RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Abstract Introduction: Urban development and expansion have led to the loss and transformation of Andean ecosystems. However, remnant forests that maintain biodiversity still exist around Colombia’s major cities, but these forests are threatened by the road infrastructure. Road ecology in the Neotropics has been focused specifically in documenting the effects of roadkill from a taxonomic point of view, mainly in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate ecologically and spatially, the collision of fauna on roads located in areas of urban expansion in the Northern Colombian Andes. Methods: We assessed vertebrate mortality rate and identified the critical areas of roadkill by taxonomic and functional groups. This was achieved through spatial ecology analysis, specifically Kernel density analysis and hotspot spatial statistical analysis. Additionally, we identified landscape features associated with road mortality and assessed the role of roads as resistance and permeability factors. Results: A total of 279 roadkilled animals belonging to 64 species were found, accounting for 28 % of the 273 vertebrate species recorded in the reserve near the studied roads. The average mortality rate for vertebrates was estimated from 42 to 170 individuals annually. Differential patterns were detected in roadkill density across taxonomic and functional groups, where nocturnal species and the trophic guilds are the most vulnerable. Likewise, it was found that the sections of the roads close to the forest have a greater roadkill species richness with greater ecological requirements. These sections constitute an important resistance to species movement in the area. Conclusions: Road mortality in the study area exhibits heterogeneous spatial patterns not only at a taxonomic but also at a functional level, suggesting the deterioration of protected ecosystems in adjacent peri-urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo y expansión urbana han generado la pérdida y transformación de los ecosistemas andinos. Sin embargo, alrededor de las grandes ciudades colombianas aún se encuentran relictos boscosos que mantienen gran riqueza de biodiversidad, la cual es amenazada por la infraestructura vial. El énfasis de los trabajos de Ecología de Carreteras en el Neotrópico ha estado centrado en el efecto del atropellamiento de fauna desde el punto de vista taxonómico. Objetivo: Evaluar, ecológica y espacialmente, el atropellamiento de la fauna en carreteras ubicadas en zonas de interés para la expansión urbana del norte de los Andes colombianos. Métodos: Se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados, las zonas críticas de atropellamientos por grupo taxonómico y grupos funcionales. Esto se realizó por medio de análisis de ecología espacial, específicamente análisis de densidad de Kernel y análisis de estadística espacial de puntos calientes. Adicionalmente, se identificó las características del paisaje asociadas al atropellamiento y se evaluó el papel de las vías como factor de resistencia y permeabilidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 279 animales atropellados de 64 especies que representan el 28 % de las 273 especies vertebradas presentes en las áreas protegidas en inmediaciones de las carreteras estudiadas. Se estimó una tasa promedio entre 42 y 170 individuos atropellados por año. Se detectaron patrones diferenciales en la densidad de atropellamiento por grupos taxonómicos y funcionales, donde las especies nocturnas y el tipo de gremio trófico son los más vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los tramos de las vías en cercanía a coberturas boscosas presentan mayor riqueza de especies atropelladas y con mayores requerimientos ecológicos. Estos tramos representan una resistencia importante al movimiento de las especies de la zona. Conclusiones: El atropellamiento presenta patrones espaciales heterogéneos, no solo a nivel taxonómico, sino también a nivel funcional, lo cual representa un deterioro para los ecosistemas protegidos en zonas periurbanas.

ABSTRACT: Little is known about how bushmeat markets operate in the Peruvian Amazon and the influence they have on levels of extraction for food and commercial purposes. The research analyzes how the price of wildmeat is related to the intensity of hunting in native communities near the city of Pucallpa. The study confirms that the extraction, trade and use of bushmeat in these native communities are related to the trade of the resource in the city. The amount of meat shared, meat sold, and the average price influence the total amount of meat hunted. If prices vary, the quantities of meat hunted for sale also vary. It is recommended to promote local self-regulation, through which the communities organize themselves to guarantee the permanence of healthy populations of wildlife and benefit without harming the ecosystem. It is suggested to promote the legal sale of bushmeat in formal markets of Pucallpa for managed species so that it can be subject to greater control, allowing prices to achieve a sustainable level of equilibrium in the extraction and sale of bushmeat.

RESUMEN: Poco se sabe cómo operan los mercados de carne de monte en la Amazonía peruana y la influencia que tienen sobre los niveles de extracción con fines alimenticios y comerciales. La investigación analiza cómo el precio de la carne de monte se relaciona con la intensidad de caza en comunidades nativas cercanas a la ciudad de Pucallpa. El estudio confirma que la extracción, comercio y uso de carne de monte en estas comunidades están relacionados con la comercialización del recurso en la ciudad. La cantidad de carne compartida, carne vendida y el precio promedio influyen sobre la cantidad total de carne cazada. Si los precios varían, las cantidades de carne cazada para la venta varían también. Se recomienda promover la autorregulación local, mediante la cual las propias comunidades se organizan asegurando la permanencia de poblaciones saludables de fauna silvestre y beneficiarse sin perjudicar el ecosistema. Se sugiere promover la venta legal de carne de monte de especies manejadas en los mercados formales de Pucallpa para que el comercio pueda estar sujeto a mayor control y permitir que los precios logren un nivel de equilibrio sostenible en la extracción y venta de carne de monte.

