Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Abstract Background: Ethnobotanical work makes it possible to recognize and take advantage of plants that are potentially important to communities. In the Central region of Guerrero, Mexican plum is a highly appreciated fruit tree due to its versatility as a crop and its commercial potential; However, economic ethnobotanical studies on this species are scarce in the state. Questions: Which morphotype of Mexican plums exist in the study area and which are the most important for its inhabitants? What are the uses and agronomic management of Mexican plum? What are the cultivation and economics characteristics of Mexican plum in the region? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Spondias purpurea L. Study site and dates: 3 localities of Juan R. Escudero, Guerrero, México; 2022 and 2023. Methods: Information was collected through 40 semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the information was carried out using descriptive statistics and ethnobotanical indices. Results: Nine morphotypes of Mexican plums were registered, two of them ('Roja Dulce' and 'Roja Grande'), stood out for being the most preferred, the most cultivated and commercialized. The Mexican plum is cultivated preferentially in relation to other fruit crops due to its low water needs, the low economic investment and the short time required to produce fruits. Conclusions: The main use of the Mexican plum is as a foodstuff, there is a very marked preference for two of the nine morphotypes that are grown in the region, their commercialization allows producers to obtain important economic income.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los trabajos etnobotánicos permiten reconocer y aprovechar plantas potencialmente importantes para las comunidades. En la región Centro de Guerrero, la ciruela mexicana es un frutal apreciado debido a su versatilidad como cultivo y a su potencial comercial. Sin embargo, los estudios de etnobotánica económica sobre esta especie son escasos en la entidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles morfotipos de ciruela mexicana existen en la zona de estudio y cuáles son los más importantes para sus habitantes? ¿Cuáles son los usos y el manejo agronómico que se da a la ciruela mexicana? ¿Cuáles son las características del cultivo y económicas de la ciruela mexicana en la región? Especies de estudio: Spondias purpurea L. Sitio y años de estudio: Tres localidades del municipio de Juan R. Escudero, Guerrero, México; 2022 y 2023. Métodos: La información se recabó mediante 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de la información se realizó utilizando estadística descriptiva e índices etnobotánicos. Resultados: Se registraron nueve morfotipos de ciruela mexicana, dos de ellos (‘Roja Dulce’ y ‘Roja Grande’), destacaron por ser los de mayor preferencia, más cultivados y comercializados. La ciruela mexicana se cultiva preferentemente con relación a otros frutales debido a sus bajas necesidades hídricas, a la poca inversión económica y al corto tiempo que requiere para producir frutos. Conclusiones: El uso principal de la ciruela mexicana es el alimenticio, existe una preferencia muy marcada por dos de los nueve morfotipos que se cultivan en la región, su comercialización permite a los productores obtener importantes ingresos económicos.

Resumen: A pesar de todo el conocimiento generado en torno a las técnicas de injerto en especies vegetales, existe poca investigación que evalúe los resultados encontrados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar, mediante técnicas bibliométricas, la información publicada en artículos científicos donde se evalúo alguna técnica de injerto, para identificar metodologías de análisis, tipos de injertos, especies vegetales y la aplicación de los resultados encontrados. La palabra clave utilizada para la búsqueda de los artículos científicos fue ‘grafting’, y se consideraron publicaciones hasta diciembre de 2022. De 1994 a 2022 se identificaron 293 artículos científicos, la frecuencia de su publicación mostró una tendencia exponencial (R2 = 0,54). Se encontró que se evalúan variables asociadas al portainjerto, injerto y sobrevivencia de la nueva planta formada, que son evaluadas cada vez con mayor frecuencia con técnicas multivariadas por el interés de detectar las variables más significativas a partir de un número elevado de variables analizadas. Se documentaron 11 técnicas de injerto: púa, hendidura, empalme, inglés, yema, in vitro, microinjerto, en T, chapado, chip y entube. Las especies de mayor análisis correspondieron a frutícolas (cítricos), hortícolas (tomate), forestal (nogal), y ornato (rosa). Sin embargo, el 63,47% de los artículos científicos se limitaron a hacer análisis descriptivos sobre prendimiento, compatibilidad y sobrevivencia de los materiales vegetativos. Lo anterior, deja un área de oportunidad para desarrollar investigación sobre los procesos de mejora genética en la búsqueda de caracteres agronómicos de interés (fruto y crecimiento), o bien en la diversidad genética orientada a la productividad y/o conservación.

Abstract: Despite all the knowledge generated about grafting techniques in plant species, there is little research that evaluates the results found. The objective of this work was to analyze, through bibliometric techniques, the information published in scientific articles in which a grafting technique was evaluated, to identify analysis methodologies, types of grafts, plant species, and the application of the results found. The keyword used for the search of scientific articles was ‘grafting’, and publications up to December 2022 were considered. From 1994 to 2022, 293 scientific articles were identified, the frequency of their publication showed an exponential trend (R2 = 0,54). It was found that variables associated with rootstock, graft and survival of the newly formed plant are evaluated, with an increasing use of multivariate techniques in order to detect the most significant variables. Eleven grafting techniques were documented: bark grafting, cleft grafting, splice grafting, whip and tongue grafting, budding, in vitro grafting, micrografting, T-budding, side-veneer grafting, chip budding, and tube grafting. Fruit (citrus), horticultural (tomato), forest (walnut), and ornamental (rose) crops were the most widely analyzed. However, 63,47% of the scientific articles were limited to descriptive analyses on success rate, compatibility and survival rate of vegetative materials. This provides the opportunity to conduct research on genetic improvement processes in the search for agronomic traits of interest (fruit and growth), or on genetic diversity aimed to improve productivity and/or conservation.

