RESUMO A produção de grãos apresenta crescimento constante, entretanto, a capacidade estatística de armazenamento permanece deficitária no Brasil. A falta de estruturas e a precariedade e inadequação no armazenamento ocasionam perdas na pós-colheita, devido ação de fatores que interagem com os grãos, culminando na sua deterioração. Para reversão desses efeitos, o tratamento químico é realizado, contudo, busca-se por sua substituição por substâncias naturais devido a implicações ambientais e medicinais. Objetivou-se com esta revisão, a discussão de uma potencial estratégia sustentável para o tratamento de grãos armazenados, com foco no uso de compostos naturais com propriedades bioativas como antifúngica, antioxidante e inseticida, que os torna potenciais para serem estudados. Foram delineados compostos naturais que possuem propriedades úteis para aplicação no armazenamento de grãos. Pesquisas a respeito do emprego dos compostos naturais no tratamento de grãos são incipientes, carecendo de avanços na identificação de novos compostos promissores, melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de ação e otimização/desenvolvimento de processos de extração, aplicação e formulação eficazes que viabilizem o futuro uso das substâncias. constante entretanto Brasil póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita deterioração efeitos realizado contudo buscase busca se medicinais Objetivouse Objetivou revisão armazenados antifúngica inseticida estudados incipientes promissores otimizaçãodesenvolvimento otimização desenvolvimento extração

ABSTRACT Grain production is steadily increasing; however, the static storage capacity remains inadequate in Brazil. The lack of proper facilities and the precarious and inadequate storage conditions lead to post-harvest losses due to factors interacting with the grains, causing their deterioration. Chemical treatments are commonly used to reverse these effects; however, their replacement with natural substances has been sought due to environmental and human health concerns. The objective of this review was to discuss a sustainable strategy for treating stored grains, focusing on the use of natural compounds with bioactive properties, such as antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities, with potential for further studies. Natural compounds with useful properties for application in grain storage were outlined. Research on the use of natural compounds in grain treatment is still in its early stages, requiring progress in identifying new promising compounds, understanding the mechanisms of action, and developing and optimizing effective extraction, application, and formulation processes to make the use of these substances viable. increasing however Brazil postharvest post harvest grains deterioration effects concerns antifungal antioxidant activities studies outlined stages action extraction viable

Summary: Currently, agricultural activity is constantly threatened by the effects of climate change and radical expression of environmental factors as irregular rainfall distribution responsible for water availability and deficit. These factors generate water stress in productive systems, whose negative effect is reflected on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of vegetative growth. The use of biostimulants arises as a strategy to counteract this impact, improving crop efficiency in the use of resources and generating responses, as metabolite production, among other substances that mitigate the effects of oxidative stress. In this context, waxes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and ALGAENZIMSMR were used on raspberry plants subjected to moderate water stress (-0. 8 MPa) to evaluate the fruit response in aspects of vegetative growth, physiological and biochemical quality. For the establishment, a completely randomized design was used with 5 treatments: Green Cover as 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, salicylic acid 0.27 mM, ALGAENZIMSMR 7.5 mL L-1 and the control with 50% recovery of the transpired volume as well as water potential similar to the rest of plants and 4 replicates. The results showed that waxes, SA and algal extract increased the photosynthetic rate; the four treatments increased root length; waxes increased root height; and H2O2 increased root biomass. Compared to the control, higher levels of vitamin C and anthocyanins were produced in fruits - a very important aspect due to the functionality of these compounds in human health. Therefore, the use of these biostimulants are a very useful tool for crop management in environments with water restriction.

