 (río Ganuza) y M5 (río Mampostón), presentaron aportes orgánicos y de sales solubles que establecen limitaciones para su uso. Las concentraciones medias de Pb disuelto superaron los límites permisibles en las estaciones G1, G2, G4 (río Ganuza), M2, M3 (río Mampostón) y P1 (derivadora Pedroso), lo que inhabilita su explotación. El contenido de coliformes fecales compromete la calidad del agua en la estación M5 (río Mampostón). El agua del resto de las estaciones de muestreo en la derivadora Pedroso y la presa Mampostón son aptas para su uso en el riego agrícola. Debe diseñarse un programa de monitoreo y una estrategia de manejo en el área.

ABSTRACT The inefficiency of conventional methods for removal surfactants and pathogens from wastewater has led to developing alternative treatments, such as the Fenton process and its variants. In this study, the conventional Fenton process and modified Fenton process with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were applied to reduce surfactants and fecal coliforms as a complementary treatment for wastewater in Quito, Ecuador. Initially, the conditions for hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentration, molar ratio Fe 2+: H 2 O 2 , and stirring were established for a conventional Fenton process; these conditions were after applied in a modified Fenton process with EDTA in which the conditions for the molar ratio Fe 2+: EDTA and pH were defined. The best experimental conditions were: H 2 O 2 concentration of 124.4 mM, a continuous stirring of 130 rpm, molar ratio EDTA:Fe2+: H 2 O 2 of 1:1:20, and pH of 6.41. With these conditions, from a sample with an initial concentration of surfactants, fecal coliforms, and COD of 6.12 mg/L, 71000 CFU/mL, and 980 mg/L, respectively, total inactivation of fecal coliforms was achieved, and it was obtained a reduction of 97% for surfactants and 93% for chemical oxygen demand after 15 min of treatment. The final concentration of these pollutants met water quality standards, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This treatment could be potentially applied to treat wastewater dealing with the same problem.

RESUMEN La ineficiencia de los métodos convencionales para remover tensoactivos y patógenos de aguas residuales ha derivado en la necesidad de desarrollar tratamientos alternativos, como el proceso Fenton y sus variantes. En este estudio se aplicó un proceso Fenton convencional y modificado con ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) como tratamiento complementario para aguas residuales rurales de Quito, Ecuador. Inicialmente, se establecieron las condiciones de concentración de peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), la relación molar Fe2+:H2O2 y requerimiento de agitación para un proceso Fenton convencional. Estas condiciones se adaptaron a un proceso Fenton modificado con EDTA- en el cual se definieron las condiciones de relación molar Fe2+:EDTA y de pH. Las mejores condiciones establecidas fueron: concentración de H2O2 de 124,4 mM, agitación continua de 130 rpm, relación molar EDTA:Fe2+:H2O2 de 1:1:20 y pH de 6,41 (pH del efluente). Bajo estas condiciones, a partir de una muestra con concentración inicial de tensoactivos, coliformes fecales y DQO de 6,12 mg/L, 71000 UFC/mL y 980 mg/L, respectivamente, se alcanzó inactivación total de coliformes fecales y una reducción de 97% para tensoactivos y 93% para la demanda química de oxígeno a los 15 min de tratamiento. La concentración final de estos contaminantes cumplió con los estándares establecidos por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA). Este tratamiento podría, potencialmente, ser aplicado para complementar el tratamiento de aguas residuales que presenten problemas similares.