Abstract (Introduction): Bycatch and discards are a socio-environmental concern that threatens the sustainability of marine life and fishing grounds. Approaches to this problem have focused on biological and/or ecological aspects. We considered it necessary to explore the problem from the social dimension and for this purpose we explored social representations. (Objective): The aim of this study is to explore the social representations of bycatch and discards in a group of businessmen and workers in the capture stage of the Argentine industrial fishing activity. We ask how they evaluate bycatch and fishing discards, what are their causes and if they observe possible solutions. (Methodology): Within the framework of a project of the Federal Fishing Council, we conducted focus groups with businessmen, business chambers, SOMU workers and captains of the industrial fishing activity. (Results): The results of the focus groups conducted in 2021 reveal three main causes of this problem. First, the lack of reliable data on actual discard levels raises concerns about sustainability and overfishing. Second, the low utilization of selectivity devices is attributed to their operational inefficiency and possible labour barriers. Finally, economic and organizational pressures, such as company profitability and workers’ salaries, justify the discard of non-target species, exacerbating the problem. (Conclusions): The work contributes to an understanding of the main reasons for bycatch and discards, which is essential to advance solutions. We understand that solutions are not simple and involve a sincere debate among stakeholders.

Resumen (Introducción): Las capturas incidentales y los descartes pesqueros son una preocupación socioambiental que amenaza la sostenibilidad de la vida marina y de los caladeros. Los abordajes a esta problemática estuvieron centrados en aspectos biológicos y ecológicos. Consideramos necesario explorar la problemática desde la dimensión social y para ello, exploramos las representaciones sociales. (Objetivo): El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las representaciones sobre capturas incidentales y descartes pesqueros en un grupo de empresarios y trabajadores de la etapa de captura de la actividad pesquera industrial argentina, específicamente, cómo evalúan este problema, sus causas y posibles soluciones. (Metodología): En el marco de un proyecto del Consejo Federal Pesquero, se realizaron grupos focales con seis cámaras empresariales y personal jerárquico de empresas asociadas, así como trabajadores del SOMU y capitanes que operan en alta mar. (Resultados): Los resultados de los grupos focales realizados en 2021 revelaron tres principales causas de dicha problemática. Primero, la falta de datos confiables sobre los niveles reales de descarte genera preocupaciones sobre la sostenibilidad y la sobreexplotación. Segundo, la escasa utilización de dispositivos de selectividad se atribuye a su ineficacia operativa y a posibles barreras laborales. Finalmente, las presiones económicas y organizacionales, como la rentabilidad de las empresas y los salarios de los trabajadores, justifican el descarte, exacerbando el problema. (Conclusiones): El trabajo aporta a un entendimiento sobre las razones de la captura incidental y los descarte, esencial para avanzar en soluciones. Entendemos que las soluciones no son simples e implican un sincero debate entre actores.

The increase in the average temperature of the Earth due to excess CO2 and other greenhouse gases has caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise. The burning of fossil fuels is one of the main causes of this problem, so the use of biofuels is important for mitigating this environmental impact. In Brazil, biodiesel is mixed with mineral; however, irregularities have been detected, reducing the expected positive effects. Therefore, this study proposes the use of multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR ALS) to quantify the content of methyl palm oil biodiesel in diesel blends and determine the concentration of the adulterant automotive lubricating oil in the blend. The model for quantifying biodiesel in diesel obtained R2 = 0.9997, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.56% (v v-1) and prediction (RMSEP) = 0.65% (v v-1), while the determination of adulteration in the biodiesel-diesel blend showed RMSEC = 0.67% (v v-1), RMSEP = 0.81% (v v-1) and R2 = 0.9992. These results demonstrate the ability of the models developed to predict both the content and quantity of possible adulterants in blends of palm oil biodiesel and mineral diesel, contributing to the quality control of this fuel. CO rise problem impact Brazil however detected effects Therefore MCR ALS R 09997 0 9997 0.9997 (RMSEC 056 56 0.56 v v1 1 v-1 (RMSEP 065 65 0.65 v1, , biodieseldiesel 067 67 0.67 081 81 0.81 09992 9992 0.9992 fuel 0999 999 0.999 05 5 0.5 v- 06 6 0.6 08 8 0.8 099 99 0.99 0. 09 9 0.9

Resumen En el año 2015, se llevó a cabo una investigación en una zona periurbana de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, con el objetivo de 1) diagnosticar el efecto de la expansión urbana en áreas históricamente rurales y agrícolas, y 2) implementar uno de los métodos proporcionados por la Inteligencia Territorial, específicamente el método Stlocus. Una vez completadas las siete fases del método, se obtuvieron resultados científicos que integran los cuatro aspectos fundamentales (social, económico, ambiental y académico). Estos resultados no solo se limitan a la evaluación del problema, sino que también generan posibles soluciones para la situación que se presenta en el área de estudio. De esta manera, tanto el territorio como el método se enriquecen con su implementación.

