Abstract Nonferrous metal smelting operations are a recognized source of metal accumulation in surrounding soils. In Mednogorsk, Russia, soil contamination results from atmospheric emissions from a local copper (Cu) smelter. This study aimed to assess health risks by analyzing the levels of Cu, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 20 Mednogorsk topsoil samples and three background area samples. The phytotoxicity of metals to Lolium perenne was also evaluated. The soil ingestion protocol of the US Environmental Protection Agency was used for health risk assessment. Phytotoxicity tests were performed on ryegrass using a standard protocol. The levels of Cu correlated with those of other elements, indicating that the smelter was the source. Of concern, the carcinogenic risk exceeded the 10−04 threshold in 85% and 15% of the samples for children under five years of age and adults, respectively. In addition, 60% of the samples exceeded the safe Pb threshold for children's health (80 mg kg−1). These risk levels are unacceptable and require specific intervention by the relevant authorities. However, only 20% of the samples showed high phytotoxicity, mostly in acidic soils (pH<4.0). This discussion focuses on the potential of soil phytostabilization to reduce human metal exposure, as the results provide valuable insights for managing metal pollution in regions affected by nonferrous smelter emissions worldwide.

Resumen Las fundiciones de metales no ferrosos son una fuente reconocida de acumulación de metales en los suelos circundantes. En Mednogorsk, Rusia, la contaminación del suelo se debe a las emisiones atmosféricas de una local fundición de cobre. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los riesgos para la salud humana mediante el análisis de los contenidos de cobre, arsénico, cadmio, plomo y zinc en 20 muestras de suelos de Mednogorsk y tres muestras de suelos del área no contaminada. Complementariamente, se evaluó la fitotoxicidad de los metales para una especie indicadora, Lolium perenne, utilizando un protocolo estándar. Para la evaluación de riesgos para la salud humana, se utilizó el protocolo de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los EEUU. Los contenidos de cobre se correlacionaron con los de otros elementos, lo que indica que la fundición de cobre es la fuente de emisión. Lo preocupante es que el riesgo cancerígeno superó el umbral de 10−4 en el 85% de las muestras para niños de edad <5 años y en el 15% de las muestras para los adultos. Además, el umbral de plomo considerado seguro para la salud infantil (80 mg kg−1) se superó en el 60% de las muestras. Estos niveles de riesgo son inaceptables y requieren una intervención específica por parte de las autoridades pertinentes. Sin embargo, sólo el 20% de las muestras mostraron alta fitotoxicidad en L. perenne, principalmente en suelos ácidos (con pH <4,0). Considerando estos resultados, se evalúe la factibilidad de un proceso de fitoestabilización del suelo para reducir la exposición humana a los metales. Los resultados proporcionan información valiosa para gestionar la contaminación por metales en regiones afectadas por emisiones de fundiciones no ferrosas en todo el mundo.

The objective of this work was to expand the knowledge on green algae of the tributaries of San Roque Reservoir (San Antonio and CosquÃn rivers, Las Mojarras and Los Chorrillos streams) and La Quebrada Reservoir (Colanchanga and Los Hornillos streams). The samples were collected seasonally from 2014 to 2016. A total of 66 taxa were identified: Chlorophyceae (39), Zygnematophyceae (22), Trebouxiophy- ceae (3) and Ulvophyceae (2). The highest species richness occurred in spring and tributary with the highest number of taxa was San Antonio River. The following eutrophication indicator species mentioned are: Actinastrum hantzschii, Monactinus simplex, Nephrocytium agardhianum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Staurastrum leptocladum, Closterium aciculare and Phacotus lenticularis, an indicator species of environments with calcium carbonate.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue ampliar el conocimiento de las algas verdes de los tri- butarios del embalse San Roque (rÃos San Antonio y CosquÃn, arroyos Las Mojarras y Los Chorrillos) y el embalse La Quebrada (arroyos Colanchanga y Los Hornillos). Las muestras fueron recolectadas estacionalmente durante los años 2014 a 2016. Se identificaron un total de 66 taxones: Chlorophyceae (39), Zygnematophyceae (22), Trebouxiophyceae (3) y Ulvophyceae (2). La mayor riqueza de especies ocurrió en primavera y el rÃo San Antonio fue el tributario que presentó mayor número de taxones. Se mencionan especies indicadoras de eutrofia como Monoraphidium griffithii; Actinastrum hantzschii, Monactinus simplex, Nephrocytium agardhianum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Staurastrum leptocladum, Closterium aciculare y a Phacotus lenticularis, especie indicadora de ambientes con carbonato de calcio.

