ABSTRACT Introduced fish can threaten aquatic biodiversity. Peru is a megadiverse country; its northern coast (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and La Libertad) exhibits greater fish diversity than its central and southern regions. In this area, introduced species exist; however, no research has been found that consolidates data on them. The aim of this research was to prepare a systematic review of introduced and potentially invasive fish in the northern coast of Peru. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) from 2020, 2,665 documents were obtained from Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar. After removing duplicate documents and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, six documents were selected. Eight additional documents were obtained from other sources. A total of 12 introduced species were reported: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii), tilapia (Coptodon rendalli), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and hypostomus (Hypostomus sp.). Of these, five species were cichlids and three were poeciliids; eleven species were found in freshwater, five in mangroves, and two in the sea. Tumbes recorded the highest number of waterbodies with introduced species, Piura recorded the highest number of species (eight), while Lambayeque reported only one species in a waterbody. Seven species (common carp, gambusia, guppy, tilapias - blue, Mozambique, and Nile - and rainbow trout) have a high invasive potential, as they are among the 100 worst invasive species in Europe or worldwide. The evaluated documents have only reported the presence of introduced species without delving into their impact on ecosystems; therefore, further research in this direction would be advisable.

RESUMEN Los peces introducidos pueden amenazar a la biodiversidad acuática. Perú es un país megadiverso; su costa norte (Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque y La Libertad) presenta una mayor diversidad íctica que su centro y sur. En esta región existen especies introducidas; pero, no se ha encontrado una investigación que consolide los datos sobre las mismas. La investigación tuvo como objetivo preparar una revisión sistemática sobre peces introducidos y potencialmente invasores en la costa norte peruana. Siguiendo las pautas de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) del 2020, se obtuvieron 2665 documentos de Scopus, WoS, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Pubmed y Google Académico, Tras eliminar documentos duplicados y aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron seis documentos. Se añadieron ocho documentos obtenidos de otras fuentes. Se reportaron 12 especies introducidas: carpa (Cyprinus carpio), gambusia (Gambusia affinis), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), pez cola de espada (Xiphophorus hellerii), mojarra (Coptodon rendalli), tilapia azul (Oreochromis aureus), tilapia mosámbica (Oreochromis mossambicus), tilapia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus), wami tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) y carachama (Hypostomus sp.). De estas, cinco especies fueron cíclidos y tres poecílidos; once especies se encontraron en agua dulce, cinco en manglares y dos en el mar. Tumbes registró el mayor número de cuerpos de agua con especies introducidas, Piura registró la mayor cantidad de especies (ocho), mientras que en Lambayeque se reportó solo una especie en un cuerpo de agua. Siete especies: carpa, gambusia, guppy, tilapias (azul, mosámbica y nilótica) y trucha arcoíris tienen alto potencial invasor, pues se encuentran entre las 100 peores especies invasoras de Europa o del mundo. Los documentos evaluados solo han reportado la presencia de especies introducidas, sin profundizar en el impacto que han tenido en los ecosistemas; por lo que, sería recomendable realizar investigaciones en esa dirección.

Abstract The study/research presents the results of a thesis that is justified by the search for understanding how the subjectivation of the teacher takes place and what processes of cyberformation and modes of subjectivation emerge in contemporary university teaching even in the face of the appeals of cyberculture, contemporary culture mediated by networked technologies and their implications for everyday processes of communication, creation and dissemination of knowledge. The aim of the research is to understand what discursive practices constitute being a teacher and what cyberformation processes result from university teaching that can emancipate subjects in contemporary times. Qualitative, multi-referential and articulated with the methodology of conversation, the research has an archaeogenealogical approach and seeks to create an ontology of the present of being a teacher. The data produced and analyzed in online conversations with twenty-nine teachers working in higher education in licentiate courses on four continents, America, Africa, Europe and Asia, constituted three Categorical Units of Analysis of teachers' discursive practices: virtuality, intersubjectivity and cyberformacivity. Intertwined with the research's theoretical framework, namely Agamben, Ardoino, Arendt, Bruno, Deleuze, Freire, Foucault, Han, Hooks, Lemos, Lévy, Moraes, Morozov, Najmanovich, Nietzsche, Nóvoa, O’Neil, Santaella, Santos Silva, Silva, Vieira Neto e Zuboff, the data revealed clues, pointing to how, in university teaching, being a teacher and the processes of cyberformation can promote principles that foster emancipation and critical technological awareness in subjects.

