Resumo Analisou-se a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da Erythrina poeppigiana para produzir compensados com os adesivos: fenol-formaldeído (FF); uréia-formaldeído (UF) e poliuretano à base de mamona (PU). Avaliou-se as propriedades física e mecânica: densidade aparente, teor de umidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura, resistência ao cisalhamento e flexão estática. Os testes apontaram a viabilidade da eritrina para produção de compensados não estruturais. A avaliação ambiental, através dos indicadores, quantificação da energia embutida e emissão de CO 2 e, demonstrou que os pain compensado produzido com adesivo PU teve melhor desempenho que os painéis com FF e UF. O tratamento T1 (FF) apresentou maior energia embutida, o T2 (UF) a maior emissão de CO 2 e. A viabilidade técnica e ambiental da eritrina para produzir compensados pode promover o desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional, ambientalmente sustentável, com vantagens em relação aos compensados estrangeiros, bem como ao desempenho ambiental. Analisouse Analisou se adesivos fenolformaldeído fenol formaldeído uréiaformaldeído uréia UF (UF PU. . (PU) Avaliouse Avaliou mecânica aparente umidade água espessura estática estruturais indicadores T (FF regional sustentável estrangeiros (PU

Abstract The study analyzed the technical and environmental feasibility of using Erythrina poeppigiana to produce plywood with different adhesives: phenol-formaldehyde (PF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), and castor oil-based polyurethane (PUA). The physical and mechanical properties of the plywood were evaluated, including apparent density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, shear resistance, and static bending. Tests proved erythrina’s suitability for non-structural plywood production. The environmental impact of the production process was also evaluated, using embedded energy and CO2e emissions as indicators. The results showed that plywood produced with PU adhesive had better environmental performance compared to panels with FF and UF adhesives. T1 treatment (PF) had the highest embodied energy, while T2 (UF) had the highest CO2e emission. Overall, the study suggests that using erythrina to produce plywood can be a viable option for promoting regional socioeconomic development while also being environmentally sustainable and presents an advantage over foreign plywood in terms of environmental performance. adhesives phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde PF, PF , ureaformaldehyde urea UF, oilbased oil based PUA. PUA . (PUA) evaluated density content absorption swelling resistance bending erythrinas s nonstructural non structural COe CO e indicators T (PF (UF emission Overall (PUA

Resumen Introducción. Los sistemas ganaderos del piedemonte amazónico se caracterizan por una baja eficiencia en el uso del suelo, predominio de monocultivos de gramíneas y disminución significativa de la cobertura arbórea, que sumado a la contribución de gases de efecto invernadero, relacionan la actividad ganadera con el calentamiento global. Objetivo. Recopilar y analizar resultados de investigaciones sobre las especies Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook, Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard, Piptocoma discolor (Kunth) Pruski y Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Desarrollo. Mediante el uso de Google Scholar, fórmulas de búsqueda y términos claves asociados al objetivo del estudio, se recuperaron y analizaron 97 documentos. Para las especies de interés, se reportó un amplio rango de adaptación ambiental (0 - 1600 m s. n. m. y entre 1000 y 3700 mm precipitación/año), con potencial para desarrollarse en suelos mal drenados y con bajo pH. Su uso se asoció a cercas vivas, bancos forrajeros, consumo en pastoreo, entre otros. Asimismo, se reportaron valores de materia seca entre 23 y 35 %, proteína cruda entre 15 y 21 % y FDN y FDA <60 % y <45 %, respectivamente. También se encontraron reportes de metabolitos secundarios como taninos y saponinas, lo que podría relacionarse con un potencial para mitigar metano entérico. Se analiza la inclusión de estas especies de plantas forrajeras o similares, por tener un impacto positivo en el almacenamiento de carbono y restauración de áreas degradadas, dadas sus implicaciones en el suelo como fijación de nitrógeno (leguminosas) y aporte de nutrientes vía hojarasca. Conclusiones. Por sus características nutricionales, adaptación y perfil fitoquímico, sería pertinente evaluar el comportamiento de las especies E. poeppigiana, C. fairchildiana, P. discolor y G. ulmifolia, como estrategia para mejorar la oferta nutricional y disminuir las emisiones de metano entérico en condiciones de piedemonte amazónico.

Abstract Introduction. The Amazon foothills livestock is characterized by inefficient land use, pasture monoculture, and significant reduction of the forest, which added to greenhouse gas emissions; it correlates the livestock practices to climate change. Objective. To compile and analyze research on Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook, Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard, Piptocoma discolor (Kunth) Pruski and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Development. Through the use of Google Scholar, search algorithms, and keywords 97 papers related to this study were found and analyzed. To the forage shrubs of interest, the review reported a wide environmental range of adaptation (0 - 1600 m a. s. l. and between 1000 and 3700 mm rain/year), with the potential to develop in poorly drained soils and with low pH. The use of these shrubs in livestock was related to living fences, fodder banks, and direct intake, among others. Likewise, the literature review reported a dry matter concentration between 23 and 35 %, crude protein between 15 % and 21 %, and NDF and ADF <60 % and <45 %, respectively. Additionally, reports of secondary plant metabolites like tannins and saponins were also found, which could be related to the reduction of enteric methane. Lastly, the review examines the potential effect on carbon storage and land restoration by including the shrubs species discussed in the present study due to the possible effect on nitrogen fixation (legumes) and soil nutrient restoration via litter decomposition. Conclusions. Due to their nutritional characteristics, wide range of adaptation, and phytochemical profile, it would be pertinent to evaluate the behavior of the species E. poeppigiana, C. fairchildiana, P. discolor, and G. ulmifolia, as a strategy to improve nutrition and reduce methane emission in the Amazon foothills livestock farming.

