RESUMO A climatização de packing houses é fundamental para o bem-estar humano, e por se tratar de um ambiente de produção, é desejável que haja homogeneidade das variáveis ambientais. Assim, este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o ambiente na área de seleção e embalagem de um packing house de uvas de mesa climatizado com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo, caracterizar a variabilidade térmica espacial e identificar pontos críticos de controle. As variáveis climáticas temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento foram avaliadas nos períodos seco e chuvoso, às 10:00, 13:00 e 15:00 h. Foram avaliados dois tratamentos: com os resfriadores evaporativos ligados e desligados. A distribuição espacial das variáveis foi mapeada por krigagem. O sistema de resfriamento evaporativo melhorou as condições térmicas na área de seleção e embalagem do packing house, mas não garantiu a homogeneização. Pontos críticos foram identificados no início da linha de beneficiamento, uma região mais distante dos resfriadores, marcada à direita nos mapas de krigagem. O uso da geoestatística e dos mapas de krigagem permitiu identificar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos climáticos e localizar regiões problemáticas, possibilitando correções pontuais para fatores que comprometem o conforto térmico humano.

ABSTRACT The acclimatization of packing houses is essential for human well-being, and, as it is a production environment, it is desirable that environmental variables are homogeneous. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the environment in the selection and packaging area of a climate-controlled grape packing house with an evaporative cooling system, characterizing the spatial thermal variability and identifying critical control points. The climatic variables temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were analyzed, at 10:00, 13:00 and 15:00 h during the dry and rainy seasons. Two treatments were evaluated: with evaporative coolers switched on and switched off. The spatial distribution of the variables was mapped by kriging. The evaporative cooling system improved the thermal conditions in the selection and packaging area of the packing house but did not ensure homogenization. Critical points were identified at the beginning of the processing line, in a region further away from the coolers. The use of geostatistics and kriging maps made it possible to identify the spatial variability of climatic attributes and localize problematic regions, which allowed targeted corrections to be made to the factors that compromise human thermal comfort.

Abstract In June 2018 and March 2019, environmental organizations in the province of Azuay achieved two objectives against the Río Blanco and Loma Larga mining projects, obtaining the suspension of extractive activities by means of a protective action and a popular referendum, respectively. What factors influenced the fact that the anti-mining actors in the province of Azuay achieved the results described above, considering that the mechanisms to make them effective were carried out through institutional channels? This article answers this question based on qualitative research. The data have been collected through the review of written and digital media and of digital portals of social organizations and governmental entities. The argument is that this result has been the product of a variation in political opportunities - changes in the coalitions of the ruling elite and presence of conjunctural allies - in two moments of Ecuador’s recent history (2007-2008 and 2017-2018), which favored the institutional actions of anti-mining organizations. It has been found that the transformations in the coalitions of the ruling elite, expressed in changes in the authorities of national state entities, also shaped the presence of conjunctural political allies for social organizations.

Resumen En junio de 2018 y en marzo de 2019 organizaciones ecologistas de la provincia del Azuay alcanzaron dos objetivos en contra de los proyectos mineros Río Blanco y Loma Larga, logrando que se dictara la suspensión de las actividades extractivas por medio de una acción de protección y una consulta popular, respectivamente. ¿Qué factores influyeron en el hecho de que los actores antimineros de la provincia del Azuay alcanzaran los resultados anteriormente descritos, considerando que los mecanismos para efectivizarlos se llevaron a cabo por la vía institucional? Este artículo responde a tal interrogante a partir de una investigación cualitativa; los datos han sido recopilados mediante una revisión documental de medios de comunicación escrita y digital, portales digitales de las organizaciones sociales y entidades gubernamentales. El argumento que se sostiene es que el resultado ha sido producto de una variación en las oportunidades políticas -cambios en las coaliciones de la élite gobernante y presencia de aliados coyunturales- en dos momentos de la historia reciente de Ecuador (2007-2008 y 2017-2018), lo que favoreció a las acciones institucionales de las organizaciones antimineras. Se ha encontrado que las transformaciones en las coaliciones de la élite gobernante, expresadas en los cambios de las autoridades de los entes estatales nacionales, significaron también la presencia de aliados políticos coyunturales para las organizaciones sociales.