Abstract The well-known distribution of the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) in Peru encompasses the dry forests of the northwest, the coastal desert, the western slopes of the Andes, and the inter-Andean valleys. However, in the past 20 years, this species has been seen in the Peruvian Amazon, in the regions of Madre de Dios, Loreto, and Ucayali. Although four subspecies of A. cuniculariaare registered in the country, it has not yet been possible to precisely define the subspecies that have expanded their distribution range in the Peruvian Amazon. A. cuniculariacan be considered an indicator species of anthropogenic habitats, where the primary forest has been replaced by agricultural activities or highly degraded open forests. In the present work, a bibliographic review and monitoring of A. cunicularia sightings in forested areas of the Peruvian Amazon in the degradation process is carried out with the objective of evaluating the expansion in the distribution range of the species in Peru. Eighty new and nesting records of the species were found in places where it had not been reported previously breeding. Broadening of the distribution range of this species in the Amazon colonization is confirmed, from the Peruvian side, following the route of the rivers that descends through the inter-Andean valleys, crosses the high jungle, and reaches the low jungle, in the advance of the establishment on farmland and human settlements.

Resumen La distribución bien conocida de la lechuza de los arenales (Athene cunicularia) en el Perú abarca los bosques secos del noroeste, el desierto costero, las vertientes occidentales de los Andes y los valles interandinos. Sin embargo, en los últimos 20 años se le ha visto en la Amazonia peruana, en las regiones de Madre de Dios, Loreto y Ucayali. En el país se registran cuatro subespecies de A. cunicularia, pero, hasta ahora no se ha podido definir con precisión la o las subespecies que han ampliado su rango de distribución en la Amazonia peruana. A. cunicularia puede ser considerada una especie indicadora de hábitats antropogénicos, en donde se ha sustituido el bosque primario por actividades agropecuarias o por bosques abiertos muy degradados. En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión bibliográfica y el seguimiento de los avistajes de A. cunicularia en las zonas boscosas de la Amazonia peruana en proceso de degradación con el objetivo de evaluar la expansión en el rango de distribución de la especie en Perú. Se encontraron 80 registros nuevos y de nidificación de la especie en sitios donde no se habían reportado previamente reproduciéndose. Se confirma la ampliación del rango de distribución de la especie en la colonización de la Amazonia, desde el lado peruano, siguiendo la ruta de los ríos que desciende por los valles interandinos, atraviesa la selva alta y llegan a la selva baja, en el avance del establecimiento sobre terrenos de cultivo y asentamientos humanos.

Resumen 15. Se estudiaron 23 pasturas de Brachiaria sp dedicadas a la producción bovina doble propó sito, para identificar especies de leguminosas presentes y obtener muestras de raíces para extracción y recuento de nódulos. Toda el área correspondió a un total de 149,14 ha, donde solo 84,26 ha contaban con la presencia de leguminosas Desmodium sp, Pueraria phaseoloides, Galactia striata, Arachis pintoi, Stylosanthes sp, Mimosa púdica y Centrosema sp, cuya cobertura fue del 2,89% de dicha área. La especie con mayor porcentaje de cobertura promedio fue A.pintoi con 5,36% seguida de Stylosanthes sp con 5%, G.striata con 3,89% y P.phaseoloides con 2,62%. Las restantes se encontraron en un rango inferior a 2% del área de pastura. Se halló en el estudio un mínimo de 7 nódulos en raíces de Centrosema sp y G. striata, así como un número máximo de 194 nodulos en Desmodium sp. Las cantidades superiores a 100 nódulos por planta solo correspondieron a Desmodium sp, el cual reveló una inoculación satisfactoria que se asoció con su potencial de fijación de nitrógeno mediada por simbiosis. La especie con menor número de nódulos fue M. púdica, hallada en el 4,3% de las pasturas evaluadas, siendo la única de las leguminosas muestreadas que no es consumida directamente por los bovinos y se desarrolla como especie no deseada, indicadora de estados de degradación de pasturas.

Abstract 19. Twenty-three Brachiaria sp. pastures were studied, dedicated to dual purpose bovine production to identify species of legumes present and obtain root samples for extraction and nodule counting. The entire area corresponded to a total of 149.14 ha, where only 84.26 ha had the presence of the legumes Desmodium sp, Pueraria phaseoloides, Galactia striata, Arachis pintoi, Estilosantes sp, Mimosa púdica and Centrosema sp, whose coverage was 2.89% of that area. The species with the highest percentage of average coverage was A.pintoi with 5.36% followed by Stylosanthes sp with 5%, G.striata with 3.89% and P.phaseoloides with 2.62%. The rest were found in a range of less than 2% of the pasture area. A mínimum of 7 nodules were found in the roots of Centrosema sp. and G. striata and a máximum number of 194 nodules in Desmodium sp. The amounts greater than 100 nodules per plant only corresponded to Desmodium sp, which reveáis a satisfactory inoculation that is associated with its potential for nitrogen fixation mediated by symbiosis. The species with the lowest number of nodules was M.pudica found in 4.3% of the pastures evaluated, being the only one of the legumes sampled that is not consumed directly by bovines and develops as an unwanted species, indicating degradation levels of pastures.