The following work aims is to expand the palynological knowledge of five species of Erythrina (Fabaceae) present in Argentina, in order to provide data that allow the delimitation of these taxa, and the incorporation of this information into the NOA Pollinic Atlas (http://www.lillo.org.ar/atlaspolinicodelnoa/). Five species were analyzed: Erythrina crista-galli L. var. longiflora M.A. Zapater & E.C. Lozano, E. mulungu Mart., E. falcata Benth., E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook and E. similis Krukoff. The material was processed according to conventional techniques of acetolysis and natural pollen. Photos were taken using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the grains are medium-sized, from 22 to 45 μm in non-acetolysed pollen and from 24 to 46 μm in acetolysed pollen, oblates to oblates-spheroidal, 3-porate in E. crista galli var. longiflora, E. similis and E. falcata and 3-4-porate in E. mulungui and E. poeppigiana. The exine varies from 1.5 to 3 μm thick, increasing in size in the area of the equator. It presents a reticulate heterobrochate wall ornamentation, with variations in the shape of the lumens, in the height and width of the walls, and the presence and prominence of granules. The ornamentation of the exine observed with MEB allows to differentiate the studied species.

El objetivo del siguiente trabajo consistió en ampliar el conocimiento palinológico de cinco especies de Erythrina (Fabaceae) presentes en Argentina, con el fin de aportar datos que permitan la delimitación de estos taxones e incorporar esta información al Atlas Polínico del NOA que se publica on line (http://www.lillo.org.ar/atlaspolinicodelnoa/). Se analizaron cinco especies: Erythrina crista-galli L. var. longiflora M.A. Zapater & E.C. Lozano, E. mulungu Mart., E. falcata Benth., E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook y E. similis Krukoff. El material fue procesado según las técnicas convencionales de acetólisis y polen natural, se tomaron fotos con microscopía óptica (MO) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Los resultados muestran que los granos son medianos de 22 a 45 μm en polen no acetolizado y de 24 a 46 μm en polen acetolizado, oblatos a oblatos esferoidales. 3-porados en E. crista galli var. longiflora, E. similis y E. falcata y 3-4-porados en E. mulungu y E. poeppigiana. La exina varía de 1,5 a 3 μm de espesor aumentando en tamaño en la zona del ecuador. La escultura es reticulada heterobrocada, con variación en forma de los lúmenes, en la altura y ancho de los muros, y la presencia y prominencia de los gránulos. La ornamentación de la exina observada con MEB permite diferenciar las especies estudiadas.

Resumen Con base en la composición florística y en aspectos de la estructura (área basal y número de individuos), se caracterizó la vegetación en sistemas agroforestales (SAF) ubicados en 47 plantaciones con cacao (Theobroma cacao) en el departamento del Huila, Colombia. La vegetación en dichos sistemas estaba dominada por las especies Pseudosamanea guachapele, Musa paradisiaca, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gmelina arborea, Psidium guajava, Manguifera indica y Cordia alliodora. Las especies características-dominantes a nivel regional fueron Gliricidia sepium, Cordia alliodora, Amyris pinnata y Persea americana. Los sistemas agroforestales con mayor riqueza fueron el de Pseudosamanea guachapele, con 36 especies y el de Musa paradisiaca, con 25. La altura de los individuos oscilaba entre 3 y 21 m, y el mayor valor se presentó en el sistema de P. guachapele; el área basal fue 64,30 m2, los mayores valores se registraron en los sistemas agroforestales de P. guachapele, con 16.41 m2 y en el de E. poeppigiana, con 18,03 m2. La participación de T. cacao a nivel regional en el área basal es de 56,63 m2 y el número total de individuos es de 4.808. En los sitios con exposición libre (cultivo limpio en 11.000 m2) la altura promedio de los individuos de cacao era de 3,5 m, el área basal, de 15,31 m2, con 1.101 individuos. Esta cantidad es casi igual a la que se encontraría en un área de igual extensión en el sistema agroforestal bajo sombra de P. guachapele (1.386 individuos) y cinco veces mayor que aquel con presencia de todas las especies asociadas pero sin T. cacao (217 individuos). Aparte de la cosecha de cacao, estos sistemas ofrecen madera, frutos y leña, y proveen servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la protección del suelo y la conservación de la biodiversidad.

