Resumen: La Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional (EFTP) en Costa Rica ha recibido una gran atención social, política y económica debido a la creciente necesidad de mano de obra cualificada en diferentes sectores para diversificar la economía y reducir las desigualdades sociales. El nivel actual de desempleo, especialmente entre jóvenes, muestra la importancia de la formación profesional inicial y llama la atención no sólo en la agenda política, sino en la discusión constante sobre la importancia y el papel de docentes que forman a futuros profesionales para la EFTP costarricense. Junto a esto, se necesitan profesores y profesoras cualificadas que conozcan las características y especificidades de la EFTP y puedan responder con competencias pedagógicas y didácticas. Este manuscrito analiza el papel y la importancia de la EFTP en y para Costa Rica, así como el contexto del profesorado, tomando como ejemplo el proyecto bilateral entre Costa Rica y Alemania titulado: Educación y Formación Técnica Profesional en Costa Rica (CoRiVET). Dentro de las principales conclusiones es que la formación del profesorado para la EFTP en Costa Rica presenta debilidades en el campo de la pedagogía, la didáctica profesional y la capacitación de las personas docentes siendo de los retos más urgentes que hay que resolver para lograr el fortalecimiento del sistema, así como el desarrollo de competencias a través de programas de capacitación.

Resumo: A Educação e Formação Profissional Técnica (EFTP) na Costa Rica tem recebido muita atenção social, política e econômica devido à crescente necessidade de mão-de-obra qualificada em diferentes setores para diversificar a economia e reduzir as desigualdades sociais. O atual nível de desemprego, especialmente entre os jovens, mostra a importância da formação profissional inicial e chama a atenção não apenas para a agenda política, mas também para a constante discussão sobre a importância e o papel dos professores que formam futuros profissionais para a EFTP costarriquenha. Além disso, há uma necessidade de professores e professoras qualificadas que conheçam as características e especificidades da EFTP e possam responder com competências pedagógicas e didáticas. Este manuscrito analisa o papel e a importância da EFTP dentro e para a Costa Rica, assim como o contexto da profissão docente. Tomando como exemplo o projeto bilateral entre a Costa Rica e a Alemanha intitulado: Educação e Formação Técnica Profissional na Costa Rica (CoRiVET). Entre as principais conclusões, a formação de professores para a EFTP na Costa Rica apresenta deficiências no campo da pedagogia, didática profissional e formação de pessoas docentes como um dos desafios mais urgentes a serem resolvidos a fim de fortalecer o sistema, bem como o desenvolvimento de competências através de programas de capacitação.

Abstract: Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Costa Rica has received great social, political, and economic attention due to the growing need for skilled labor in different sectors to diversify the economy and reduce social inequalities. Furthermore, the current level of unemployment, especially among young people, shows the importance of initial vocational training and draws attention not only to the political agenda but also to the constant discussion about the importance and role of teachers who train future professionals in Costa Rican TVET. Among other things, there is a need for qualified teachers who know the characteristics and specificities of TVET and can respond with pedagogical and didactic competencies. This work examines the role and importance of TVET for Costa Rica and its teachers in this context. Furthermore, we considered the example of the bilateral project Costa Rica-Germany entitled: Technical Vocational Education and Training in Costa Rica (CoRiVET). Among the main conclusions is that the training for the faculty in TVET in Costa Rica shows weaknesses in the pedagogical domain, professional didactics, and teacher training, which are among the most urgent challenges to be resolved in order to strengthen the system, as well as the development of competencies through training programs.

Resumen México importó 18 millones de toneladas de maíz de grano amarillo, en los dos últimos años. Es el mayor importador mundial. Por su importancia en la economía y la alimentación, conviene lograr la suficiencia y soberanía alimentaria en maíz. Es urgente incrementar la producción, por lo que se requieren variedades mejoradas públicas de maíz, con buena productividad. El híbrido Atziri Puma se generó en el Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Maíz de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, con la colaboración de investigadores del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle de México. Es un híbrido trilineal, con androesterilidad tipo C y restauración de la fertilidad. Resuelve el problema en la producción de semilla híbrida de maíz, de eliminar espigas de las plantas hembra. Favorece la calidad genética de la semilla y ahorra de 24 a 50 jornales ha-1. Este híbrido es el primero con restauración de la fertilidad en 79 años de investigación pública en México. Es de ciclo intermedio, su floración masculina (espiga) aparece a los 86 días y la femenina (jilote) a los 88 días, en altitudes de 2 250 m. Llega a madurez fisiológica a los 164-167 días. Se puede cortar y posteriormente efectuar la pizca, si esta labor se hace manualmente, en cambio con maquinaria se puede trillar a los 179 días. Su rendimiento medio es de 10.5 t ha-1. Atziri Puma se recomienda para Valles Altos de México (2 200 a 2 600 msnm).