Resumo No ano de 2015, foi realizada uma pesquisa em uma zona periurbana da cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia, com o objetivo de 1) diagnosticar o efeito da expansão urbana em áreas historicamente rurais e agrícolas, e 2) implementar um dos métodos proporcionados pela Inteligência Territorial, especificamente o método Stlocus. Uma vez completadas as sete fases do método, foram obtidos resultados científicos que integram os quatro aspectos fundamentais (social, econômico, ambiental e acadêmico). Estes resultados não apenas se limitam à avaliação do problema, mas também geram possíveis soluções para a situação que se apresenta na área de estudo. Desta forma, tanto o território quanto o método são enriquecidos com sua implementação.

Abstract In 2015, a research study was conducted in a peri-urban area of Bogotá, Colombia, with the aim to 1) diagnose the effect of urban expansion on historically rural and agricultural lands, and 2) implement one of the methods provided by Territorial Intelligence, specifically the Stlocus method. Once all seven phases of the method were completed, scientific results were obtained that encompassed the four key aspects (social, economic, environmental, and academic). These results not only assessed the problem but also generated possible solutions for the situation in the study area. Thus, both the territory and the method benefited and were enriched through its implementation.

Abstract Introduction: Despite sensory enrichment being critical for ensuring the well-being of captive wild animals, smells are not being included in enrichment protocols for birds. For this group, neophobia can be a problem when it comes to implementing new enrichment devices. Objective: To explore how participation in an olfactory enrichment and latency times varies between bird taxonomic groups (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Methods: We exposed 257 birds to a scent enrichment, and we recorded which individuals engaged with it and the time they took to interact with it. Results: We discovered that participation by toucans in the enrichment was higher compared to amazons and macaws. Furthermore, latency time to interact with the enrichment was higher in amazons that in the other species. Our findings could suggest that toucans are neophilic species which could benefit from higher exploration rates. Amazons on the contrary seem to be particularly neophobic, possibly because of their less opportunistic feeding habits compared to toucans and their higher vulnerability to predation compared to macaws. Conclusion: These results point out that toucans would be more inclined to engage in environmental enrichments, while a more natural design using smells inside familiar objects could be a more successful enrichment for psittacids.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de que el enriquecimiento sensorial es fundamental para garantizar el bienestar de los animales silvestres en cautiverio, los olores no son incluidos de forma rutinaria en los protocolos de enriquecimiento para aves. Además, en el caso de estos animales, la neofobia puede ser un problema a la hora de implementar nuevos dispositivos de enriquecimiento. Objetivo: Explorar cómo varía la participación y la latencia en la interacción con un enriquecimiento olfativo entre grupos taxonómicos de aves (Amazona spp. / Ara spp. / Ramphastos spp.). Métodos: Expusimos a 257 aves a un enriquecimiento olfativo y registramos qué individuos participaron y el tiempo que tardaron en interactuar con él. Resultados: La participación en el enriquecimiento fue mayor en los tucanes en comparación con las amazonas y los guacamayos. Además, el tiempo de latencia para interactuar con el enriquecimiento fue mayor en las amazonas que en las otras especies. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los tucanes son especies neofílicas que podrían beneficiarse de tasas de exploración más altas. Por otro lado, las amazonas parecen ser particularmente neofóbicas, posiblemente debido a sus hábitos alimenticios menos oportunistas en comparación con los tucanes y a su mayor vulnerabilidad a la depredación en comparación con los guacamayos. Conclusión: Estos resultados señalan que los tucanes serían más proclives a participar en enriquecimientos ambientales, mientras que un diseño que utilice olores dentro de objetos más naturales o familiares podría ser más exitoso para las psitácidas.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