Abstract We characterized the vegetation types in agroforestry systems located in 47 cocoa plantations (Theobroma cacao) in the department of Huila, Colombia, based on the floristic composition and some aspects of the structure (basal area and number of individuals). The vegetation types of these systems were dominated by the species Pseudosamanea guachapele, Musa paradisiaca, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gmelina arborea, Psidium guajava, Manguifera indica, and Cordia alliodora while the characteristic dominant species at the regional level were Gliricidia sepium, Cordia alliodora, Amyris pinnata, and Persea americana. The systems with the greatest richness were those of P. guachapele with 36 species and M. paradisiaca with 25. The height of the individuals ranged between 3 and 21 m with the highest value in the P. guachapele system; the basal area was 64.30 m2, the highest values were registered in the P. guachapele system with 16.41 m2 and in the E. poeppigiana system with 18.03 m2. The participation of T. cacao at the regional level in the basal area was 56.63 m2 with a total number of individuals of 4,808. In sites with free exposure (clean cultivation at 11,000 m2), the average height of cocoa individuals was 3.5 m and the basal area was 15.31 m2 with 1,101 individuals. This amount almost equals what would be found in an area under the shade of equal size in the P. guachapele system (1,386 individuals) and five times greater than in the system with all the associated species but without T. cacao (217 individuals). Besides the cocoa harvest, these agroforestry systems offer wood, fruits, and firewood, and they provide ecosystem services related to soil protection and biodiversity conservation.

Abstract Coffee cultivation in Mexico occurs under shade with various trees, including some nitrogen-fixing species, in systems called agroforestry. The present study was carried out in 2018 in the municipality of Huatusco, Veracruz and the objective was to characterize the agroforestry systems of Inga vera and Erythrina poeppigiana (a young and an adult plantation) in association with coffee; through the measurement of their physical characteristics, such as age of the trees, height, thickness of coffee plants, percentage of shade and the chemical characteristics of the soil and foliar. Subsequently, the results were compared with a system of coffee-Juglans pyriformis, to observe the nutritional differences between plantations with legumes and non-legumes. With these data, the use of Erythrina poeppigiana was proposed as coffee shading, which contributes to improving the microclimate and soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.

Resumen El cultivo de café en México se produce bajo sombra con diversos árboles, incluyendo algunas especies fijadoras de nitrógeno, en sistemas denominados agroforestales. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el año 2018 en el municipio de Huatusco, Veracruz y el objetivo fue caracterizar los sistemas agroforestales de Inga vera y Erythrina poeppigiana (una plantación joven y otra adulta) en asociación con café; a través, de la medición de sus características físicas, como edad del arbolado, altura, grosor de plantas de café, porcentaje de sombra y las características químicas del suelo y foliar. Posteriormente, los resultados se compararon con un sistema de café-Juglans pyriformis, para observar las diferencias nutricionales existentes entre plantaciones con leguminosas y no leguminosas. Con estos datos, se propuso el uso de Erythrina poeppigiana como sombreado de café, la cual contribuye a mejorar el microclima y la fertilidad del suelo mediante la fijación biológica de nitrógeno.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de los forrajes tropicales (Morus alba L.), caraca (Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook y mirasol o botón dorado (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray) como fuente de alimento alternativo engorde de conejos, y su efecto sobre su comportamiento productivo. El experimento se realizó en el programa de especies menores de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador. En este estudio se evaluaron conejos machos de la raza Nueva Zelanda de 35 días de edad y con un promedio de peso de 74,23 ± 75,47 g, distribuidos en cuatro tratamientos con seis réplicas en un diseño de bloque completo. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron los siguientes: T1: concentrado comercial a voluntad (control); T2: concentrado comercial 50 g + morera a voluntad; T3: concentrado comercial 50 g + caraca a voluntad, y T4: concentrado comercial 50 g + botón de oro a voluntad. Para identificar diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, se aplicó el análisis de varianza y se utilizó la prueba de rango múltiple de Tukey (P<0.05) para comparar los valores medios de los tratamientos. Las variables medidas fueron las siguientes: ingesta de alimento (FI); tasa de crecimiento (GR); tasa de conversión de alimento (FCR); peso a canal (WC), rendimiento a canal (PC) y rentabilidad. Los resultados muestran que la FI más alta se registró con T1, T2 y T4 (83,92 ± 4,31, 83,90 ± 1,08 y 81,72 ± 2,85 g de materia seca.d-1, respectivamente); el GR más alto se encontró en T1 (28.81 ± 2.55 g); la FCR más eficiente fue T1, T2 y T3 (2.93 ± 0.27, 3.34 ± 0.28 y 3.23 ± 0.19, respectivamente); y la PC más eficiente fue T3 (56.00 ± 1.11%) siendo también la más rentable (53%).

