Abstract Between 37 and 63% of the logged timber in Peru has an illegal origin. This study aims to describe this supply chain in Ucayali region. The main contribution is the elaboration (and diagramming) of a sequence of processes, activities, and tasks (supported by the collection of management documents, field interviews and observation, based on the crime-script methodology), and the identification of mechanisms of evasion of environmental, tax and labour controls which explain the illegal origin. The severe gap between the supply chain and the regulatory structure developed by the State shows formal instruments supported by declarative mechanisms that lead to proposing the idea of a State that performs control, carrying out a formal theatricalization of surveillance, while assuming the existence of a widespread illegal logic.

Resumo Entre 37 e 63% da madeira extraída no Peru tem origem ilegal. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever essa cadeia de suprimentos na região Ucayali. A principal contribuição é a elaboração (e diagramação) de uma sequência de processos, atividades e tarefas (apoiada na coleta de documentos de gestão, entrevistas de campo e observação, com base na metodologia crime-script), e a identificação de mecanismos de evasão de crimes. controles ambientais, fiscais e trabalhistas que explicam a origem ilegal. A grave lacuna entre a cadeia de abastecimento e a estrutura regulatória desenvolvida pelo Estado evidencia instrumentos formais apoiados em mecanismos declarativos que levam a propor a ideia de um Estado que exerce o controle, realizando um processo de teatralização formal da vigilância, ao mesmo tempo que assume a existência duma estendida lógica ilegal.

Resumen Entre 37 y 68% de la madera peruana tendría origen ilegal. El objetivo de este estudio es describir esta cadena de suministro en la región de Ucayali. El principal aporte es la elaboración y diagramación de una secuencia de eslabones, actividades y tareas (sostenida en la recolección de documentos de gestión, entrevistas en terreno y observación, basada en la metodología de los crime-scripts), mediante la cual se identifican mecanismos de evasión de los controles ambientales, tributarios y laborales, que explicarían el origen ilegal. Se identifica una severa brecha entre la cadena de suministro y la estructura normativa desarrollada por el Estado, lo que muestra instrumentos formales sostenidos en mecanismos declarativos que conducen a plantear la idea de un Estado que “performa” el control, realizando una teatralización formal de la vigilancia, mientras asume la existencia de una lógica ilegal extendida.

Resumo No contexto de crise socioambiental que se evidencia na Amazônia Legal, este artigo tem como objetivo geral identificar vínculos entre as ações do governo brasileiro vigente (2019-2022) e a necropolítica socioambiental. Dentre os objetivos específicos, a investigação proposta visa a demonstrar a participação do governo federal em vigor no aumento dos incêndios, desmatamentos, invasões a territórios indígenas, garimpo ilegal e violência na Amazônia Legal. Com base na obra de Achille Mbembe, este estudo busca delimitar uma crise humanitária originada na necropolítica do governo Bolsonaro. Fazendo uso de uma metodologia quantitativa, esta pesquisa partiu da coleta de dados relacionados à desarticulação de normas ambientais garantidoras de políticas públicas, discursos oficiais de incitação à violação de normas ambientais e inércia no combate a crimes ambientais na Amazônia e contra os povos indígenas no período de janeiro de 2019 a agosto de 2022. Em uma análise qualitativa, tais dados foram inseridos em um quadro analítico derivado da obra de Mbembe sobre a necropolítica. Como resultado, restam reforçadas e justificadas as denúncias de crime contra a humanidade que tramitam contra o Presidente da República perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incêndios desmatamentos Bolsonaro quantitativa públicas 201 qualitativa resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Within the context of the socio-environmental crisis evident in the Legal Amazon region, this article aims to identify links between the actions of the current Brazilian government (2019-2022) and socio- -environmental necropolitics. Among the specific objectives, the proposed investigation seeks to demonstrate the involvement of the current federal government in the increase of fires, deforestation, invasions of Indigenous territories, illegal mining, and violence in the Legal Amazon region. Drawing from Achille Mbembe’s thesis, the study aims to delineate a humanitarian crisis stemming from the necropolitics of the Bolsonaro government. Employing a quantitative methodology, the research involved collecting data related to the dismantling of environmental norms that guarantee public policies, official discourses inciting the violation of environmental norms, inertia in combating environmental crimes in the Amazon and against Indigenous peoples, spanning from January 2019 to August 2022. In a qualitative analysis, these data were integrated into the analytical framework derived by the authors from Mbembe’s work on necropolitics. As a result, the accusations of crimes against humanity filed against the Brazilian president the International Criminal Court (ICC) are further reinforced and justified. socioenvironmental socio region 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 objectives fires deforestation territories mining Mbembes Mbembe s thesis methodology policies peoples 201 analysis result ICC (ICC justified 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Resumen En el contexto de la crisis socioambiental en la Amazonia Legal, este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los vínculos entre las acciones del actual gobierno brasileño (2019-2022) y la necropolítica socioambiental. Entre los objetivos específicos, la investigación propuesta pretende demostrar la participación del actual gobierno federal en el aumento de los incendios, la deforestación, las invasiones de territorios indígenas, la minería ilegal y la violencia en la Amazonia Legal. A partir del trabajo de Achille Mbembe, este estudio busca delimitar una crisis humanitaria originada en la necropolítica del gobierno Bolsonaro. Utilizando una metodología cuantitativa, esta investigación comenzó con la recolección de datos relacionados con la desarticulación de las normas ambientales que garantizan las políticas públicas, los discursos oficiales que incitan a la violación de las normas ambientales y la inercia en la lucha contra los delitos ambientales en la Amazonía y contra los pueblos indígenas desde enero de 2019 hasta agosto de 2022. En un análisis cualitativo, tales datos se insertaron en un marco analítico derivado de la obra de Mbembe sobre la necropolítica. Como resultado, se refuerzan y justifican las acusaciones de crímenes contra la humanidad contra el Presidente de la República ante el Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Legal 20192022 2022 (2019-2022 específicos incendios deforestación Bolsonaro cuantitativa públicas 201 cualitativo resultado TPI. TPI . (TPI) 2019202 202 (2019-202 20 (TPI 201920 (2019-20 2 20192 (2019-2 (2019- (2019 (201 (20 (2 (