Abstract Mexico imported 18 million tons of yellow grain corn in the last two years. It is the world’s largest importer. Due to its importance in the economy and food, it is convenient to achieve food sufficiency and sovereignty in corn. It is urgent to increase production, so public improved corn varieties, with good productivity, are required. The Atziri Puma hybrid was generated in the Corn Genetic Improvement Program of the Cuautitlán Faculty of Higher Studies, with the collaboration of researchers from the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Valle de México Experimental Field. It is a trilinear hybrid, with C-type androsterility and restoration of fertility. It solves the problem of removing tassels from female plants in the production of hybrid corn seed. It favors the genetic quality of the seed and saves 24 to 50 daily wages ha-1. This hybrid is the first with fertility restoration in 79 years of public research in Mexico. It is of intermediate cycle, its male flowering (tassel) appears at 86 days and the female flowering (ear) at 88 days, at altitudes of 2 250 m. It reaches physiological maturity at 164-167 days. It can be cut and then harvested, if this work is done manually, on the other hand, with machinery it can be threshed at 179 days. Its average yield is 10.5 t ha-1. Atziri Puma is recommended for the High Valleys of Mexico (2 200 to 2 600 masl).

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is currently reverberating throughout the formal and informal sector of the South African economy - including informal street vendors. The informal sector and key activities such as informal street trading play an important role in the South African economy and the unique socio-economic context of South Africa. Despite optimistic theoretical beliefs that the informal sector will mitigate the adverse effects of external shocks (as with the COVID-19 pandemic) by absorbing the job losses that occur in the formal sector, previous studies suggest the opposite. The informal sector is often disproportionately affected by external economic and health shocks, especially in southern Africa (Bassier et al., 2020; International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2020c; Rogan & Skinner, 2018; Skinner & Rogan, 2019). Against this background, the aim of the study was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives and livelihoods of informal street traders. A qualitative research approach in the form of a descriptive case study was used to conduct an in-depth investigation of the effect of COVID-19 on the lives and livelihoods of street vendors in Cape Town's city centre. A qualitative approach provides the opportunity to conduct a more comprehensive and in-depth analysis around the research question. The specific area in which the study was conducted was chosen to be close to transport infrastructure such as railway stations and bus stops and other public transport routes, as the literature suggests that these are the areas preferably frequented by street vendors. Before the fieldwork started, a pilot study was done to identify possible challenges and shortcomings in the interview guide. The necessary adjustments were made and the fieldwork took place between 6 and 8 May 2021. In-depth interviews, by means of a semi-structured interview guide, were conducted with 19 different street vendors, after which data saturation was achieved. Thematic analysis was used to identify, analyse and describe "trends or themes" (Bryman & Bell, 2014:439). Guided by the protocol of Du Plooy-Cilliers et al. (2014:230) and Guest et al. (2012:7), the researchers revisited the data numerous times, simultaneously identifying the themes several times in order to refine the analysis. The researchers consistently adhered to the "Code of Conduct for Researchers" as stipulated by the North-West University. The empirical component of the study only began after the researchers had obtained ethical approval from the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences' Research Ethics Committee. All relevant ethical principles were adhered to during the interviews with informal street vendors and COVID-19 protocol was strictly observed. The demographic and business characteristics of the respondents serve as a precursor and background to the rest of the thematic analysis on the impact of COVID-19 on street trading as a sector of the informal economy. Interviews were conducted with 19 informal enterprises. During two of the 19 interviews, there were two respondents from the same stall participating in the interview. This means that the researchers engaged with 21 informal street traders, representing 19 informal enterprises. Most respondents were men (12 out of 21) and nine had completed matric. Although four (20%) of the respondents possessed a tertiary qualification, seven (35%) respondents had not completed their schooling. The respondents, who were mostly foreigners from Cameroon, Somalia and Malawi, were mainly between 35 and 64 years old; the youngest retailer was 23 years old and the oldest retailer 74. At the time of the interviews, clothing and/or footwear were the main products sold, followed by fruit and vegetables, jewellery, accessories and handbags. Some product offerings (such as flowers and fruit and vegetables) mainly have a local customer base, while traders selling arts, crafts or curio's and some selling jewellery or accessories and bags are largely supported by tourists. The respondents'experience as informal street traders ranged from about one year to 56 years. In general, 14 (67%) of respondents had been working as informal traders for more than five years. A thematic analysis of the data showed that all the respondents' businesses closed for between one and five months in 2020 due to the national lockdown and associated regulations. Inventory losses, lack of income, depletion of their savings, layoffs of employees and significant food shortages were on-going themes. It was also not possible for the foreign respondents to make significant remittances to family in their countries of origin. Declining tourism numbers and local customers who lost their jobs are a constant threat to the livelihoods of informal street vendors. Furthermore, most of their local clients work from home and avoid public spaces to comply with social distancing regulations. In addition, several respondents said that tourists had had a positive impact on their profit margin because tourists bought more expensive products compared to the local customers. Most respondents said that their average monthly profit since the initial Level 5 lockdown in 2020 was about half of the average monthly profit the enterprise could generate before COVID-19. In addition, there were three businesses that could show only a third of the profits they had enjoyed before COVID-19, with another two businesses even reporting less than a third of their average profit prior to COVID-19 - one vendor's profit was about 20-30% less than before COVID-19. More specifically, three of the businesses made an average monthly profit of between R6 000 and R10 000 before COVID-19 and two of the businesses made an average daily profit of between R250 and R300. In the last year since the pandemic, however, three of the businesses generated an average monthly profit of between R2 000 and R5 000 and several businesses generated an average daily profit of between R100 and R200. Street vendors use various strategies, such as good customer service, efforts to obtain the best possible location, the acquisition of fresh stock, and the use of social media and electronic payment instruments in an attempt to deal with the adverse consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite their best efforts, several respondents had no choice but to reduce their employees' working hours and/or remuneration. The challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic presents to informal street vendors in Cape Town's city centre are therefore an ongoing daily reality. Continuous state support and follow-up studies with the same group of respondents to examine the impact over the medium and longer term are necessary. An important example of this is action research with respondents on the impact of the existing assistance measures on their lives and living conditions. These research results may help to develop action plans that will enable the city, province and country to deal with future exogenous shocks in a manner that would ensure some mitigation of the adverse effects of similar shocks on the structurally vulnerable sections of the society and the economy.