Resumo A triquinelose é uma doença zoonótica que tem sido estudada principalmente em porcos domésticos (Sus scrofa domesticus). O ciclo envolve infecção em fauna doméstica e silvestre, que cumprem papéis ecológicos complexos, onde Trichinella spiralis é reportada em javali (Sus scrofa). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da triquinelose em javalis e avaliar a distância entre animais positivos em relação às áreas urbanas na Patagônia Argentina. Necropsias foram realizadas em javalis caçados nos Parques Nacionais Nahuel Huapi e Lanín e nas áreas circunvizinhas. Amostras de músculo esquelético foram coletadas de 1.694 javalis e a digestão artificial foi realizada em todas as amostras. Trichinella spp. foram encontrados em 96 (5,8%) javalis (0,2 a 424 Larvae/g). O parasitismo em javalis depende da distribuição da população em áreas naturais e urbanas. Javalis infectados foram encontrados perto de áreas periurbanas, demonstrando a importância da vigilância epidemiológica de rotina e de medidas sanitárias nas cidades e arredores. Mais pesquisas também são necessárias para identificar as espécies de Trichinella que infectam animais silvestres. Recomenda-se a aplicação de vigilância epidemiológica ativa e passiva, na América do Sul, sobre a fauna exótica e nativa que é caçada e consumida pelo ser humano. Sus domesticus. domesticus . domesticus) silvestre complexos scrofa. scrofa) Argentina circunvizinhas 1694 1 694 1.69 amostras spp 9 5,8% 58 5 8 (5,8% 0,2 02 0 2 (0, 42 Larvae/g. Larvaeg Larvae/g Larvae g Larvae/g) periurbanas arredores silvestres Recomendase Recomenda se passiva Sul humano 169 69 1.6 5,8 (5,8 0, (0 4 16 6 1. 5, (5, ( (5

Abstract Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that has been studied mainly in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The cycle involves infection in domestic and wild fauna, which fulfill complex ecological roles, where Trichinella spiralis is reported in wild boar (Sus scrofa). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boar and evaluate the distance of positive animals to the nearest urbanization areas in Argentina Patagonia. Necropsies were carried out on wild boar hunted in the Nahuel Huapi and Lanín National Parks and surrounding areas. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from 1,694 wild boar and artificial digestion was performed on all samples. Trichinella spp. were found in 96 (5.8%) wild boar (0.2 to 424 Larvae/g). Parasitism in wild boar depends on the distribution of the population in natural and urban areas. Infected wild boar were found near peri-urban areas, demonstrating the importance of routine epidemiological surveillance and sanitary measures in and around cities. More research is needed to identify the Trichinella species that infect wild animals. We recommend the application of active and passive epidemiological surveillance in South America on exotic and native fauna that are hunted and consumed by humans. Sus domesticus. domesticus . domesticus) roles scrofa. scrofa) Patagonia 1694 1 694 1,69 spp 9 5.8% 58 5 8 (5.8% 0.2 02 0 2 (0. 42 Larvae/g. Larvaeg Larvae/g Larvae g Larvae/g) periurban peri cities humans 169 69 1,6 5.8 (5.8 0. (0 4 16 6 1, 5. (5. ( (5

Abstract: Hunting is part of the biocultural heritage of the Maya people of the Yucatán Peninsula because it has been part of their strategy of multiple use of resources and their cosmovision since pre-Hispanic times. The study of knowledge and practices on the uses of natural resources can help to improve the resilience of biological and human communities to disturbances. The aim of this study was to characterize the biocultural knowledge associated with traditional hunting in the Mayan community of Xul, Yucatán. From September to December 2020, 42 mixed questionnaires and seven semi-structured interviews were applied to local hunters. It was found that 23 species of vertebrates (35 mammals, 6 birds, and 1 reptile) are hunted in Xul and are used mainly for food. The species with higher cultural importance (IIC) were the red brocket deer (Mazama temama), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata). The dry season is their favorite season for hunting (71.4 %) and hunters prefer the milpa (92.9 %) and forest (83.3 %) as hunting sites. The most practiced techniques are the “batida” (flushing by hunting teams, p’uuj; 92.9 %), “caminar por el monte” (walking through the woods, xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %), and “lampareo” (hunting with flashlights, ts’on; 69 %). In Xul there are beliefs such as virtues, the owners of animals and the winds (Ik’). These results show the continuity of biocultural knowledge related to hunting and its importance in the management and conservation of wild fauna in rural communities.