Child sexual abuse affects children and caregivers all around the world. According to the South African Police Service's (2020/21) crime statistics report, child sexual abuse is common in South Africa, particularly the township of Tsakane. Tsakane, located in Ekurhuleni, Gauteng, is predominantly comprised of IsiZulu-speaking residents and has a significant child sexual abuse problem. Child sexual abuse may be perceived differently by IsiZulu-speaking caregivers than by other cultural groups and hence a qualitative study was carried out to explore this phenomenon. The study employed an exploratory design and semi-structured individual interviews. Thematic content analysis was conducted in analysing the data. The findings revealed that isiZulu caregivers in Tsakane are hesitant to report incidences of child sexual abuse because of cultural, environmental and psychological cost factors. This means that social work should address child sexual abuse in a comprehensive, culturally sensitive and community-focused manner.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the protective and destructive critical processes of 34 water women in the municipalities of Cabo de Santo de Agostinho and Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil, from February/21 to August/22. The work process stages were systematized by the work flowchart, and we employed Breilh’s critical processes matrix to organize the data. The destructive processes identified in the general domain were injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability, such as the economic development model, the Suape Industrial Port Complex, the 2019 oil spill crime disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficult access to public policies; in the particular domain: overloads and extended working hours, use of rudimentary equipment and tools, and unequal gender, class, and race relationships; in the singular domain: physical and mental illnesses and deaths. The protective processes identified in the general domain were sustainable development objectives, public health, and social assistance policies; in the particular domain, group work and processing, consumption for subsistence; in the singular domain, fishing as a therapeutic, pleasurable, and sharing process. The study highlighted the central issues of the water women and the need to establish public policies targeting their care.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os processos críticos, protetores e destrutivos do trabalho de 34 mulheres das águas nos municípios de Cabo de Santo de Agostinho e Ipojuca (PE), de fevereiro de 2021 a agosto de 2022. As etapas do processo de trabalho foram sistematizadas pelo fluxograma do trabalho e organizadas na matriz de processos críticos de Breilh. Os processos destrutivos, no domínio geral, foram: injustiça e vulnerabilização socioambiental como modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, o desastre-crime de petróleo ocorrido em 2019, a pandemia de COVID-19 e dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas; no particular: jornadas e sobrecargas de trabalho, uso de equipamentos e ferramentas rudimentares e relações desiguais de gênero, classe e raça; no singular: adoecimentos físicos, mentais e mortes. Os processos protetores, no domínio geral: os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social; no particular: trabalho e beneficiamento em grupo, consumo para subsistência; no singular: a pesca como processo terapêutico, prazeroso e de partilha. O estudo destacou os problemas centrais das mulheres das águas e a necessidade do estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao seu cuidado.