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the tropical forages morera (Morus alba L.), caraca (Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F.Cook and gold button (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray) as an alternative food source for fattening rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) and its effect on their productive behavior. The experiment was carried out in the minor species program of Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Ecuador. In this study was evaluated New Zealand male rabbits of 35 days of age and with an average weight of 475.47 ± 74.23 g, distributed in four treatments with six replicates in a complete block design. Treatments evaluated were as follows: T1: commercial concentrate ad libitum (control); T2: commercial concentrate 50 g + morera ad libitum; T3: commercial concentrate 50 g + caraca ad libitum, and T4: commercial concentrate 50 g + gold button ad libitum. To identify significant difference among treatments, an analysis of variance and aTukey's multiple range test (P<0.05) were carried out to compare the mean values of treatments. Variables measured were as follows: feed intake (FI); growth rate (GR); feed conversion rate (FCR); weight to channel (WC), performance to channel (PC) and profitability. Results show that the highest FI was recorded by T1, T2 and T4 (83.92 ± 4.31, 83.90 ± 1.08 and 81.72 ± 2.85 g dry matter.d-1, respectively); highest GR was found in T1 (28.81 ± 2.55 g); most efficient FCR was T1, T2 and T3 (2.93 ± 0.27, 3.34 ± 0.28 and 3.23 ± 0.19, respectively); and most efficient PC was T3 (56.00 ± 1.11 %) being also the most profitable (53 %).

Resumen El cambio de uso del suelo por la intensificación de la agricultura contribuye a la fragmentación de los bosques tropicales y la pérdida de la biodiversidad. En este sentido, a diferencia de los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) tradicionales, los SAF modernos son considerados de poca importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad de los fragmentos de bosque. Sin embargo, existe una tendencia al establecimiento de SAF modernos. Debido a la sensibilidad a los cambios ambientales, se evaluó la diversidad de mariposas en SAF modernos de Coffea arabica y Erythrina poeppigiana (CP) y en combinación con Musa spp. (CPM) o Cordia alliodora (la única especie nativa de los SAF) (CPL), además de fragmentos de bosque muy húmedo premontano (FR) en el Corredor Biológico Volcánica Central-Talamanca, Costa Rica. En seis sitios representativos de cada sistema se establecieron tres transectos paralelos de 80 m cada uno y distanciados a 25 m entre los mismos. Cada cafetal y fragmento de bosque fue muestreado durante 1.5 horas en total para el registro de mariposas. Durante tres fechas de muestreo, se obtuvo un esfuerzo de muestreo de 4.5 horas/sitio y 27 horas en cada SAF y en FR. CP y CPM juntos tuvieron una composición de especies de mariposas diferente a la de CPL y FR. CP y CPM juntos resultaron con las especies de áreas abiertas Hermeuptychia hermes y Anartia jatrophae como indicadoras. CPL resultó con las especies de bosques secundarios Heliconus erato petiverana y Pareuptychia ocirrhoe como indicadoras. Por el contrario, FR resultó con diversas especies indicadoras típicas de bosques continuos tales como Pierella helvina incanescens, Caligo eurilochus y Morpho peleides limpida. Además, la riqueza de especies en FR fue mayor en relación a los SAF. Sin embargo, entre los SAF, CPL resultó con la mayor diversidad (Exp(H’)) de especies de áreas cerradas que CP. Así mismo, CPM tuvo una mayor abundancia de mariposas frugívoras que CP y CPL. En bosques fragmentados, los cafetales con sombras exóticas pueden ser mejores hábitats para mariposas de bosques si se combinan con árboles nativos y/o frutales.

Abstract Land use change by the intensification of agriculture contributes to tropical forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss. In this sense, in comparison with traditional agroforestry systems (AFS), modern AFS are considered irrelevant for the conservation of biodiversity of tropical forest fragments. However, there is an increasing trend toward the establishment of different types of modern AFS. Owing to the sensitivity to environmental changes, we evaluated the biodiversity of butterflies in AFS with Coffea arabica and Erythrina poeppigiana (CP), and intermixed with Musa spp. (CPM) or Cordia alliodora (the only native species of AFS) (CPL), as well as premontane very humid forest fragments in the Volcánica Central-Talamanca Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. In six representative sites of each system we set up three parallel 80 m line-transects, separated by a distance of 25 m. Each coffee farm and forest fragment (FR) was surveyed during 1.5 hours to record butterflies. All sites were sampled once a month from May to July 2007. We obtained 4.5 hours of sampling/site, and 27 hours of sampling/habitat. Both CP and CPM together had a butterflies’ species composition which differed from CPL and FR. The indicator species of both CP and CPM together were Hermeuptychia hermes and Anartia jatrophae which are typical of open areas. CPL resulted with the species of secondary forests Heliconius erato petiverana and Pareuptychia ocirrhoe as indicators. In contrast, FR resulted with several indicator species typical of closed canopy forests such as Pierella helvina incanescens, Caligo eurilochus, and Morpho peleides limpida. Moreover, the richness of species was similar among coffee AFS. Furthermore, the richness of species of each coffee AFS was lower in comparison with FR. However, among coffee AFS, CPL harbored higher diversity (Exp(H’)) of forest butterflies than CP. Also, CPM was higher in abundance of frugivorous butterflies in relation with CP and CPL. In fragmented forests, coffee farms with exotic shade species combined at least with a native tree or fruit species, can be a better habitat for forest butterflies than those dominated by an exotic monospecific shade. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 394-402. Epub 2018 March 01.