RESUMEN En vista de la actual crisis ecológica mundial, caracterizada por una devastación del ambiente, resulta imprescindible realizar estudios críticos sobre su origen, estructura y desarrollo. La crisis, evidenciada en los altos niveles de contaminación y en una naturaleza explotada con creces, genera reflexiones de tipo académico. El presente estudio describe el pensamiento humanista antropocéntrico de Karl Marx y el pensamiento humanista teocéntrico de la encíclica Laudato Si’ respecto a la naturaleza. Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura enmarcada en la metodología PRISMA. El registro consistió en la revisión de 250 documentos, período 2017-2023 en revistas indexadas en Scopus, Web of Sciencie (WoS), SciELO y Latindex, donde se evidenció que la naturaleza presentada en el Laudato Si’ está localizada en un escenario teológico mientras que en la antropología de Marx en un ámbito materialista; destacándose el llamado hecho por el papa Francisco para que se produzca un cambio, pues el problema social se ha ido transformando en netamente ambiental.

ABSTRACT In view of the current global ecological crisis, characterized by the devastation of the environment, it is essential to carry out critical studies on its origin, structure, and development. The crisis, evidenced by high levels of pollution and an overexploited nature, generates academic reflections. The present study describes the anthropocentric humanist thinking of Karl Marx and the theocentric humanist thinking of the encyclical Laudato Si' with respect to nature. For this purpose, a systematic review of the literature was carried out within the framework of the PRISMA methodology. The record consisted of the review of 250 documents, period 2017-2023, in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), SciELO, and Latindex, where it was evidenced that the nature presented in Laudato Si' is located in a theological scenario while in Marx's anthropology in a materialistic scope, highlighting the call made by Pope Francis for a change since the social problem has been transforming into a purely environmental one.

Abstract During the neoliberal regime, food policy in Mexico focused on the paradigm of ensuring physical and economic access to safe and cheap food; However, the measures to meet this objective caused, among other things, a trade deficit in basic foods such as corn, orientation of production towards export crops, environmental and people’s health deterioration. In response to this problem, in the mid-1990s, the concept of food sovereignty gained strength. This paradigm contributed to making visible the problems faced by small family productive units and the importance of including in public policy actions that respect the diversity of cultivated seeds, traditional agricultural practices, the care of resources and the reproduction of culturally accepted foods. In this context, the objective of this work is to characterize corn production in three lake regions of Michoacán (Mexico) from the perspective of food sovereignty and, based on this, raise considerations for its strengthening. A comparative analysis was carried out on the approaches of the food sovereignty paradigm based on own information obtained through a survey applied to corn producers from three lake regions of the state of Michoacán. The results show the coexistence of diverse production systems ranging from traditional to intensive production in each region, with manifest experiences of food sovereignty in the Pátzcuaro region and silent in the Cuitzeo region.

Resumen Durante el régimen neoliberal, la política alimentaria en México se centró en el paradigma de asegurar el acceso físico y económico a alimentos inocuos y baratos; sin embargo, las medidas para atender este objetivo provocaron, entre otras consecuencias, un creciente déficit en la balanza comercial de alimentos básicos como el maíz, la orientación de la producción hacia cultivos de exportación, y el paulatino deterioro de la calidad ambiental y de la salud de las personas. Frente a esta compleja problemática, a mediados de la década de los años noventa, surge con fuerza el paradigma de soberanía alimentaria, cuyo concepto contribuyó a visibilizar los problemas que enfrentan las pequeñas unidades productivas familiares y la importancia de incluir en la política pública acciones que respeten la diversidad de las semillas cultivadas, las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales, el cuidado de los recursos y la reproducción de alimentos culturalmente aceptados. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la producción de maíz de tres regiones lacustres de Michoacán desde la perspectiva de la soberanía alimentaria y, a partir de ello, delinear algunas consideraciones de política pública para su fortalecimiento. Para ello, se realizó un análisis comparado sobre los planteamientos del paradigma de soberanía alimentaria a partir de información propia obtenida mediante una encuesta aplicada a productores de maíz de tres regiones lacustres del estado de Michoacán. Los resultados muestran la coexistencia de diversos sistemas productivos que van desde los tradicionales hasta la producción intensiva en cada región, observando experiencias de soberanía alimentaria manifiestas en la región Pátzcuaro y silenciosas en la región Cuitzeo.