Resumo Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Abstract Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Abstract: The Annonaceae family besides its commercial value ( Annona cherimola, , A. macroprophyllata, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. purpurea , A. squamosa, Annona x atemoya) also produces several active secondary metabolites. Among these metabolites, Annonaceous acetogenins which are exclusive in this family, are reported with insecticidal activity on various species of insects that are crop pests and disease vectors. This review systematizes what is reported in the scientific literature about them: aspects such as the plant species from which the acetogenins come, and the insecticidal potential using the comparative activity index; it also takes into account lethality, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes, including deterrent and anti-feeding effects. Eighty-five annonaceous acetogenins are documented on thirty species of insects, as well as toxic activities at various stages of development, broad-spectrum, and differential. The studies on Aedes aegypti (Diptera) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) and the activity of squamocin on fifteen species of insects stand out. Annonaceous acetogenins are toxic at low concentrations, considering evaluation standards and comparison with commercial insecticides, and are active at various stages of insect development. The low proportion of studied species of the Annonaceae means the opportunity to find molecules with this biological potential, and an argument for its conservation. Abstract cherimola A macroprophyllata muricata reticulata squamosa atemoya metabolites vectors them come index lethality morphological physiological changes antifeeding anti feeding effects Eightyfive Eighty five development broadspectrum, broadspectrum broad spectrum, spectrum broad-spectrum differential Diptera (Diptera Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera out concentrations insecticides conservation

Resumo: A família Annonaceae possui espécies frutícolas que, além do valor comercial ( Annona cherimola, A. macroprophyllata, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. purpurea, A. squamosa e Annona x atemoya), produzem diversos metabólitos especializados muito ativos. Dentre estes, relata-se o grupo das acetogeninas, que são moléculas específicas da família e que apresentam atividade inseticida em várias espécies de insetos, que são pragas de culturas e vetores de doenças. Esta revisão sistematiza o que é relatado na literatura científica sobre acetogeninas: tais como acedas espécies vegetais de onde provêm e seu potencial inseticida referido peloíndice comparativo de atividade; também leva em consideração a letalidade, as alteraçõesmorfológicas,fisiológicas e comportamentais, incluindo efeitos dissuasores eantialimentares. Oitenta e cinco acetogeninas anonáceas estão documentadas com atividades sobre trinta espécies de insetos, com atividades tóxicas em vários estágios de desenvolvimento, comamplo espectro de ação e de modo diferencial. Destacam-se os estudos sobre Aedes aegypti(Diptera) e Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) e a atividade da acetogenina squamocinasobre quinze espécies de insetos. Acetogeninas anonáceas são tóxicas em baixasconcentrações, considerando padrões de avaliação e comparação com inseticidas comerciais, e são ativas em vários estágios de desenvolvimento do inseto. A baixa proporção de espécies estudadasda família Annonaceae significa a oportunidade de encontrar muito mais moléculas com essepotencial biológico, e um argumento para sua conservação. Resumo cherimola macroprophyllata muricata reticulata purpurea atemoya, atemoya , atemoya) ativos estes relatase relata se insetos doenças letalidade alteraçõesmorfológicasfisiológicas alteraçõesmorfológicas fisiológicas comportamentais eantialimentares diferencial Destacamse Destacam aegyptiDiptera aegypti Diptera aegypti(Diptera Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera baixasconcentrações comerciais inseto biológico conservação

Resumen En Costa Rica, la reforestación con fines comerciales utilizando especies nativas de alto valor de mercado no se ha desarrollado con el potencial que el país cuenta, ello como consecuencia, principalmente, de la falta de material genético adecuado para cada una de las regiones productivas, entre otras. Para lograr sistemas productivos exitosos se requiere material genético identificado como superior con base en su desempeño en distintas condiciones de sitio. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el desempeño dasométrico a temprana edad de genotipos de caoba desenvolviéndose bajo las condiciones propias del sitio Guápiles, con el propósito de mejorar el paquete de producción forestal intensiva y sitio - específica para la especie. Para esto se evaluó durante nueve años un ensayo clonal ubicado en dicho lugar, con el fin de conocer el desempeño que presentan los distintos genotipos evaluados. Se registró un diámetro normal promedio de 16,3 cm*árb-1 a los 108 meses, lo que representa un IMA de 1,81 cm*árb-1*año-1. Los clones 207, 233, 194, 227, 57, 52, 21, 126, 201, 61, 56, 72, 199, 97, 191, 16, 187, 217, 276, 183, 173, 40, 3, 100, 193, 185, 177, 307, 1 y 237 fueron seleccionados para continuar el mejoramiento genético para este sitio. Su uso generaría un volumen promedio a los 9 años de 0,2206 m3*árb-1. Los restantes clones deberían descartarse con fines de reforestación comercial y conservarse para eventuales objetivos futuros.