Resumen Este estudio/investigación presenta los resultados de una tesis que se justifica en la búsqueda de comprender cómo ocurre la subjetivación del docente y qué procesos de ciberformación y modos de subjetivación emergen en la enseñanza en las universidades contemporáneas, incluso frente a los atractivos de la cibercultura, la cultura contemporánea mediada por las redes tecnológicas y sus implicaciones para los procesos cotidianos de comunicación, creación y difusión del conocimiento. El objetivo de la investigación es comprender qué prácticas discursivas constituyen el ser maestro y qué procesos de ciberformación resultan de la enseñanza universitaria que pueden emancipar a los sujetos en la época contemporánea. Cualitativa, multirreferencial y articulada con la metodología de la conversación, la investigación tiene un enfoque arqueogenealógico y busca crear una ontología del presente del ser maestro. Los datos producidos y analizados en conversaciones en línea con veintinueve docentes que trabajan en educación superior en cursos de licenciatura en cuatro continentes, América, África, Europa y Asia, constituyeron tres Unidades Categóricas de Análisis de las prácticas discursivas docentes: virtualidad, intersubjetividad y ciberformacividad. Entrelazados con el marco teórico de la investigación, a saber, Agamben, Ardoino, Arendt, Bruno, Deleuze, Freire, Foucault, Han, Hooks, Lemos, Lévy, Moraes, Morozov, Najmanovich, Nietzsche, Nóvoa, O'Neil, Santaella, Santos, Silva, Vieira Neto y Zuboff, los datos dieron lugar a pistas que señalan cómo, en la educación universitaria, los procesos de enseñanza y ciberformación pueden promover principios que promuevan la emancipación y la conciencia tecnológica crítica entre los sujetos.

O objetivo foi analisar o perfil cienciométrico das publicações sobre doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs) no Haiti de 1923 a 2022. Foi realizado um estudo cienciométrico baseado em produções científicas indexadas relacionadas às DTNs no Haiti. A sintaxe de busca na base de indexação Scopus foi baseada em termos-chave para DTNs reconhecidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2022, com foco em palavras-chave, títulos e resumos. VOSviewer 1.6.18 foi utilizado para criar redes bibliográficas de acordo com autoria, país de origem, instituição e descritores. Foram identificadas 281 publicações, 87,9% (247/281) artigos originais, com um aumento de 45,1% (127/281, média anual de 12,7 publicações) na última década (2013-2022) face à primeira metade do período analisado (1923-1975, média anual de 0,21 publicações). Os autores com maior número de publicações foram: Lammie PJ (n = 51), Eberhard ML (n = 29) e Wallace RM (n = 25). Participaram da pesquisa 83 instituições, sendo que o Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (Estados Unidos) apresentou a maior proporção de afiliações na análise de coautoria versus organizações (n = 86), com autores de 35 países. Coautoria por país mostra publicações entre instituições das Américas (n = 13), Europa (n = 9) e Ásia (n = 5). A análise de coocorrência versus palavras-chave do autor mostra maior ocorrência dos termos “dengue” e “raiva”. Há um número muito limitado de publicações sobre DTNs no Haiti ao longo de um século de publicações, apesar do aumento relativo nas últimas décadas. Essas publicações estão concentradas entre autores estrangeiros, com coautoria nacional limitada.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el perfil cienciométrico de las publicaciones sobre enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) en Haití en el período de 1923 a 2022. En Haití se realizó un estudio cienciométrico con base en las producciones científicas indexadas relacionadas con las ETD. La búsqueda en la base de indexación de Scopus se basó en términos clave para ETD reconocidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 2022, centrándose en palabras-clave, títulos y resúmenes. Se utilizó VOSviewer 1.6.18 para crear redes bibliográficas según autoría, país de origen, institución y descriptores. Se identificaron 281 publicaciones, un 87,9% (247/281) de artículos originales, con un aumento de un 45,1% (127/281, promedio anual de 12,7 publicaciones) en la última década (2013-2022) en comparación con la primera mitad del período analizado (1923-1975, promedio anual de 0,21 publicaciones). Los autores con mayor número de publicaciones fueron: Lammie PJ (n = 51), Eberhard ML (n = 29) y Wallace RM (n = 25). En la investigación participaron 83 instituciones, y los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Estados Unidos) tuvieron la mayor proporción de afiliaciones en el análisis de coautoría versus organizaciones (n = 86), con autores de 35 países. La coautoría por país consta de publicaciones entre instituciones de las Américas (n = 13), Europa (n = 9) y Asia (n = 5). El análisis de coocurrencia versus de las palabras clave del autor indica una mayor ocurrencia de los términos “dengue” y “rabia”. Hay un número muy limitado de publicaciones sobre ETD en Haití a lo largo de un siglo de publicaciones, a pesar de un aumento relativo en las últimas décadas. Estas publicaciones se concentran entre autores extranjeros, con coautoría nacional limitada.