Resumen: En la actualidad la actividad agrícola se ve amenazada constantemente por los efectos del cambio climático y la expresión radical de los factores ambientales, como la irregularidad en la distribución pluvial responsable de la disponibilidad del agua y déficit, que genera estrés hídrico en los sistemas productivos, cuyo efecto negativo se refleja en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos. El uso de bioestimulantes surge como estrategia para contrarrestar este impacto, mejorando la eficiencia de los cultivos en el uso de los recursos y generar respuestas, como la producción de metabolitos entre otras sustancias, que mitigan los efectos del estrés oxidativo. Bajo este contexto se planteó el uso de ceras, peróxido de hidrogeno (H2O2), ácido salicílico (AS) y algaenzims, sobre plantas de frambuesa sometidas a estrés hídrico moderado (-0.8 MPa) con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta en aspectos de crecimiento vegetativo, fisiológicos y calidad bioquímica de frutos, para el establecimiento se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con 5 tratamientos: greencover as® 5 mL L-1, H2O2 10-4 M, ácido salicílico 0.27 mM, algaenzims® 7.5 mL L-1 y el control con recuperación del 50% del volumen transpirado y con potencial hídrico similar al resto de plantas y 4 repeticiones. Como resultados se obtuvo que las ceras, AS y el extracto de algas incrementaron la tasa fotosintética, los cuatro tratamientos aumentaron la longitud de raíces, las ceras la altura, y el H2O2 la biomasa de raíz. Por otro lado, en comparación con el control, se produjeron mayores niveles de vitamina C y antocianinas en frutos, un aspecto muy importante por la funcionalidad de estos compuestos en la salud humana. Por lo tanto, el uso de estos bioestimulantes se puede visualizar como una herramienta de gran utilidad para el manejo de cultivos en ambientes con restricción de agua.

Abstract: In November 2021, the President of Mexico (2018-2024) declared that the priority megaprojects of the National Development Plan (Maya Train, Isthmus of Tehuantepec Interoceanic Corridor, Dos Bocas Refinery) fall within the realm of national security. Public and private investments in these projects are directed towards southeastern Mexico, covering the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán, and Tabasco. These regions are home to indigenous peoples and communities that hold 45% of Mexico’s total social property. In some cases, these communities are visibly linked to national political organizations that defend land and territory. The decree is considered a state of exception applied to land-territory use, with dual implications. On one hand, it represents the undivided social field monopolized by monetary metrics. On the other hand, it signifies the expansion of a neocolonial condition promoted by the Mexican federal government, which marginalizes the voice of resistance in favor of adopting the capital logic defined by the stratification of the global economy. The methodology involves participatory action research since 2019, collaborative research through the coordination of workshops, caravans, marches, and political-community meetings, promoted in conjunction with assemblies fighting for territorial defense. We anticipate the increased use of such state of exception in response to the intertwined rise of health, environmental, and economic contingencies that drive the economic cycle, coupled with ineffective governmental policies formulated for regular times. In other words, the state of exception is activated to ensure the continuity of capital accumulation driven by the concentration of private property.

Resumo: Em novembro de 2021, o chefe do Poder Executivo federal do México (2018-2024) decretou os megaprojetos prioritários do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceânico do Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinaria Dos Bocas) no campo da segurança nacional. Os investimentos públicos e privados nesses projetos são destinados ao sudeste do México, que inclui os estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán e Tabasco. Esses estados abrigam povos e comunidades indígenas que detêm 45 % da propriedade social total do México e, em alguns casos, estão visivelmente ligados a espaços nacionais de organização política em torno da defesa do território. Consideramos que esse decreto é um estado de exceção exercido sobre o uso da terra-território, com uma dupla implicação. Por um lado, a indivisão do campo social provocada pelo direito monopolizado pela métrica monetária. Por outro, a expansão da condição neocolonial promovida pelo governo federal do México ao deslocar a voz da resistência para adotar a lógica do capital, conforme definido pela estratificação da economia mundial. A metodologia está inscrita no processo de pesquisa-ação participativa desde 2019, pesquisa colaborativa por meio da coordenação de oficinas, caravanas, marchas e reuniões político-comunitárias, promovidas em conjunto com assembleias de luta e resistência pela defesa territorial. Prevemos o uso crescente desse tipo de estado de exceção diante do aumento entrelaçado das contingências sanitárias, ambientais e econômicas, que marcam o ritmo do ciclo econômico, e da ineficácia da política governamental formulada para tempos regulares. Em outras palavras, o estado de exceção é viabilizado para garantir a perpetuidade da acumulação de capital gerada pela concentração da propriedade privada.