Resumen: La cacería es una actividad que forma parte del patrimonio biocultural de los mayas de la Península de Yucatán, ya que desde la época prehispánica ha sido parte de su estrategia de uso múltiple de recursos y su cosmovisión. El estudio de los conocimientos y prácticas sobre el empleo de los recursos naturales puede contribuir a aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades biológicas y humanas ante las perturbaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el conocimiento biocultural asociado a la cacería tradicional en la comunidad maya de Xul, Yucatán. Se aplicaron 42 cuestionarios mixtos y siete entrevistas semiestructuradas a cazadores locales entre septiembre y diciembre de 2020. Se reportaron 23 especies de vertebrados que se cazan en Xul (16 mamíferos, 6 aves y 1 reptil) y sus usos. Las especies de mayor importancia cultural (IIC) son el venado cabrito (Mazama temama), el jabalí (Pecari tajacu) y el pavo de monte (Meleagris ocellata). La temporada de sequía es la preferida para cazar (71.4 %) y los sitios son la milpa (92.9 %) y el monte alto (83.3 %). Las técnicas que más se practican son la batida (p’uuj; 92.9 %), caminar por el monte (xíimbal ts’on; 73.8 %) y el lampareo (ts’on; 69 %). En Xul existen creencias en elementos y entidades como las virtudes, los Dueños de los animales y los vientos (Ik’). Estos resultados manifiestan la continuidad e importancia de considerar el conocimiento biocultural sobre la cacería con relación al manejo y conservación de la fauna silvestre en comunidades rurales.

Abstract Agroecosystems with coffee (Coffea arabica) are biodiversity reservoirs where fauna species can be found, including some mammals. Mammal’s studies in this habitat have been increasing in recent years. It is important to know the richness, abundance, and diversity of species, as well as the periods of activity to understand the dynamic in a productive system such as coffee plantations. The aim is to determine the diversity of mammals in coffee agroecosystems in Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. To do this, different capture methods were used (Sherman, Havahart type live capture traps, camera traps and mist nets) which were placed in strategic sites for three years of sampling. 22 species of mammals were detected, classified into three groups according to their abundance: higher, medium, and less. The higher presence of mammals occurred in the phenological stages of flowering-filling and fruit-leaf (at the end of the harvest). Data were obtained from mammals during daytime and nighttime hours. The Shannon H diversity index had a result of 1.80, while the Berger-Parker d= 0.69. According to this research, as well as other studies, coffee agroecosystems can be considered an alternative supporting habitat for the protection of mammal species and other associated fauna.

Resumen Los agroecosistemas con café (Coffea arabica) son reservorios de biodiversidad donde se pueden encontrar especies de fauna, entre ellos algunos mamíferos. Los estudios de mamíferos en este hábitat han ido aumentando en los últimos años. Es importante conocer la riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de especies, así como los periodos de actividad para conocer a profundidad la dinámica en un sistema productivo como los cafetales. El objetivo es determinar la diversidad de mamíferos en agroecosistemas con café en Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes métodos de captura (trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman, Havahart, cámaras trampa y redes de niebla) las cuales se colocaron en sitios estratégicos durante tres años de muestreo. Se detectaron 22 especies de mamíferos clasificadas en tres grupos según su abundancia: mayor, media y menor. La mayor presencia de mamíferos se dio en las etapas fenológicas de floración-llenado y de fruto-hoja (al final de la cosecha). Se obtuvieron datos de mamíferos en horarios diurnos y nocturnos. El índice de diversidad Shannon H tuvo un resultado de 1,80, mientras que el de Berger-Parker d= 0,69. Según esta investigación, así como con otros estudios, se puede considerar que los agroecosistemas con café son un hábitat alternativo de apoyo para la protección de especies de mamíferos y otra fauna asociada.

Resumen Introducción: Las vías de comunicación son parte del desarrollo económico y social en todo el mundo. El desarrollo de carreteras causa la fragmentación de ecosistemas naturales, aumentando el riesgo de mortalidad de los animales silvestres por atropellamientos vehiculares. Objetivo: Analizar la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados silvestres atropellados de acuerdo con la temporada climática y el grado de urbanización en una zona costera del estado de Guerrero, al sur de México. Métodos: Se realizaron 12 recorridos con tres observadores en un vehículo a una velocidad de 30 km/h durante un año (junio de 2021 a mayo de 2022). Los organismos fueron georreferenciados e identificados. Se calculó la tasa de atropellamiento (atropellos/día/kilómetro) de los vertebrados silvestres. Resultados: Se registraron 37 especies de vertebrados silvestres atropellados, de las cuales nueve están en peligro de extinción y siete son endémicas de México. Los mamíferos presentaron la tasa de mortalidad más elevada (0.126 animales atropellados/día/km). No hubo diferencias en la tasa de mortalidad entre temporadas. Se detectaron 11 puntos calientes (hotspots) de atropellos. Se identificaron más vertebrados silvestres atropellados en zonas de baja urbanización que en áreas de media y alta. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados mostraron que los mamíferos son los vertebrados silvestres más vulnerables a los atropellamientos vehiculares. El riesgo de atropellamientos de animales silvestres está relacionado con el nivel de urbanización. Este estudio puede ser una herramienta en el desarrollo de carreteras sustentables para la fauna silvestre.