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar os processos críticos, protetores e destrutivos do trabalho de 34 mulheres das águas nos municípios de Cabo de Santo de Agostinho e Ipojuca (PE), de fevereiro de 2021 a agosto de 2022. As etapas do processo de trabalho foram sistematizadas pelo fluxograma do trabalho e organizadas na matriz de processos críticos de Breilh. Os processos destrutivos, no domínio geral, foram: injustiça e vulnerabilização socioambiental como modelo de desenvolvimento econômico, o Complexo Industrial Portuário de Suape, o desastre-crime de petróleo ocorrido em 2019, a pandemia de COVID-19 e dificuldade de acesso às políticas públicas; no particular: jornadas e sobrecargas de trabalho, uso de equipamentos e ferramentas rudimentares e relações desiguais de gênero, classe e raça; no singular: adoecimentos físicos, mentais e mortes. Os processos protetores, no domínio geral: os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, políticas públicas de saúde e assistência social; no particular: trabalho e beneficiamento em grupo, consumo para subsistência; no singular: a pesca como processo terapêutico, prazeroso e de partilha. O estudo destacou os problemas centrais das mulheres das águas e a necessidade do estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao seu cuidado. Objetivouse Objetivou se 3 PE, PE , (PE) 202 2022 Breilh geral econômico Suape desastrecrime desastre crime 2019 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 particular gênero raça singular físicos mortes sustentável social grupo subsistência terapêutico partilha cuidado (PE 20 201 COVID1 1 COVID- 2

Abstract This study aims to analyze the protective and destructive critical processes of 34 water women in the municipalities of Cabo de Santo de Agostinho and Ipojuca, Pernambuco, Brazil, from February/21 to August/22. The work process stages were systematized by the work flowchart, and we employed Breilh’s critical processes matrix to organize the data. The destructive processes identified in the general domain were injustice and socio-environmental vulnerability, such as the economic development model, the Suape Industrial Port Complex, the 2019 oil spill crime disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficult access to public policies; in the particular domain: overloads and extended working hours, use of rudimentary equipment and tools, and unequal gender, class, and race relationships; in the singular domain: physical and mental illnesses and deaths. The protective processes identified in the general domain were sustainable development objectives, public health, and social assistance policies; in the particular domain, group work and processing, consumption for subsistence; in the singular domain, fishing as a therapeutic, pleasurable, and sharing process. The study highlighted the central issues of the water women and the need to establish public policies targeting their care. 3 Ipojuca Pernambuco Brazil February21 February 21 February/2 August22 August 22 August/22 flowchart Breilhs Breilh s data socioenvironmental socio environmental vulnerability model Complex 201 disaster COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic hours tools gender class relationships deaths objectives health processing subsistence therapeutic pleasurable care February2 2 February/ August2 August/2 20 COVID1 1 COVID- August/

Abstract This article addresses Central American climate migration from a human, gender, and environmental (HUGE) security approach. It examines documents, government reports, press publications, international and national statistical data, and interviews to establish complex interrelationships between migration, disasters, poverty, pandemic, and survival dilemma. Militarized borders, pressure from the U.S. government, and transnational organized crime have increased the dangers and costs of undocumented migration. Could a U.S. immigration reform overcome this maelstrom of illegal migration and generate development in Northern Central America by sending remittances to their families? The article explores multiculturalism, ecosystem restoration, climate change adaptation, gender recognition, and a culture of care that would offer vulnerable people in Central America an alternative livelihood agenda in their country of origin.

Resumen En este artículo se aborda la migración climática centroamericana desde un enfoque de seguridad humana, de género y ambiental (seguridad HUGE). Se examinan documentos, reportes gubernamentales, publicaciones de prensa, datos estadísticos internacionales y nacionales, así como entrevistas para establecer interrelaciones complejas entre migración, desastres, pobreza, pandemia y dilema de supervivencia. Las fronteras militarizadas, las presiones del gobierno estadounidense y el crimen organizado transnacional han incrementado los peligros y el costo de la migración indocumentada. ¿Pudiera una reforma migratoria en Estados Unidos superar esta vorágine de migración ilegal y generar desarrollo en el norte de Centroamérica por medio del envío de remesas a las familias que se quedan? El artículo explora la multiculturalidad, la restauración de ecosistemas, la adaptación al cambio climático, el reconocimiento de género y una cultura del cuidado que ofrecería a personas vulnerables de Centroamérica una agenda alternativa de vida en sus lugares de origen.