Die impak van die COVID-19-pandemie op informele ekonomiese aktiwiteite soos straathandel kan selfs relatief groter en meer skrikwekkend as die gevolge vir die formele ekonomie wees. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering in die vorm van 'n beskrywende gevallestudie is gebruik om 'n diepgaande ondersoek na die effek van COVID-19 op die lewensomstandighede van straathandelaars in die middestad van Kaapstad te onderneem. Die spesifieke gebied waar die studie gedoen is, is gekies om naby vervoerinfrastruktuur soos byvoorbeeld treinstasies, bushaltes en openbare vervoerroetes te wees. Volgens vorige studies is dit die soort omgewing waar die meeste straathandelaars te vinde is. Diepgaande onderhoude, deur middel van 'n semigestruktureerde onderhoudsgids, is met 21 respondente (wat 19 verskillende straathandelaars verteenwoordig) gevoer waarna dataversadiging bereik is. 'n Tematiese ontleding van die data het getoon dat al die respondente se ondernemings in 2020 tussen een en vyf maande weens die grendelstaat en gepaardgaande regulasies gesluit was. Voorraadverliese, gebrek aan inkomste, uitwissing van hul spaargeld, afdanking van werknemers en wesentlike voedselnood was deurlopende temas. Dit was ook nie vir die buitelandse respondente moontlik om beduidende oorbetalings aan familie in hul lande van herkoms te maak nie. Dalende toerismegetalle en plaaslike kliënte wat hul werk verloor het, is 'n voortdurende bedreiging vir die lewensbestaan van die informele straathandelaars. Straathandelaars gebruik verskeie strategieë, soos goeie kliëntediens, pogings om die beste moontlike ligging te bekom, die verkryging van vars voorraad, en die gebruik van sosiale media en elektroniese betaalinstrumente, in 'n poging om die gevolge van die COVID-19-pandemie die hoof te bied. Volgehoue staatsondersteuning en opvolgstudies met dieselfde groep respondente om die impak oor die medium en langer termyn te ondersoek, is dringend noodsaaklik.

ABSTRACT Marxism among the Mexican intelligentsia has been a constant. From a review of some relations between the world of culture and this conception, an experience of normalization in the academic space is approached. It is about the full incorporation of Karl Marx's work as critique of political economy in the curriculum of the Bachelor's Degree in Economics of the Faculty of Economics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, after a process of politicization of university students. An evaluation is made of the type of Marxism that was read and assumed as critique of political economy based on its main expositors.

RESUMEN El marxismo entre la intelectualidad mexicana ha sido una constante. A partir de un repaso de algunas relaciones entre el mundo de la cultura y esta concepción se aborda una experiencia de normalización en el espacio académico. Se trata de la incorporación plena de la obra de Karl Marx como crítica de la economía política en el currículo de la Licenciatura en Economía de la Facultad de Economía en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, tras un proceso de politización de los estudiantes universitarios. Se hace una evaluación del tipo de marxismo que se leía y se asumía como crítica de la economía política a partir de sus principales expositores.