Resumen: En noviembre de 2021, el titular del poder ejecutivo federal de México (2018-2024) decretó los megaproyectos prioritarios del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceánico del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinería Dos Bocas) en el ámbito de seguridad nacional. Las inversiones públicas y privadas de aquellas obras tienen como destino el sureste de México que abarca los estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán y Tabasco. Albergan allí pueblos originarios y comunidades que detentan el 45 % del total de la propiedad social de México y, en algunos casos, es visible su vinculación a espacios nacionales de organización política en torno a la defensa de la tierra-territorio. Ese decreto lo consideramos un estado de excepción ejercido sobre el uso de la tierra-territorio, con una doble implicación. Por un lado, la indivisión del campo social que trae consigo el derecho monopolizado por la métrica monetaria. Por el otro, la expansión de la condición neocolonial promovida por el Gobierno federal de México al desplazar la voz de la resistencia para adoptar la lógica del capital que se encuentra definida por la estratificación de la economía-mundo. La metodología se inscribe en el proceso de investigación acción participante desde 2019, investigación colaborativa por medio de la coordinación de talleres, caravanas, marchas y encuentros político-comunitarios, promovidos en conjunto con asambleas en lucha y resistencia por la defensa territorial. Anticipamos el uso creciente de esta clase de estado de excepción ante el incremento imbricado de las contingencias sanitarias, ambientales y económicas, que marcan el ritmo del ciclo económico, y la inefectiva política gubernamental formulada para tiempos regulares. En otras palabras, el estado de excepción es habilitado para garantizar la perpetuidad de la acumulación de capital gestada con la concentración de la propiedad privada.

ABSTRACT Agriculture requires new alternatives to control pests and diseases; biological controls can be a sustainable alternative for the continued success of this sector. This study was thus carried out to identify yeasts and lactic acid bacteria that have the antagonistic capacity to control three phytopathogens as Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria brassicae that have caused significant economic losses in agriculture. Thirteen strains of yeast and seven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were used to measure the percentage of growth inhibition, production of volatile organic compounds, production of biofilms, and the production of enzymes through a completely randomized design. The yeasts Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the LAB Lactococcus lactis and L. brevis stood out for their antagonistic capacity to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens by 66%, 58%, 65% and 39%, respectively. Pest and disease control highly depend on chemical phytosanitary inputs with negative economic, environmental, and social effects. This study demonstrated that the yeast H. opuntiae and the LAB L. brevis have potential as biological controls and has been observed to inhibit growth by more than 39%, providing a sustainable alternative that is less harmful to the environment and human health. To guarantee their effectivity under field conditions, their individual application, consortium application, and concentration, timing, and proper application method must be considered.

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, uma epidemia de doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a fatores ambientais e ocupacionais (estresse térmico decorrente de cargas de trabalho elevadas em altas temperaturas e exposição a produtos químicos, como agrotóxicos e metais), denominada DRC de origem não tradicional (DRCnt). Esta revisão descritiva tem como objetivo apresentar evidências recentes sobre estresse térmico, agrotóxicos e metais como possíveis causas de DRCnt e fornecer uma visão geral das estratégias brasileiras de regulamentação, fiscalização e vigilância sanitária relacionadas. Os trabalhadores brasileiros são comumente expostos a condições extremas de calor e outros fatores de risco de DRCnt, incluindo o aumento da exposição a agrotóxicos e metais. Além disso, há uma falta de regulamentação e fiscalização, políticas públicas e estratégias adequadas para proteger a saúde renal dos trabalhadores em relação aos principais fatores de risco. É provável que a DRCnt seja uma causa significativa de DRC no Brasil, uma vez que a etiologia da doença é desconhecida em muitos pacientes e diversas condições para seu desenvolvimento estão presentes no país. Estudos epidemiológicos devem ser realizados para explorar associações causais e estimar o impacto do calor, dos agrotóxicos e dos metais na DRCnt no Brasil. Além disso, as políticas públicas devem priorizar a redução da exposição dos trabalhadores e a promoção de sua saúde e segurança. décadas (DRC químicos metais, , metais) DRCnt. . (DRCnt) relacionadas disso Brasil país segurança (DRCnt