This study aimed to analyze scientometric profile of publications on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Haiti, 1923-2022. We conducted a scientometric study based on indexed scientific productions related to NTDs in Haiti. The search syntax in the Scopus database was based on key terms for NTDs recognized by the World Health Organization in 2022, focusing on keywords, titles, and abstracts. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was used to create bibliographic networks according to authorship, country of origin, institution, and descriptors. A total of 281 publications were identified, 87.9% (247/281) original articles, with an increase of 45.1% (127/281, annual average of 12.7 publications) in the last decade (2013-2022) compared to the first half of the analyzed period (1923-1975, annual average of 0.21 publications). The authors with the highest number of publications were: Lammie PJ (n = 51), Eberhard ML (n = 29), and Wallace RM (n = 25). A total of 83 institutions participated in the research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (United States) had the highest proportion of affiliations in the coauthorship versus organizations analysis (n = 86), with authors from 35 countries. Coauthorship by country shows publications between institutions in the Americas (n = 13), Europe (n = 9), and Asia (n = 5). The analysis of cooccurrence versus author keywords shows higher occurrence of the terms “dengue” and “rabies”. There is a very limited number of publications on NTDs in Haiti throughout a century of publications, despite the relative increase in recent decades. Such publications are concentrated among foreign authors, with limited national coauthorship.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Salt production, especially using artisanal methods, does not exist in all countries, given the climatic and logistical requirements. Portugal has some tradition in this sector, but even so, most professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have no experience in the area. The aim of this review was to summarize the most relevant and recent publications, to improve their performance capacity and enhance the productivity, satisfaction and well-being of the workers involved. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Salt pans can be inland (far from the sea, using groundwater with a high salt content) or coastal. The former are scarcer in Portugal and only exist between Lisbon and Coimbra. Over time, in our country, evaporation was carried out by fire and sun. The latter is believed to have been developed by the Romans who created the first version of salt flats. At national level there is evidence of salt production since the end of the Neolithic, but here more frequently with the use of fire. Throughout Europe there has been a decline in artisanal versus industrial salt production, even in sea salt pans (especially on the northwest coast of France and, in Portugal, on the western coasts). Artisanal production in our country is more prevalent in the Figueira da Foz area. The product obtained via artisanal production has better quality, particularly in terms of flavor and nutritionally (via industrial production the taste is more metallic). Portugal is a large producer and consumer of traditional salt. The climatic characteristics suit production, due to summers with frequent high temperatures and strong, hot winds. National salt was and is consumed in other European countries; for presenting superior quality, even though it is more expensive. Production depends on the climate, namely insolation (number of hours in the sun), precipitation, temperature, cloudiness and winds (which affect evaporation). In other words, this is more intense and faster if the air temperature is higher, such as with more dry winds (which are generally more frequent in summer); low precipitation is also favorable. Salt production has been increasing, due to growing industrial needs. To be used in this last situation, it must be at 100% purity. Discussion and Conclusions No bibliography was found that referred the dimension of occupational health and safety in this professional sector. Based on the authors' theoretical and practical experience, the most relevant risk factors and risks in the sector are described: ultraviolet radiation and possible skin cancer, cataracts and other associated injuries; thermal discomfort and eventual higher accident rates associated with motor incoordination, worse cardiovascular adjustment, as well as disorientation and ability to make decisions; forced/maintained loads and/or postures and possible musculoskeletal injuries, emergence/worsening of hernia pathology and falling objects at the same level and possible bruises, skin lacerations and/or fractures. It would be interesting to learn more about the national panorama of this sector, through studies that hierarchically stratify the risk, also accurately describing occupational illnesses and associated accidents, as well as more effective measures to mitigate these issues.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A produção de sal, sobretudo com métodos artesanais, não existe em todos os países, dadas as exigências climáticas e logísticas. Portugal apresenta alguma tradição nesse setor mas, ainda assim, a maioria dos profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais não tem experiência na área. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir o que mais relevante e recente se publicou, de forma a melhorar a capacidade de atuação destes e a potenciar a produtividade, satisfação e bem-estar dos trabalhadores afetos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo As salinas podem ser interiores (afastadas do mar, usando água subterrânea com elevado conteúdo em sal) ou litorais. As primeiras são mais escassas em Portugal e apenas existem entre Lisboa e Coimbra. Ao longo do tempo, no nosso país, a evaporação era realizada pelo fogo e sol. Esta última acredita-se que foi desenvolvida pelos romanos que, de certa forma, criaram a primeira versão das salinas. A nível nacional há evidência de produção de sal desde o final do Neolítico, mas aqui mais frequente com a utilização do fogo. Por toda a Europa tem existido um declínio da produção artesanal de sal, versus industrial, mesmo em salinas marítimas (sobretudo na costa noroeste de França e, em Portugal, na costa ocidental). A produção artesanal no nosso país é mais prevalente na zona da Figueira da Foz. O produto obtido via artesanal tem mais qualidade, nomeadamente a nível de sabor e nutricionalmente (via industrial o paladar é um pouco mais metálico). Portugal é um grande produtor e consumidor de sal tradicional. As caraterísticas climáticas adequam-se à produção, devido aos verões com temperaturas elevadas frequentes e ventos fortes e quentes. O sal nacional era e é consumido noutros países europeus, por apresentar qualidade superior, mesmo tendo um preço mais elevado. A produção depende do clima, nomeadamente a insolação (número de horas ao sol), precipitação, temperatura, nebulosidade e ventos (que condicionam a evaporação). Ou seja, esta é mais intensa e rápida se a temperatura do ar for mais elevada, tal como com mais ventos secos (que geralmente são mais frequentes no Verão); a baixa precipitação também é favorável. A produção de sal tem vindo a aumentar, até pelas crescentes necessidades industriais. Para ser usado nesta última situação, deverá estar no patamar de 100% de pureza. Discussão e Conclusões Não se encontrou bibliografia que fizesse referência à dimensão da saúde e segurança ocupacionais neste setor profissional. Em função de experiência teórica e prática dos autores, descrevem-se os fatores de riscos e riscos mais relevantes do setor: radiação ultravioleta e eventual cancro de pele, cataratas e outras lesões associadas; desconforto térmico e eventual maior sinistralidade associada a descoordenação motora, pior ajuste cardiovascular, bem como desorientação e capacidade de tomar decisões; cargas e/ou posturas forçadas/mantidas e eventuais lesões músculo-esqueléticas, surgimento/agravamento de patologia herniária e queda de objetos e ao mesmo nível e eventuais equimoses, lacerações cutâneas e/ou fraturas. Seria interessante conhecer melhor o panorama nacional deste setor, através de estudos que estratificassem hierarquicamente o risco, descrevendo ainda com rigor as doenças profissionais e acidentes associados, bem como medidas mais eficazes para atenuar essas questões.