Abstract In Costa Rica, reforestation for commercial purposes using native species of high market value has not been developed with the potential that the country has, mainly because of the lack of suitable genetic material for each of the productive regions. To achieve successful production systems, genetic material identified as superior based on its performance under different site conditions is required. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dasometric performance at early age of mahogany genotypes developing under the conditions of the Guápiles site, with the purpose of improving the package of intensive and site-specific forestry production for this species. For this, a clonal trial was evaluated for nine years, to know the performance of the different genotypes evaluated. An average normal diameter of 16.3 cm*tree-1 was recorded at the end of 108 months, which represents an AMI of 1.81 cm*tree-1*year-1. Clones 207, 233, 194, 227, 57, 52, 21, 126, 201, 61, 56, 72, 199, 97, 191, 16, 187, 217, 276, 183, 173, 40, 3, 100, 193, 185, 177, 307, 1 and 237 were selected to continue genetic improvement for this site. Its use would generate an average volume of 0.2206 m3*tree-1 at 9 years. The remaining clones should be discarded for commercial reforestation purposes and preserved for other later possible purposes.

ABSTRACT Background. In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is one of the most commercially important species. Goals. The population structure of C. virginica in the Tigre River and Laguna de San Andres in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, was determined. Methods. Oysters were collected from three banks from January to December 2022 using the quadrat-based method. The size structure (length, width, and weight), instar distribution, weight-length relationship, abundance, and biomass of C. virginica were determined. Results. In total, 2,277 organisms were collected. The representative size, in the three banks, occurred in a range of 43-65 mm in length. Significant differences were recorded in the width, length, and weight of the oysters collected, with Bank 1 and 2 organisms having the greatest length and weight. The three banks presented negative allometric growth when establishing a b value <3. No significant statistical difference was recorded in the number of recruits between the banks. A statistically significant difference was observed between banks in the average number of juveniles-preadults, adults, and adults with more than one reproductive. The abundance on the banks is below the established minimum number (> 200 oysters/m2). There is inadequate management of the resource on the three banks, where most oysters captured are below the size allowed for extraction. Conclusions. The structure shows that most of the C. virginica population is below the size allowed for its extraction, which is why the development of studies focused on the sustainable management of this species is suggested.

RESUMEN Antecedentes. En Tamaulipas, México, el ostión Crassostrea virginica es una de las especies de mayor importancia comercial. Objetivos. Se determinó la estructura poblacional de C. virginica en el Río Tigre y en la Laguna de San Andrés del Estado de Tamaulipas, México. Métodos. Se recolectaron ostiones en tres bancos de enero a diciembre del 2022, mediante el método basado en cuadrantes. Se determinó la estructura de tallas (largo, ancho y peso), distribución de estadios, relación peso-longitud, la abundancia y biomasa de C. virginica. Resultados. En total se recolectaron 2,277 organismos. La talla representativa, en los tres bancos en conjunto se presentó en un intervalo de 43-65 mm de largo. Se registraron diferencias significativas en el ancho, largo y peso de los ostiones recolectados, siendo los organismos del Banco 1 y 2 de mayor longitud y peso. Los tres bancos presentaron un crecimiento alométrico negativo al establecerse un valor b <3. En el número de reclutas entre los bancos no se registró diferencia estadística significativa. Se observó una diferencia estadística significativa entre los bancos en el número promedio de juveniles-preadultos, adultos y adultos con más de una reproducción. La abundancia en los bancos está por debajo del número mínimo establecido (> 200 ostras/m2). Se presenta inadecuado manejo del recurso en los tres bancos, donde la mayor parte capturada de ostiones se encuentra por debajo de la talla permitida para su extracción. Conclusión. La estructura de tallas muestra que la mayor parte de la población capturada de C. virginica se encuentra por debajo de la talla permitida para su extracción, por lo que se sugiere el desarrollo de estudios enfocados al manejo sustentable de esta especie.

Summary: In recent decades, food growing demand associated with population growth has led to the transformation of forested areas or natural ecosystems into land for agricultural production. The use of soil quality indices allows a better understanding of soil degradation or improvement level under different agricultural systems, which favors decision-making and the selection of sustainable management practices. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate soil quality indices (ICS) in different agricultural systems, as a decision-making strategy for soil conservation and rehabilitation in the Colombian Caribbean region. Four land use systems were selected in the departments of Córdoba, Bolívar, Sucre, Cesar, and Magdalena: commercial forestry (Forestry), traditional livestock pasture (Pr), Agroforestry with Cocoa (SAF) and silvopastoral (SSP) systems. In each land use, the systems were evaluated with soil physical, chemical, and biological variables to calculate ICS. The implementation of SSP increased organic matter accumulation and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the range from 25 to 29% more than forest monoculture and Pr systems. Soil biological diversity was higher within systems associated with tree species. CIC was the most relevant soil indicator in the soil index construction with a contribution from 34.7 to 41.2% of the ICS total value. The minimum set of selected data was made up of CEC, mechanical resistance to compaction, sand percentage (A), order Isoptera, pH and phosphorus content. The land use system with the highest ICS was SAF (0.77), followed by SSP (0.66). The inclusion of tree species within production systems improves soil quality, increasing soil carbon sequestration by more than 19% within SSP.