Abstract This article presents a systematic literature review on the reuse of electric vehicle batteries (EVB) for second-life applications in power systems. The end-oflife of these batteries represents a major environmental problem due to their composition and materials. The study aims to analyze the reuse of EVBs as a sustainable alternative for the environment. Additionally, it seeks to provide complementary services to facilitate the incorporation of intermittent unconventional renewable generation into the electrical grid. Through an exhaustive search of scientific publications indexed in prestigious digital catalogs and their subsequent systematic treatment, a selected group of 49 scientific articles published between 2018 and 2023 have been found in which the different opportunities, benefits and limitations of second-life energy storage systems oriented to boost a circular economy have been identified. The study concludes that, although the reuse of batteries has not yet been fully addressed or implemented due to existing challenges in terms of technology, costs, and regulations, it is of utmost importance to delve deeper into its analysis to improve efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing, use, and disposal of such batteries.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática de literatura relativa al tópico reutilización de baterías de vehículos eléctricos (BVE) para aplicaciones de segunda vida en sistemas eléctricos de potencia. El fin del ciclo de vida de estas baterías representa un gran problema ambiental debido a su composición y materiales. El estudio tiene por objeto analizar la reutilización de las BVE como una alternativa sostenible para el medioambiente y, además, para brindar servicios complementarios que faciliten la incorporación de generación renovable no convencional de carácter intermitente a la red eléctrica. A través de una búsqueda exhaustiva de publicaciones científicas indexadas en catálogos digitales prestigiosos y de su posterior tratamiento sistemático, se ha llegado a un número selecto de 49 artículos científicos publicados entre 2018 y 2023. En ellos ha sido posible identificar las diferentes oportunidades, beneficios y limitaciones de los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía de segunda vida orientadas a impulsar una economía circular. El estudio concluye que, si bien la reutilización de baterías no está plenamente tratada ni implementada, debido a que aún enfrenta desafíos en términos de tecnología, costos y regulaciones, es de gran importancia profundizar su análisis para mejorar la eficiencia y disminuir los impactos ambientales que provocan su fabricación, uso y desecho.

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable plastics synthesized by a wide variety of microorganisms and are identified by sharing very similar characteristics with petrochemical plastics. These biopolymers can be used to replace plastic materials, the same ones that currently represent a major environmental pollution problem as they are poorly degradable. The most recent studies focus on the search for PHA extraction strategies, using bioremediation in petrochemical plastics, fuels, and in water treatment that seek to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. All this is carried out through chemical reactions that bacteria carry out with carbon sources, generating PHA while contaminating waste is eliminated. The main advantage of these compared to petroleum-derived plastics is that being produced by microorganisms. The objective of this review is to show the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in bacteria as an alternative to the increase in environmental pollution.

Resumen Los polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), son plásticos biodegradables sintetizados por una gran variedad de microorganismos y se identifican por compartir características muy similares con los plásticos de origen petroquímico. Estos biopolímeros pueden ser aprovechados para reemplazar materiales de plástico, los mismos que actualmente representan un gran problema de contaminación ambiental al ser poco degradables. Los estudios más recientes, se enfocan en la búsqueda de estrategias de extracción de PHA, empleando la biorremediación en plásticos petroquímicos, combustibles, y en tratamiento de aguas que buscan reducir el impacto de la contaminación ambiental. Todo esto se lleva a cabo mediante reacciones químicas, que las bacterias realizan con las fuentes de carbono, generando PHA mientras se eliminan los desechos contaminantes. La biodegradabilidad es la principal ventaja de estos materiales sintetizados por medio de microrganismos, en comparación con los plásticos convencionales que no poseen esta propiedad. El objetivo de esta revisión es evidenciar la producción de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), en bacterias como alternativa ante el aumento de la contaminación ambiental.