Abstract Iconella guatimalensis is a large freshwater diatom, initially described in material from Guatemala and reported in various locations in the Neotropics. However, it has only been confirmed in two locations for modern environments in Mexico. In this paper we report the presence of this species in low abundances (<10%) in the Holocene sedimentary records of lakes Santa María del Oro (SMO) and Coatetelco (COA). A morphological description was integrated from observations of several specimens in light and scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of this species in the two lakes coincides with time windows that have been identified as shallow-water environments and dry climates (Late Classic Drought A.D. 600-1000 and the Little Ice Age, A.D. 1315-1860). The distribution of I. guatimalensis also agrees with increases in the abundances of other benthic diatoms in SMO, corroborating that it can be considered as an indicator of periods with low lake levels. The times of maximum abundances of this species in the two combined records were: B.C. 3100-2300 (5050-4260 B.P.); B.C. 1040-580 (3000-2530 B.P.); A.D. 50-900 (1900-1050 B.P.); y A.D. 1315-1860 (635-90 B.P.).

Resumen Iconella guatimalensis es una diatomea dulceacuícola y de gran tamaño, inicialmente descrita a partir de un material proveniente de Guatemala y reportada en diversas localidades del Neotrópico. En México, sin embargo, únicamente ha sido confirmada en dos localidades modernas. En este trabajo verificamos la presencia de esta especie con baja abundancia (<10%) en los registros sedimentarios del Holoceno de los lagos Santa María del Oro (SMO) y Coatetelco (COA). Se presenta una descripción morfológica basada en la observación de varios ejemplares en microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido. La distribución de esta especie en los dos lagos coincide con ventanas de tiempo que se han identificado como de ambientes de aguas más someras y climas secos (Sequía del Clásico Tardío, 600-1000 d.C. y de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo, 1315-1860 d.C.). La distribución de I. guatimalensis en una de las secuencias estratigráficas de lago SMO coincide con incrementos en la abundancia de otras especies de diatomeas de habito bentónico, lo que corrobora que se trata de periodos con un nivel lacustre bajo. Los lapsos de tiempo en los que esta especie muestra su máxima abundancia en los dos registros combinados fueron: 3100-2300 a.C. (5050-4260 A.P.); 1040-580 a.C. (3000-2530 A.P.); 50-900 d.C. (1900-1050 A.P.); y 1315-1860 d.C. (635-90 A.P.).

Resumen La turba es utilizada frecuentemente como sustrato en la propagación de plántulas, no obstante, su recolección ocasiona efectos negativos en el ambiente. Para reducir estos efectos, existen enmiendas orgánicas que se pueden aplicar como componentes de medios de cultivo. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar física, química, biológica y microbiológicamente los fertilizantes orgánicos comerciales Solep® y Fernatol®, los estiércoles de vacuno y ovino, y musgo comercial (Peat moss®) como componentes de sustratos. En el Campus Puebla del Colegio de Postgraduados, México, en muestras de cada uno de estos materiales se midieron por triplicado las propiedades físico-químicas, el contenido de materia orgánica (MO), la relación C/N, y los nutrientes extraíbles y asimilables; además, se realizó un análisis microbiológico como parámetro de inocuidad y se estimó la fitotoxicidad de extractos al 20% por bioensayo de germinación con semillas de rábano (Raphanus sativus L), como especie indicadora de la presencia de sustancias fitotóxicas. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de medias por Tukey (P < 0.05). Los resultados fueron comparados con estándares establecidos para sustratos en normas nacionales e internacionales. El fertilizante comercial Solep y el estiércol vacuno presentaron valores adecuados de pH, CE, MO, C/N, sodio, metales pesados y ausencia de Eschericha coli y Salmonella spp., por tanto, se consideran apropiados para la producción de plántulas; no obstante, su presencia en el medio de cultivo no debe ser mayor de 20%.