Resumen: En las últimas décadas, la creciente demanda de alimentos, asociada al aumento demográfico conllevó a la transformación de áreas boscosas o ecosistemas naturales en tierras de producción agropecuaria. El uso de índices de calidad de suelo permite mejor comprensión del nivel de degradación o mejoría que puede tener el suelo bajo diferentes sistemas agropecuarios, lo que favorece la toma de decisiones y la selección de prácticas de gestión sostenibles. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el índice de calidad de suelo (ICS) en diferentes sistemas agropecuarios, como estrategia en la toma de decisiones para la conservación y rehabilitación de los suelos en el caribe colombiano. En los departamentos de Atlántico, Córdoba, Bolívar, Sucre, Cesar y Magdalena, se seleccionaron cuatro sistemas de uso de la tierra: sistema forestal comercial (Forestal), sistemas de praderas de ganadería tradicional (Pr), sistemas Agroforestales con cacao (SAF) y sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP); en cada uno se evaluaron variables físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo con el fin de calcular los ICS. La implementación de SSP favoreció la acumulación de materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), entre 25 y 29% más que los sistemas monocultivo forestal y Pr. La diversidad biológica del suelo fue mayor dentro de los sistemas asociados con especies arbóreas. La CIC fue el indicador de suelo de mayor relevancia en la construcción del índice, con un aporte de entre 34.7 al 41.2% del valor total del ICS. El conjunto mínimo de datos seleccionados estuvo conformado por CIC, resistencia mecánica a la compactación, porcentaje de arena (A), orden isóptera, pH y contenido de fósforo. El sistema de uso de suelo con mayor ICS fue SAF (0.77), seguido de SSP (0.66). La inclusión de especies arbóreas dentro de los sistemas de producción mejora la calidad del suelo, aumentando la captura de carbono en el suelo en más de 19% dentro de SSP.

Abstract Introduction: The economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by forests is a necessary effort for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Objective: Estimating the economic direct use value expressed by non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of the Alto Paraná Atlantic forests, Paraguay. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in a 1-ha permanent monitoring plot and the direct market price method was used. Non-timber species were identified and classified according to their uses, they were prioritized according to commercial importance and national market reference prices were applied. Results and discussion: A total of 36 species with potential non-timber uses (medicinal, ornamental, food and handicraft) were identified, among which the following were prioritized: Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm., Miltonia sp., Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl., Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum (Schott. ex Endl.) Sakur., Calazans & Mayo, Billbergia nutans H. Wendl. ex Regel, Acianthera sp. and Chusquea ramosissima Lindm. The medicinal category was the strongest category (71 %). The economic value of the prioritized NTFPs with ornamental uses and market prices per unit was 2 270 USD∙ha-1. Conclusions: The economic value of NTFPs from the Alto Paraná Atlantic forests represents a reference value indicating the important role of non-timber products in the sustainable management of tropical forests.

Resumen Introducción: La valoración económica de los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan los bosques es un esfuerzo necesario para el manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas forestales. Objetivo: Estimar el valor económico de uso directo expresado a través de los productos forestales no maderables (PFNM) del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná, Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: El estudio se llevó a cabo en una parcela permanente de monitoreo de 1 ha y se utilizó el método directo de precios de mercado. Las especies no maderables se identificaron y se clasificaron de acuerdo con sus usos, se priorizaron según su importancia comercial y se aplicaron precios referenciales del mercado nacional. Resultados y discusión: Se identificaron 36 especies con posibles usos no maderables (medicinal, ornamental, alimenticio y artesanal), entre las cuales se priorizaron: Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm., Miltonia sp., Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl., Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum (Schott. ex Endl.) Sakur., Calazans & Mayo, Billbergia nutans H. Wendl. ex Regel, Acianthera sp. y Chusquea ramosissima Lindm. La categoría medicinal fue la mejor representada (71 %). El valor económico de los PFNM priorizados con usos ornamentales y precios de mercado por unidad fue 2 270 USD∙ha-1. Conclusiones: El valor económico de los PFNM del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná constituye un monto de referencia que representa el rol importante de los productos no maderables en el manejo sustentable de los bosques tropicales.