ABSTRACT Tausch’s goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) is a troublesome and widespread weed that poses a significant challenge in winter wheat fields. Understanding the germination biology of Tausch’s goat grass is crucial for predicting its potential distribution area. To better understand its germination and emergence ecology, this study evaluated the effects of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Seed germinations were settled across a range of constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 27 °C), and optimal germination rates were observed at 5, 15, 20, and 25 °C. The light and pH had no discernible effect on germination. Germination in this study was inhibited at osmotic potentials ranging from 0 to -0.7 MPa. The seedling emergence rate was highest (100%) when seeds were not buried (depth of 0 cm), emergence gradually declined while the depth of burial increased, no seedlings emerge at the depth of 6 cm. Those implied that deep plowing could effectively limit germination and emergence of this species. This study provides valuable insights into the germination conditions of Tausch’s goat grass and lays the groundwork for scientific prediction and control measures.

This study investigates the role of lecturer personality on student performance. Lecturer personality is considered to be an important factor in determining the quality of the teaching and learning experience for both students and lecturers. It is suggested that a lecturer's personality can have a major impact on the way students learn, as well as their overall learning experience. The focus of this article will be on a selected lecturer from a selected South African higher education institution (HEI). This study explores the effects of this lecturer's personality on their student's performance. It examines the factors that contribute to the student's success to becoming a junior lecturer, led by the lecturer's modelling of professionalism, enthusiasm, passion, accessibility and approachability, amongst other factors. To accelerate the conceptual debates of this article, qualitative research methodology is employed alongside the Social Cognitive Theory. Scholars note that there is a reciprocal effect between personal, environmental and behaviour factors that affect learning outcomes. This is the reason why this theory is employed in this research about the personality of this lecturer. Consequently, findings are that positive personality traits of a lecturer model good behaviour and encourage good performance towards students.

ABSTRACT Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) exhibits remarkable adaptability to different agroecological conditions, but there are still challenges in introducing it to new environments, especially those in northern latitudes. This study investigates the impact of genotype, season, sowing density (5 and 10 cm between plants), and their interaction on agro-morphological traits of quinoa cultivars (Puno and Titicaca). Seasonal variations, primarily influenced by precipitation, significantly affected all analyzed traits (plant height, number of side branches and flower branches, biomass and grain yield per plant) with the highest values recorded in a favorable season. The season factor had the greatest influence in the variation of grain yield, with a share of 89.7% in the total variation. Grain yield per plant was 31.41 g in the favorable season compared to 14.64 g in the less favorable season. The significance of the Genotype × Season interaction in variation of plant height, number of side branches and biomass production per plant, as well as the significance of the Season × Sowing density interaction in biomass production, highlighted the importance of these factors to optimize cultivation practices and increase quinoa productivity in different environmental conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the interrelationships among agro-morphological traits, where in less favorable environments grain yield was most closely related to biomass, number of side branches and number of flower branches. Lower sowing density (10 cm between plants) may be more favorable for achieving high values across all analyzed traits, particularly increasing the number of flower branches (16.75 at lower density and 14.61 at higher density). The ‘Puno’ genotype stands out with a pronounced adaptability to less favorable environmental conditions, especially at lower sowing density. In contrast, the ‘Titicaca’ genotype stands out for its high biomass production, especially in the second season (74.9 g).

BACKGROUND: Patient safety incidents (PSIs) cause harm to patients, including falls, accidental ingestion and physical assault. Despite their importance in healthcare, limited information exists on how South African speech-language therapists (SLTs) perceive them in the public and private sectors. This study applied the Donabedian model of patient safety and healthcare quality to SLTs' perspectives on PSIs. METHODS: Free attitude interviews with 10 South African SLTs explored the environment (where and who), processes (how and why) and outcomes (events and consequences) of PSIs. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically using a six-phase deductive and inductive approach within the Donabedian model. RESULTS: The Donabedian model's three components (structure, process, outcome) led to six sub-themes, highlighting its applicability to SLTs' perspectives on PSIs. It revealed how factors such as clinical environment, care delivery and patient outcomes influence SLTs' perceptions. CONCLUSION: Understanding SLTs' perspectives is essential for addressing environmental issues, developing training, institutional inductions and audits that prevent and manage PSIs, and improving service quality. CONTRIBUTION: This study emphasises engaging practitioners to understand factors affecting PSIs. It contributes to improving SLT training and practice in South Africa to enhance patient safety.