Abstract Introduction: Communication is part of economic and social development around the globe. The development of roads causes the fragmentation of natural ecosystems, increasing the mortality risk of wild animals due to vehicle collisions. Objective: To analyze the mortality rate of wild vertebrates run over according to the climatic season and the urbanization degree in the coastal area of the Guerrero state, in Southern Mexico. Methods: 12 trips with three observers using a vehicle at a speed of 30 km/h were conducted during one year (June 2021 to May 2022). The organisms were geo-referenced and identified. The roadkill rate (roadkill/day/km) was calculated for the wild vertebrates. Results: In total, 37 species of ran over wild vertebrates were registered, of which nine are considered endangered and seven are endemic of Mexico. Mammals had the highest mortality rate (0.126 roadkill/day/km). No differences were found in the mortality rate among rainy and dry seasons; 11 roadkill hotspots were detected. More incidences of roadkill were identified in low urbanization zones than medium and high urbanization areas. Conclusions: Our results showed that mammals are the most vulnerable wild vertebrates to vehicle collisions. The roadkill risk of wild animals is related to the urbanization level. This study can be a tool in the development of sustainable roads for wildlife.

Resumen Introducción: El aprovechamiento de materiales aluviales: arena, grava y cantos rodados de los lechos de ríos impacta directamente a la fauna silvestre asociada a ellos. Los más afectados son aquellos grupos de menor talla, ámbito hogareño pequeño y poca vagilidad, como los reptiles. Se seleccionó a este grupo como indicador del efecto de la instalación de graveras por su sensibilidad a la alteración de su hábitat. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la extracción de materiales aluviales en la diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de reptiles. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en las llanuras de inundación del río Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México. Se establecieron seis parcelas de 300 x 25 m, tres en área de extracción de materiales aluviales y otras tres en áreas sin extracción. En estas dos condiciones contrastantes se realizó el inventario de reptiles. También se registraron variables relevantes del hábitat para reptiles. Se comparó la diversidad alfa y beta entre ambas condiciones. Resultados: Se registraron 27 especies. En el área con extracción se observó una menor riqueza y abundancia (14 especies y 390 individuos) que en el área sin extracción (26 especies y 1 205 individuos). El efecto negativo fue mayor en las serpientes, ocasionando una diferencia de 75 % en la riqueza, mientras que en los saurios fue del 32 %. La abundancia de reptiles estuvo correlacionada con los cuerpos de agua, la exposición al sol y la vegetación herbácea. Conclusiones: El establecimiento de las graveras tuvo un impacto negativo en la diversidad y abundancia de reptiles. El efecto negativo fue mayor en las serpientes, las cuales, desaparecieron del área de aprovechamiento de materiales aluviales.

Abstract Introduction: The use of alluvial materials (sand, gravel, and boulders from riverbeds) has a direct impact on the associated wildlife. The most affected are those species of smaller size, poor vagility and small home range, such as some reptiles. This group was selected as an indicator of the impact of gravel pit installation due to its sensitivity to habitat disturbance. Objective: To determine the effects of alluvial material extraction on the diversity and structure of the reptile communities in river areas where gravel pits are installed. Methods: The study was carried out in the floodplains of the Tehuantepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico. Six transects of 300 m with a search width of 25 m were established, three at alluvial material extraction areas and three at non-extraction areas. In these two contrasting conditions, an inventory of reptiles was made. Also, relevant variables of the habitat of reptiles were evaluated. The alpha and beta diversity were compared between both conditions. Results: We registered 27 reptile species. In the alluvial material extraction areas, we observe a lower richness and abundance (14 species and 390 individuals) compared to the non-extraction areas (26 species and 1 205 individuals). The negative effect was greater in snakes, causing a 75 % difference in richness, while in lizards it was 32 %. The abundance of reptiles was correlated with bodies of water, sun exposure and herbaceous vegetation. Conclusions: The establishment of gravel pits and removal of alluvial materials has a strong impact on the diversity and structure of reptile communities. The negative effect is greater on snakes, which disappeared from the area from the gravel pits were established.

Abstract 26. Echinococcus vogeli originates neotropical polychistic echinococcosis, an emerging zoonotic disease in tropical countries of Central and South America. Its life cycle is adapted to a mandatory relationship between the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and one of its main prey, the paca (Cuniculus paca), which is, in turn, one of the most consumed species as a source of animal protein in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of this work was to evaluate the frequency of E. vogeli in pacas hunted for personal consumption by inhabitants in the high basin of the Itaya River. During 2016-2017, subsistence hunters from the communities of Melitón Carbajal, Luz del Oriente, 28 de Enero and Nueva Villa Belén collected liver and lungs of 36 pacas and the liver of a nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). These organs were analyzed by parasitological, including macroscopic, microscopic-morphometric analysis. The 13.5% (5/37) of the wild mammals collected (paca n=4; nine-banded armadillo n=1) presented polycystic masses in the liver, with rostral hooks of protocystic scolices compatible with E. vogeli. This work contributes to the ecoepidemiological knowledge of new records on the distribution of E. vogeli and confirms the first record of E. vogeli in the nine-banded armadillo in the Peruvian Amazon, reinforcing the need to raise awareness, prevent, monitor, control and expand the search for neotropical echinococcosis and other zoonoses in wildlife and human populations in coexistence, from the “One Health” approach.