Resumen Introducción. Las actividades pesqueras generan un volumen de desechos relacionados con el procesamiento de especies (vísceras, cabezas y espinas), los descartes de la fauna acompañante, especies de bajo valor comercial y pérdidas relacionadas con problemas de manejo. La producción de harina de pescado es el proceso más común para recuperar los nutrientes de los subproductos del procesamiento del pescado. Sin embargo, aquellos lugares con infraestructura reducida o donde el volumen de residuos producidos no justifique la ecuación económica para la conversión en harina o aceite de pescado, el ensilaje biológico podría ser la tecnología de elección para promover una gestión sostenible de los residuos. Objetivo. Recopilar, organizar y resumir la literatura relacionada con la fermentación biológica de residuos de pescado y sus aplicaciones. Desarrollo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica (enero 1994 – diciembre 2020) referida al aprovechamiento integral de los residuos de la pesca, principalmente focalizada a la utilización de las bacterias ácidos lácticas en la biofermentación de los mismos. La información se organizó en diferentes secciones: ensilado de pescado, bacterias acido lácticas, fuentes de hidratos de carbono referidas a la elaboración de ensilados biológicos de pescado. Conclusiones. Los estudios analizados destacan la posibilidad de utilizar una amplia variedad de fuentes de hidratos de carbono, iniciadores biológicos y condiciones de fermentación de desechos de pescado. Los resultados satisfactorios muestran el potencial uso de los desechos de pescado en diferentes aplicaciones. Este trabajo podría aportar a las pesquerías que quieran adoptar esta tecnología para el tratamiento adecuado de los residuos con la finalidad de contribuir a la bioeconomía de reciclaje.

Abstract Introduction. Different fishing activities generate a waste volume related to the processing species (viscera, heads and bones), the discards of the companion fauna, species of low commercial value and the losses related to handling problems. Fish meal production is the most common process for recovery nutrients from these fish processing byproducts. However, those places with reduced infrastructure or where the volume of wastes produced do not justified the economic equation for conversion into fish meal or oil, the biological silage could be the technology of choice to promote a sustainable waste management. Objective. To compilate, organize and summarize literature related to biological fermentation of fish waste and its applications. Development. A bibliographic review was carried out (January 1994 - December 2020) referring to the comprehensive use of fishing residues mainly focused on the use of lactic acid bacteria in fish waste fermentation. The information was organized in different sections: fish silage, lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate sources for biological silage. Conclusions. The studies analyzed in this review highlight the possibility of using a wide variety of carbohydrate sources, biological starters and fish waste fermentation conditions. The satisfactory results show the potential use of fish waste in different applications. This work could contribute to the fisheries that decide to adopt this kind technology in order to provide an innovative and viable recycling bioeconomy.

ABSTRACT The piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii is a freshwater catfish that is the most abundant fishery resource in the Amazon estuary. Piramutaba trawling is done on industrial fishing scale and is characterized by the presence of many freshwater and marine bycatch species, with and without commercial value. Here we describe the bycatch of the industrial fishery of piramutaba in the Amazon estuary and evaluate the relationship of two important environmental factors, depth and salinity, with the accidental capture of freshwater and marine fishes in the Amazon estuary in the rainy and dry seasons. We identified 21 cartilaginous fish species (19.1% freshwater and 80.9% marine) and 125 bony fish species (25.6% freshwater and 74.4% marine). The bycatch included 64 species without commercial value (43% of all bycatch species), which are always discarded. Freshwater and estuarine fishes exhibited significantly higher abundances in shallower environments, while marine fishes were similarly abundant along the entire depth gradient. On the contrary, the abundance of freshwater fishes significantly decreased, and that of estuarine and marine fishes significantly increased with increasing salinity. Regarding the conservation status of the bycatch species, one is classified as vulnerable (VU), and seven as critically endangered (CR). The information on the bycatch of piramutaba fishery in the Amazon estuary is important to subsidize regional fisheries policies and the management of protected areas. factors salinity seasons 2 19.1% 191 19 1 (19.1 809 80 9 80.9 12 25.6% 256 25 6 (25.6 744 74 4 74.4 marine. . 43% 43 (43 , species) discarded environments gradient contrary decreased VU, VU (VU) CR. CR (CR) areas 19.1 (19. 8 80. 25.6 (25. 7 74. (4 (VU (CR 19. (19 25. (25 ( (1 (2

RESUMO A piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii é um bagre de água doce que representa o recurso pesqueiro mais abundante no estuário amazônico. O arrasto da piramutaba é feito em escala industrial, caracterizado pela presença de muitas espécies de água doce e marinha capturadas de forma incidental, com e sem valor comercial. Aqui descrevemos a captura incidental da pesca industrial de piramutaba no estuário amazônico e avaliamos a relação de dois fatores ambientais, profundidade e salinidade, com a captura incidental de espécies de água doce e marinhas nas estações chuvosa e seca. Identificamos 21 espécies de peixes cartilaginosos (19,1% de água doce e 80,9% marinhos) e 125 espécies de peixes ósseos (25,6% de água doce e 74,4% marinhos). A captura incidental incluiu 64 espécies sem valor comercial (43% de todas as espécies capturadas) que sempre são descartadas. Os peixes de água doce e estuarinos exibiram abundâncias significativamente maiores em ambientes mais rasos, enquanto os peixes marinhos foram igualmente abundantes ao longo de todo o gradiente de profundidade. Inversamente, a abundância de peixes de água doce diminuiu significativamente, e a de peixes estuarinos e marinhos aumentou significativamente em salinidades maiores. Em relação ao estado de conservação das espécies capturadas, uma é reconhecida como vulnerável (VU) e sete como criticamente ameaçadas (CR). As informações sobre a captura incidental da pesca da piramutaba no estuário amazônico são fundaentais para subsidiar políticas pesqueiras regionais e gestão de áreas protegidas. ambientais salinidade seca 2 19,1% 191 19 1 (19,1 809 80 9 80,9 12 25,6% 256 25 6 (25,6 744 74 4 74,4 marinhos. . 43% 43 (43 descartadas rasos Inversamente VU (VU CR. CR (CR) protegidas 19,1 (19, 8 80, 25,6 (25, 7 74, (4 (CR 19, (19 25, (25 ( (1 (2