Abstract Entrepreneurship is one of the initiatives that sustains the economy of millions of families in the world and is also one of the foundations of society. Throughout history, this type of activity has gone through several stages and modifications. In economic terms, "entrepreneurship" is to initiate the search for value generation, through the creation or expansion of an economic activity through the identification and exploitation of new products, processes or markets. Entrepreneurs, by developing new businesses to meet the needs of the population, allow productivity increases and generate most of the employment. The generation of these quality enterprises depends on a whole integrated ecosystem that gathers personal aspects of individuals, market conditions, access to financial resources and information, as well as the intervention of the governments through programs and public projects that favor the formation of business environments propitious for the entrepreneurs to carry out their initiatives and obtain benefits. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to analyze the factors that motivate entrepreneurship and to determine how new technologies energize the social economy of Ecuador; Empirical work has been carried out with the students of the Faculty of Administrative Sciences of the Technical University of Manabí. In addition to the above, the aim is to analyse the entrepreneurial capacity of society, education, the opening of the market, social and cultural norms, among other aspects, are those that enable the generation of productive activities in the country, while regulations in the labour market, bureaucracy and corruption are elements that hinder the dynamism of the productive sector. Nevertheless, public policy in the last ten years has been an important element in the Ecuadorian entrepreneurial scenario and has focused on the construction of a whole scaffolding that includes regulations, institutions and programmes to promote entrepreneurship and the pursuit of productive projects.

Resumen El emprendimiento es una de las iniciativas que sostiene la economía de millones de familias en el mundo y constituye, además, uno de los fundamentos de la sociedad. A lo largo de la historia, este tipo de actividades ha pasado por varias etapas y modificaciones. En términos económicos, “emprender” es iniciar la búsqueda de generación de valor, a través de la creación o expansión de una actividad económica por medio de la identificación y explotación de nuevos productos, procesos o mercados. Los emprendedores, al desarrollar nuevos negocios para satisfacer las necesidades de la población, permiten incrementos de productividad y generan la mayor parte del empleo. La generación de estos emprendimientos de calidad depende de todo un ecosistema integrado que recoge aspectos personales de los individuos, las condiciones del mercado, el acceso a recursos financieros e información, así como la intervención de los gobiernos a través de programas y proyectos públicos que favorecen la formación de ambientes de negocios propicios para que los emprendedores lleven a cabo sus iniciativas y obtengan beneficios. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo radica en analizar los factores que motivan el emprendimiento y en determinar cómo las nuevas tecnologías dinamizan la economía social del Ecuador; para ello se ha desarrollado un trabajo empírico con los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Adicional a lo anterior, se pretende analizar la capacidad emprendedora de la sociedad, la educación, la apertura del mercado, las normas sociales y culturales, entre otros aspectos son los que posibilitan la generación de actividades productivas en el país, mientras que las regulaciones en el mercado de trabajo, la burocracia y la corrupción son elementos que entorpecen el dinamismo del sector productivo. Con todo, la política pública en los últimos diez años ha sido un elemento importante en el escenario emprendedor ecuatoriano y se ha enfocado en la construcción de todo un andamiaje que incluye normativa, instituciones y programas para promover el espíritu emprendedor y la consecución de proyectos productivos.

Abstract Fear of crime is a problem born and transmitted in society, but built environments, play a fundamental role in shaping individuals’ perspectives and behaviors towards collective spaces. This fear is exacerbated in temporalities, considering the night and night entertainment with a greater possibility of being victimized. The document analyzes the consequences that the socialization of information regarding crime and fear of crime produce in the participation of university students in the nighttime economy of Paseo del Ángel in Culiacán, Sinaloa. The manuscript is based on a representative sample of 318 surveys applied in 2020 to students of the Faculty of International Studies and Public Policy of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa, which identify how university students react to the socialization of information regarding crime, the fear of being a victim of it and how this influences their participation in the nighttime economy. The results indicate that university students embrace behaviors that allow them to enjoy nightlife safely, identifying gender as a differentiating factor in the adoption of strategies that make it possible to live the night; It highlights that it is mainly women who embrace avoidance behaviors or strategies that allow them to feel protected during their nightlife. The study is restricted to a single faculty; however, it offers an overview of the alternatives for experiencing nighttime entertainment in a considerably unsafe Mexican city.

Resumen El miedo al crimen es un problema que nace y se transmite en sociedad, pero los entornos construidos juegan un rol primordial moldeando perspectivas y conductas del individuo hacia espacios colectivos. Este temor se agudiza en temporalidades, considerándose la noche y el entretenimiento nocturno con mayor factibilidad para ser victimizado. El documento analiza las consecuencias que la socialización de información respecto al delito y el miedo al crimen, producen en la participación de los universitarios en la economía nocturna del Paseo del Ángel, en Culiacán, Sinaloa. El manuscrito se sustenta en una muestra representativa de 318 encuestas aplicadas en 2020 a estudiantes de la Facultad de Estudios Internacionales y Políticas Públicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, que identifican las formas en que los universitarios reaccionan ante la socialización de información respecto al crimen, el temor a ser víctima de él y la manera en que esto influye en su participación en la economía nocturna. Los resultados indican que los universitarios acogen comportamientos que les permitan disfrutar del ocio nocturno de manera segura, identificándose el género como factor diferenciador en la adopción de estrategias que hagan factible vivir la noche; resalta que son principalmente las mujeres quienes acogen comportamientos de evasión o estrategias que les permiten sentirse protegidas durante su esparcimiento nocturno. El estudio está restringido a una sola facultad, empero, ofrece un panorama de las alternativas para vivir el entretenimiento nocturno en una ciudad mexicana considerablemente insegura.