Resumen La floricultura es un sector de creciente importancia a nivel mundial, contribuyendo a la generación de empleo, ingresos y a la promoción de la biodiversidad y la sostenibilidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores que influyen en la adopción de la floricultura como cultivo alternativo en la provincia de Leoncio Prado, Perú, y evaluar su viabilidad económica. Para ello, se encuestó a 269 agricultores, analizando actitudes, aptitud de la tierra, factores socioeconómicos y ambientales. Mediante análisis descriptivo, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística (p < 0,1) se seleccionaron los factores influyentes. Además, se emplearon múltiples algoritmos de aprendizaje automático (Árboles de Decisión, Regresión Logística, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Redes Neuronales, Naive Bayes) con validación cruzada (k = 5) y métricas AUC para modelar la intención de adopción. Se desarrollaron escenarios incrementando la predisposición a adoptar la floricultura, y se realizó un análisis económico de ocho especies tropicales (Ginger Rojo, Anturio, Bastón del Emperador, Heliconia, Gardenia, Pico de Loro, Heliconias Golden, Maracas). Los resultados revelan que la disposición a cambiar de cultivo, la participación en campañas de sensibilización, la destinación de áreas a la conservación y el control de costos son factores clave. El modelo de redes neuronales alcanzó un AUC de 83,3% y escenarios mejorados indican que la adopción podría incrementar hasta en 11,32%. El Ginger Rojo demostró alta rentabilidad (VAN S/10428; TIR 51%; PRI 0,7 años). En conclusión, la floricultura representa una alternativa económica y ambientalmente viable que contribuye a la diversificación agrícola y a la sostenibilidad.

Abstract Floriculture is a sector of growing global importance, contributing to employment generation, income creation, and the promotion of biodiversity and sustainability. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the adoption of floriculture as an alternative crop in the province of Leoncio Prado, Peru, and to assess its economic viability. A total of 269 farmers were surveyed, analyzing attitudes, land suitability, and socioeconomic and environmental factors. Influential factors were identified using descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.1). Additionally, multiple machine learning algorithms (Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, KNN, SVM, Ensemble, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes) with cross-validation (k = 5) and AUC metrics were employed to model adoption intentions. Scenarios were developed to increase the willingness to adopt floriculture, and an economic analysis of eight tropical species (Red Ginger, Anthurium, Emperor's Staff, Heliconia, Gardenia, Parrot's Beak, Golden Heliconias, Maracas) was conducted. The results reveal that willingness to change crops, participation in awareness campaigns, allocation of areas for conservation, and cost control are key factors. The neural network model achieved an AUC of 83.3%, and improved scenarios indicate that adoption could increase by up to 11.32%. Red Ginger demonstrated high profitability (NPV S/10428; IRR 51%; PBP 0.7 years). In conclusion, floriculture represents an economically and environmentally viable alternative that contributes to agricultural diversification and sustainability.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the factors that explain the emergence and continuity over time of an unusual form of regional articulation of environmental mobilization in Chile, taking place through the O'Higgins Regional Environmental Association (ARAO). Within the framework of the literature of social movements, the case study combines in an original way process tracking methodology and participatory action research (PAR). The results show that the construction of a new framework for collective action with a regional and environmental perspective explains, in the first place, the emergence of articulation, while the strategic use of the opportunities offered by the political-institutional environment at different scales explains its continuity. The case is pioneering, but not isolated, so this study can contribute to the understanding of similar experiences present in other regions of the country.

RESUMEN El presente estudio analiza los factores que explican el surgimiento y la continuidad en el tiempo de una inusual forma de articulación regional de la movilización ambiental en Chile, que ha tenido lugar a través de la Asociación Regional Ambiental de O'Higgins (ARAO). En el marco de la literatura de movimientos sociales, la investigación respectiva es tratada mediante un estudio de caso que combina de forma original la metodología de rastreo de procesos y la investigación acción participativa (IAP). Los resultados arrojan que la construcción de un nuevo marco de acción colectiva con perspectiva regional y ambiental explica, en primer lugar, el surgimiento de la articulación señalada, mientras que el aprovechamiento estratégico de las oportunidades que brinda el entorno político-institucional a diferentes escalas es factor principal en la explicación de su continuidad. El caso es pionero, pero no aislado, por lo que este estudio puede contribuir a la comprensión de experiencias similares activas en otras regiones del país.