SUMMARY Populus and Salix species (Salicaceae) are widely distributed, either naturally or on plantations, in different regions of the world. Salicaceae species usually establish beneficial mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, which can be used as biotechnological tools. In this work, a review of all studies published between 2010 and 2020 that addressed the occurrence of mycorrhizae in Populus and Salix was carried out using the Mendeley platform, in order to highlight its importance in the last decade and on a global scale. A total of 100 publications were reviewed, 77 on Populus, 17 on Salix, and six dealing with species of both genera. The finding that a higher number of studies were focused on Populus could be related with a higher interest in these species, since they have higher commercial value as compared to Salix species. The most studied hybrid species were Populus tremuloides, P. deltoides, Salix dasyclados and S. caprea. Ninety-seven percent of studies were carried out in the northern hemisphere, possibly because it corresponds to the natural distribution area of these species. The number of studies concerning the independent analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizae (42) and ectomycorrhizae (45) was similar, and only a few addressed both mycorrhizal types simultaneously. Based on our results, two main research gaps were identified: 1) the study of mycorrhizae in Salicaceae species in the southern hemisphere, and 2) the simultaneous study of arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae in Salicaceae worldwide.

RESUMEN Las especies pertenecientes a los géneros Populus y Salix (Salicaceae) se encuentran distribuidas, naturalmente o como plantaciones, en amplias regiones del mundo. Las especies pertenecientes a la familia Salicaceae pueden establecer asociaciones mutualistas beneficiosas con hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares y ectomicorrizas, que pueden emplearse como importantes herramientas biotecnológicas. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión de los estudios disponibles en la plataforma Mendeley, entre 2010 y 2020, que abordaron el estudio de micorrizas en la familia Salicaceae a fin de relevar su importancia en la última década y a escala geográfica global. Esta búsqueda resultó en 100 publicaciones, 77 sobre Populus, 17 sobre Salix y solo seis sobre ambos géneros. El mayor número de trabajos correspondientes a Populus podría deberse al mayor interés y valor comercial de estas especies respecto de las de Salix. Las especie-híbrido más estudiadas fueron P. tremuloides, P. deltoides, S. dasyclados y S. caprea. El 97 % de los trabajos correspondieron al hemisferio norte, posiblemente debido a la distribución natural de esta familia y a una historia reciente de la silvicultura de salicáceas en el hemisferio sur. El número de trabajos dedicados al estudio independiente de micorrizas arbusculares (42) y ectomicorrizas (45) fue similar, y muy pocos (13) abordaron el estudio de ambos tipos micorrícicos conjuntamente. Se identificaron dos áreas principales de vacancia en investigación: 1) el estudio de micorrizas en especies de Salicaceae en el hemisferio sur, y 2) el estudio conjunto de micorrizas arbusculares y ectomicorrizas en Salicaceae a nivel mundial.

Abstract The study's aim was to evaluate the microbiological, nutritional, textural quality and palatability of pet biscuits made with the inclusion of three flours. The treatments were chicken viscera flour (CVF), commercial Nile tilapia flour (FF) and mixed fish flours of several species (FVF). For the FVF, only the carcasses (backbones) of Nile tilapia, salmon, tuna and sardines were used, and they were washed, whereas FVF as well as the others were cooked for 60 minutes, then pressed, ground and dehydrated for 24 hours at 60° C. After this period, they were crushed and ground for inclusion in the biscuits. The CVF, FF and FVF flours showed 43.82%, 50.48% and 56.70% of crude protein, respectively. CVF had the highest lipid content (10.01%) and FVF had the highest ash content (23.94%) and FVF had the highest caloric value (338.63 kcal 100 g-1). The inclusion of flours in biscuits did not influence the protein and carbohydrate contents, whose average values were 18.48% and 50.23%. However, they influenced the moisture content, lipids, ash and caloric value. Biscuits with the inclusion of viscera (CVF) had the highest lipid content (5.91%) and those with fish had the highest ash content (5.66% and 5.81%) for FF and FVF. Biscuits with FVF had a lower caloric value (318.47 kcal 100 g-1). The microbiological analysis indicated that the biscuits were considered of good quality to feed dogs. Regarding texture and palatability, there was no significant difference between treatments. The inclusion of fish flour, both FF and FVF, is a viable alternative. studys study s nutritional , (FF . (FVF) backbones (backbones salmon used washed 6 minutes pressed 2 C period 4382 43 82 43.82% 5048 50 48 50.48 5670 56 70 56.70 respectively 10.01% 1001 10 01 (10.01% 23.94% 2394 23 94 (23.94% 338.63 33863 338 63 (338.6 g1. g1 g 1 g-1) contents 1848 18 18.48 5023 50.23% However lipids (CVF 5.91% 591 5 91 (5.91% 5.66% 566 66 (5.66 5.81% 581 81 318.47 31847 318 47 (318.4 dogs alternative (FVF 438 4 8 43.82 504 50.4 567 7 56.7 10.01 0 (10.01 23.94 239 9 (23.94 338.6 3386 33 (338. g-1 184 18.4 502 50.23 5.91 59 (5.91 5.66 (5.6 5.81 58 318.4 3184 31 (318. 43.8 50. 56. 10.0 (10.0 23.9 (23.9 338. 3 (338 g- 18. 50.2 5.9 (5.9 5.6 (5. 5.8 318. (318 43. 10. (10. 23. (23. (33 5. (5 (31 (10 (23 (3 ( (1 (2