Deur die eeue heen moes instellings soos universiteite dikwels hervormings ondergaan as gevolg van beduidende veranderinge of onstabiliteit. Die einde van die 20ste eeu is gekenmerk deur 'n nuwe golf van hervorming, wat steeds voortduur. Hierdie hervormings is aangepor deur faktore soos die massifikasie van universiteite, oproepe tot dekolonialisering en tegno-logiese veranderinge in die 21ste eeu. Die vraag, Wat is 'n universiteit? of Wat behoort 'n universiteit te wees?, het as gevolg hiervan ontstaan. Verder het die hervormingstydperk aan-leiding gegee tot indringender geskiedkundige studies oor die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van universiteite. Om die totstandkoming van die eerste universiteite beter te verstaan, speel stigtings-dokumente en agtergrondinligting van die universiteit 'n belangrike rol. Wanneer die wese van die universiteit ondersoek word, is dit belangrik om die ontstaan van die Middeleeuse universiteit te bestudeer. Wat Middeleeuse universiteite uniek maak, is die ontwerp van 'n model wat wêreldwyd in gebruik geneem is. Teen dié agtergrond is die navorsingsvraag van hierdie artikel: Wat is die faktore wat tot die totstandkoming van die Middeleeuse universiteit as instelling bygedra het? Verskeie faktore, soos die gildestelsel, ekonomiese welvaart en intellektuele ontwikkeling in Europa gedurende die laat Middeleeue, erkenning van die universiteit deur owerhede en die stabilisering van die universiteit deur die formulering van reëls en statute oor hoe 'n universiteit moet funksioneer, is met behulp van navorsing geïdentifiseer. Hierdie faktore was ook aanwesig tydens die stigting van een van die eerste universiteite, en die effek daarvan op byvoorbeeld een van hierdie oudste universiteite, naamlik Bologna word ook in hierdie artikel bespreek. Faktore wat bygedra het tot die totstandkoming van die Middeleeuse universiteit is steeds van toepassing op moderne universiteite en behoort as minimum vereistes beskou te word.