Modern society has plunged us into a maelstrom of telematics information with little control. Teachers from any field must be trained in order to pass on the confidence and values to withstand this media pressure to their students. To this end, one of the areas of knowledge on which greater emphasis should be placed is that related to emotional intelligence. The study reported on here focused on this type of knowledge among professional music studies teachers in conservatories, asking what the perception of this group on the aforementioned area of knowledge is and to what extent it has been received during their initial training. For this investigation we used a quantitative methodological approach, and via descriptive analysis, a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and inferential analysis, we found significant differences regarding the two scales considered: level of agreement and emotional intelligence training received. Furthermore, regarding the descriptive variables, significant differences were also found through the application of the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test.

ABSTRACT This text aims to resume the analysis of the permanence or modification of management and gender values in Cuban cooperatives by studying four cooperatives (two urban and two agricultural). It is based on research completed as master's thesis, successfully defended in the Master's Program in Management and Development of Co-operatives, of the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Havana, during its most recent editions. The research was carried out 15 years ago, and a comparative evaluation was made, taking into account the different contexts in the society where they are developed, both because of the structures in which they are inserted and because of their social and organizational conditions.

RESUMEN Este texto se propone retomar el análisis sobre la permanencia o modificación de los valores de dirección y de género en las cooperativas cubanas mediante el estudio de cuatro cooperativas (dos urbanas y dos agropecuarias). Parte de investigaciones culminadas como tesis de maestrías, defendidas exitosamente en el Programa de Maestría Gestión y Desarrollo de Cooperativas, de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales de La Universidad de La Habana, durante sus ediciones más recientes. Se toma como antecedente una investigación sobre el mismo tema realizada hace 15 años, y se arriba a una valoración comparativa, tomando en cuenta contextos diferentes en la sociedad donde se desarrollan, tanto por las estructuras donde se insertan como por sus condicionamientos de carácter social y organizativo.

Resumo A partir de 2011, uma equipe interdisciplinar da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidad Nacional del Litoral trabalhou com a Associação de Moradores Villa del Parque da cidade de Santa Fé por meio de dois Projetos de Extensão de Interesse Social (PEIS). Com o objetivo de fortalecer a capacidade de autogestão do seu Conselho de Administração, esses projetos se articulam em duas linhas de atuação: a primeira, relacionada às questões contábeis, administrativas, jurídicas e ao processo decisório; a segunda vinculada ao desenvolvimento de uma estratégia “trabalho–escola” com uma cooperativa de trabalho. Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as etapas pelas quais esses projetos passaram, focalizando as relações entre os atores sociais participantes, os entraves que surgiram e as modificações realizadas nas estratégias para o diálogo de saberes.

Resumen A partir del año 2011 un equipo interdisciplinario de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral trabajó con la Asociación Vecinal Villa del Parque de la ciudad de Santa Fe a través de dos Proyectos de Extensión de Interés Social con el objetivo de fortalecer la capacidad de autogestión de su Comisión Directiva. Estos proyectos se articularon sobre dos líneas de acción: la primera relacionada con cuestiones contables, administrativas, legales, y con el proceso de toma de decisiones; la segunda vinculada al desarrollo de una estrategia de “obra–escuela” con una cooperativa de trabajo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las etapas que atravesaron estos proyectos focalizándose en las relaciones entre los actores sociales participantes, los obstáculos que surgieron y las modificaciones realizadas en las estrategias para lograr un diálogo de saberes.

Abstract Since 2011, an interdisciplinary team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the Universidad Nacional del Litoral worked with the Villa del Parque Neighborhood Association of the city of Santa Fe through two Extension Projects of Social Interest (PEIS). With the aim of strengthening the self–management capacity of its Board of Directors, these projects were articulated on two lines of action: the first, related to accounting, administrative, legal issues and the decision–making process; the second linked to the development of a “work–school” strategy with a work cooperative. This article aims to reflect on the stages these projects went through, focusing on the relationships between the participating social actors, the obstacles that arose and the modifications made in the strategies to achieve a dialogue of knowledge.

Resumo O presente trabalho procura dar conta da rede de aprendizado situado que permitiu a execução do Projeto de Extensão "Acordos de Tecelagem", na província de Entre Ríos (Argentina), constituído por uma diversidade de atores: cooperativas de trabalho do setor têxtil; funcionários e trabalhadores estaduais provinciais; professores, alunos, formados e formados pela Faculdade de Serviço Social da Universidade Nacional de Entre Ríos. A partir de uma demanda construída em conjunto pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e pelas cooperativas participantes, para acompanhar os processos de revisão dos acordos e normas que regulam o trabalho coletivo deste último, foi construído um dispositivo caracterizado pela flexibilidade, pela novidade e pela coexistência de diferentes tipos de sabres. Nesse sentido, nos perguntamos quem aprendeu o quê e, acima de tudo, quem aprendeu de quem nessa experiência que nos convidou a experimentar as complexidades da autogestão em primeira pessoa.