This study was carried out to determine the digestibility coefficients and digestible energy of Arachis pintoi, Stylozanthes guianensis, Erythrina poeppigiana, Centrocema macrocarpum and Pueraria phaseoloides. The direct method was used, using the same forage as the only food. The experiment had two phases, one for adaptation and one of faeces collection, with duration of 15 and 5 days, respectively. We used 25 male guinea pigs in growth stage distributed in order to get 5 guinea pigs for each tropical legume evaluated. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were numerically higher for Arachis pintoi (51,96, 56,80, 29,46 y 71,32 percent of the dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract digestibility, respectively) than for all the other treatments, except for the ash. Likewise, digestible energy values (in dry basis) were greater for Arachis pintoi (2,20 kcal/g) than for all other forages.

El experimento fue conducido para determinar los coeficientes de digestibilidad y la energía digestible del Arachis pintoi, Stylozanthes guianensis, Erythrina poeppigiana, Centrocema macrocarpum y Pueraria phaseoloides. Se empleo el método directo, usando el mismo forraje como único alimento. El experimento tuvo dos fases, una de adaptación y una de colección de heces, con una duración de 15 y 5 días, respectivamente. Se utilizaron 25 cuyes machos en etapa de crecimiento distribuidos de tal manera que 5 cuyes correspondieron a cada leguminosa tropical evaluada. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad de los nutrientes del Arachis pintoi (51,96, 56,80, 29,46 y 71,32 por ciento de digestibilidad de la materia seca, proteína cruda, fibra cruda y extracto libre de nitrógeno, respectivamente) fueron cuantitativamente superiores a los otros tratamientos a excepción de la ceniza. Asimismo, los valores de energía digestible (en base seca) obtenidos fueron mayores en el Arachis pintoi (2,20 Kcal/g) que los otros forrajes.

Abstract In this paper the floristic composition and structure and tree species diversity between cacao agroforestry systems (SAF-cacao) of different age were compared. In 20 sampling sites of 5 000 m2 each, from each tree measured diameter at breast height (DAP1.3 m) and total height (Ht); basal area (AB, m2 ha-1), importance value index (IVI), diversity indices (H') and Shannon index (E) and similarity indices were calculated. 2 856 trees were recorded, belonging to 67 species from 58 genera and 28 botanical families. The most diverse families were Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae and Verbenaceae. The 25 and 20 years SAF had the highest and lowest basal area (AB) with 22.7 and 12.16 m2 ha-1, respectively. As for IVI, Erythrina americana, Cedrela odorata, Poeppigiana erythrina, Gliricidia sepium and Colubrina arborescens, represented 53.1% of the 67 species recorded. The 35 and 6 years SAF had the highest and lowest diversity with H' values of 2.89 and 0.92, respectively. The older the SAF, were more uniform. The 18 and 38 years and between 25 and 30 years SAF-Cocoa were the most similar in tree species composition, respectively.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se comparó la composición florística, y la estructura y diversidad de especies arbóreas entre sistemas agroforestales de cacao (SAF-cacao) de diferente edad. En 20 sitios de muestreo de 5 000 m2 cada uno, de cada árbol se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP1.3 m) y la altura total (Ht); y se calculó el área basal (AB, m2 ha-1), índice de valor de importancia (IVI), los índices de diversidad (H’) y uniformidad de Shannon (E) y los índices de similitud. Se registraron 2 856 árboles, pertenecientes a 67 especies de 58 géneros y 28 familias botánicas. Las familias más diversas fueron Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae y Verbenaceae. Los SAF de 25 y 20 años presentaron la mayor y menor área basal (AB) con 22.7 y 12.16 m2 ha-1, respectivamente. En cuanto al IVI, Erythrina americana, Cedrela odorata, Erythrina poeppigiana, Gliricidia sepium y Colubrina arborescens, representaron 53.1% de las 67 especies registradas. Los SAF de 35 y 6 años presentaron la mayor y menor diversidad con valores H’ de 2.89 y 0.92, respectivamente. A mayor edad de los SAF, estos fueron más uniformes. El SAF-cacao de 18 y 38 años y los de 25 y 30 años de edad fueron los más similares en composición de especies arbóreas, respectivamente.

Abstract Growth and production initial characteristics of 6 pioner tree species and 9 advanced successional stages tree species were determined. The 15 species are native of the Ecuadorian Amazon. They were planted in a randomized complete blocks, with two fertilizer treatments (70 days and 180 days were the time of release of nutrients) and one witness. The study site is located in Domomo, Macas, Morona Santiago, Ecuador. Plant growth (height, basal diameter) was measured 7 times during 6 months. Three seedlings partial collections were made to measure the biomass. As result, Nectandra membranaceae is one of the advanced successional species with hard adaptation for growing in broad daylight, as its survival was almost zero. Heliocarpus americanus, Pollalesta discolor and Erythrina poeppigiana were the pionner species with better growth in height, basal diameter and biomass. No significant effects were observed by fertilizer treatments on height growth, basal diameter and biomass during the first three months. The results will serve for selecting the pioneer species more susceptible to produce a dense vegetation cover on degraded soils and the tree species of advanced successional stages.