Over the centuries, institutions such as universities have often undergone reforms as a result of significant societal changes or instability. It can be compared to a school system which, when it is functioning well, undergoes no substantial change, but when there is disorder, reform becomes inevitable. The university is an age-old institution that has undergone several reforms to adapt to changing times and challenges. The most prominent university reforms occurred in the late 1800s during the development of the German or Von Humboldt university model. These reforms coincided with a reassessment of the origins and essence of the university, as outlined in Rashdall's major work, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895), and Newman's The Idea of a University (1852). Towards the end of the twentieth century, a new wave of reform began, which continues to this day. These reforms were spurred on by factors such as the massification of universities, calls for decolonisation and significant technological changes of the 21st century. Questions such as What is a university? or What should a university be? arose as a result of these changes. This period of reform also gave rise to new historical studies on the origin and development of universities. A natural reaction for any institution drifting away from its core functions is to return to its origins. In this context, founding documents and background information regarding the establishment of an institution play a decisive role. In South Africa, with the significant increase in newly private established higher education institutions over the past decade, the question of the essence of the university is highly relevant. When examining the essence of a university, it is essential to consider Medieval universities. Although Medieval universities would not be considered universities in today's context, they were nevertheless indispensable for the scientific progress of that time. What made medieval universities unique was that they had designed a model that was used worldwide. Even ancient higher education institutions adopted the title of"university". Against this background, the research question of this article is: What are the factors that contributed to the establishment of the medieval university as an institution? A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine existing knowledge on the subject. This study included influential publications such as Rashdall's The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895), Haskins's The Rise of the Universities (1923), Cobban's The Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization (1975), Rüegg's A History of the University in Europe (2004) and Janin's The University in Medieval Life (2014). Relevant background information on the social, economic and cultural context of the Middle Ages as well as the role of ecclesiastical and secular authority structures and the promotion of higher education in a period ofsocial and intellectual change were studied. Primary sources, such as the statutes and founding documents of the first medieval universities, have been analysed to gain insight into their structure, functions and tasks. Several factors, such as the guild system, economic prosperity and intellectual development in Europe during the later Middle Ages, recognition of the university by authorities and the stabilisation of the university through the formulation of rules and statutes on how a university should function, leading to the foundation of the medieval university have been identified by means of this research. These factors were also present during the founding of the first universities, and their effect on, for example, the oldest university, namely Bologna, is also discussed in this article.The concept, universitas magistrorum et scholarium - a community of students and masters - arose as a result of the guild system and formed an integral part of the original universities. Although modern universities offer a wider spectrum of disciplines and perform various other functions, such as research and public service, it is still crucial that the core, namely the exchange of knowledge, is preserved despite administrative and research pressure on lecturers, as well as technological changes, although technology can also improve the relationship between lecturers and students. As already indicated, the economic boom and intellectual development in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to the establishment of the first universities. Economic prosperity of a community is extremely important as it provides financial support for the establishment and maintenance of a university, as well as for many prospective students and lecturers. Such an economic base creates a favourable climate for encouraging interest in culture and the acquisition of knowledge, emphasising the need for higher education, such as universities. Recognition of the university as an institution by the pope and emperors gave universities the opportunity to expand and develop their individuality as an institution. University regulation continues to play a crucial role in the integrity of a particular institution, emphasising the necessity of participation in quality assurance practices by regulatory bodies as these are of significantl benefit to a university. Finally, the medieval university would not have developed into today's unique, influential institution without going through the stabilisation phase, which was characterised by the formulation of rules and statutes. This phase is equally important for the modern university in continuing high quality teaching. The same applies to factors that contributed to the establishment of the medieval university which should be considered as minimum requirements. In summary, factors that influenced the development of the medieval university remain fundamental to contemporary universities, which should be preserved despite continuous changes and challenges.

Resumo Em 1922, o concurso para a construção da nova sede do jornal Chicago Tribune se tornaria o cenário do primeiro grande fracasso do Movimento Moderno na Europa. Nele, alguns dos melhores arquitetos europeus e americanos da época - incluindo a equipe vencedora de Raymond Hood e John Mead Howells e a formada por Walter Gropius e Adolf Meyer - testemunhariam um combate intelectual que, no primeiro período do pós-guerra na Europa, colocaria em confronto duas formas de ver a arquitetura, que na realidade eram duas formas de ver o mundo: Europa versus América, o plano livre versus a segregação do plano, a tabula rasa versus a nostalgia historicista, e a reivindicação de um recomeço histórico versus a necessidade de reivindicar um tempo que nunca existiu.

Abstract In 1922 the competition for the construction of the new headquarters of the Chicago Tribune newspaper was to become the scene of the first great failure of the Modern Movement in Europe. In it, some of the best European and American architects of the time - including the winning team of Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells and the one formed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer - were to bear witness to an intellectual combat that, in times of the first European postwar period, would confront two ways of looking at architecture that were in reality two ways of looking at the world: Europe versus America, the free plan versus the segregation of the plan, the tabula rasa versus historicist nostalgia, and the vindication of a historical recommencement versus the need to vindicate a time that never existed.

Resumen En el año 1922 la convocatoria del concurso para la construcción de la nueva sede del periódico Chicago Tribune iba a convertirse en el escenario del primer gran fracaso del Movimiento Moderno en Europa. En ella, algunos de los mejores arquitectos europeos y americanos del momento - entre los que se encontraban el equipo finalmente ganador compuesto por Raymond Hood y John Mead Howells y el configurado por Walter Gropius y Adolf Meyer - iban a dar testimonio de un combate intelectual que, en tiempos de la primera posguerra europea, enfrentaría dos maneras de ver la arquitectura que eran en realidad dos maneras de ver el mundo: Europa frente América, la planta libre frente a la segregación de la planta, la tabula rasa frente a la nostalgia historicista, y la reivindicación de un recomienzo histórico frente a la necesidad de reivindicar un tiempo que nunca existió.

Resumen A principios del siglo XVII, agentes holandeses llevaron a cabo actividades comerciales a lo largo de los ríos de la Amazonía portuguesa, actividades que no servían a los intereses geopolíticos de las autoridades españolas y portuguesas en la región. En la documentación portuguesa, los holandeses son descritos como “piratas”, “contrabandistas” y “herejes”. Sin embargo, muchos de los que viajaron a los confines más remotos de la selva eran comerciantes respetados en Europa que vieron una oportunidad de lucro en las regiones periféricas del Imperio hispánico. El sistema de puestos comerciales no se utilizó solo para exportar productos amazónicos a los mercados mundiales, sino que también conectó a los indígenas de Maranhão y Grão-Pará con los circuitos financieros de las ciudades holandesas. El objetivo de este texto es examinar los intercambios entre los nativos amazónicos y las redes comerciales del norte de Europa durante la unión ibérica, un periodo que a menudo se refiere en la historiografía brasileña como el “Brasil holandés”.