Abstract. The problem of the anthropogenic destruction of nature fundamentally links the notions of Anthropocene and ecocide. It not only implies a crime against biodiversity, but also a form of environmental self-destruction that involves human beings. Humanity, which in its development has built history and left symbolic advancements based on the degradation of the environment, is an agent of the nature it faces, just as (by extension) a microcosm affects the macrocosm in which it is inserted without being outside or independent of it. The aim of this article is to explain how, thanks to an understanding of nature and to nature itself as reason, it is possible to analyze in depth, from the global complex of self-destruction addressed, the need for an ecosuicidology. To do this, I present the philosophical meaning and significance of the term.

Resumen. El problema de la destrucción antropogénica de la naturaleza vincula en lo fundamental las nociones de “Antropoceno” y “ecocidio”. Este no solo implica un crimen contra la biodiversidad, sino también una forma de autodestrucción ambiental que involucra al ser humano. Una humanidad que en su desarrollo ha construido la historia y legado simbólicos avances sobre la base de la degradación del entorno es agente de esa naturaleza a la cual se enfrenta, así como (por extensión) el microcosmos incide en el macrocosmos en que está inserto sin encontrarse fuera ni ser independiente de él. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar cómo, gracias a la comprensión de la naturaleza y a la naturaleza misma en cuanto razón, es posible sondear a profundidad, desde el complejo global autodestructivo, la necesidad de una ecosuicidología. Para ello, presento el sentido y el significado filosófico del término.

Resumen Este trabajo plantea la relación entre el Estado y el medio ambiente, con el objetivo de evaluar las investigaciones abiertas por el Ministerio Público del Estado de São Paulo (MPSP) y el Ministerio Público Federal (MPF) de Jales, de la 24ª y 37ª Subsección Judicial Federal, la coerción y sanción de los delitos ambientales de los actos y/u omisiones de los agentes públicos municipales (alcaldes) a la luz de la Ley de Improbidad Administrativa resultante de los daños ambientales. El estudio se condujo por medio de la recolección de datos del MPSP y del MPF de 48 municipios de la región Noroeste del Estado de São Paulo, en los procedimientos abiertos en el período de enero de 2008 a agosto de 2021 cuyos demandados eran alcaldes y municipios. Una vez recopilados los datos, se procedió a su tabulación y correlación con la bibliografía, la legislación y la jurisprudencia encontradas. Se ha identificado que se iniciaron 120 procedimientos, y la mayoría de estas investigaciones conducen a acciones civiles públicas por parte del MPSP, siendo la mayoría de ellos investigaciones civiles, mientras que los restantes fueron investigaciones policiales. Además, el MPF en Jales abrió un total de 606 procedimientos, y la mayoría de ellos evolucionaron hacia acciones civiles públicas. Se concluye que el MPSP de las comarcas y el MPF de Jales han cumplido con el deber constitucional de protección ambiental, sin embargo, se comprobó que los alcaldes terminan por no sufrir sanciones según la Ley de Improbidad Administrativa por delitos ambientales. Se obervó que el principal objetivo del MPSP y del MPF es la reparación del daño y la cesación de la actividad que lo genera, y no la coerción del agente que realiza u omite acciones generadoras del daño ambiental. ambiente (MPSP (MPF ª yu (alcaldes 4 200 202 bibliografía encontradas 12 policiales Además 60 ambiental embargo genera 20 1 6 2