Resumen Se determinaron las características de crecimiento y de producción iniciales de 6 especies de árboles pioneros y de 9 especies de árboles de estados sucesionales avanzados, todas nativas de la Amazonia ecuatoriana. Las 15 especies fueron plantadas en un dispositivo experimental de bloques aleatorios completos, con 1 testigo y 2 tratamientos con fertilizantes. Los 2 tratamientos no difieren más que en el tiempo de liberación de los nutrientes (70 días y 180 días). El ensayo se situó en el recinto Domono, Macas, Morona Santiago, Ecuador. El crecimiento (altura, diámetro basal) de todas las plantas fueron medidas en 7 ocasiones durante los 6 meses que duró la experiencia. Tres recolecciones parciales de plántulas fueron efectuadas para medir la biomasa. Los resultados indican que Nectandra membranaceae es una de las especies de estados sucesionales avanzados que tienen mucha dificultad de adaptarse al crecimiento en plena luz, ya que su sobrevivencia fue casi nula. Las especies que tienen mejor crecimiento tanto en altura como en diámetro basal y biomasa son las especies pioneras: Heliocarpus americanus, Pollalesta discolor y Erythrina poeppigiana. El análisis de varianza sobre el efecto de los fertilizantes entre las especias, muestra que no hubo efectos significativos sobre el crecimiento en altura, diámetro basal y sobre la biomasa durante los tres primeros meses. Los resultados de este trabajo servirán para seleccionar de manera más acertada las especies pioneras susceptibles de producir lo más rápidamente una cubierta vegetal densa sobre sitios de suelos degradados y a las especies de árboles de estados sucesionales avanzados.

La investigación se ejecutó en la Finca Experimental "La María" propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) localizada en el km 7¹/2 de la vía Quevedo-Mocache; Provincia de Los Ríos cuya ubicación geográfica de 1º 6' 23" de latitud sur y 79º 29' 12" de longitud oeste y a una altura de 73 m.s.n.m. El objetivo principal fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo de cuyes con la inclusión del 20% de harinas derivadas de follajes arbustivos y arbóreos tropicales. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes macho de 30 días de edad. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos, cuatro réplicas y la unidad experimental estuvo conformado por dos cuyes. Para determinar las diferencias entre medias de tratamientos se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05). Se evaluaron cinco dietas-tratamientos: (T0) dieta 100% balanceado, (T1) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Morus alba, (T2) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Erythrina poeppigiana, (T3) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Tithonia diversifolia, (T4) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Las variables bajo estudio fueron: consumo de alimento de balanceado en materia seca (CABMS, g), ganancia de peso (GP, g), índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) y rendimiento en canal (RC, %). La rentabilidad de los tratamientos se determinó a través de la relación beneficio-costo (R b/c). Los mayores (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA y RC-Rentabilidad, la registraron los tratamientos: T0 (48.34 g MS animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 y 5.04) y el T3 (77.67% y 26.20%), respectivamente.

The research was carried out at the Experimental farm "La María" property of the State Technical University of Quevedo located at km 7¹/2 in road Quevedo-Mocache; Los Ríos province, with a geographical location of 1° 6' 23" south latitude and 79º 29' 12" west longitude, at 73 meters altitude. The aim was to evaluate the productive effect of leaf meal and tropical shrubs with inclusion 20%. Were used 40 male guinea pigs of 30 days age and a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions, two male guinea pigs was used to study. A 56-days experiment was conducted, and was applied the Tukey test (P≤0.05) to determine differences. Five treatments in diets were evaluated: (T0) 100% balanced diet; (T1) 80% and 20% leaf meal Morus alba flour (T2); 80% diet and 20% Erythrina poeppigiana flour; (T3) 80% diet and 20% Tithonia diversifolia flour; (T4) 80% diet and 20% Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flour. The following variables were used: Balanced feed consumption in dry matter (CABMS, g), weight obtained (GP, g), alimentary conversion index (ICA), performance distribution channel (RC, %). The profitability of the treatments was determined using the benefit-cost ratio (R b/c) ratio. The higher (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA, RC- yield, assigned treatments: T0 (48.34 g DM animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 and 5.04) and T3 (77.67 % and 26.20%), respectively.