Abstract In the early 17th century, Dutch agents carried out commercial activities along the rivers of the Portuguese Amazon, which did not align with the geopolitical interests of the Spanish and Portuguese authorities in the region. In Portuguese documentation, the Dutch were portrayed as “pirates,” “smugglers,” and “heretics.” However, many of those who traveled to the farthest reaches of the rainforest were respected merchants in Europe who saw an opportunity for profit in the peripheral regions of the Hispanic Empire. The trading post system was not only used to bring Amazonian products to world markets but also connected the Indians of Maranhão and Grão-Pará with the financial circuits of Dutch cities. The objective of this text is to examine the exchanges between Amazon Indians and northern European commercial networks during the Iberian union, a period often referred to as “Dutch Brazil.”

Resumo No início do século XVII, agentes holandeses realizavam atividades comerciais ao longo dos rios da Amazônia portuguesa que não serviam aos interesses geopolíticos das autoridades espanholas e portuguesas na região. Na documentação portuguesa, os holandeses são apresentados como “piratas”, “contrabandistas” e “hereges”. No entanto, muitos dos que viajaram para os confins da selva eram comerciantes respeitados na Europa que viam uma oportunidade de lucro nas regiões periféricas do Império espanhol. O sistema de entrepostos comerciais não foi usado apenas para levar produtos amazônicos aos mercados mundiais; também colocou os indígenas do Maranhão e do Grão-Pará em contato com os circuitos financeiros das cidades holandesas. O objetivo do texto é examinar as trocas entre os nativos da Amazônia e as redes comerciais do norte da Europa durante a União Ibérica, período frequentemente referido na historiografia brasileira como o do “Brasil holandês”.

Resumen Este artículo analiza, a través de investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, la influencia y difusión del pensamiento humanista ibérico, representado por la escuela de Salamanca, en la formación de una cultura política republicana en la América portuguesa basada en las ideas de libertad política y derecho del pueblo a la resistencia. La circulación de ideas humanistas latentes en la Europa moderna cruza el Atlántico y se proyecta en suelo minero en el siglo XVIII, a través de la acción de sacerdotes que, al alentar y guiar a los potentados locales en sus actividades de resistencia contra los gobernadores coloniales, crearon una conducta participativa para los implicados y una conciencia política basada en el derecho del pueblo a imponer sus propias leyes. Esta idea republicana se consumó en plena guerra con la elección popular del gobernador de Minas, en 1709, cuando los vasallos rebeldes dieron origen a la república de los emboabas, configurada por el poder civil, e imponiendo sucesivas rebeliones al gobierno local de la capitanía en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII. Los resultados mostraron que los emboabas eran sujetos activos en el espacio colonial, no meros subproductos de una relación de poder colonialista.

Abstract This article analyzes, through bibliographical and documentary research, the influence and dissemination of Iberian humanist thought, represented by the School of Salamanca, in the formation of republican political culture in Portuguese America and based on the ideas of political freedom and the people’s right to resistance. The circulation of humanist ideas latent in modern Europe, crosses the Atlantic and is projected onto 18th-century Minas Gerais soil, through the actions of priests who, by encouraging and guiding local potentates in their resistance activities against colonial governors, created a participatory conduct for those involved and a political consciousness based on the idea of right of people to impose their own laws. This republican idea was consummated in the middle of the war with the popular election of the governor of Minas in 1709, when the rebellious vassals gave birth to the Republic of Emboabas, configured by the civil power, and imposing successive rebellions on the local government of the captaincy in the first half of the 18th century. The results demonstrated that the Emboabas were active subjects in the colonial space, not mere byproducts of a colonialist power relationship.