Abstract In the past decades, an epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with environmental and occupational factors (heat stress from high workloads in hot temperatures and exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides and metals), which has been termed CKD of non-traditional origin (CKDnt). This descriptive review aims to present recent evidence about heat stress, pesticides, and metals as possible causes of CKDnt and provide an overview of the related Brazilian regulation, enforcement, and health surveillance strategies. Brazilian workers are commonly exposed to extreme heat conditions and other CKDnt risk factors, including increasing exposure to pesticides and metals. Furthermore, there is a lack of adequate regulation (and enforcement), public policies, and strategies to protect the kidney health of workers, considering the main risk factors. CKDnt is likely to be a significant cause of CKD in Brazil, since CKD’s etiology is unknown in many patients and several conditions for its development are present in the country. Further epidemiological studies may be conducted to explore causal associations and estimate the impact of heat, pesticides, and metals on CKDnt in Brazil. Moreover, public policies should prioritize reducing workers´ exposure and promoting their health and safety. decades (CKD chemicals metals, , metals) nontraditional non traditional CKDnt. . (CKDnt) enforcement Furthermore enforcement) Brazil CKDs s country Moreover safety (CKDnt

Abstract Introduction. The new era of surgery is increasingly dependent on technology, and an example of this is the widespread use of electrocautery as a primary part of surgical practice. Surgical smoke is a byproduct of the dissection and coagulation of tissues produced by energy equipment, which represents multiple potential health risks for the surgical group; however, the dangers caused by cumulative exposure have been minimized. Methods. A critical analysis was carried out from a reflective position of the available information, establishing the possible risks related to exposure to surgical smoke. Discussion. The imperative need to establish national normative guidelines and standardized recommendations to comply with the demands given by the occupational health and work safety management systems, whose main objective is to make effective the use of appropriate surgical masks, implementation of environmental epidemiological surveillance program in the operating room, prioritizing the constant use of vacuum cleaners and evacuation systems, and carrying out educational awareness programs aimed at the personnel involved. Likewise, there is concern about the need for new studies to more precisely define the danger of this aerosol. Conclusion. It is recommended to responsibly use all existing preventive strategies to intervene in operating rooms to minimize the forgotten risks of surgical smoke.

Resumen Introducción. La nueva era de la cirugía es cada vez más dependiente de la tecnología, y un ejemplo de ello es el uso generalizado de electrocauterio como parte primordial de la práctica quirúrgica. El humo quirúrgico es un subproducto de la disección y la coagulación de los tejidos producidas por los equipos de energía, que representa múltiples riesgos potenciales para la salud del grupo quirúrgico, sin embargo, se han minimizado los peligros causados por la exposición de manera frecuente y acumulativa a este aerosol. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis crítico, desde una posición reflexiva de la información disponible, estableciendo los posibles riesgos relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico. Discusión. Es visible la necesidad imperativa de establecer directrices nacionales, pautas normativas y recomendaciones estandarizadas para cumplir con las exigencias dadas por los sistemas de gestión en salud ocupacional y seguridad del trabajo, cuyo objetivo principal es hacer efectivo el uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas apropiadas, la implementación de programa de vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental en sala de cirugía, la priorización del uso constante de aspiradores y sistemas de evacuación, y la ejecución de programas educativos de sensibilización dirigidos al personal implicado. De igual manera, se abre la inquietud de la necesidad de nuevos estudios para definir con mayor precisión el peligro de este aerosol. Conclusión. Se recomienda de manera responsable utilizar todas las estrategias preventivas existentes para intervenir en salas de cirugía los riesgos minimizados y olvidados del humo quirúrgico.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

A prevenção da violência contra criança e adolescente busca eliminar/reduzir os fatores sociais, culturais e ambientais que propiciam a ocorrência das violências. Objetivou-se analisar as estratégias oferecidas aos jovens para o exercício de sua criatividade, bem como os produtos criados acerca da prevenção desse fenômeno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação interventiva, realizada em duas escolas públicas de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com 13 adolescentes, com média de idade de 14 anos. As propostas elaboradas pelos jovens destacam a necessidade da: informação, denúncia, busca de ajuda junto a profissionais da saúde, pessoas de confiança, uso de tecnologia, e a articulação em rede para o trabalho de prevenção da violência. Conclui-se que para o protagonismo dos adolescentes faz-se necessário que a escola e outros ambientes ampliem os espaços de escuta, expressão da criatividade, compreendam suas potencialidades, reflexões e estratégias de combate/prevenção das violências.