ABSTRACT Microplastics (MP) pose a major environmental problem for estuaries areas, as they are exposed to multiple sources of plastic waste. In this study, the spatiotemporal influence of environmental variables on the abundance, distribution and types of MP in surface waters of Tumaco Bay were assessed. The samples were collected in the rainy and dry seasons of 2020, in the inner and outer estuary, and were processed by density separation. MP abundance was higher in dry season (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) and in the inner estuary (8.42 ± 4.91 items/m³). Fibers were the most abundant type of MP (53.89 %). Salinity and TDS were significantly correlated with fibers, and precipitation with fragments, films and total MP. These results demonstrate high contamination (8.13 items/m³) and an increase in MP concentration in Bay. This could be related to the exposure of waste carried by the rivers. On the other hand, the higher abundance of MP in the dry season could be due to a decrease in dispersion for an entrance fewer of water to system and an increase in density of water, related to the increase in salinity, which favors the buoyancy of MP.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos (MP) suponen una gran problemática ambiental para las zonas estuarinas, al estar expuestas a múltiples fuentes de desechos plásticos. En este estudio, se evaluó la influencia espacio-temporal de variables ambientales sobre la abundancia, distribución y tipos de MP en la bahía de Tumaco. Las muestras se recolectaron en épocas de lluvia y seca de 2020, en el estuario interno y externo, y se procesaron mediante separación por densidad. La abundancia de MP fue mayor en época seca (11.40 ± 2.60 ítems/m³) y en el estuario interno (8.42 ± 4.91 ítems/m³). Las fibras fueron el tipo de MP más abundante (53.89 %). Se correlacionaron significativamente la salinidad y solidos totales disueltos (TDS) con fibras, y la precipitación con fragmentos, láminas y MP totales. Estos resultados demuestran alta contaminación (8.13 ítems/m³) y un aumento de la concentración de MP en la bahía. Esto podría estar relacionado con la exposición a los residuos transportados por los ríos. Por otra parte, la mayor abundancia de MP en la época seca podría deberse a una disminución en la dispersión por una menor entrada de agua al sistema, y al aumento de la densidad del agua, relacionado con el incremento en la salinidad, que favorece la flotabilidad de MP.

Resumo O artigo tematiza a educação ambiental no Brasil, em consonância com os direitos humanos, e objetiva ponderar sobre a Lei n. 9.795 de 1999. Problematiza-se o que a Lei n. 9.795/99 efetivamente oportunizou em termos ambientais e objetiva-se investigar de que forma os espaços informais de ensino foram favorecidos e se a educação ambiental se efetiva em uma perspectiva limitada ao espaço escolar ou deve estar disseminada como conteúdo ético e prático nas relações humanas. Para a pesquisa, utiliza-se o método dedutivo, com pesquisa qualitativa bibliográfica e legislativa. Metodologicamente, são apresentados os aspectos históricos da educação ambiental e os seus reflexos no Brasil, perpassando pelos tratados internacionais dos quais o país é signatário, assim como os mandamentos constitucionais, órgãos e institutos que consagram a proteção do meio ambiente e a gestão ambiental, sobretudo por meio da educação ambiental. Sequencialmente, enfoca-se na Lei de Educação ambiental (Lei n. 9.795/99), refletindo criticamente sobre suas disposições. É resultado da pesquisa a importância da educação ambiental para a Política Nacional de Educação, entendendo-a como objetivo para uma compreensão integrada do meio ambiente em suas múltiplas e complexas relações (i.e., aspectos ecológicos, psicológicos, legais, políticos, sociais, econômicos, científicos, culturais e éticos). A educação ambiental deve estar inserida no ensino formal; ademais, direcionada à comunidade, visando à garantia da democratização das informações socioambientais, ao estímulo ao fortalecimento de uma consciência crítica sobre a problemática ambiental e social, ao incentivo à participação individual e coletiva, permanente e responsável, na preservação do equilíbrio do meio ambiente. A defesa da qualidade ambiental é valor inseparável do exercício da cidadania. Brasil humanos n 9795 9 795 9.79 1999 Problematizase Problematiza 979599 99 9.795/9 objetivase humanas utilizase utiliza dedutivo legislativa Metodologicamente signatário constitucionais Sequencialmente enfocase enfoca 9.795/99, , 9.795/99) disposições entendendoa entendendo i.e., ie i (i.e. ecológicos psicológicos legais políticos sociais econômicos científicos éticos. éticos . éticos) formal ademais comunidade socioambientais social coletiva responsável cidadania 979 79 9.7 199 97959 9.795/ i.e. (i.e 97 7 9. 19 i.e 1