Resumen 22. Echinococcus vogeli origina la Equinococosis Neotropical Poliquística, enfermedad zoonótica emergente en países tropicales de Centro y Sur América. Su ciclo natural está adaptado a una relación predador-presa representado principalmente por el perro de monte (Speothos venaticus) y el majaz (Cuniculus paca), que es una de las especies silvestres más consumidas en la Amazonia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la frecuencia de E. vogeli en majaces cazados para consumo personal por pobladores de la cuenca alta del Río Itaya, en la Amazonía peruana. Durante el periodo 2016-2017, cazadores de subsistencia de las comunidades de Melitón Carbajal, Luz del Oriente, 28 de Enero y Nueva Villa Belén realizaron la colecta de hígados y pulmones de 36 majaces y el hígado de un armadillo de nueve bandas, (Dasypus novemcinctus). Se realizaron análisis parasitológicos, que incluyó descripciones macroscópicas, microscópicas y morfometría. El 13,5% (5/37) de los mamíferos silvestres colectados (majaz n=4; armadillo de nueve bandas n=1) presentaron masas poliquísticas en hígado, con ganchos rostelares de protoescólices compatibles con E. vogeli. Este trabajo aporta al conocimiento ecoepidemiológico de nuevos registros sobre la distribución de E. vogeli y confirma el primer registro de E. vogeli en armadillo de nueve bandas en la Amazonia peruana, reforzando la necesidad de concientizar, prevenir, monitorear, controlar y ampliar la búsqueda de la equinococosis neotropical y otras zoonosis en fauna silvestre y en poblaciones humanas en coexistencia, desde el enfoque de “Una Salud”.

ABSTRACT A review of the situation of forest management in Peru is carried out, particularly in the Amazon region, using the United Nations' definition of sustainable forest management as a reference. This definition is based on: (i) the extent of forest resources; (ii) forest biological diversity; (iii) the health and vitality of forests; (iv) productive functions; (v) protective functions; (vi) socio-economic functions; and (vii) the regulatory, institutional, and policy framework. Based on the review of available information on these aspects, the current situation of deforestation is illustrated, which reduces forest coverage and diminishes the provision of ecosystem services. Risks of unsustainability in the utilization of certain resources, such as species listed in the CITES Convention, are identified. Inappropriate situations regarding limited access to resources for certain stakeholders are highlighted, as well as delays in the implementation of certain instruments that would help solve key issues for rural producers, such as land-use agreements (leasing) for agroforestry systems. A review of the legal framework and governance structure developed is conducted, which presents distinctive positive features such as the equal representation of indigenous peoples, the state, and the non-public sector in the Board of Directors, and the existence of significant participation spaces like the Forest and Wildlife Management Committees (CGFFS), which have not been established. The discussion briefly addresses whether the identified current limitations are a result of a legal and organizational design issue or rather a management problem, in order to guide necessary interventions for improving management outcomes.