 Preventing violence against children and adolescents seeks to eliminate/reduce the social, cultural and environmental factors that encourage the occurrence of violence. The objective was to analyze the strategies offered to young people to exercise their creativity, as well as the products created to prevent this phenomenon. This is an interventional action research, carried out in two public schools in a state in the Northeast of Brazil, with 13 adolescents, with an average age of 14 years. The proposals prepared by young people highlight the need for: information, reporting, seeking help from health professionals, trusted people, use of technology, and networking for violence prevention work. It is concluded that for teenagers to take a leading role, it is necessary for schools and other environments to expand spaces for listening, expression of creativity, understanding their potential, reflections and strategies for combating/preventing violence.

La prevención de la violencia busca eliminar/reducir los factores sociales, culturales y ambientales que fomentan la ocurrencia de violencia. El objetivo fue analizar las estrategias que se ofrecen a los jóvenes para ejercitar su creatividad, así como los productos creados para prevenir este fenómeno. Se trata de una investigación-acción intervencionista, realizada en dos escuelas públicas de un estado del Nordeste de Brasil, con 13 adolescentes, con edad promedio de 14 años. Las propuestas elaboradas por los jóvenes resaltan la necesidad de: información, denuncia, búsqueda de ayuda de profesionales de la salud, personas de confianza, uso de la tecnología y trabajo en red para el trabajo de prevención de la violencia. Se concluye que para que los adolescentes asuman un rol protagónico es necesario que las escuelas y otros ambientes amplíen espacios de escucha, expresión de creatividad, comprensión de sus potencialidades, reflexiones y estrategias para combatir/prevenir la violencia.

Abstract The global syndemic is an issue that is gaining notoriety in the world. The syndemic is understood as the interaction between obesity, malnutrition and climate change, that is, synergy of epidemics and complex situations, which coexist in time and place and their consequences for health. However, little is known about the relationship between the global syndemic and the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF). In this context, the present essay aims to reflect on the relationship established between the global syndemic and the consumption of UPA. Starting with obesity, it is known that excessive consumption of UPA is one of the main causes of this chronic non-communicable disease. However, there is also a direct relationship between malnutrition and the consumption of UPA, since people who are in a situation of food insecurity choose economically accessible foods, characterizing themselves as a double burden of malnutrition. While studies on sustainable diets advance, knowledge about the association between climate change and UPA consumption is still incipient. Although studies highlight its environmental impacts in the handling and consumption of meat, in addition to the use of pesticides, it may play a secondary role. In this sense, studies are needed that evaluate the consumption of UPA and its relationship with the global syndemic, to support the formulation of public policies aimed at improving the consumption of healthy and sustainable foods for the planet.

Resumen La sindemia global es un tema que está ganando notoriedad en el mundo. La sindemia se entiende como la interacción entre la obesidad, la desnutrición y el cambio climático, es decir, sinergia de epidemias y situaciones complejas, que coexisten en tiempo y lugar y sus consecuencias para la salud. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre la relación entre la sindemia global y el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (AUP). En este contexto, el presente ensayo tiene como objetivo reflexionar acerca de la relación que se establece entre la sindemia global y el consumo de AUP. Empezando por la obesidad, se sabe que el consumo excesivo de AUP es una de las principales causas de esta enfermedad crónica no transmisible. Sin embargo, también existe una relación directa entre desnutrición y el consumo de AUP, ya que las personas que se encuentran en situación de inseguridad alimentaria eligen alimentos económicamente accesibles, caracterizándose como una doble carga de malnutrición. Mientras avanzan los estudios sobre las dietas sostenibles, el conocimiento sobre la asociación entre el cambio climático y el consumo de AUP es aún incipiente. Aunque los estudios destacan sus impactos ambientales en el manejo y consumo de carne, además del uso de pesticidas, pudiendo jugar un papel secundario. En este sentido, se necesitan estudios que evalúen el consumo de AUP y su relación con la sindemia global, para apoyar la formulación de políticas públicas encaminadas a mejorar el consumo de alimentos saludables y sostenibles para el planeta.