Abstract The article discusses environmental education in Brazil, in line with human rights and aims to weigh on Law n. 9.795/1999. The research problem questions what the Law 9.795/1999 did effectively provide in environmental term. The objective is to investigate how informal teaching spaces are being favored and if environmental education is effective in a perspective limited to the school space or should be disseminated as an ethical and practical content in human relationships. It is a qualitative bibliographic and legislative research, with the deductive method. Firstly, the text presents the historical aspects of environmental education and its reflexes in Brazil, also the international treaties the country has signed, the constitutional commandments, and institutes that enshrine the protection of the environment. Sequentially, the text focuses on the Environmental Education Law (Law n. 9.795/99), presenting critical reflections on its provisions. The results point to the importance of environmental education for the National Education Policy, understanding the objective for an integrated understanding of the environment in its multiple and complex relationships (i.e., ecological, psychological, legal, political, social, economic, scientific, cultural and ethical). Therefore, environmental education must be included in formal education, but also directed to the community, guaranteeing the democratization of socio-environmental information, encouraging the strengthening of a critical awareness of environmental and social issues, encouraging individual and collective participation, permanently and responsible, in the preservation of the balance of the environment. The defense of environmental quality is a value inseparable from the exercise of citizenship. Brazil n 97951999 9 795 1999 9.795/199 term method Firstly signed commandments Sequentially 9.795/99, 979599 9.795/99 , 99 9.795/99) provisions Policy i.e., ie i e (i.e. ecological psychological legal political economic scientific ethical. . ethical) Therefore community socioenvironmental socio information issues participation responsible citizenship 9795199 79 199 9.795/19 97959 9.795/9 i.e. (i.e 979519 7 19 9.795/1 9795 9.795/ i.e 97951 1 979 9.795 97 9.79 9.7 9.

Resumen El artículo discute la educación ambiental en Brasil, en línea con los derechos humanos y tiene como objetivo refletir sobre la Ley n. 9.795 de 1999. Se plantean interrogantes qué dispuso efectivamente la Ley 9.795/1999 en materia ambiental y el objetivo es investigar cómo se están favoreciendo los espacios informales de ensehanza y si la educación ambiental es efectiva en una perspectiva limitada al espacio escolar o debe ser difundida como un contenido ético y práctico en las relaciones humanas. Se utiliza el método deductivo, con investigación cualitativa bibliográfica y legislativa. En primer lugar, el texto prEsenta los aspectos históricos de la educación ambiental y sus reflejos en Brasil, pasando por los tratados internacionales, de los cuales el país es signatario, así como los mandamientos constitucionales, órganos e institutos que consagran la protección del medio ambiente, medio ambiente y gestión ambiental en el país, sobre todo, a través de la educación ambiental. Secuencialmente, el texto se centra en la Ley de Educación Ambiental (Ley n. 9.795/99), presentando reflexiones críticas sobre sus disposiciones. Los resultados son la importancia de la educación ambiental para la Política Nacional de Educación, entendiéndola como objetivo para una comprensión integral del medio ambiente en sus multiples y complejas relaciones (i.e., ecológicos, psicológicos, jurídicos, políticos, sociales, económicos, científicos, culturales y éticos). Por lo tanto, la educación ambiental debe ser incluida en la educación formal, pero también dirigida a la comunidad, con el objetivo de garantizar la democratización de la información socioambiental, incentivando el fortalecimiento de una conciencia crítica de los problemas ambientales y sociales, así como incentivando la participación individual, colectiva, permanente y responsable, en la preservación del equilibrio del medio ambiente. La defensa de la calidad ambiental como valor inseparable del ejercicio de la ciudadanía. Brasil n 9795 9 795 9.79 1999 97951999 9.795/199 humanas deductivo legislativa lugar internacionales signatario constitucionales todo Secuencialmente 9.795/99, 979599 9.795/99 , 99 9.795/99) disposiciones i.e., ie i (i.e. ecológicos psicológicos jurídicos políticos sociales económicos científicos éticos. éticos . éticos) tanto formal comunidad socioambiental individual colectiva responsable ciudadanía 979 79 9.7 199 9795199 9.795/19 97959 9.795/9 i.e. (i.e 97 7 9. 19 979519 9.795/1 9.795/ i.e 1 97951

Resumen: Este trabajo desarrolla una guía para la resolución de problemas en ingeniería con un enfoque matemático, basado en el uso de estrategias creativas, heurísticas y de razonamiento. La investigación se divide en dos momentos: la revisión de la literatura y la configuración de una guía para problemas de ingeniería de solución abierta o cerrada. Esta guía combina el método ingenieril con componentes algorítmicos y heurísticos-creativos en tres fases: a) comprensión, abordaje y caracterización del problema, b) planeación, ataque y decisión de la mejor alternativa y c) solución, revisión y evaluación del problema. Se concluye que esta guía permitirá que los futuros ingenieros lleguen a una solución de un problema considerando las implicaciones que tendría en lo financiero, técnico, ambiental, entre otros ámbitos.