Resumen El presente trabajo pretende dar cuenta del entramado de aprendizajes situados que posibilitó la ejecución del Proyecto de Extensión “Tejiendo Acuerdos”, constituido por una diversidad de actores: cooperativas de trabajo del sector textil, funcionarios y trabajadoras del Estado provincial, docentes, estudiantes, graduadas y graduados de la Facultad de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Partiendo de una demanda construida en conjunto por el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y las cooperativas participantes para acompañar procesos de revisión de los acuerdos y reglas que regulan el trabajo colectivo de las últimas, se erigió un dispositivo caracterizado por la flexibilidad, la novedad y la convivencia de distintos tipos de saberes. En ese sentido es que nos preguntamos quién aprendió qué y, sobre todo, quién aprendió de quién en esta experiencia que invitó a vivenciar las complejidades de la autogestión en primera persona.

Abstract The present work tries to give an account of the network of situated learning that made possible the execution of the Extension Project “Weaving Agreements”, in the province of Entre Ríos (Argentina), constituted by a diversity of actors: work cooperatives of the textile sector; provincial state officials and workers; teachers, students, graduates and graduates of the Faculty of Social Work of the National University of Entre Ríos. Starting from a demand built jointly by the Ministry of Social Development and the participating cooperatives, to accompany processes of review of the agreements and rules that regulate the collective work of the last, a device characterized by flexibility, novelty and the coexistence of different types of knowledge was erected. In this sense, we ask ourselves who learned what and, above all, who learned from whom in this experience that invited us to experience the complexities of self–management in the first person.

La región central de altiplano boliviano es ganadera, aunque en condiciones climáticas adversas, por la escasez de forraje principalmente en el periodo invernal, que afecta la economía del productor. El estudio se realizó en el invernadero del Centro de Investigación y Producción de Animales Menores (CIPAM), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Naturales-Universidad Técnica de Oruro, con el propósito de evaluar en cosecha la altura y rendimiento de forraje verde hidropónico versus geopónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) variedad IBTA-80, en condiciones de ambiente controlado. La temperatura ambiente fluctuó de 20 a 26 °C, la humedad relativa entre 15.9 a 24.4%. La semilla registró una viabilidad de 85.8±2.2% y se utilizó con una densidad de 10 kg/m². El diseño experimental fue Bloques al Azar con dos tratamientos (hidropónico y geopónico). La producción en hidroponía se realizó con agua sin ninguna solución nutritiva, en el caso del geopónico se puso un sustrato de un centímetro de altura. En la cosecha (10 días) se evaluaron la altura de planta forraje en hidroponía con 23.8±0.31 cm y en geopónico 20.5±0.30 cm, el rendimiento también fue mejor en hidroponía (25.1±0.25 kg/m²) en comparación al geopónico (24.3±0.35 kg/m²), además existe correlación (r = 0.6196) entre la altura y el rendimiento (p < 0.01). La técnica de producción de forraje verde hidropónico se muestra en condiciones de clima adverso una alternativa técnica y económica para la alimentación de ganado.

The central región of the Bolivian highlands is cattle-raising, in adverse climatic conditions, due to the shortage of food mainly in the winter period, which affects the economy of the producer. The study was carried out in the winter of the Center for Research and Production of Small Animáis (CIPAM) of the Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences of the UTO, with the purpose of evaluating the height and performance of the hydroponic green geoponic feeding versus barley. (Hordeum vulgare L.) of the IBTA-80 variety under controlled environmental conditions. At room temperature it fluctuated from 20 to 26 ° C, the relative humidity between 15.9 and 24.4%. This produces a viability of 85.8±2.2% and is used with a density of 10 kg / m². The experimental design was the Random Blocks with hydroponic and geoponic treatments. Hydro-ponics production is carried out with water without any nutritional solution, in the case of geoponics if a substrate one centimeter high can be used. In the harvest (10 days) the height of the plant is estimated for hydroponic crops with 23.8 ± 0.31 cm and in geoponic 20.5±0.30 cm; performance also improved in hydroponics (25.1±0.25 kg / m²) compared to geoponics (24.3±0.35 kg / m²), but there is also a correlation (r = 0.6196) between height and performance (p <0.01). The technique of producing hydroponic green fodder changes under adverse climatic conditions as a technical and economical alternative to feed livestock.