Resumen Durante las últimas décadas en Puno, Perú, la problemática de la contaminación se fue agudizando por la acción combinada del crecimiento desordenado de la población urbana, gestión deficiente de residuos sólidos, descarga de aguas servidas sin tratamiento en la bahía del lago Titicaca y prácticas de sanidad e higiene inadecuadas; situaciones que afectan severamente el ambiente y la salud humana. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las actitudes y comportamientos proambientales de la población de la ciudad de Puno en relación al saneamiento, la contaminación y la gestión ambiental. La investigación es no experimental, cuantitativa, trans¬versal, descriptiva, correlacional y nivel de análisis micro. El universo de estudio fue la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana, que comprende 97.264 habitantes; la muestra, deter¬minada al azar simple, fue de 382 personas. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado. El análisis descriptivo, inferencial y prueba de hipótesis se realizó con el software estadístico SPSS. Los resultados señalan que las actitudes ambientales de la mayoría de la población son positivas respecto a factores y fuentes de contaminación y efectos en la salud humana; contrariamente, las prácticas ambientales son inadecuadas en gestión ambiental en el hogar y condiciones de sanidad e higiene en la vivienda. Se concluye, que la mejora sostenible de actitudes y comportamientos proambientales, demanda de una nueva política pública de educación ambiental, cuya implementación incorpore la participación efectiva de la sociedad civil con base a un sistema de incentivos.

Abstract During the last decades in Puno, Peru, the problem of contamination has worsened due to the combined action of the disorderly growth of the urban population, poor management of solid waste, discharge of untreated sewage into the bay of Lake Titicaca and practices of inadequate sanitation and hygiene, severely affecting the environment and human health. The objective of the study was to characterize the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of the city’s population of Puno in relation to sanitation, pollution and environmental management. The research is nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro level of analysis. The universe of study was the population over 18 years of age in the urban area, which comprises 97,264 inhabitants; the sample, determined at simple random, was 382 people. A structured questionnaire was applied. Descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS statistical software. The results indicate that the environmental attitudes of the majority of the population are positive regarding factors and sources of pollution and effects on human health. On the contrary, environmental practices are inadequate in environmental management in the home and health and hygiene conditions in the home. It is concluded that the sustainable improvement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors demands a new public policy of environmental education, whose implementation incorporates the effective participation of civil society based on an incentive system.

Abstract: At the end of the 19th century and during the first third of the 20th century, schools contributed to the spread of tuberculosis. The Modern School. Hispanic American Pedagogical Magazine (1892 to 1934) sought the prevention and overcoming of such a disease. And the aim of the analysis is to identify the measures to overcome the tuberculosis in childhood. The analysis indicates various types of actions. These could involve the school or not, but always giving prominence to childhood. This work is interesting because the source is revised for this purpose for the first time.

Resumen: A finales del siglo XIX y durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, los centros escolares tenían unas condiciones ambientales que contribuían con la expansión de la tuberculosis. La Escuela Moderna. Revista Pedagógica Hispano Americana es una publicación que destina varios de sus documentos a la prevención y superación de tal enfermedad. Es por ello por lo que se analizan sus impresiones desde 1892 hasta 1934, para identificar las medidas que se debían plantear para zanjar la presencia de la tuberculosis en la vida de la infancia. Desde tal análisis se han obtenido diferentes tipos de actuaciones que podían implicar o no a la escuela, pero tenían como protagonista a la salud infantil. Se considera de interés la revisión realizada al no haber sido planteada con anterioridad, poniendo la mirada en la fuente primaria seleccionada.