RESUMEN Se realiza una revisión de la situación de la gestión de los bosques peruanos, en particular de la Amazonía, tomando como referencia la definición de las Naciones Unidas sobre gestión forestal sostenible, basada en: (i) la extensión de los recursos forestales; (ii) la diversidad biológica forestal; (iii) la salud y vitalidad de los bosques; (iv) las funciones productivas; (v) las funciones de protección; (vi) las funciones socioeconómicas; y (vii) el marco normativo, institucional y de políticas. A partir de revisión de información disponible sobre estos aspectos, se ha ilustrado la situación actual de la deforestación, que hace disminuir la extensión de bosques y reduce la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos; los riesgos de insostenibilidad en el aprovechamiento de ciertos recursos, como las especies incorporadas en la Convención CITES; la identificación de existencia de situaciones inapropiadas en términos de limitación de acceso al recurso de algunos actores; y la demora en aplicación de ciertos instrumentos que ayudarían a solucionar problemas clave de productores rurales, como los contratos de cesión en uso para sistemas agroforestales. Se realiza una revisión del marco legal y de la estructura de gobernanza desarrollada, que presenta características positivas distintivas, como la presencia paritaria de los pueblos indígenas, el Estado y el sector no público en el Consejo Directivo, y la existencia de importantes espacios de participación, como los Comités de Gestión Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (CGFFS) que no se han instalado. Se discute brevemente, de cara a orientar intervenciones necesarias para mejorar los resultados de la gestión, si las limitaciones actuales identificadas son consecuencia de un problema de diseño legal y organizacional o más bien es un problema de gestión.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to analyze the casuistry of xenarthrans treated at the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Pará to quantify the most important cases for clinical care and identify the main species, sex, age group, origin, and destination of the animals admitted. The data were collected from January 2013 to August 2020. The variables analyzed were the number of animals by species, sex, age group, weight (kilograms), form of admission (rescue or guardianship), person responsible for the admission of the animal, origin, circumstances of admission, length of stay (days), and evolution or destination of the animal (release, captivity, death, euthanasia, or escape). Fisher’s exact test was used to determine whether disease incidence was related to sex and whether animal mortality was influenced by sex and disease. The chi-square test was used to determine whether mortality differed by age group. Ninety-two (92) xenarthrans were included: 66 Bradypus variegatus, 10 Choloepus didactylus, 15 Tamandua tetradactyla, and one Dasypus novemcinctus. The animals were mainly from the municipality of Castanhal (70%) and were acquired through rescue (88%, B. variegatus; 80%, C. didactylus; 100%, T. tetradactyla), a significant proportion of which was per natural persons (88%, B. variegatus; 80%, C. didactylus; 100%, T. tetradactyla). The most important circumstances that led to the admission of the animals were as follows: animals for examination (42%, n=39), young animals at risk (9%, n=8), hit by a vehicle (8%, n=7), respiratory disease (7%, n=6), fall from a tree (5%, n=5), and electrotrauma (5%, n=5). Release was the most common destination of animals after hospitalization (59% B. variegatus, 50% C. didactylus, and 66% T. tetradactyla). The sex of the animals did not affect the incidence of disease or mortality in any species. In contrast, mortality of B. variegatus was significantly higher in animals admitted with disease (p=0.000). Mortality in cubs of this species was higher than that in juveniles and adults (p=0.003). ABSTRACT group origin 201 2020 kilograms, kilograms , (kilograms) guardianship, guardianship guardianship) days, days (days) release, release (release captivity death euthanasia escape. escape . escape) Fishers Fisher s chisquare chi square Ninetytwo Ninety two 92 (92 included 6 1 didactylus tetradactyla novemcinctus 70% 70 (70% 88%, 88 (88% B 80 80% C 100 100% T tetradactyla) tetradactyla. follows 42%, 42 (42% n=39, n39 n n=39 39 n=39) 9%, 9 (9% n=8, n8 n=8 8 n=8) 8%, (8% n=7, n7 n=7 7 n=7) 7%, (7% n=6, n6 n=6 n=6) 5%, 5 (5% n=5, n5 n=5 n=5) n=5. 59% 59 (59 50 contrast p=0.000. p0000 p p=0.000 0 000 (p=0.000) p=0.003. p0003 p=0.003 003 (p=0.003) 20 202 (kilograms (days (9 (70 88% (88 42% 4 (42 n3 n=3 3 9% n= 8% (8 7% (7 5% (5 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.000 (p=0.003 2 ( (4 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a casuística dos Xenarthras atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), a fim de quantificar as principais ocorrências para atendimento clínico, identificar as principais espécies, o sexo, a faixa etária, a procedência e destinação dos animais recebidos. Os dados foram obtidos entre janeiro de 2013 a agosto de 2020. As variáveis analisadas foram número de animais por espécie, sexo, faixa etária, peso (quilogramas), forma de recebimento (resgate, tutela), responsável pelo encaminhamento do animal ao hospital, procedência, circunstância de admissão, tempo de internação (dias) e evolução ou destinação do animal recebido (soltura, cativeiro, morte, eutanásia, fuga). O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para avaliar se a ocorrência de doenças estava relacionada ao sexo, bem como se a mortalidade animal foi influenciada pelo sexo e por enfermidades. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar se a mortalidade diferiu em relação à faixa etária. Um total de 92 animais Xenarthras foi admitido, composto por 66 Bradypus variegatus, 10 Choloepus didactylus, 15 Tamandua tetradactyla e um Dasypus novemcinctus. Os animais foram procedentes principalmente do município de Castanhal (70%), sendo o resgate a principal forma de aquisição dos animais (88%, B. Variegatus; 80%, C. Didactylus; 100%, T. tetradactyla), realizado em maior parte por pessoa física (88%, B. Variegatus; 80%, C. Didactylus; 100%, T. tetradactyla). O sexo dos animais não influenciou a ocorrência de doenças ou mortalidade em nenhuma espécie. Por outro lado, a mortalidade de B. variegatus foi significativamente maior naqueles animais admitidos com alguma enfermidade (p=0,000). A mortalidade em filhotes desta espécie foi maior quando comparada com as categorias jovem e adulta (p=0,003). RESUMO UFPA, UFPA , (UFPA) clínico espécies etária recebidos 201 2020 quilogramas, quilogramas (quilogramas) resgate, (resgate tutela, tutela tutela) hospital admissão dias (dias soltura, soltura (soltura cativeiro morte eutanásia fuga. fuga . fuga) enfermidades Quiquadrado Qui quadrado 9 admitido 6 1 didactylus novemcinctus 70%, 70 70% (70%) 88%, 88 (88% B Variegatus 80 80% C Didactylus 100 100% T tetradactyla, tetradactyla) tetradactyla. lado p=0,000. p0000 p p=0,000 0 000 (p=0,000) p=0,003. p0003 p=0,003 003 (p=0,003) (UFPA 20 202 (quilogramas 7 (70% 88% 8 (88 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,000 (p=0,003 2 (70 (8 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,00 (7 ( p0 p=0, (p=0,0 p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p

