Abstract Seaweed plays a significant role in reducing green-house gasses (GHG) emitted by ruminant animals, in particular methane gas (CH4) generated during rumen fermentation of the feed. Euchaema cottonii is one of potential cultivated seaweed in tropical country. A preservation procedure is necessary for further application in CH4 reduction program. The study looked at how three drying methods (sun drying, oven drying, and freeze drying) affected the E.cottonii ability in reducing CH4 methane as measured by an in vitro technique. The addition of dried E. cottonii up to 4% dry matter (DM) was tested using rice straw diets mixed with concentrate in the ratio of 70%:30% in DM base. Measurements was conducted on gas production, degradability and end product of rumen fermentation during 48-hour incubation using a gas production system and ANKOM Daisy II techniques. Overall, the three dried products of E. cottonii found to considerably lower production of CH4, increased DM and OM degradability as well as total VFA production (P<0.05). The three treatments have no effect on NH3 concentration and the bacterial population, but decreased protozoa population (P<0.01). The lowering of CH4 gas production in the rumen is impacted by all three drying methods in the same way. It is concluded that dried E.cottonii addition up to 4% DM effective in depressing enteric CH4 production, without causing negative effect on DM and OM degradability as well as did not depress total VFA formation and bacterial activities. The three different drying-methods have similar effect on reducing CH4 production, with the most affective is freeze-drying method greenhouse green house GHG (GHG animals CH (CH4 feed country program sun Ecottonii E technique 4 (DM 70%30% 7030 70% 30% 70 30 70%:30 base 48hour hour 48 techniques Overall P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) NH P<0.01. P001 P<0.01 01 (P<0.01) way activities dryingmethods freezedrying (CH 70%30 703 7 3 70%:3 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 (P<0.01 70%3 70%: P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

Resumo As algas desempenham um papel significativo na redução dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) emitidos pelos ruminantes, em particular o gás metano (CH4) gerado durante a fermentação ruminal do alimento. Euchaema cottonii é uma espécie de alga potencialmente cultivada em países tropicais. Um procedimento de conservação é necessário para uma aplicação futura no programa de redução de CH4. O estudo analisou como três métodos de secagem (secagem solar, secagem em forno e secagem por congelamento) afetaram a capacidade de E.cottonii em reduzir o metano CH4, medida por uma técnica in vitro. A adição de E. cottonii seco até 4% de matéria seca (MS) foi testada usando dietas de palha de arroz misturadas com concentrado na proporção de 70%:30% na base de MS. Foram realizadas medições da produção de gás, degradabilidade e o produto final da fermentação ruminal durante 48 horas de incubação usando um sistema de produção de gás e técnicas da ANKOM Daisy II. No geral, os três produtos secos de E. cottonii foram encontrados para reduzir consideravelmente a produção de CH4, aumentar a degradabilidade de MS e MO, bem como a produção total de VFA (P<0.05). Os três tratamentos não tiveram efeito na concentração de NH3 e na população bacteriana, mas diminuíram a população de protozoários (P<0.01). A redução da projeção de gás CH4 no rúmen foi afetada por todos os três métodos de secagem da mesma forma. Conclui-se que a adição de E.cottonii até 4% de MS é eficaz na redução da produção de CH4 entérico, sem causar efeito negativo na degradabilidade de MS e MO, bem como não reduziu a formação total de VFA e atividades bacterianas. Os três diferentes métodos de secagem têm efeito semelhante na redução da produção de CH4, sendo o método de secagem por congelamento o mais eficaz. GEE (GEE ruminantes CH (CH4 alimento tropicais solar Ecottonii E vitro 4 (MS 70%30% 7030 70% 30% 70 30 70%:30 II geral MO P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) NH bacteriana P<0.01. P001 P<0.01 01 (P<0.01) forma Concluise Conclui se entérico bacterianas (CH 70%30 703 7 3 70%:3 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 (P<0.01 70%3 70%: P0 P<0. (P<0.0 P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