Abstract The text addresses the analysis of the global pandemic in December 2021, caused by the Sars-Cov 2 virus, resulting in millions of deaths and transforming social, institutional, and familial life. Following the stabilization of Covid-19 in various regions, there is an emphasis on reflecting on the two years of almost complete confinement, acknowledging that this crisis is a superimposition of health, social, political, economic, educational, and environmental crises. The importance of examining the implications for the pedagogical sphere and professional training in the “new normal” is highlighted. A historical analysis of the pandemic is proposed from psychological, social, cultural, educational, and environmental perspectives. Advocacy for learning from the experience, reviewing virtual pedagogical actions, and building more promising futures by integrating educational and environmental aspects. Finally, it is suggested to use analytical perspectives from authors such as Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway, and Ailton Krenak to understand and address the challenges posed.

Resumen El texto aborda el análisis de la pandemia global de diciembre de 2021, causada por el virus Sars-Cov 2, que resultó en millones de muertes y transformó la vida social, institucional y familiar. Tras la estabilización del Covid en varias regiones, se destaca la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los dos años de casi total confinamiento, reconociendo que esta crisis es una superposición de crisis en salud, social, política, económica, educativa y ambiental. Se plantea la importancia de examinar las implicaciones para el ámbito pedagógico y la formación profesional en la “nueva normalidad”. Se propone un análisis histórico de la pandemia desde perspectivas psicológicas, sociales, culturales, educativas y ambientales. Se aboga por aprender de la experiencia, revisar las acciones pedagógicas virtuales y construir futuros más prometedores, integrando lo educativo y ambiental. Finalmente, se sugiere utilizar perspectivas analíticas de autores como Isabelle Stengers, Donna Haraway y Ailton Krenak para comprender y abordar los desafíos planteados.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e atravessamentos políticos do projeto ‘Avaliação da contaminação ocupacional, ambiental e em alimentos por agrotóxicos na Bacia do Juruena, Mato Grosso (MT)’, realizado entre 2015 e 2019, em municípios de elevada produção agrícola voltada para o agronegócio: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio. Fundamentada na epidemiologia crítica, na vigilância popular e do desenvolvimento, a pesquisa participativa envolveu a população por meio de articulações com prefeituras, sindicatos e escolas públicas e trabalhadores(as) rurais e urbanos. Coletaram-se amostras de matriz ambiental (água, ar, sedimento), alimentar (hortaliças, commodities e animais) e humanas (sangue e urina) e realizou-se um inquérito populacional das condições de saúde autorreferidas, exposição ambiental, alimentar e ocupacional de trabalhadores(as) e moradores(as). Os dados revelaram um processo de contaminação impositiva em todo o território da bacia do rio Juruena, no ambiente, em alimentos, e o adoecimento agudo e crônico supostamente relacionado com a exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. O processo participativo na pesquisa almejou fortalecer a luta por territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis mediante redes cooperativas, vigilância popular de base territorial e das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, além de outros desdobramentos que modifiquem legislações e processos destrutivos do atual modelo de desenvolvimento. Objetivouse Objetivou se metodológicos Avaliação Juruena MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 2019 agronegócio Parecis Júlio crítica desenvolvimento prefeituras trabalhadoresas trabalhadores as trabalhadores(as urbanos Coletaramse Coletaram água, água (água ar sedimento, sedimento sedimento) hortaliças, hortaliças (hortaliças animais sangue urina realizouse realizou autorreferidas moradoresas. moradoresas moradores . moradores(as) ambiente cooperativas (MT) 20 moradores(as (MT 2

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the methodological, operational, and political aspects of the project ‘Assessment of occupational, environmental and food contamination by pesticides in the Juruena Basin, Mato Grosso (MT)’, carried out between 2015 and 2019 in municipalities with high agricultural production geared towards agribusiness: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. Based on critical epidemiology, popular and developmental surveillance, the participatory research involved the population through links with town halls, unions public schools, and rural and urban workers. Environmental (water, air, sediment), food (vegetables, commodities, and animals), and human (blood and urine) samples were collected, and a population survey was carried out on self-reported health conditions, environmental, food, and occupational exposure of workers and residents. The data revealed a process of imposing contamination throughout the territory of the Juruena River basin, in the environment, in food, and in acute and chronic illnesses supposedly related to environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides. The participatory process in the research aimed to strengthen the struggle for healthy and sustainable territories through cooperative networks, grassroots territorial surveillance, and populations exposed to pesticides, as well as other developments that modify legislation and destructive processes of the current development model. methodological operational Assessment Basin MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 agribusiness Parecis Sapezal Júlio epidemiology surveillance halls schools water, water (water air sediment, sediment sediment) vegetables, vegetables (vegetables commodities animals, animals animals) blood urine collected selfreported self reported conditions residents basin environment networks model (MT) 20 (MT 2