Abstract: Background and Aims: Since its publication, in 1941, Chloraea multilineolata had not been recorded again and the reports of this species in subsequent literature were based on erroneous identifications. In this work, the taxonomic identity of several populations of Chloraea species recorded during recently fieldwork carried on during 2016 and 2019 in southern Peru was studied. Methods: Fresh material and photographic records of the several recently discovered populations of Chloraea were studied and compared with protologues, original material, taxonomic literature, and specimens of Chloraea or digital images of them deposited in Peruvian and foreign herbaria. Key results: The studied populations were determined to represent C. multilineolata. An updated description of the species based on fresh material and the protologue is presented. In addition, color photographic plates illustrating its vegetative and floral morphology, a line drawing of the perianth, information on its habitat, and a map of its known distribution are included, as well as an assessment of its extinction risk using the categories and criteria of the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Conclusions: Chloraea multilineolata is endemic to the Peruvian departments of Apurímac, Ayacucho, and Cusco, being restricted to dry inter-Andean valleys between 2000 and 2900 m elevation. Only one of the five known localities is in a protected natural area (Área de Conservación Regional Choquequirao) and the assessment of its conservation status indicates that it should be considered as Endangered.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Desde su publicación, en 1941, Chloraea multilineolata no había sido registrada y sus reportes en la literatura subsecuente se basaron en determinaciones erróneas. En este trabajo se estudió la identidad taxonómica de varias poblaciones de una especie de Chloraea registradas durante el trabajo de campo llevado a cabo entre 2016 y 2019 en el sur de Perú. Métodos: Se estudiaron material fresco y registros fotográficos de las poblaciones de Chloraea recientemente descubiertas y se compararon con los protólogos de todas las especies peruanas de este género, su material tipo, literatura taxonómica y ejemplares de Chloraea o fotografías digitales disponibles en herbarios peruanos y extranjeros. Resultados clave: Se determinó que las poblaciones estudiadas representan a C. multilineolata. Se presenta una descripción actualizada de la especie basada en material fresco y en el protólogo. Además, se incluyen láminas fotográficas a color, un dibujo lineal del perianto, información sobre su hábitat y un mapa de su distribución conocida. Así mismo, se da a conocer una evaluación de su riesgo de extinción usando las categorías y criterios de la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). Conclusiones: Chloraea multilineolata es endémica de los departamentos peruanos de Apurímac, Ayacucho y Cusco, y restringe su presencia a los valles interandinos secos, localizados entre 2000 y 2900 m de altitud. Solo una de las cinco localidades conocidas se encuentra en un área natural protegida (Área de Conservación Regional Choquequirao); la evaluación del estado de conservación de la especie indica que debe considerársele En Peligro de Extinción.

Abstract Domestic cats and dogs are the most beloved human pets. As a result, they have become globally invasive species and are the most abundant carnivores in the world. Although they have a good relationship with humans, domestic cats and dogs have a negative ecological impact with significant consequences for conservation policies worldwide. The effects of these animals on wildlife have been studied only in a few countries, with most studies carried out in countries or regions with low vertebrate biodiversity (USA, New Zealand, and Europe). Except for a few studies carried out in Australia, Brazil and Mexico, we have no information on the effects of these predators in megadiverse countries. The main negative environmental effects of both species include predation of vertebrates and invertebrates, competition for food and space with native fauna, hybridization with phylogenetically close species or wild populations of their species, and transmission of diseases to wildlife and humans. The lack of information on the effects that introduced predators have at continental scales and the false perception of the human population that cats and dogs do not adverse impacts on the environment difficult their management and control. It is crucial to increase the number of studies of these two species in megadiverse countries to propose adequate management strategies that promote the conservation of native fauna.