RESUMO A disposição de resíduos sólidos em aterros sanitários é um grande desafio para o setor de celulose e papel, e sua utilização como fertilizantes e corretivos de solo tem apresentado potencial como uma nova alternativa de destino. Assim, este trabalho objetivou identificar os fatores que influenciam esta alternativa de destinação dos resíduos e validar sua viabilidade técnica, legal e econômica através de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, de acordo com os principais itens para relatar revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises. De forma geral, foram identificados como benefícios o aumento da fertilidade e controle da acidez do solo através da aplicação de lodo de estações de tratamento de efluentes, resíduos da recuperação do licor verde e cinzas de biomassa, e os teores de metais tóxicos se mantiveram abaixo dos limites da legislação. Estes resultados, além de alavancarem ambientalmente o setor de celulose e papel pela destinação adequada de resíduos industriais, promovem a circularidade no manejo florestal e culturas agrícolas. Em relação aos aspectos econômicos, no entanto, não foram encontrados trabalhos conclusivos, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de um estudo robusto para comprovação da viabilidade econômica desta aplicação.

ABSTRACT Industrial waste disposal in landfills is a challenge for the pulp and paper industry, and its use as fertilizers and soil conditioners has exhibited potential as a new alternative destination. As such, the present study aimed to identify factors that affect this alternative use for these residues and validate its technical, legal and economic feasibility through a systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. In general, applying wastewater treatment plant sludge, green liquor dregs and biomass ashes in the field has been shown to increase soil fertility, control its acidity, and maintain toxic metal content within the recommended limits. This enables the environmental leveraging of the pulp and paper sector by providing an appropriate alternative destination for industrial waste and promotes circularity in forest and agricultural management. However, no conclusive studies on the economic aspects of this alternative application were found, demonstrating the importance of conducting comprehensive research to confirm its economic feasibility.

Resumo A corrosão em estruturas de concreto armado tem se tornado uma preocupação crescente, principalmente devido aos fatores relacionados às mudanças climáticas, como o aumento dos níveis de dióxido de carbono, mudanças de temperatura e precipitação. A fim de aplicar essas mudanças a estrutura, avaliações regionais são essenciais devido aos impactos ambientais variados. Este estudo examina a corrosão no Brasil, utilizando os níveis urbanos de CO2, utilizando a NBR 6118 (2023) para prever a despassivação, as fissuras iniciais e a falha devido a deslocamentos excessivos (Estados Limites de Serviço). Os resultados indicam uma probabilidade de despassivação de 50% em 13 anos para um cobrimento de 2,5 cm no pior cenário. Além disso, a probabilidade de falha por deslocamento excessivo sofre uma influência significativamente do diâmetro das armaduras, com um aumento de 311% ao longo de 45 anos ao usar um diâmetro de 5 mm em vez de 10 mm. Embora preliminar, este estudo também serve como um alerta para as construções futura e existentes, destacando a necessidade de pesquisas contínuas.

Abstract Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures has become a growing concern, primarily due to climate change-related factors such as the rise of carbon dioxide levels, temperature fluctuations, and altered precipitation patterns. To address this, regional assessments are vital due to varying environmental impacts. This study examines corrosion in Brazil, focusing on urban CO2 levels, employing NBR 6118 (2023) to predict depassivation, initial cracks, and failure due to excessive displacement (Serviceability Limit State). Results indicate a 50% depassivation probability within 13 years for a 2.5 cm concrete cover in the worst-case scenario. Additionally, the diameter of reinforcements greatly influences failure probability for excessive displacement, with a 311% increase over 45 years using a 5 mm diameter instead of 10 mm. These findings underscore the urgency of adapting construction practices to consider accelerated carbonation rates in urban environments and the need for ongoing research to refine predictive models and update construction standards accordingly.