Abstract The present paper approaches the relationship between the State and the environment, aiming to evaluate the inquiries opened by the Public Ministry of the State of São Paulo (MPSP) and by the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) of Jales, of the 24th and 37th Federal Judiciary Subsection, the coercion and the sanction of environmental crimes of acts and/or omissions of municipal public agents (mayors) in the face of the administrative improbity law, arising from environmental damage. The study was carried out by collecting data from the MPSP and MPF from 48 municipalities in the northwest region of São Paulo, in procedures opened from January 2008 to August 2021 whose defendants were mayors and municipalities. After data collection, there was a tabulation and correlation with the bibliography, the legislation and the found jurisprudence. It has been identified that 120 proceedings were initiated, and the majority of these investigations lead to public civil actions by the MPSP, with most of them being civil inquiries, while the remaining ones were police inquiries. Additionally, the MPF in Jales opened a total of 606 proceedings, and the majority of them evolved into public civil actions. It is concluded that the MPSP of the districts and MPF of Jales have been fulfilling the constitutional duty in environmental protection; however, it was identified that the mayors end up not suffering sanctions from the Administrative Impropriety Law for environmental crimes. It was observed that the main objective of the MPSP and the MPF is the restoration of the damage and not the coercion of the agent who carries out or omits actions that lead to environmental damage. environment (MPSP (MPF th Subsection andor (mayors law 4 200 202 collection bibliography jurisprudence 12 initiated Additionally 60 protection however 20 1 6 2

Resumo O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre o Estado e o meio ambiente, objetivando avaliar os inquéritos abertos pelo Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo (MPSP) e pelo Ministério Público Federal (MPF) de Jales, da 24ª e 37ª Subseção Judiciária Federal, a coerção e a sanção dos crimes ambientais de atos e/ou omissões dos agentes públicos municipais (prefeitos) perante a Lei de Improbidade Administrativa, decorrente do dano ambiental. O estudo foi realizado por meio de coleta de dados com o MPSP e o MPF de 48 municípios da região noroeste paulista, em procedimentos abertos no período de janeiro de 2008 a agosto de 2021, cujos réus fossem prefeitos e municípios. Após a coleta de dados, houve a tabulação e a correlação com a bibliografia, a legislação e a jurisprudência encontrada. Identificou-se que foram abertos 120 procedimentos, e a maioria desses inquéritos evoluiu para ações civis públicas pelo MPSP, sendo que grande parte deles eram inquéritos civis, enquanto os restantes eram inquéritos policiais. Além disso, o MPF de Jales abriu um total de 606 procedimentos, e a maioria deles evoluiu para ações civis públicas. Conclui-se que o MPSP das comarcas e o MPF de Jales vêm cumprindo o dever constitucional na proteção ambiental; entretanto, identificou-se que os prefeitos acabam não sofrendo sanções da Lei de Improbidade Administrativa por crimes ambientais. Observou-se que o principal objetivo do Ministério Público Estadual e do Federal é a reparação do dano e a cessação da atividade que o gera, e não a coerção do agente que pratica ou omite ações geradoras do dano ambiental. ambiente (MPSP (MPF ª eou (prefeitos ambiental 4 paulista 200 2021 bibliografia encontrada Identificouse Identificou se 12 policiais disso 60 Concluise Conclui entretanto identificouse identificou Observouse Observou gera 20 202 1 6 2

Abstract: The damage inflicted on ecosystems requires more legal tools that contribute to compliance with the treaties that protect the environment. One of these tools is criminal law through the criminalization of ecocide at international level. Several voices have proposed amending the Rome Statute to extend the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to ecocide, considering it a crime against peace, security and the welfare of mankind. Unlike the four crimes currently under the Court's mandate, the new one would not have an anthropocentric approach, but would instead have the environment at the center of international criminal justice. The current legal framework allows the ICC to prosecute environmental damage as an extension of war crimes, which is insufficient when the damage is not linked to war. This paper proposes that including ecocide in the Rome Statute would allow the ICC to investigate cases linked to the climate crisis in which individuals have been

Resumen: El daño infligido a los ecosistemas requiere de más herramientas legales que contribuyan al cumplimiento de los tratados que tutelan el medio ambiente. Una de estas herramientas es el derecho penal a través de la tipificación del ecocidio a nivel internacional. Diversas voces han propuesto enmendar el Estatuto de Roma con el objeto de extender la jurisdicción de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) al ecocidio, considerándolo como un crimen contra la paz, la seguridad y el bienestar de la humanidad. A diferencia de los cuatro delitos actualmente bajo el mandato de la Corte, el nuevo no tendría un enfoque antropocéntrico, es decir no se centraría solo en el bienestar de los seres humanos, sino que tendría al medio ambiente en el centro de la justicia penal internacional. El marco jurídico actual permite a la CPI enjuiciar daños ambientales como una extensión de los crímenes de guerra, lo cual es insuficiente cuando se presenten daños no vinculados a acciones bélicas. El presente trabajo propone que incluir el ecocidio en el Estatuto de Roma permitiría a la CPI investigar casos vinculados a la crisis climática en los que hubieran participado individuos de manera intencional, imprudente o negligente, en tiempos de guerra o paz.