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, determinar se as populações das minhocas são alteradas em função do manejo do café (Coffea arabica) em Turrialba, CostaRica. Os seguintes sistemas de cultivo do café foram estudados: a pleno sol (PS) e sombreado com eritrina, Erythrina poeppigiana (E); terminalia, Terminalia amazonia (T) e cashá, Chloroleucon eurycyclum (Ab). A hipótese foi de que o manejo orgânico do café e o fornecimento da serapilheira de melhor qualidade favoreceria a diversidade, a densidade e a biomassa das minhocas. As populações das minhocas foram alteradas, em função do manejo com insumos sintéticos ou orgânicos , sendo a densidade menor no café a pleno sol. Entre as espécies utilizadas no sombreamento, a eritrina parece limitar a abundância das minhocas. Contudo, favorece a diversidade das mesmas, tendo sido registradas duas espécies de minhocas com papéis ecológicos diferenciados, Pontoscolex corethrurus, endogeica e Metaphire californica, anécica; ao contrário dos demais tratamentos, onde somente foi encontrada a primeira espécie, considerada cosmopolita com distribuição pantropical.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the populations of the earthworms are altered by coffee systems in Turrialba, Costa Rica. The following coffee management systems were studied: the sun and shading with Erythrina poeppigiana; terminalia, Terminalia amazonia or cashá, Chloroleucon eurycyclum. The hypothesis was that the organic management of the coffee and the litter input of better quality would favor the diversity, the density and the biomass of the earthworms. The populations of earthworms were differentiated with the synthetic or organic input. However, the density was lower in the coffee under the sun anyone the used species in the agroforestry, the eritrina seems to limit the abundance of the earthworms, but it favors the diversity of the same ones, being registered two species of earthworms with differentiated ecological roles, Pontoscolex corethrurus, endogeic, specie cosmopolita with pantropical distribution and Metaphire californica, anecic. On the contrary of other treatments where only the first species was found.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de espécies arbóreas com potencial de uso múltiplo, nas condições ambientais da Amazônia ocidental brasileira, visando recomendá-las como componentes de sistemas agroflorestais e para recuperação de áreas degradadas. O experimento foi estabelecido na Estação Experimental da Embrapa Acre, com 12 espécies nativas e introduzidas, no espaçamento de 1,50 m entre linhas, por 1,50 m entre plantas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada espécie foi representada por cinco plantas em cada repetição. As avaliações, realizadas até quatro anos e meio após o plantio mostraram que: a) todas as espécies apresentaram índices de sobrevivência superiores a 80%, com exceção de Cedrela odorata (75%), Aspidosperma vargasii (65%) e Spondias lutea (65%); b) o incremento médio anual em altura total foi maior em Acacia mangium (2,91 m) e Acacia pollyphylla (2,66 m), seguida por Leucaena leucocephala, Calycophyllum spruceanum e Gliricidia sepium com médias de 2,38, 1,56 e 1,40 m, respectivamente; c) o incremento médio anual em diâmetro basal também foi maior em A. mangium (4,98 cm) e A. pollyphylla (3,92 cm), seguidas de Erythrina fusca (3,06 cm), Spondias lutea (2,37 cm), Erythrina poeppigiana (2,17 cm) e E. berteroana (2,12 cm); d) o incremento anual em diâmetro da copa foi maior em A. pollyphylla (2,50 m), G. sepium (1,03 m), Torresea acreana (0,98 m) e Erythrina fusca (0,87 m). Estes resultados sugerem a boa adaptação das espécies introduzidas que apresentaram desenvolvimento superior à maioria das nativas, principalmente em termos de capacidade de estabelecimento e crescimento inicial.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of tree species with multiple use potential, in the local environmental conditions of the western Brazilian Amazon, in order to recommend these species as components of agroforestry systems and for reclamation of degraded areas. The experiment was established at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Acre, with 12 native and introduced species, using 1.5 by 1.5 m spacing between rows and plants. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four replications and five plants in each replication. The evaluations at four and a half years after planting showed that: a) all species presented survival indexes above 80%, with exception of Cedrela odorata (75%), Aspidosperma vargasii (65%) and Spondias lutea (65%); b) the mean annual increment in total height was greater in Acacia mangium (2.91 m) and Acacia pollyphylla (2.66 m), followed by Leucaena leucocephala, Calycophyllum spruceanum and Gliricidia sepium, with means of 2.38 m, 1.56 m and 1.40 m, respectively; c) the mean annual increment in basal diameter was greater in Acacia mangium (4.98 cm) and Acacia pollyphylla (3.92 cm), followed by E. fusca (3.06 cm), Spondias lutea (2.37 cm), Erythrina poeppigiana (2.17 cm) and E. berteroana (2.12 cm); d) the annual increment in tree crown diameter was greater in A. pollyphylla (2.50 m), G. sepium (1.03 m), Torresea acreana (0.98 m) and E. fusca (0.87 m). These results suggest good adaptation of the introduced species, which presented development superior to most of the native species, especially in terms of capacity for establishment and initial growth.

Las diferentes especies de Erythrina se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en Costa Rica y se las conoce popularmente con el nombre de "poró". En el presente estudio, se seleccionaron dos especies: Erythrina poeppigiana y Erythrina steyermarkii. Se prepararon extractos de las semillas en solución tampón salina de fosfatos y se verificó la presencia de lectinas en ellos mediante la técnica de hemaglutinación, utilizando eritrocitos humanos. Se trató de demostrar un efecto selectivo de la hemaglutinación empleando eritrocitos de varias especies de mamíferos, específicamente de carnero, caballo y conejo. Solo los eritrocitos de conejo fueron aglutinados con la lectina de E. steyermarkii. El efecto hemaglutinante de las dos lectinas fue inhibido con los siguientes carbohidratos: D-galactosa, N-D-acetil galactosamina, D-lactosa y D-rafinosa. La lectina de E. steyermarkii también fue inhibida con L-rhamnosa. Las dos lectinas fueron aisladas por filtración en gel y cromatografìa de afinidad, usando lactosa como ligando. Las fracciones que resultaron positivas se analizaron mediante la técnica de electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida y duodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE). Con la filtración en gel y el SDS-PAGE, se comprobó que las dos lectinas tienen una masa molecular aparente de 50 kDa y que están formadas por dos subunidades de 25 kDa, aproximadamente. Se buscó un efecto mitogénico en las dos lectinas y se encontró que sólo E. steyermarkii lo manifestaba sobre células mononucleares humanas aisladas de sangre periférica. Se determinó la estabilidad de las lectinas en diferentes ámbitos de temperatura (4 a 100 °C) y de pH (2 a 12 ). Las dos lectinas se mantuvieron estables en un rango de temperatura de 40 a 70 °C y en un pH de 2 a 10.