Resumo Este artigo analisa, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a influência e difusão do pensamento humanista ibérico, representado pela Escola de Salamanca, na formação de uma cultura política republicana na América portuguesa baseada nas ideias de liberdade política e de direito do povo à resistência. A circulação das ideias humanistas latentes na Europa moderna atravessa o Atlântico e projeta-se em solo mineiro no século XVIII, através da ação de padres que, ao incentivarem e orientarem os potentados locais nas suas atividades de resistência contra os governadores coloniais, criaram um comportamento participativo para os envolvidos e uma consciência política baseada no direito do povo de impor as suas próprias leis. Essa ideia republicana foi consumada em plena guerra com a eleição popular do governador de Minas, em 1709, quando os vassalos rebeldes deram origem à república dos emboabas, configurada pelo poder civil, e impondo sucessivas rebeliões ao governo local da capitania em meados do século XVIII. Os resultados demonstraram serem os emboabas sujeitos atuantes no espaço colonial, não meros subprodutos de uma relação de poder colonialista.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El mosquito Aedes vittatus es un importante vector de la fiebre amarilla en África, con competencia vectorial para el dengue, la chikungunya y el Zika. Se ha informado de su presencia en algunas áreas de África, Asia, Europa y, recientemente, América. Sin embargo, la información sobre su distribución es fragmentada, con descripciones limitadas de las características específicas de sus hábitats. Objetivo: Recopilar registros de su presencia, describir las características ecológicas de su hábitat y estimar su potencial de invasión actual y futuro a nivel mundial. Métodos: Utilizamos datos de primeros registros y registros de presencia a nivel global para describir su hábitat. Además, empleamos un modelo de nicho ecológico, específicamente el algoritmo MaxEnt, con capas de variables bioclimáticas para estimar las áreas de potencial invasión. Dado que se desconoce el área nativa de A. vittatus, calibramos áreas accesibles bajo dos hipótesis, África y Asia, basadas en la información genética disponible. Resultados: Independientemente de su área nativa, A. vittatus parece distribuirse en regiones tropicales y subtropicales en todos los continentes, con el potencial de expandirse incluso hacia climas actualmente más fríos debido al cambio climático global. Se encuentra principalmente en áreas tropicales y urbanas, posiblemente a través del transporte pasivo transcontinental y terrestre. Conclusiones: El mosquito se puede encontrar en todos los continentes, desde el nivel del mar hasta altitudes de 2 500 m.s.n.m., a temperaturas que oscilan entre 15 y 30 °C, y presenta el potencial para una mayor expansión geográfica.

Abstract Introduction: The Aedes vittatus mosquito is an important vector of yellow fever in Africa, with vectorial competence for dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Its presence has been reported in some places in Africa, Asia, Europe, and -recently- America. However, information on its distribution is fragmented, with limited descriptions of the specific characteristics of its habitats. Objective: To compile records of its occurrence, describe the ecological characteristics of its habitat and estimate its current and future global potential invasion. Methods: We employed both first-record data and global occurrence records to describe its habitat. Additionally, we used an ecological niche model, specifically the MaxEnt algorithm, with bioclimatic variable layers to estimate potential invasion areas. Since the native range of A. vittatus is unknown, we calibrated accessible areas using two hypotheses, Africa and Asia, based on available genetic information. Results: Regardless of its native area, A. vittatus appears to be distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in all continents with potential to reach even currently colder climates as global climate change. It is found mainly in tropical and urban areas, likely through transcontinental and terrestrial passive transport. Conclusions: The mosquito can be found on all continents, ranging from sea level to 2 500 m.a.s.l., at temperatures between 15 and 30 °C, and has the potential for further expansion.

Resumen Costa Rica es reconocido como el principal país exportador de piña fresca (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), 2020), lo que ha requerido un amplio conocimiento de la dinámica espacial de la producción del cultivo a escala nacional. Este estudio simuló el comportamiento espacial del cultivo de piña en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica para el año 2028. Por medio de una entrevista a los productores de la zona, se identificaron las variables impulsoras del cambio en el periodo 2015-2018: “Condiciones del clima y suelo”, “Otros procesados industriales de la piña”, “La demanda de la piña”, “Exporta hacia Europa” y “Distancia a plantas empacadoras”. Con la utilización de QGis y DINAMICA EGO se espacializaron los resultados y se simuló la cobertura de piña al 2028. La comparación con el mapa real al 2018 (MOCUPP) mostró un coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicó una similitud moderada. La simulación proyectó 6 096,52 ha de piña para Upala y 10 568,78 ha de piña para Los Chiles. Se identificaron zonas de cambio sobre áreas silvestres protegidas y sobre cobertura arbórea para el año 2028.

Resumo A Costa Rica é reconhecida como o principal país exportador de abacaxi fresco (FAO, 2020), o que requereu um amplo conhecimento da dinâmica espacial da produção da cultura em escala nacional. Este estudo simulou o comportamento espacial do cultivo de abacaxi nos cantões de Upala e Los Chiles, na Região Huetar Norte da Costa Rica, para o ano de 2028. Por meio de uma entrevista com os produtores da região, foram identificadas as variáveis impulsionadoras da mudança no período 2015-2018: “Condições climáticas e do solo”, “Outros processamentos industriais do abacaxi”, “A demanda pelo abacaxi”, “Exportação para a Europa” e “Distância para instalações de embalagem”. Com o uso do QGis e do DINAMICA EGO, os resultados foram espacializados e a cobertura de abacaxi foi simulada até 2028. A comparação com o mapa real de 2018 (MOCUPP) mostrou um coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicou uma semelhança moderada. A simulação projetou 6.096,52 ha de abacaxi para Upala e 10.568,78 ha de abacaxi para Los Chiles. Foram identificadas áreas de mudança em áreas silvestres protegidas e cobertura arbórea para o ano de 2028.