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e nutricional, a textura e a palatabilidade de biscoitos pet elaborados com a inclusão de três farinhas. Os tratamentos foram farinha de vísceras de frango (FVC), farinha de tilápia comercial (FF) e mix de farinhas de peixes de várias espécies (FVF). Para FVF, foram utilizadas apenas as carcaças (espinhaço) de tilápia, salmão, atum e sardinha, as quais foram lavadas. Em todos os tratamentos, as farinhas foram cozidas por 60 minutos, depois prensadas, moídas e desidratadas por 24 horas a 60 °C. Decorrido esse período, as farinhas foram trituradas e moídas para inclusão nos biscoitos. As farinhas FVC, FF e FVF apresentaram 43,82%, 50,48% e 56,70% de proteína bruta, respectivamente. A FVC apresentou maior teor lipídico (10,01%) e a FVF, maior teor de cinzas (23,94%) e o maior valor calórico (338,63 kcal 100 g-1). A inclusão das farinhas nos biscoitos não influenciou nos teores de proteína e carboidratos, cujos valores médios foram de 18,48% e 50,23%, respectivamente. Entretanto, influenciaram no teor de umidade, lipídios, cinzas e valor calórico. Os biscoitos com inclusão de vísceras (CVF) apresentaram os maiores teores de lipídeos (5,91%) e aqueles com inclusão pescado maiores teores de cinzas (5,66% e 5,81%) para FF e FVF. Os biscoitos com FVF apresentaram menor valor calórico (318,47 kcal 100 g-1). A análise microbiológica indicou que os biscoitos apresentaram qualidades apropriadas para serem fornecidos a cães. Em relação a textura e aceitabilidade, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de farinhas de peixe, tanto FF quanto FVF, é uma alternativa viável. Objetivouse Objetivou se nutricional , (FVC) (FF . (FVF) espinhaço (espinhaço salmão sardinha lavadas 6 minutos prensadas 2 C °C período 4382 43 82 43,82% 5048 50 48 50,48 5670 56 70 56,70 bruta respectivamente 10,01% 1001 10 01 (10,01% 23,94% 2394 23 94 (23,94% 338,63 33863 338 63 (338,6 g1. g1 g 1 g-1) carboidratos 1848 18 18,48 5023 50,23% Entretanto umidade lipídios CVF (CVF 5,91% 591 5 91 (5,91% 5,66% 566 66 (5,66 5,81% 581 81 318,47 31847 318 47 (318,4 cães aceitabilidade peixe viável (FVC (FVF 438 4 8 43,82 504 50,4 567 7 56,7 10,01 0 (10,01 23,94 239 9 (23,94 338,6 3386 33 (338, g-1 184 18,4 502 50,23 5,91 59 (5,91 5,66 (5,6 5,81 58 318,4 3184 31 (318, 43,8 50, 56, 10,0 (10,0 23,9 (23,9 338, 3 (338 g- 18, 50,2 5,9 (5,9 5,6 (5, 5,8 318, (318 43, 10, (10, 23, (23, (33 5, (5 (31 (10 (23 (3 ( (1 (2

Resumen La teca es una de las especies comerciales plantadas en el trópico con mayor valor en el mundo. La cooperativa internacional de mejoramiento genético GENFORES, establecida en Costa Rica, ha liderado el mejoramiento genético de la especie en América Latina. El estudio se realizó con el objetivo de seleccionar los clones con mayor adaptabilidad específica al Pacífico seco de Costa Rica y de otras regiones tropicales secas. La investigación se desarrolló en Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico norte de Costa Rica), donde se evaluaron 31 genotipos durante 13 años continuos (2006-2019), con base en el crecimiento en diámetro, volumen comercial y la calidad del fuste. Mediante el software Selegen-REML/BLUP se obtuvieron los parámetros genéticos, el ranking de selección y la ganancia genética estimada. A los 8,9 años fue la edad más temprana donde se registraron los valores más altos de heredabilidad individual y de heredabilidad media clonal para el diámetro (h2g = 0,12 y h2mc = 0,82) y para el volumen comercial (h2g = 0,075 y h2mc= 0,74). Plantaciones comerciales establecidas con los mejores 10 clones, a los 12,9 años de edad podrían alcanzar un volumen comercial de 0,88 m3árbol-1, que corresponde a una ganancia genética de un 11% con respecto a la mejor semilla comercial disponible del huerto semillero. El diámetro alcanzaría 28 cm a esta misma edad. Tales resultados permitirán reducir cerca de 2 años la edad de cosecha de plantaciones de teca en el Pacífico seco del país.