Abstract Peat is a moss commonly used as a substrate in the propagation of seedlings, but its extraction generates negative effects on the environment. To replace or reduce their use, organic amendments can be applied as substrate components, but must comply with quality parameters established in official standards. The objective was to characterize physically, chemically, biologically and microbiologically two commercial organic fertilizers (Solep, Fernatol), two manures (cattle, sheep) and Peat moss for use as substrate components in seedling production. At Campus Puebla in Colegio de Postgraduados, México, in samples of each material, it was measured in triplicate: bulk density, percentage of pores, particle size, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, content of extractable and assimilable nutrients and heavy metals; also, a microbiological analysis was performed as a safety parameter and the phytotoxicity of extracts at 20% was estimated by germination bioassay with radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L) as an indicator species of the presence of phytotoxic substances. Analysis of variance, Tukey mean comparison test (P<0.05) was performed and the results were compared with established national and international substrate standards. Solep fertilizer and cattle manure presented adequate values of pH, EC, OM, C/N, assimilable sodium, heavy metals and absence of E. coli and Salmonella, therefore these amendments can be considered appropriate for use as substrate components in the seedling production, but according to the phytotoxicity bioassays, the fertilizers or manure characterized should not be applied in proportions greater than 20% as a substrate component.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar um intervalo de referência para a relação proteína C reativa (PCR)/albumina (R:PCR/ALB) na espécie canina e analisar o potencial de PCR, albumina e a relação entre ambas como indicadores de gravidade de doença, tempo de internação (TI) e mortalidade nesta espécie. Para isso, um estudo foi realizado em um Hospital Veterinário Escola no sul do Brasil. Cento e noventa cães foram incluídos aleatoriamente, sem distinção de sexo, idade ou raça, de junho de 2013 a novembro de 2016. O plasma foi coletado e analisado para avaliação da PCR e albumina. O intervalo de referência estipulado para o R:PCR/ALB em cães foi de 0,36-0,60, conforme determinado pelo intervalo de confiança da média das reamostragens (em percentis). Foram calculadas as frequências, médias e desvios-padrões das variáveis, análises de correlação e análises comparativas (Kruskal-Wallis em α = 5%). Notou-se elevação (acima da referência) da R:PCR/ALB proporcional à gravidade da doença de base, sendo normais as médias da PCR. Adicionalmente, a hipoalbuminemia foi indicadora de doença sistêmica, mas, não de gravidade. Dessa forma, a R:PCR/ALB foi melhor indicadora de gravidade de doença do que a PCR e albumina, analisadas separadamente. Em relação ao TI, houve correlação positiva com a R:PCR/ALB (p<0,01) em doentes, não sendo observado o mesmo com a PCR e albumina. Em relação à mortalidade, a hipoalbuminemia foi a única marcadora válida em animais com doenças críticas (p=0,04). Conclui-se, portanto, que a R:PCR/ALB é melhor marcadora de gravidade de doença e TI em cães do que a PCR e albumina analisadas separadamente.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to creates a reference interval for C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR) in the canine species and to analyze the potential of CRP, albumin and the relationship between both, to serve as indicators of disease severity, length of hospital stay (LoS) and mortality in this species. For this, an outcome study was conducted in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in southern Brazil. One hundred ninety dogs were included randomly, without distinction of gender, age, or breed, from June 2013 to November 2016. Plasma was collected from them and analyzed for assessment of CRP and albumin. The reference range stipulated for CAR in dogs was 0.36-0.60, as determined by the confidence interval of mean resamplings (in percentiles). The frequencies mean, and standard deviations of the variables, correlation analysis, and comparative analysis (Kruskal-Wallis in α = 5%) were calculated. Elevation (above reference) of CAR was determined to be proportional to the severity of the underlying disease, and CRP means were reasonable. Besides, hypoalbuminemia was indicative of systemic disease, but not of severity. Thus, CAR was a better marker of disease severity than were CRP and albumin, analyzed separately. Concerning LoS, there was a positive correlation with CAR (p<0.01) in patients, and the same was not observed with CRP and albumin. Concerning mortality, hypoalbuminemia was the only marker valid in animals with a critical illness (p=0.04). In conclusion, CAR is a better marker of disease severity and LoS in dogs than are CRP and albumin analyzed separately.

RESUMO As florestas nebulares estão ameaçadas devido ao processo de mudanças climáticas. Investigações que buscam prever como estas mudanças afetarão as espécies são de grande importância, pois são fundamentais para gerar estratégias de conservação. Assim, objetivamos detectar como as mudanças climáticas afetarão a distribuição geográfica potencial de Drimys angustifolia Miers, uma espécie arbórea indicadora da floresta nebular na Mata Atlântica subtropical brasileira. As áreas de ocorrência de D. angustifolia foram obtidas a partir de coordenadas geográficas disponíveis em publicações científicas e no banco de dados Global Biodiversity Information. Para a modelagem de nicho climático, usamos o Algoritmo de Máxima Entropia, com 19 variáveis climáticas. Dois cenários de mudanças climáticas foram considerados para o período 2061-2080: um de baixo e outro de alto impacto. D. angustifolia ocorre, predominantemente, nas florestas alto-montanas e está ausente em locais quentes e secos. As variáveis que melhor explicaram o nicho climático de D. angustifolia foram temperatura média no trimestre mais quente, precipitação no mês mais seco e precipitação no trimestre mais quente. Ambos os cenários indicaram mudanças em direção a um clima futuro regional mais tropical. No cenário de baixo impacto de mudanças climáticas, a cobertura de D. angustifolia reduziu 68,24% (±7,32%) em sua área de ocorrência potencial; e diminuiu 79,15% (±9,65%) no cenário de alto impacto. Os resultados nos permitem concluir que D. angustifolia e seu ecossistema associado estão ameaçados pelos possíveis impactos das futuras mudanças climáticas. Assim, destacamos áreas climáticas estáveis para a ocorrência de D. angustifolia, como as localizadas nas partes mais altas das cadeias montanhosas das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, que devem ser consideradas áreas prioritárias para proteção e conservação.