Abstract Seaweed is an important global commodity since it is the source of many important products such as carrageenans, agar, alginates, and bioactive compounds. Seaweed processing is an energy intensive process since it involves heating large volumes of seaweeds in alkali solutions at high temperatures for up to six hours. To increase energy efficiency, an ohmic based processing system has been developed but has not been tested thoroughly. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify optimum processing conditions for extraction of carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum using ohmic heating technology. The experiment was conducted using Central Composite Design with four variables, i.e. extraction temperature, extraction duration, KOH concentration, and solution to seaweed ratio. Following the extraction process, carrageenan was recovered through precipitation using 90% isoprophyl alcohol solution. Results of experiments indicate that extraction yields varied from 29.6-62.4% dry basis with viscosity and gel strength varied from 259-290 mPa.s and 42.54-70.41 g/cm2 respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that extraction yield can be adequately modeled using the four variables and optimum extraction yield (61.59%), gel strength (53.48 g/cm2), and viscosity (284.51 mPa.s) were achieved at 95 °C extraction temperature, 240 minutes of extraction time, 0.4M KOH concentration, and 45:1 solution to seaweed ratio.

Las especies carragenófitas están definidas como macroalgas miembro del Phylum Rodophyta, Clase Rodophyceae, Subclase Florideophycidae, Orden Gigartinales. Las especies de mayor importancia comercial a nivel internacional son de los géneros Betaphycus, Eucheuma y Kappaphycus; y a nivel nacional especies de los géneros Gigartina, Mazzaella y Sarcothalia. Debido a su importancia comercial, el género Gigartina, ha sido objeto de investigaciones como: Ecología de las poblaciones de las costas estuarinas y abiertas de la especie del noreste del Atlántico; ha sido investigado por Mathieson y Tveter (1976) con relación a las cantidades y calidad de su carragenina. Estudios de las respuestas a fotoperíodos (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) han identificado "ventanas" reproductivas, sugiriendo que las explicaciones de multiplicación vegetativa son cada vez más exclusivas, a diferencia de la producción y gametangial o tetrasporangial, en las poblaciones de las altas latitudes de una especie europea generalizada. La determinación genética de los patrones de ramificación y límites de tolerancia a la temperatura se han establecido para varias especies de (Guiry et al., 1987.; Buschmann, 2001). La viabilidad del cultivo de especies en sustratos artificiales ha sido evaluada por Mumford y Waaland (1980), y demostró tener potencial comercial. Este género tiene distribución en todo el mundo en mares templados a fríos, sin embargo, muy pocas especies ocurren en las regiones subtropicales. Los centros de diversidad de especies particularmente rica son California, Japón, Nueva Zelanda, Chile y Sudáfrica (Guiry, M.D & Guiry, G.M. 2011).

The carragenophytas species are defined as macro-algae, members of the Phylum Rodophyta, Rodophyceae Class, Florideophycidae Subclass, Gigartinales Order. The most important commercial species at the international level are the Betaphycus, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus genera and at the national level the species belonging to the Gigartina, Mazzaella and Sarcothalia genera. Because of its commercial importance, the Gigartina genus has been the object of investigations such as: Ecology of populations in estuaries and open coast in the North-East Atlantic species; it has been studied by Mathieson and Tveter (1976) in relation with its carragenine quantity and quality. Studies about the response to photoperiods (Guiry, 1984; Guiry et al., 1984) have identified reproductive "windows" suggesting that the explanations for vegetative multiplication are more exclusive each time, different from gametangial or tetra-sporangial production in populations of high latitudes from a generalized European species. Genetic determination of ramification patterns and tolerance limits to temperature has been established for several species (Guiry et al., 1987; Buschmann, 2001). Species cultivation viability in artificial substrates has been evaluated by Mumford y Waaland (1980), and it showed commercial potential. This genus has distribution worldwide in warm and cold seas. However, very few species happen in subtropical regions. The particularly rich species biodiversity centers are California, Japan, New Zealand, Chile y South Africa (Guiry, M.D & Guiry, G.M. 2011).