Abstract Costa Rica is recognized as the main exporter of fresh pineapple (FAO, 2020), which has required extensive knowledge of the spatial dynamics of crop production on a national scale. This study simulated the spatial behavior of pineapple cultivation in the cantons of Upala and Los Chiles in the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica for the year 2028. Through an interview with producers in the area, the driving variables of change were identified in the period 2015-2018: “Climate and soil conditions”, “Other industrial pineapple processing”, and “The demand for pineapple”, “Exports to Europe” and “Distance to packing plants”. With the use of QGis and DINAMICA EGO, the results were specialized and pineapple coverage was simulated for 2028. The comparison with the real map for 2018 (MOCUPP) showed a kappa coefficient of 0.55 and indicated a moderate similarity. The simulation projected 6,096.52 ha of pineapple for Upala and 10,568.78 ha of pineapple for Los Chiles. Zones of change over forest coverage and protected areas were identified for the year 2028.

Resumo Os europeus da Idade Média sempre valorizaram o pão dentro do seu sistema alimentar, sobretudo à medida que a carne, outro alimento altamente valorizado, se ia tornando mais escassa. Mas, por tradição mais que milenar, na Europa e no Mediterrâneo, o pão era o alimento por excelência, o único que os fiéis pediam a Deus nas suas orações por ser aquele cuja falta era sinónimo da fome. O cereal cultivava-se por toda a parte, sem que isso impedisse as épocas de escassez e de carestia, tanto no campo, como nas cidades. Se estas últimas tinham outros meios para responder a essas crises e estes fenómenos foram aí mais estudados, mal se conhece o modo como os homens dos campos reagiam a tais adversidades. A partir de um livro com a contabilidade do mosteiro de Alcobaça dos anos de 1437-1440, analisa-se a resposta do mundo rural à crise cerealífera de 1438-1440. Mais clara no que respeita ao mosteiro, já que as reacções dos camponeses são mais difíceis de sondar, por estarem filtradas pelo olhar do senhorio. Em 1439, a redução em dois terços das receitas de cereal da abadia foi compensada pelo cultivo do milho-alvo, um cereal de primavera que podia substituir o trigo e a cevada. Mas a crise teve outros efeitos, como a espiral dos preços do cereal, o aumento das taxas de extração de farinha e a diminuição da qualidade do pão de cada dia, ou o recurso a alimentos de substituição. Dos monges aos camponeses, todos sentiram as consequências desta crise, embora em escalas e em modos muito diferentes.

Abstract The Europeans of the Middle Ages have always valued bread within their food system, especially as meat, another highly valued food, became scarcer. But by tradition, more than a thousand years old, in Europe and the Mediterranean, bread was the food par excellence, the only one that the faithful asked God for in their prayers because it was the one whose lack meant hunger. Grain was grown everywhere, but this didn't stop times of scarcity and famine, both in the countryside and in the cities. While the latter had other means of responding to these crises and these phenomena have been better studied there, we barely know how rural people reacted to such adversities. The response of the rural world to the cereal crisis of 1438-1440 is analyzed through a book containing the accounts of the monastery of Alcobaça for the years 1437-1440. This is clearer for the monastery, since the peasants' reactions are more difficult to discern, as they are filtered through the eyes of the landlord. In 1439, the reduction of two-thirds in the abbey's cereal revenues was countered by the cultivation of target maize, a spring cereal that could replace wheat and barley. But the crisis had other effects, such as spiraling grain prices, rising flour extraction rates and a decline in the quality of daily bread, or the resort to substitute foods. From monks to peasants, everyone felt the consequences of this crisis, albeit on very different scales and in very dissimilar ways.

Abstract This study undertakes an interpretative exercise regarding works that reshape the European Road Movie genre (road films) with the aim of approaching a cartography of the categories: journey, landscape, and territory. Three European films from the early 21st century serve as the center of gravity for making this journey possible. Distinctive features include a new perspective on the landscape that goes beyond the idea of pre-human nature as an object of contemplation, and an interpretation of the concept of territory that confronts us with spatiality through narrative forms inevitably linked to the context of the road. Finally, the journey is not merely a baseline for the narrative; it becomes a channel for modifying the relationship between the characters and the space, ultimately transforming into a line of flight that undermines, in this case, the causality of classical cinema

Resumen Este estudio hace un ejercicio interpretativo frente a obras que remodelan el género road movie europeo (películas de carretera) con el objetivo de aproximarse a una cartografía de las categorías: viaje, paisaje y territorio. Tres filmes europeos de inicios de este siglo XXI ofician de centro de gravedad para hacer posible esta travesía. Como rasgo distintivo se ofrece una nueva mirada sobre el paisaje que no se termina en la idea de una naturaleza prehumana como objeto de contemplación, y una lectura del concepto de territorio que nos pone de cara con la espacialidad a partir de formas narrativas inevitablemente unidas al contexto de la carretera. Finalmente, el viaje no se agota en una línea de base para el relato. Se convierte en una cuenca para modificar la relación entre los personajes y el espacio hasta convertirse en una línea de fuga que sabotea, en este caso, la causalidad del cine clásico.