ABSTRACT Pesticides, such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticides, are a group of chemical compounds that have different actions. After their application, the degradation process is slow. They can remain in the soil and groundwater, contaminating the water. Climate change transforms the process of degradation of chemical compounds, by altering soil composition, producing alterations in the ecosystem and biodiversity. The impact of pesticides on human health is challenging because of the great potential for harm they have. Since 2004, genetically modified seeds have been introduced in Paraguay, accompanied by a great increase in cultivation areas and pesticide use. To review the current state of knowledge about the effects of these chemical substances on the different organs and systems in pediatric and pregnant populations, a descriptive review was carried out, utilizing the main available databases. As a secondary objective, considering the extension of cultivation areas in Paraguay, we also described the results of studies carried out in the country. The results of the reviewed studies show an association between the involvement of different organ systems in these populations and environmental exposure, water, and food. Some of these results are replicated in those carried out in the country's growing areas.

RESUMEN Los pesticidas son un grupo de compuestos químicos que tienen diferentes acciones, insecticidas, fungicidas, herbicidas, rodenticidas. Luego de su aplicación el proceso de degradacion es lento. Pueden permanecer en el suelo y en las aguas subterráneas, contaminando el agua. El cambio climático transforma el proceso de degradación de los compuestos químicos, por la alteración de la composición del suelo, produciendo alteraciones en el ecosistema y la biodiversidad.El impacto de los pesticidas sobre la salud humana es un desafío por el gran potencial de daño que tienen. Desde el año 2004, se introduce en Paraguay las semillas geneticamente modificadas, acompañado de un gran incremento de las areas de cultivo y la utilizacion de pesticidas.Con el objetivo de revisar el estado del conocimiento actual sobre los efectos de estas sustancias quimicas, sobre los diferentes organos y sistemas en las poblaciones pediatricas y embarazadas, se realizo una revision descriptiva, abarcando las principales base de datos disponibles.Como objetivo secundario, considerando la extension de areas de cultivo en Paraguay, describir los resutlados de los estudios realizados en el pais. Los resultados de los estudios revisados muestran asociacion entre afectacion de diferentes organos, sistemas, de estas poblaciones y la exposcion ambiental, de las aguas y los alimentos. Algunos de estos resultados se replican en los realizados en las zonas de cultivo del pais.

RESUMO Esse artigo é fruto das reflexões e experiências provocadas a partir do projeto ‘Comunidades Quilombolas e Covid-19: desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais para promoção de saúde no Médio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais’. Nesse sentido, discutiremos os processos da implementação das tecnologias sociais nas Comunidades Quilombolas Córrego do Rocha e Córrego do Narciso, bem como os resultados alcançados, sua importância na efetivação de políticas afirmativas e reparativas na população quilombola e, por fim, o início da consolidação de um território sustentável e saudável no âmbito das comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Jequitinhonha. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-19 Jequitinhonha Gerais. Gerais . Gerais’ sentido Narciso alcançados fim Covid1 1 Covid-1 Covid-

ABSTRACT This article is based on the reflections and experiences provoked from the project ‘Quilombola Communities and COVID-19: Development of social technologies for health promotion in the Médio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais’. In this sense, we will discuss the processes of implementation of social technologies in the Quilombola Communities Córrego do Rocha and Córrego do Narciso, as well as the results achieved, their importance in the implementation of affirmative and reparative policies in the quilombola population and, finally, on the beginning of the consolidation of a sustainable and healthy territory within the scope of the quilombola communities of Vale do Jequitinhonha. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-19 Jequitinhonha Gerais. Gerais . Gerais’ sense Narciso achieved finally COVID1 1 COVID-1 COVID-