Resumo A teca é uma das espécies comerciais mais valiosas plantadas nos trópicos do mundo. A cooperativa internacional de melhoramento genético GENFORES, estabelecida na Costa Rica, liderou o melhoramento genético da espécie na América Latina. O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de selecionar os clones com maior adaptabilidade específica no Pacífico Seco da Costa Rica e outras regiões tropicais secas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Nicoya, Guanacaste (Pacífico Norte da Costa Rica), onde 31 genótipos foram avaliados ao longo de 13 anos contínuos (2006-2019), com base no crescimento do diâmetro, volume comercial e qualidade do eixo. Por meio do software Selegen-REML/BLUP, foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos, o ranking de seleção e o ganho genético estimado. Aos 8,9 anos foi a idade mais antiga onde os maiores valores de hereditariedade individual e herdabilidade clonal média foram registrados para o diâmetro (h2g = 0,12 e h2mc = 0,82) e para o volume comercial (h2g = 0,075 e h2mc = 0,74). Plantações comerciais estabelecidas com os 10 melhores clones, com 12,9 anos de idade, poderiam atingir um volume comercial de 0,88m3 árvore-1,, o que corresponde a um ganho genético de 11% em relação à melhor semente comercial disponível do pomar de sementes. O diâmetro chegaria a 28 cm nesta mesma idade. Tais resultados permitirão a redução de cerca de dois anos a idade de colheita das plantações de teca no Pacífico Seco do país.

Abstract Teak has the highest value of any commercially planted tree species in the tropics. The tree improvement international cooperative GENFORES, established in Costa Rica, has led breeding programs with this tree species in Latin America. This investigation was undertaken with the objective of selecting the clones which are best adapted to the dry Pacific zone of Costa Rica, as well as for other dry regions in the tropics. Research was carried out in Nicoya, in the province of Guanacaste (in the northern Pacific region of Costa Rica), where 31 genotypes were evaluated for 13 continuous years, in terms of diameter growth, commercial volume, and stem quality. Genetic parameters were obtained using Selegen-REML/BLUP software, as were selection rankings and estimated genetic gain. The highest values for individual heritability and mean clonal heritability for diameter (h2g = 0.12 and h2mc = 0.82), and for commercial volume (h2g = 0.075 and h2mc = 0.74) were obtained for trees that were 8.9 years old. Commercial plantations established with the best 10 clones, with an age of 12.9 years, may attain a commercial volume of 0.88 m3 per tree, corresponding to a genetic gain of 11% with respect to the best available seed source from a seed orchard, while diameter would reach 28 cm at the same age. These results allow a reduction of approximately two years of the age at which teak can be harvested in the dry Pacific zone of the country.

Resumen La planta del agave tiene un significativo valor económico y cultural, pues no solo se considera un producto agrícola y forestal, sino que además se emplea en la elaboración de una cantidad importante de productos. En México, uno de los derivados más representativos del agave son las bebidas destiladas de mezcal y tequila, cuya venta se ha incrementado fuera del país. En respuesta a esta demanda, Guerrero ha reportado un crecimiento anual de la producción de mezcal del 1,5 %, con un aumento en la superficie de más de 1.000 hectáreas entre 2015 y 2020. Este auge comercial ha generado una expansión e intensificación de la siembra y producción de la Agave spp. (Asparagaceae), así como el uso de técnicas agrícolas de producción inadecuadas y cambios en la tecnología tradicional. Es por ello que el objetivo de este trabajo fue localizar espacialmente el agave mezcal, en particular las especies Agave cupreata Trel. & Berger y Agave angustifolia Haw., con tecnologías geomáticas para identificar los ambientes diversificados del agave (silvestre o cultivado) que fortalezcan los procesos agroproductivos y potencien los subproductos del cultivo. El estudio encontró que la superficie potencial del cultivo de agave es superior a lo reportado por fuentes oficiales en más de 25.000 hectáreas y que los cálculos realizados con tecnologías geomáticas tienen una precisión del 91 % para identificar áreas adecuadas para el aprovechamiento y la conservación de estas dos especies de importancia económica.

Abstract The agave plant has significant economic and cultural value, it is considered an agricultural and forestry product, and is also used in the production of a significant number of products. In Mexico, one of the most representative derivatives of agave are distilled beverages of mezcal and tequila, whose sales have increased outside the country. In response to this demand, Guerrero has reported an annual growth in production of 1.5 %, with an increase in area of more than 1,000 hectares between 2015 and 2020. This commercial boom has generated an expansion and intensification of planting and production of Agave spp. (Asparagaceae), as well as the use of inadequate agricultural production techniques and changes in traditional technology. That is why the objective of this work was to spatially locate the mezcal agave, in particular the species Agave cupreata Trel. & Berger and Agave angustifolia Haw., with geomatic technologies to identify the diversified environments of the agave (wild or cultivated) that strengthen the agro-productive processes and enhance the by-products of the crop. The study found that the potential area for agave cultivation is more than 25,000 hectares higher than that reported by official sources and that the calculations made with geomatic technologies have an accuracy of 91 % to identify suitable areas for the use and conservation of these two species of economic importance.