Resumen Los cambios en la dinámica que ha tomado la economía nacional y su entorno empresarial exigen una modificación en los modelos educativos y en los métodos de enseñanza desde un proceso de aprendizaje continuo basado en el estudiantado, que permita el desarrollo de competencias genéricas necesarias para el buen desempeño laboral. Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar, implementar y sistematizar experiencias de actividades de debate en programas de economía que se encuentran en renovación curricular con un modelo educativo centrado en el estudiantado. Las actividades se llevaron a cabo con estudiantes de economía de la Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. En el diseño de las actividades, se desarrollan versiones alternativas de debates, donde se consideran variaciones en función de algunas características de los grupos. Asimismo, se señala y discute un conjunto de criterios de evaluación. Del mismo modo, se desarrolla un protocolo donde se estructuran las etapas, los detalles logísticos de la actividad y el uso del equipamiento. Los resultados sugieren que la motivación estudiantil es clave para el éxito de la actividad y propone la definición de los equipos en forma intencionada. Esta experiencia prueba que es posible realizar debates en cursos numerosos, si se definen protocolos alternativos y se entregan los incentivos con base en premios y sanciones en la dirección correcta. Se concluye que, para que los resultados sean los esperados, se requiere que este tipo de actividades se desarrollen de manera sistemática durante todo el proceso de formación. Asimismo, es necesario comprometer la participación activa del personal académico y precisar explícitamente el “debate” como una actividad formal de evaluación en los programas.

Abstract The change in the dynamics of the national economy and its business environment require modifications in the educational models and methodologies compatible with an ongoing learning process based on the student towards the development of necessary generic competences for a good job performance. This study aims at designing, implementing and systematizing debate experiences in course syllabuses for economics being updated following a student-centered educational model. . The activities were carried out at the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of Bio-Bio, Chile.Alternative versions of debates based on group characteristics and a specific a set of evaluation criteria were proposed. In addition, a protocol containing the phases of the activity, logistics and equipment use was developed. The results suggest that student motivation is a key factor for a successful debate when the formation of groups is intentional. This experience proves that it is possible to carry out debates in numerous courses defining alternative protocols and giving incentives based on rewards and penalties in the correct direction. It can also be concluded that activities must be conducted systematically throughout the training process. It is also necessary to foster the active participation of academics and explicitly specify the “debate”; as a formal activity as part of the evaluation criteria in the proposed -course syllabi.

ABSTRACT This article is a summary of the Final work presented to the master's degree in management and direction of companies of economy Social of the University of Valencia, Spain. The main objective of this work is to develop a proposal for the creation of a Department of cooperative studies at the Faculty of Economics of the National University of Asunción (FCE -UNA) to promote teachers, graduates and students the knowledge of the social and solidarity economy in the academic field and job placement. The adopted methodology consisted of a research exploratory, bibliographic and documentary, passing at a descriptive level. Likewise, complemented with field research with interviews on local and regional cooperative development and training; covering two areas of work: the University internal and the linkage with the cooperative sector. The main results show that the investigated subject is d. The main results show that the investigated topic is useful to level institutional, given that the proposal include a cooperative Studies Department in the FCE - one intends to carry out the promotion and encouraging teachers, graduates and students of this institution, the knowledge of the social economy in the academic field and job placement for students, in order to contribute to growth and regional development through the implementation or improvement of elaborated projects by students and entrepreneurship of graduates of this institution, in order to optimize the productivity and competitiveness of business and solidarity, since the University has a strong social mission.

RESUMEN Este artículo corresponde al resumen del Trabajo Final presentado para la Maestría en Administración y Dirección de Empresas de Economía Social de la Universidad de Valencia, España. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es elaborar una propuesta de creación de un Departamento de Estudios Cooperativos en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (FCE-UNA) para promover en docentes, egresados y estudiantes el conocimiento de la economía social y solidaria en el ámbito académico e inserción laboral. La Metodología adoptada se basa en una investigación exploratoria, bibliográfica y documental, pasando a un nivel descriptivo. Se complementa con una investigación de campo a través de entrevistas a referentes del ámbito educativo y cooperativo locales y regionales sobre desarrollo y educación cooperativa Abarca dos ámbitos de trabajo: hacia la interna universitaria y la vinculación con el sector cooperativo. Los principales resultados evidencian que el tema investigado es de utilidad a nivel institucional, dado la propuesta de incluir un Departamento de Estudios Cooperativos en la FCE-UNA y pretende llevar a cabo la promoción y el fomento en docentes, egresados y estudiantes de esta institución, el conocimiento de la economía social tanto en lo académico como en la inserción laboral para los estudiantes, a fin de impulsar el crecimiento y el desarrollo regional mediante la realización y/o mejoramiento de proyectos elaborados por estudiantes y emprendimientos de los egresados de esta institución, a fin de optimizar la productividad y competitividad del sector empresarial y solidario, ya que la universidad tiene una fuerte misión social.

Abstract The objective of the study presented in this paper was to evaluate those factors leading a university student to leave her career, not just during the first year, but also during the following ones. By using a logit probability model, it was found that dropout’s factors change during the career. Although there is a transversal factor that explains dropout, corresponding to academic performance, during the first year others factors appear, such as hometown, age, and year of entry, whereas by the third year of study the most important factors are academic performance and funding. These results can be used to design better student retention policies.