ABSTRACT The cloud forests are threatened due to the climate change process. Investigations seeking to predict how future climate change will affect species are of great importance as they are fundamental to generating conservation strategies. We aimed to detect how climate change affects the potential geographical distribution of Drimys angustifolia Miers, a tree species that is an indicator of the upper-montane cloud forest in the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest. The areas where D. angustifolia occurs were obtained from geographic coordinates available in scientific publications and the Global Biodiversity Information database. For climate niche modeling, we used the maximum entropy algorithm with 19 climate variables. Two climate change scenarios were considered for 2061-2080: one of low and one of high impact. D. angustifolia predominantly occurs in the upper-montane forests and is absent from dry and warm sites. The variables that best explained the D. angustifolia climatic niche were mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. Both scenarios indicated changes towards a more tropical regional future climate. Under the low impact climate change scenario, D. angustifolia coverage declined by 68.24% (± 7.32%) across its area of potential occurrence; it declined by 79.15% (± 9.65%) under the high impact scenario. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that D. angustifolia and its associated ecosystem are threatened by the potential impacts of future climate change. Consequently, we highlight climatically stable areas for the occurrence of D. angustifolia, such as those located in the highest parts of the mountain ranges of the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which should be considered as priority areas for protection and conservation.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a presença de poluentes promove mudanças nos hábitos alimentares de espécies de peixes de diferentes guildas tróficas: a espécie detritívora, Hypostomus francisci, e a piscívora, Hoplias intermedius. Ambas espécies foram amostradas em 12 locais (com diferentes níveis de poluição) na bacia do Rio das Velhas, que é altamente poluída por esgoto doméstico e industrial da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Foram realizadas análises de isótopos estáveis de carbono (δ13C) e nitrogênio (δ15N) dos tecidos dos peixes e dos principais recursos alimentares. Espécies de ambas guildas tróficas alteraram suas dietas em ambientes degradados, mas a espécie detritívora apresentou maior plasticidade trófica. O nicho isotópico de ambas as espécies foi mais amplo em locais menos perturbados e mais enriquecido em δ15N em regiões poluídas. A espécie detritívora apresentou grande amplitude em seu nicho isotópico em locais menos perturbados, provavelmente devido à maior variedade de recursos consumidos. Além disso, o δ15N da espécie detritívora foi mais enriquecido que a espécie piscívora em locais poluídos. Em conclusão, ambas as espécies apresentaram respostas isotópicas semelhantes à poluição ambiental. No entanto, a espécie detritívora foi mais sensível a essas alterações e, portanto, é provavelmente uma melhor indicadora de condição ambiental do que a espécie piscívora.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate if the presence of pollutants promotes changes in feeding habits of fish species from different trophic guilds: the detritivorous species, Hypostomus francisci, and the piscivorous, Hoplias intermedius. Both species were sampled at 12 sites (with different degrees of pollution) in the Rio das Velhas basin, which is heavily polluted by domestic and industrial sewage from the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). Stable isotope analyses of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) of fish tissue and the main food resources were performed. Fishes from both trophic guilds altered their diets in degraded environments, but the detritivorous species showed greater trophic plasticity. The isotopic niche of both trophic guilds was broadest in unpolluted sites and more δ15N enriched in polluted regions. The detritivorous species presented high niche-breadth in unpolluted sites, probably due to the greater variety of resources consumed. In addition, the δ15N of the detritivorous was more enriched than the piscivorous species in polluted sites. In conclusion, fishes from both trophic guilds presented similar isotopic responses to environmental pollution. However, the detritivorous species was more sensitive to these alterations and therefore, is likely a better indicator of environmental condition than the piscivorous.

Resumen: en México, en 2012, se publicó una norma para la determinación del caudal ecológico en los ríos y arroyos que han sido severamente degradados por el desvió de agua de estos para actividades productivas, principalmente agropecuarias e industriales. Esta norma considera la simulación del hábitat físico como una medida para la determinación del caudal dentro del Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). En este estudio, fueron generadas las simulaciones de hábitat físico, combinadas con las curvas de idoneidad de peces. Para generar las simulaciones de hábitat, se seleccionó un tramo de río de 706 metros, donde se midieron los parámetros de profundidad, velocidad y tipo de sustrato. Se usó el software iRIC 1.5 para calibrar y simular los caudales con el hábitat físico, donde la principal entrada de información fue un levantamiento topográfico del río y la construcción de las curvas de idoneidad de las especies de peces seleccionadas. Como resultado se obtuvieron simulaciones a diferente caudal y diferente hábitat potencial útil (HPU) para cada una de las especies de interés. Los resultados mostraron que cuando cae el caudal a caudales inferiores a 1 (m3 s-1) y superiores a los 200 (m3 s-1), hay decaimiento del HPU, muy pobre para las cuatro especies. Pocos estudios en Latinoamérica se han desarrollado para este tipo de análisis, por lo que esta investigación contribuye a proceso metodológico que ayudará a mejorar la investigación de caudal ambiental en ríos.