RESUMO O setor informal tornou-se base para a geração de emprego, mas sua capacidade de crescimento e produção de bens e serviços ainda deixa dúvidas. Este estudo investigou a trajetória de crescimento das empresas do setor informal e os fatores que sustentam essa trajetória de desenvolvimento no Estado de Enugu, na Nigéria, a partir de uma amostra de 500 entrevistados oriundos de duas comunidades em cada uma das duas áreas de governo local das três zonas senatorias no estado. As técnicas de amostragem empregadas foram a amostragem intencional e a estratificada, sendo que a pesquisa adotou uma abordagem quantitativa e o método survey. Os resultados não confirmaram uma trajetória de crescimento vertical do setor informal no Estado de Enugu, mas confirmaram que fatores econômicos, demográficos e ambientais impulsionam o crescimento horizontal desse setor na região. Recomendamos, portanto, uma mudança de paradigma que possa conter a corrupção, permitir que os ganhos do crescimento sejam compartilhados de maneira a beneficiar todas as pessoas participantes do setor, criar acesso a financiamento e fornecer infraestruturas essenciais, facilitando a integração vertical do setor informal ao formal e melhorando a capacidade produtiva.

ABSTRACT The informal sector has become the bedrock for employment creation. However, its capacity for growth and production of goods and services remains doubtful. This study investigated the growth path of businesses in the informal sector and factors that sustain this growth trajectory in Enugu State, Nigeria. A sample of 500 respondents was chosen from two communities in each of the two local government areas from the three senatorial zones within Enugu State. The sampling techniques employed were purposive and stratified random sampling. Survey and quantitative research techniques were adopted. Results did not confirm a vertical growth trajectory of informal sector businesses but confirmed that economic, demographic, and environmental factors drive the informal sector horizontal growth trajectory in Enugu State. Therefore, we recommend a paradigm shift that curbs corruption, allows the gains from growth to trickle down, creates access to finance, and provides critical infrastructure to facilitate the vertical integration of informal sector businesses with the formal sector for improved productive capacity.

RESUMEN El sector informal se ha convertido en la base para la creación de empleo. Sin embargo, su capacidad de crecimiento y producción de bienes y servicios sigue siendo dudosa. Este estudio investigó el camino de crecimiento de las empresas del sector informal y los factores que sustentan esta trayectoria de crecimiento en el estado de Enugu. Se seleccionó una muestra de 500 encuestados de dos comunidades de cada una de las dos áreas de gobierno local de las tres zonas senatoriales del estado de Enugu. Las técnicas de muestreo empleadas fueron muestreo aleatorio intencional y estratificado. Se adoptó la técnica de investigación cuantitativa por encuesta. Los resultados no confirmaron la trayectoria de crecimiento vertical del sector informal en el estado de Enugu, pero confirman que los factores económicos, demográficos y medioambientales impulsan la trayectoria de crecimiento horizontal de los sectores informales en el estado del Enugu. Por lo tanto, recomendamos un cambio de paradigma que frene la corrupción, permita reducir los beneficios del crecimiento, crea acceso a la financiación y proporciona infraestructuras críticas a fin de facilitar la integración vertical del sector informal con el sector formal, para mejorar la capacidad productiva.

Abstract This article proposes an industry-specific set of modifying factors for managing mineral resources and reserves for construction aggregates. To gain insights into the regional characteristics of the aggregate market and the requirement of situating mining operations close to urban centers, an application example was developed. It considers the two largest urban concentrations in Brazil to present findings on how the supply and demand of sand and crushed stone occurs in these regions and their relationship with the management of mineral resources and reserves. Furthermore, a conceptual simulation was conducted to showcase how limitations on mining areas can influence the conversion of mineral resources into aggregate mineral reserves. This simulation took into account different scenarios of environmental and social restrictions, which were identified as the primary bottlenecks in the quarries. The findings of the research highlighted the increasing significance of governmental and ESG-related modifying factors in aligning aggregates extraction activities co-existing with other land use in the vicinity. Finally, this article proposes a new indicator for classifying mineral reserves in this sector.

ABSTRACT In precision agriculture, accurate delineation of management zones and understanding spatial variability of soil properties and crop yields are critical for optimizing resource allocation and improving productivity. Spatial variability of different environmental factors (soil and plants) is evident in several studies. Associations between the texture and chemical properties of the soil and cowpea yield have been tested, but a large, unexplained variance of ranges between kriged maps is usually reported. This suggests that a deeper exploration into the soil properties of these spatial interactions may help develop our understanding on how to reduce the number of soil property maps to delineate management zones and simplify interpretation. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether factorial kriging analysis can be used as an auxiliar variable to cokriging of soil properties and cowpea yield, and what is the potential of Spatial Fuzzy c-Means associated with factorial kriging analysis to delineate management zones. This study employed factor maps and spatial clustering to classify the cowpea field in management zones based on a multivariate and geostatistical analysis using soil texture and chemical properties. From Farmer, 66 soil samples were collected at a layer of 0.00-0.20 m, at points with a regular spacing of 12 m, at Agropecuária Milênio in the municipality of Tracuateua, Pará State, to make the technology applicable to the most common data available to farmers. It also used Spatial Fuzzy c-Means to generate estimated maps. Only the kriged maps of soil properties were inefficient in delineating management zones. Factor maps and Spatial Fuzzy c-Means were efficient in delineating the two management zones. Factorial kriging analysis can be used in cokriging to estimate soil properties and the cowpea field. The proposed method is a practical tool to delineate management zones, performing better and more efficiently compared with soil multiple property maps. The optimal number of management zones for cowpea cultivation was determined to be two. This encompasses soil management, yield considerations, and site-specific choices, all aimed at mitigating the impacts of precision agriculture on high productivity.