Abstract: This paper aims to design a guide for engineering problem solving with a mathematical approach, based on the use of creative, heuristic and reasoning strategies. The research is divided in two phases: the literature review and the conception of a guide for engineering problems with an open or closed solution. This guide combines the engineering method with algorithmic and heuristic-creative components in three steps: a) understanding, approaching and characterising the problem; b) planning, tackling and deciding on the best alternative; and c) solving, reviewing and evaluating the problem. The authors conclude that this guide will allow future engineers to reach a solution to a problem considering the implications in the financial, technical, environmental and other domains.

Abstract The objective of this exploratory study is to chart the discourses circulating on the TikTok social network concerning climate change in Brazil. It investigates the predominant narratives on Brazilian TikTok regarding climate change and the implications of these narratives. Using a methodology based on Basch et al. (2022) tailored for the Brazilian context, this study analyses 50 videos indicated as the most relevant by the platform using the hashtag #mudancaclimatica (#climatechange). Key aspects investigated include language patterns, the use of sources and strategies for addressing climate change. The videos were categorised based on various criteria, including their stance on the truth of climate change, the environmental issues highlighted, the social and ecological impacts mentioned, and the extreme weather events described. Given TikTok’s immense popularity in Brazil, the prevalence of disinformation on digital platforms in the country, and the lack of awareness among Brazilians about climate change, this study aims to assess the potentially harmful effects of narrative circulation on the platform on understanding the issue. The findings indicate a relative consensus on the reality and severity of climate change. However, aspects pertaining to the complexity of the problem often receive less attention. Prominent in the analysed narratives are those with an alarmist tone, amplified by the platform’s features. Moreover, the sources and channels behind these productions often lack clear identification, even when they are directly linked to scientific dissemination. This ambiguity could pose challenges in using these materials to counter climate denialism.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo exploratório é realizar um mapeamento dos discursos em circulação na rede social TikTok ligados à temática das mudanças climáticas no Brasil. Investiga-se, portanto, que narrativas predominam no TikTok brasileiro quando se trata de mudanças climáticas e que sentidos essas narrativas engendram. A partir de metodologia baseada em Basch et al. (2022) com adaptações para o contexto brasileiro, 50 vídeos indicados como os mais relevantes pela plataforma a partir da hashtag #mudancaclimatica foram analisados. Investigamos aspectos como linguagens utilizadas, uso de fontes e estratégias de enfrentamento às mudanças climáticas. Os vídeos foram classificados segundo diversos critérios, como seu posicionamento em relação à veracidade, ou não, das mudanças climáticas, os temas ambientais abordados, impactos sociais e ambientais citados e os eventos climáticos extremos referenciados. Em um contexto de grande popularidade do TikTok no Brasil, disseminação de desinformação em plataformas digitais no país e brasileiros pouco informados sobre as mudanças climáticas, a pesquisa busca compreender em que medida a circulação de narrativas na plataforma pode ser nociva à compreensão do problema. Concluímos que, por um lado, existe relativo consenso em relação à veracidade e gravidade das mudanças climáticas. Por outro, aspectos relacionados à complexidade da questão ficam em segundo plano. Narrativas em tom alarmista, reforçadas pelas affordances da plataforma, aparecem em proeminência. Além disso, fontes utilizadas e canais responsáveis pelas produções são pouco identificáveis, mesmo quando relacionados diretamente à divulgação científica, o que pode representar um problema para o uso desses materiais no enfrentamento ao negacionismo climático.

Abstract This study focuses on the environmental issue in Portugal after the 25th of April, analysing the problem from three main perspectives: the contextual diachronic perspective of the critical Anthropocene construction; the relevance of the environmental issue at national and international level and environmental policies in the Portuguese legislative framework, involving questions relating to the normativity of environmental law, legislative discourse and the semantic value of the expressions "environmental quality", "nature conservation", "self-sustaining development", "sustainable development", "environmental education", "natural environment", and "human environment" as concepts associated with the evolution of environmental policies in post-April 25th Portugal. The question is that the Portuguese legal framework use of these concepts may contain an ambivalent valuation, oscillating between conservationist or environmentalist goals and developmentalist aims. The qualitative research methodology is mixed, using the exploratory and the comparative method according to the principles of concordance and difference in analysing legislative discourse.