An updated circumscription is proposed for the genus Trematocarpus, including new data based on morphological and reproductive studies of the type species Trematocarpus dichotomus. The material studied included T. dichotomus, T. acicularis and T. concinnus from Peru, Chile, New Zealand and Australia. Bibliographic information on T. pygmaeus, T. fragilis, T. flabellatus, T. papenfussi and T. affinis is also given. The initial diagnosis permitted the inclusion solely of species having cylindrical thalli, height no greater than 5 cm, zoned tetrasporangia and protruding cystocarps, and was based on descriptions of individuals of T. dichotomus and T. virgatus. The latter species, mis-identified, proved to be Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, and thus the description of the genus was based on characteristics of two species from two different genera, later partially clarified by Schmitz (1989) who lectotypified the genus based on the characteristics of T. dichotomus from Peru. The present study completes and corrects the original diagnosis, extending maximum sizes to 30 cm, thalli cylindrical, subcylindrical or flattened in cross-section, localized origin of gametic and sporific reproductive organs on the concave or convex surface in flattened thalli, and over the entire surface of cylindrical or subcylindrical thalli, and adhesion by a disc with or without stoloniferous projections. New information is presented on the appearance and development of the carpogonial branch from a differentiated intercalar cell in the cortex, which develops a carpogonial filament of three or four cells through successive divisions. Processes of post-fertilization show procarpial fusion, fusion of gonimoblastic cells and external generation of cystocarps. It is also noted that the species are dioic. This description sets apart the genera Sarcodiotheca, Agardhiella and Eucheuma, which have morphological and reproductive characteristics similar to Trematocarpus, and correctly incorporates the eight currently recognized species of the genus.

Se propone una circunscripción actualizada del género Trematocarpus aportando nuevos antecedentes basados en estudios morfológicos y reproductivos del ejemplar tipo de Trematocarpus dichotomus, estudios efectuados en material T. dichotomus, de T. acicularis y de T. concinnus provenientes de Perú, Chile, Nueva Zelanda y Australia. Se agrega información bibliográfica de T. pygmaeus, T. fragilis, T. flabellatus, T. papenfussi y T. affinis. La diagnosis original posibilitaba la inclusión sólo de especies de talo cilíndrico, de no más de 5 cm de altura con tetrasporangios zonados y cistocarpos sobresalientes, descripción basada en ejemplares de T. dichotomus y de T. virgatus. Esta última especie resultó ser Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii con lo cual la descripción tuvo mezcla de características de especies de dos géneros diferentes, aspecto clarificado parcialmente por Schmitz (1989) quien lectotipificó el género basado en las características de T. dichotomus de Perú. El presente estudio completa y corrige la diagnosis original relacionada con talla máxima de hasta 30 cm, talos de sección cilindricos, subcilíndricos o aplastados de los representantes, nacimiento localizado de los órganos de reproducción gamética y espórica en la superficie cóncava o convexa en talos aplastados y en toda la superficie, en las especies de sección cilíndrica y subcilíndrica, sistema de adhesión mediante un disco con o sin proyecciones estoloníferas. Se aporta nueva información sobre el nacimiento y desarrollo de la rama carpogonial a partir de una célula intercalar diferenciada de la corteza, la cual desarrolla un filamento carpogonial de tres o cuatro células, mediante divisiones sucesivas y procesos de post-fertilización con fusión procarpial, fusión de células gonimoblásticas y generación externa de cistocarpos. Se indica además que las especies son dioicas. Esta descripción margina a especies de los géneros Sarcodiotheca, Agardhiella y Eucheuma que presentan características morfológicas y reproductivas próximas a Trematocarpus y a la vez incorpora correctamente a las 8 especies del género.