Resumen El estudio que se presenta tiene como objetivo central evaluar aquellos factores que llevan a un estudiante universitario a desertar no sólo al primer año sino también en los subsiguientes. A través de estimaciones de modelos de probabilidad logit, se encontró que los motivos que llevan a la deserción van cambiando a medida que se avanza en la carrera. Si bien existe un factor transversal, que corresponde al rendimiento académico universitario, en el primer año de carrera destacan otros factores, tales como, la región de procedencia, edad, y año de ingreso, mientras que al tercer año de carrera destacan el rendimiento académico y el financiamiento. A partir de estos resultados se pueden diseñar mejores políticas de retención estudiantil.

RESUMEN Introducción. Parte de la economia de la cuenca del Sinifaná, en el suroeste antioqueno, se basa en la extracción del carbón térmico tipo B que se suministra a clientes locales y regionales. Los impactos ambientales asociados a la extracción y producción del carbón en bruto (ROM)1 varían a partir de los métodos de extracción que se usan en la mineria subterránea. Objetivo. Mostrar los escenarios de extracción de carbón adecuados en cuanto a aspectos ambientales y económicos para generar propuestas que conduzcan a una extracción más limpia del recurso. Materiales y métodos. Para ello, se implementa la evaluación del impacto del ciclo de vida (EICV), basado en la norma ISO 14040, y con un enfoque de la cuna a la puerta, aplicado para cada una de las técnicas extractivas identificadas en la cuenca, haciendo uso del software SimaPro 8.0.4 Faculty, método Eco-indicador 99 H V2.06/ Europe El 99 H/A. Resultados. Es sabido que el método de barreteo manual es el menos contaminante; también es el menos productivo. El martillo percutor, por su parte, reportó una mayor producción, pero solo 1,08 veces más que la realizada con dinamita y no en la proporción de 3,6 veces más, como es el caso de su impacto de ciclo de vida con respecto al barreteo con dinamita. El barreteo con dinamita se muestra como el más viable en términos de productividad contra impacto. Conclusión. Se pueden reducir hasta en un 79 % los ICV generados en la extracción artesanal del carbón.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Part of the economy of Sinifaná basin, at Antioquian southwest is based on the extraction of type B thermal coal, which is provided to local an d regional clients. Environmental impacts associated to extraction or production of coal (ROM) vary from the extraction methods used in underlining mining. Objective. To show scenarios of appropriate coal extraction in relation to economic and environmental aspects in order to generate proposals which lead to a cleaner extraction of the resource. Materials and methods. With this purpose, evaluation of the life cycle impact is implemented, based on ISO 14040 norm, and with an approach from the basin to the door applied to each one of extraction techniques identified in the basin using SimaPro 8.0.4 Faculty software, Eco-indicator 99 H V2.06/ Europe EI 99 H/A method. Results. It is known that manual BARRETO method is the least pollutant one; but it is also the least productive one. Hammer drill, on its part, reported a higher production, but only 1.08 more times than the one carried out with dynamite and not in the proportion of 3.6 more times, as it is the of its life cycle impact respect to the crowbar with dynamite. Crowbar with dynamite is shown as the most viable one in terms of productivity against impact. Conclusion. As far as 79 % can reduce ICV generated in the artisan extraction of coal.

RESUMO Introdução. Parte da economia da bacia do Sinifaná, no sudoeste antioqueno, se baseia na extração do carvão térmico tipo B que se subministra a clientes locais e regionais. Os impactos ambientais associados à extração e produção do carvão em bruto (ROM)2 variam a partir dos métodos de extração que se usam na mineração subterrânea. Objetivo. Mostrar os cenários de extração do carvão adequados em quanto a aspectos ambientais e económicos para gerar propostas que conduzem a uma extração mais limpa do recurso. Materiais e métodos. Para isto, se implementa a avaliação do impacto do ciclo de vida (EICV), baseado na norma ISO 14040, e com um enfoque do berço à porta, aplicado para cada uma das técnicas extrativas identificadas na bacia, fazendo uso do software SimaPro 8.0.4 Faculty, método Ecoindicador 99 HV2.06/ Europe El 99 H/A. Resultados. Se sabe que o método de extração do carvão da pedra manual é o menos contaminante; também é o menos produtivo. O martelo percutor, por sua parte, reportou uma maior produção, mas só 1,08 vezes mais que a realizada com dinamite e não na proporção de 3,6 vezes mais, como é o caso do seu impacto de ciclo de vida com respeito à extração do carvão da pedra com dinamite. A extração do carvão da pedra com dinamite se mostra como o mais viável em termos de produtividade contra impacto. Conclusão. Se pode reduzir até num 79 % os ICV gerados na extração artesanal do carvão.