Abstract: In Mexico, until 2012 was published a norm for the determination of the ecological flow in rivers and streams, which have been severely degraded by water diversion for agricultural and industrial activities. This standard considers the simulation of the physical habitat as a measure for the determination of the flow within the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). In this study, simulations of physical habitat were generated, combined with fish fitness curves. To generate the habitat simulations, a section of river with 706 meters was selected, where the parameters of depth, speed and type of substrate were measured. The iRIC 1.5 software was used to calibrate and simulate the flows with the physical habitat, where the main information input was a topographic survey of the river, and the construction of the suitability curves for the selected fish species. As a result, simulations were obtained at different flow rates and different Weighted Usable Area (WUA) for each of the species of interest. The results showed us that when the flow falls at lower flow rates lower than 1 (m3 s-1) and higher than 200 (m3 s-1), it shows a very poor WUA decay for the four species. Few studies in Latin America have been developed for this type of analysis, so this study contributes significantly as a methodological process that will help improve the research of environmental flow in rivers.

RESUMEN La zona centro del departamento del Chocó (Colombia) está compuesta por bosque pluvial tropical, alberga una significativa riqueza de anfibios, que brinda servicios ecosistémicos, siendo la familia Centrolenidae, catalogada como una excelente indicadora de las condiciones del bosque. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la estructura y el uso de hábitat de especies de la familia Centrolenidae en dos coberturas vegetales, en un bosque pluvial tropical, del departamento del Chocó, empleando el método Relevamiento por encuentros visuales (VES), con un esfuerzo de 240h/per. Se registraron 53 individuos, distribuidos en cinco géneros y seis especies, siendo el género Hyalinobatrachium, el mejor representado. La especie más abundante fue Teratohyla spinosa, siendo la más dominante para el bosque secundario e Hyalinobatrachium collymbiphyllum, para el bosque primario. Espadarana callistomma y Teratohyla spinosa fueron las especies más plásticas, en términos de hábitat, ya que se registraron en ambas coberturas. Los centrolénidos registrados mostraron preferencia por las perchas alta (73,5%) y media (26,4%); en términos del sustrato indicaron mayor preferencia por las hojas y ramas, con 83 y 17%, respectivamente. Referente al estado de conservación, las especies se encuentran en la categoría de NT, DD y LC; sin embargo, es importante conservar sus hábitats, puesto que la transformación de los hábitats naturales genera el declive en las poblaciones.

ABSTRACT The central area of the department of Chocó (Colombia), is composed of a tropical rain forest. Has a large of variety of amphibians that provides an ecosystem service, being the Family Centrolenidae listed as an excellent indicator of the forest condition. The focus of this study was to determine the richness and distribution in the habitats of the family Centrolenidae in two vegetation coverings in a tropical rain forest of the department of Chocó, using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method with an effort of 240 per hour. There were 53 individuals registered, distributed in five genera and six species, being the Hyalinobatrachium genus the best represented. The most abundant species was Teratohyla spinosa, being the most dominant for the secondary forest and Hyalinobatrachium collymbiphyllum for the primary forest. Espadarana callistomma and Teratohyla spinosa were the most plastic species in terms of habitat since they were recorded in both coverages. The centrolenids registered showed a preference for high (73.5%) and medium (26.4%) perches, in terms of the substrate leaf (83%) and the branch (17%). Regarding the state of conservation, the species are in the category of LC, DD, and NT; however, it is important to conserve their habitats since some centrolenids are tolerant to intervened ecosystems that have good vegetation and bodies of water with a permanent flow for their development.