Resumen Los gatos y perros domésticos son las mascotas preferidas del hombre, por lo que se han convertido en especies invasoras y los carnívoros más abundantes del planeta. A pesar de su buena relación con nuestra especie, tienen un impacto ecológico negativo con consecuencias para las políticas de conservación. Los efectos que estos animales tienen sobre la fauna silvestre han sido estudiados principalmente en países con baja biodiversidad de vertebrados (EUA, Nueva Zelanda y Europa), y salvo por algunos trabajos realizados en Australia, Brasil, y México, no contamos con información sobre sus efectos en países con alta biodiversidad. Los efectos negativos que ambas especies tienen sobre la biodiversidad incluyen la depredación y competencia con fauna nativa, su hibridación con especies filogenéticamente cercanas o poblaciones silvestres de su propia especie, y la transmisión de enfermedades a la fauna silvestre y a los humanos. La falta de información sobre los efectos de depredadores introducidos a nivel continental y la falsa idea de que los gatos y perros son ambientalmente inocuos, vuelve crucial aumentar la investigación sobre estas especies en países megadiversos para proponer estrategias de manejo que fomenten la conservación de fauna nativa.

Resumen Los anfibios y los reptiles han ganado popularidad como mascotas y el número de especies que se ofrecen a la venta va en aumento. Se ha reconocido la necesidad de realizar estudios que analicen los delitos contra la vida silvestre a nivel mundial para tener una mejor comprensión del fenómeno. Con el objetivo de conocer cuantas especies y cuáles son las que se venden en la Ciudad de México, realizamos 14 visitas a tres importantes mercados y realizamos un análisis de los grupos de anfibios y reptiles vendidos como mascotas y animales ornamentales. Registramos un total de 31, 919 individuos de 90 especies diferentes (14 de anfibios, 76 de reptiles) y encontramos que el 92.8% de los anfibios y el 76.9% de los reptiles están protegidos por la Norma mexicana NOM059, la Lista Roja de la UICN y/o CITES. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (W = 3.14, p < 0.05) en el número de organismos registrados de las especies de anfibios, así como en el número de individuos registrados por especie de reptiles (W = 7.52, p < 0.001). Consideramos necesario evaluar todas las especies nativas de anfibios y reptiles en los mercados que podrían ser incluidos en programas de aprovechamiento sustentable como una herramienta para su manejo.

Abstract Amphibians and reptiles have gained popularity as pets, and the number of species offered for sale is increasing. The need to carry out studies that analyze wildlife crime within countries has been recognized in order to have a better understanding of the phenomenon. In order to know how many species and which ones are sold in Mexico City, we conducted 14 visits to three major markets in Mexico City and conducted an analysis of the groups of amphibians and reptiles sold as pets and ornamental animals. We recorded a total of 31,919 individuals comprising 90 different species (14 amphibians, 76 reptiles) and found that 92.8% of the amphibians and 76.9% of the reptiles are protected by the Mexican government NOM-059, IUCN Red List and/or CITES. Significant differences (W = 3.14, p < 0.05) were found in the number of registered organisms of the amphibian species, as well as in the number of registered individuals per reptile species (W = 7.52, p < 0.001). We consider it necessary to evaluate all native species of amphibians and reptiles in the markets that could be included in sustainable use plans as a tool for their management.

Resumen En la cuenca del río Magdalena, las actividades de rescate de peces son una medida de manejo ambiental utilizada para reducir su mortalidad en el área próxima a los embalses. Cuando se realiza la apertura y posterior cierre de compuertas del vertedero, producto de la operación de la central hidroeléctrica Porce III, aguas abajo de la presa se crean hábitats acuáticos temporales en forma de pozas marginales de lecho rocoso, en donde se presentan atrapamientos de peces. El objetivo del rescate es reubicarlos al canal principal del río para reducir su mortalidad. Entre los años 2013 y 2020 se capturaron 4927 individuos, representantes de 28 especies, 12 familias y cinco órdenes. Reubicamos a 4704 individuos nuevamente en el río Porce, siendo las especies de los géneros Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax y Rhamdia los de mayor captura. También se capturaron especies potamodromas de la familia Pochilodontidae, cuya presencia próxima a la presa se debe posiblemente a migraciones que realizan para llevar a cabo su reproducción. Estas acciones de rescate y reubicación, producto de la operación de las centrales hidroeléctricas, deben ser replicadas en la cuenca como estrategia para mitigar los impactos ambientales ocasionados por la fragmentación del hábitat.

Abstract In the Magdalena River basin, fish rescue activities are an environmental management measure used to reduce fish mortality in the area near the reservoirs. When the opening and subsequent closing of the spillway gates is carried out as a result of the operation of the Porce III hydroelectric plant, downstream of the dam temporary aquatic habitats are created in the form of minor pools in the bedrock, where fish entrapment occurs. The objective of rescue activities is to relocate them to the main channel of the river, to reduce mortality. Between the years 2013 to 2020, a total of 4927 individuals were captured, representing 28 species, 12 families and five orders. We relocated 4704 individuals back to the Porce river, being the species of the genera Chaetostoma, Andinoacara, Astyanax and Rhamdia the highest capture. Potamodromous species of the family Prochilodontidae were also captured, their presence close to the dam possibly being due to the migrations they make to carry out their reproduction. These rescue and relocation actions resulting from the operation of hydroelectric plants should be replicated in the basin, as a strategy to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by habitat fragmentation.