Erythrina species are widely distributed in Costa Rica and known popularly as "poró". In this study, two species were selected, Erythrina poeppigiana and Erythrina steyermarkii. Seed extracts were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline. The presence of lectins in the extracts was verified by hemagglutinating effect over suspensions of human erythrocytes. A selective hemagglutinating effect on erythrocytes of several mammal species, goat, horse and rabbit red cells was tested; only the latter were agglutinated by E. steyermarkii. The hemagglutinating effect of both lectins was inhibited with the following carbohydrates: D-galactose, N-acetyl galactosamine, D-lactose and D-raffinose. The lectin from E. steyermarkii was also inhibited with L-rhamnose. Both lectins were isolated with gel filtration and affinity chromatography using lactose as ligand. Fractions that proved positive were tested with the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE showed that these lectins have an apparent molecular mass of 50kDa, and are formed by two subunits of approximately 25 kDa. E. poeppigiana had no mitogenic effect, but the extract of E. steyermarkii had a mitogenic effect on human mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood. The stability of the lectins was tested at different temperature and pH ranges (4 to 100 °C) and at pH 2 to 12. Both were stable at a pH range from 2 to 10, and at temperatures from 40 to 70 °C.

A resposta do cacaueiro à aplicação de micronutrientes, matéria orgânica, calcário e fracionamento da adubação foi determinada em dois experimentos, instalados em solos das unidades Terra Roxa estruturada eutrófica (TR) e Latossolo Amarelo (LA), no Estado do Pará, no período de 1988 a 1993. As lavouras de cacau do híbrido Sca 6 x Be 10 foram implantadas pelo sistema de derrubada total e queima da floresta primária, utilizando-se sombreamento provisório de bananeira (Musa spp.) e permanente de Erythrina poeppigiana ou Gmelina arborea. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, sendo a parcela constituída de 20 plantas úteis. Os resultados de produção de cacau demonstraram que não houve interação significativa entre tratamentos e solos ou ano de condução do experimento. O fracionamento da adubação NPK em três aplicações/ano e a adubação NPK + Zn foram os melhores tratamentos, provocando incrementos (P < 0,05) na produtividade do cacaueiro da ordem de 27,5% e 10,9%, respectivamente. A menor incidência (P < 0,05) de frutos atacados pela enfermidade vassoura-de-bruxa, causada pelo fungo Crinipellis perniciosa, foi observada nos tratamentos em que se aplicaram uma mistura de micronutrientes (B, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mo) ou esterco de gado na dosagem de 5 t ha-1; as porcentagens de frutos doentes dos demais tratamentos não diferiram da adubação NPK (testemunha). Para o aumento da produtividade, a estratégia de adubação mais eficiente foi o fracionamento da adubação NPK (60 kg ha-1 de N, P(2)0(5) e K(2)0) em três aplicações ao ano. O efeito de micronutrientes e do esterco de gado na infecção da vassoura-de-bruxa merece ser investigado com mais atenção.

The effects of applying micronutrients, cattle manure, lime and splitting application of NPK fertilizers on the yield and the incidence of witches' broom disease of cacao caused by Crinipellis perniciosa were determined in two experiments carried out on structured Terra Roxa soil (TR) and Yellow Latosol (LA), in Pará State, from 1988 to 1993, after the slash and burn of the forest. The hybrid (Sca 6 x Be 10) cacao crop was introduced utilizing banana (Musa spp.), as temporary shading, and a leguminous tree (Erythrina poeppigiana) or Gmelina arborea, as permanente shading, The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications of 20 cacao trees per plot in each soil. Cacao yield data showed that there was no interaction between treatments and soils or cropping year. The highest yields were obtained by splitting NPK fertilizers three times a year or by applying NPK plus zinc, which increased (P < 0,05) production by 27,5% and 10,9%, respectively. Lowest witches' broom pod infection (P < 0,05) occurred when soil was treated with a micronutrient mix (Bo, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mo) or with cattle manure at the rate of 5 t ha-1. The most promising fertilizer strategy to increase yield of cocoa was splitting the rate of a NPK fertilizer (60 kg ha-1 of N, P(2)0(5) and K(2)0) three times a year. The importance of micronutrients, cattle manure and liming on pod infection by witches' broom disease deserves more attention in future research.