Resumen Objetivos: Conocer los hábitos de pecoreo respecto al polen colectado por Nannotrigona mellaria en dos ambientes urbanos del Valle del Cauca. Alcance: Inventario de las especies vegetales mayormente utilizadas por este grupo de abejas como fuente de polen para su dieta. Metodología: Se recolectó polen corbicular de obreras en cuatro nidos: tres en la Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) y uno en la Universidad Nacional Sede Palmira, durante un periodo de 24 semanas entre junio de 2013 y enero de 2014, del mismo modo se recolectó polen de especies vegetales cercanas al sitio de nidificación y se realizó la comparación. Se hizo un análisis de agrupamiento para determinar similitud entre las dietas y un análisis de especie indicadora de Dufrêne y Legendre’s con el fin de determinar el tipo de polen relacionado con cada colmena. Principales resultados: La especie recolecta polen de 29 familias vegetales y 73 especies diferentes, siendo las especies de la familia Fabaceae las más representadas entre el material recolectado (29% de los registros) y Leucaena leucocephala la especie más frecuente (18% de los registros); se reportaron 14 especies con un valor indicador significativo (p<0,05), siendo la colmena de la Universidad Nacional la que presentó un mayor número (siete en total). Conclusiones: La especie N. mellaria recolecta polen de una gran variedad de plantas en los sitios de estudio por lo que tiene un gran potencial como polinizador en zonas urbanas. Además, esta especie tiene preferencia en la recolección de polen de leguminosas debido posiblemente a su abundancia en el área de estudio y a que su floración es abundante, atractiva visualmente a los Apidae y puede ofrecer néctares además de polen.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To know the forage habits related to pollen collected by Nannotrigona mellaria in two urban environments of Valle del Cauca. Scope: Inventory of plant species mostly used by this group of bees as a source of pollen for their diet. Methodology: Corbicular pollen of worker bees was collected in four nests: three at Universidad del Valle (Cali, Colombia) and one at Universidad Nacional, Palmira Campus during a period of 24 weeks between June 2013 and January 2014. In the same way, pollen was collected from plant species near the nesting site and the comparison was made. A grouping analysis was carried out to determine similarity between the diets and a Dufrêne and Legendre’s species indicator analysis was performed to determine the type of pollen related to each beehive. Main results: The species collects pollen from 29 plant families and 73 different species, being the species of the Fabaceae family the most represented among the collected material (29% of the records) and Leucaena leucocephala the most frequent species (18% of the records). Fourteen species with a significant indicator value were reported (p <0.05), being the beehive at Universidad Nacional the one that presented a greater number (seven in total). Conclusions: The N. mellaria species collects pollen from a wide variety of plants in the study sites and therefore it has great potential as a pollinator in urban areas. In addition, this species has preference in the collection of leguminous plants pollen, possibly due to their abundance in the study area and their abundant flowering visually appealing to the Apidae and because they can offer nectar as well as pollen.

RESUMO: A fitorremediação compreende uma das principais formas de descontaminação de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas no solo, economicamente viável e de baixo impacto ambiental. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a eficiência de espécies vegetais de inverno na fitorremediação de solo contaminado com fomesafen e sulfentrazone, utilizando pepino como espécie indicadora da presença de resíduo. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial 6 x 4, com quatro repetições para cada herbicida. No fator A foram alocadas as espécies fitorremediadoras: aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo, cornichão, tremoço e um tratamento sem cultivo prévio; e no fator B, as doses de fomesafen (0,000; 0,125; 0,250 e 0,500 kg ha-1) ou sulfentrazone (0,000; 0,300; 0,600 e 1.200 kg ha-1), aplicadas em pré-emergência das culturas. Aos 45 dias após a semeadura, as espécies fitorremediadoras foram seccionadas rente ao solo. Posteriormente, efetuou-se, no próprio vaso, a semeadura da espécie bioindicadora de resíduos de herbicidas no solo (pepino). A fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas às plantas de pepino foi avaliada aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a emergência (DAE). Aos 28 DAE, determinou-se a área foliar, altura e matéria seca da planta bioindicadora. As doses de fomesafen e sulfentrazone interferiram negativamente nas variáveis avaliadas do pepino, quando cultivado em sucessão às espécies fitorremediadoras. A fitotoxicidade ao pepino aumentou, para todas as espécies potencialmente fitorremediadoras, com o incremento das doses de fomesafen e sulfentrazone. Os resíduos de sulfentrazone promoveram os maiores efeitos tóxicos sobre a planta bioindicadora do que o fomesafen. De modo geral, a aveia-preta, o nabo e o tremoço foram as espécies que apresentaram a maior capacidade de fitorremediar solos contaminados com fomesafen e sulfentrazone ao se aplicar a dose e o dobro das doses recomendadas dos herbicidas.

ABSTRACT: Phytoremediation comprises one of the main forms of decontamination of organic and inorganic substances in the soil, being economically viable and with a low environmental impact. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of winter plant species in the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with fomesafen and sulfentrazone using cucumber as an indicator species to the presence of residue. The experimental design was a completely randomized design arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme with four replications for each herbicide. Factor A consisted of the phytoremediator species black oats, garden vetch, radish, bird’s-foot trefoil, white lupine, and a treatment without prior cultivation. Factor B, on the other hand, consisted of the doses of fomesafen (0.000, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 kg h-1) or sulfentrazone (0.000, 0.300, 0.600 and 1,200 kg ha-1) applied in crop pre-emergence. At 45 days after sowing, the phytoremediator species were cut close to the soil. Subsequently, the bioindicator species of herbicide residues in the soil (cucumber) was sown in the pot. Phytotoxicity of herbicides to cucumber plants was assessed at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after emergence (DAE). At 28 DAE, leaf area, height, and dry matter were determined in the bioindicator plant. Fomesafen and sulfentrazone doses interfered negatively with the assessed variables of cucumber when cultivated in succession to phytoremediator species. Cucumber phytotoxicity increased for all potential phytoremediator species as fomesafen and sulfentrazone doses increased. Sulfentrazone residues promoted the highest toxic effects on the bioindicator plant when compared to fomesafen. In general, black oats, radish, and white lupine were the species with the highest capacity to phytoremediate soil contaminated with fomesafen and sulfentrazone when applying the dose and twice the recommended doses of the herbicides.