In 1909, Arthur Neiva published an article titled “Contribuição para os estudos dos dipteros. Observação sobre a biolojia e sistematica das anofelinas brasileiras e suas relações com o impaludismo”, highlighting the biology, ecology, and distribution of Anophelinae mosquitoes and the need for more taxonomic studies in Brazil. This came 11 years after Ronald Ross and Grassi demonstrated mosquito roles in transmitting Plasmodium to birds and humans. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of Anophelinae species, knowledge remains insufficient given the complexity of Brazil’s ecosystems, the intensified anthropogenic environmental changes since the mid-20th century, and the persistent public health challenges posed by malaria. This perspective article presents the distribution of Plasmodium vectors and potential vector species in Brazil using climate variables and a maximum entropy model. Geographical distribution maps of Anophelinae species, including putative species, are provided. The article also discusses the current knowledge of vector species distribution in relation to Brazil’s malaria elimination plan, along with the ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing vector distribution.

RESUMEN La torta residual de Jatropha curcas es un subproducto generado durante la extracción del aceite de Jatropha curcas. Crea un serio problema ambiental al acumularse por no poder ser utilizada como alimento animal ni tener otro destino de utilidad, por lo que su aprovechamiento permitiría dar solución a diferentes problemáticas ambientales originadas tanto por la generación y disposición de estos residuos como por otros factores producto del desarrollo de otros sectores productivos. El cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus se puede hacer en diferentes sustratos lignocelulósicos siendo los residuos agrícolas y agroindustriales los más utilizados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar el crecimiento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus CCEBI 3024, en cultivos sólidos a base de extractos de la torta residual de Jatropha curcas. El estudio se basó en cultivar el inóculo del Pleurotus ostreatus en medio sólido a base de extractos de torta residual de la Jatropha curcas tóxica, no tóxica y una mezcla de ambas en proporción 1:1 y se comparó con el crecimiento micelial en el medio convencional agar nutriente. La medición del crecimiento micelial del hongo y la descripción morfológica del micelio evidencian el crecimiento adecuado del micelio de Pleurotus ostreatus en los medios evaluados, permitiendo afirmar que el empleo de la torta residual de Jatropha curcas como medio de cultivo para potenciar el crecimiento micelial y la formación de biomasa de Pleurotus ostreatus es factible en la propuesta de emplear este subproducto como sustrato en la producción de setas Pleurotus por FES

ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas residual cake is a by-product generated during the extraction of Jatropha curcas oil. It creates a serious environmental problem by accumulating because it cannot be used as animal feed or have another useful destination, so its use would allow a solution to different environmental problems caused by both the generation and disposal of this waste and other factors of the product development of other productive sectors. The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus can be done in different lignocellulosic substrates, with agricultural and agroindustrial waste being the most used. The objective of this work is to evaluate the mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus CCEBI 3024, in solid cultures based on extracts from the residual cake of Jatropha curcas. The study was based on cultivating the inoculum of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid medium based on residual cake extracts of toxic and non-toxic Jatropha curcas and a mixture of both in a 1:1 proportion and was compared with mycelial growth in conventional medium nutrient agar. The measurement of the mycelial growth of the fungus and the morphological description of the mycelium show the adequate growth of the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus in the evaluated media, allowing us to affirm that the use of the residual cake of Jatropha curcas as a culture medium to enhance mycelial growth and the formation of Pleurotus ostreatus biomass is feasible in the proposal to use this byproduct as a substrate in the production of Pleurotus mushrooms by FES.