Resumo: O pH do exsudato é um teste rápido utilizado para verificar a integridade das membranas de sementes, porém seu desempenho é limitado devido à singularidade de cada espécie necessitando de ajustes sobre sua metodologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma estimativa rápida e precisa do potencial fisiológico de sementes de Citrus limonia Osb. (‘Limão Cravo’) pelo teste pH do exsudato. Inicialmente, realizou-se a caracterização de cinco lotes de sementes de ‘Limão Cravo’ pela determinação da massa de mil sementes, teor de água, germinação e emergência. Posteriormente, foi instalado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial: 5 × 3 × 2 (cinco lotes de sementes, três concentrações de solução indicadora e dois períodos de imersão), para avaliar o pH do exudato. As sementes foram distribuídas individualmente em bandejas de polipropileno e, após os períodos de imersão, foram fotografadas e analisadas por meio de escala numérica. Apesar da similaridade, o teste de emergência mostrou ser mais eficiente para sementes de ‘Limão Cravo’ comparado ao teste de germinação, pois promoveu maior percentual de plântulas. Em relação ao teste pH do exsudato, não foi possível observar diferenças entre lotes de semente para ambas análises, visual e de imagem, não sendo um teste eficiente para discriminar lotes de ‘Limão Cravo’.

Abstract: The pH exudate is a quick test used to check the seed membranes integrity; however, its performance is limited due to the singularity of each specie requiring adjustments about its methodology. In this sense, the aim of this study was to perform a quick and accurate physiological potential estimation of Citrus limonia Osb. (‘Rangpur Lime’) seeds through pH exudate test. First, there was carried out the characterization of five seedlots of ‘Rangpur Lime’ by determination of the thousand seed mass, water content, germination and emergence. Then, a complete randomized experimental design was installed in a factorial scheme: 5 × 3 × 2 (five seedlots, three indicator solutions, and two immersion periods), to evaluate the pH exudate. The seeds were individually distributed in polypropylene trays, and after the immersion periods, there were taken pictures and analyzed by a numeric scale. Despite the similarity, the emergence test showed to be more efficient for ‘Rangpur Lime’ seeds comparing to the germination test, because it promoted higher percentage of seedlings. Regarding the pH exudate test, there were not observed differences between the seedlots for both analysis, visual and image, not being efficient to discriminate lots of ‘Rangpur Lime’.

Resumen En este trabajo se ajustó un modelo de crecimiento para Caesalpinea violacea (Mill.) Standl, en la Empresa Agroforestal Guanahacabibes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 60 parcelas circulares de 500 m2 de un corredor de C. violacea con 6 mediciones del año 2010 y consecutivas a partir, 2012-2016 además de 15 mediciones de plantaciones de esta especie del inventario forestal para la ordenación forestal en la empresa de manera que abarcasen todas la edades de la especie en plantación. Se analizaron dos modelos, el de Shumacher y el de Chapman-Richard, se usó como variable predictora la edad y para el ajuste la regresión lineal. La variable altura domínante (Ho) fue la indicadora del sitio a partir de la cual se obtuvieron los modelos de crecimiento de la masa, del diámetro medio, de la altura media y el área basal por hectárea. El sistema de curvas de índices de sitio lo conformaron seis calidades, fijadas a la edad de 20 años para los valores 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 y 26 m de altura dominante.

Abstract In this work, a growth model for Caesalpinea violacea (Mill.) Standl was adjusted in the Guanahacabibes Agroforestry Company. The sample consisted of 60 circular plots of 500 m2 of a corridor of C. violacea with 6 measurements of the year 2010 and consecutive from, 2012-2016 in addition to 15 measures of plantations of this species of the forest inventory for the forest management in the company to cover all ages of the species in plantation. Two models, Shumacher’s and Chapman-Richard’s, were analyzed as age predictor and for linear regression adjustment. The variable head height (Ho) was the indicator of the site from which the growth models of mass, mean diameter, mean height and basal area per hectare were obtained. The system of site index curves was made up of six qualities, fixed at the age of 20 years for the dominant height values 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 m.