Resumen A lo largo del tiempo, el ecocidio se ha considerado principalmente a través de la praxeología del mando. En esta discusión se demostrará que la acción para prevenir el ecocidio obstaculiza el punto de referencia existente en la construcción de normas ambientales. Para construir la seguridad medioambiental, hay que neutralizar la ilusión y el cortoplacismo en las actividades medioambientales. El ecocidio es una amenaza que requiere soluciones tanto a nivel de la legislación nacional como de una estrategia global con visión de futuro. En las deliberaciones se demostrará que el ecocidio es un fenómeno virulento y peyorativo que ahora va más allá del eco-delito clásicamente entendido. La prevención del ecocidio es una necesidad civilizatoria urgente. En las deliberaciones se destacará el componente intergeneracional, que debe impulsar la actualización y la realización de estrategias con vistas a garantizar la seguridad ecológica de forma continua. Para fundamentar las hipótesis de investigación planteadas, las consideraciones utilizan un método formal-dogmático y un método comparativo de los actos de derecho internacional con los documentos jurídicos en el ámbito de la protección del medio ambiente. La investigación se complementa con un análisis de la relación entre la naturaleza y el mundo humano. tiempo mando ambientales medioambiental medioambientales futuro ecodelito eco delito entendido urgente intergeneracional continua planteadas formaldogmático formal dogmático ambiente humano

Abstract Over time, ecocide was considered mainly through the praxiology of command. This paper will demonstrate that actions aiming to prevent ecocide are hindered by the existing reference point in the construction of environmental standards. In order to build ecological safety, the illusory and short-term nature of environmental projects should be neutralised. Ecocide is a threat that requires solutions both at the level of national law and a forward-oriented global strategy. The discussion will show that ecocide is a virulent and pejorative phenomenon that currently goes beyond classically understood ecocrime. Preventing ecocide is an urgent necessity of a civilisational nature. The intergeneration component will be highlighted in considerations, which should encourage the updating and implementation of a strategy with a view to ensuring ecological safety on a continuous basis. The formal-dogmatic and comparative method in interpretation legal acts of international law with legal documents in the field of environmental protection has been applied in order to justify the hypothesis. Scientific research are accompanied by an analyze the relationship between the nature and human world. time command standards shortterm short term neutralised forwardoriented forward oriented ecocrime considerations basis formaldogmatic formal dogmatic hypothesis world

Resumo Ao longo do tempo, o ecocídio foi entendido principalmente por meio da praxiologia do comando. Este artigo demonstrará que as ações que visam prevenir o ecocídio são dificultadas pelo referencial existente na construção de padrões ambientais. A fim de reforçar a segurança ecológica, a natureza ilusória e de curto prazo dos projetos ambientais deve ser neutralizada. O ecocídio é uma ameaça que exige tanto soluções ao nível da legislação nacional quanto uma estratégia global voltada para o futuro. A discussão mostrará que o ecocídio é um fenômeno virulento e prejudicial que atualmente vai além do crime ecológico classicamente compreendido. Prevenir o ecocídio é uma necessidade urgente de natureza civilizacional. O componente intergeracional será destacado nas considerações, o que deve incentivar a atualização e a implementação de uma estratégia que vise garantir a segurança ecológica de maneira contínua. O método formal-dogmático e comparativo de interpretação de atos jurídicos de Direito Internacional com documentos jurídicos no campo da proteção ambiental tem sido aplicado para justificar a hipótese. A pesquisa científica é acompanhada por uma análise da relação entre a natureza e o mundo humano. tempo comando neutralizada futuro compreendido civilizacional considerações contínua formaldogmático formal dogmático hipótese humano

Abstract Purpose: This article aims to analyze the strategies used by Vale during the first two years after the Brumadinho dam disaster to deal with criticisms from civil society in the face of the consequences caused by the rupture. Originality/value: The article contributes to understanding the strategic processes used by large enterprises to respond to environmental disasters and other damages resulting from activities and work accidents caused by these organizations. It demonstrates how such strategies can be applied and succeed because they are linked to actions and articulations with key actors involved and co-opted in economic, political, and social processes before the disaster. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative, case study type of research was conducted with citizens of Brumadinho and local mobilization groups. The interviews conducted with ten citizens of the municipality and document analysis allowed a volume of information from the various actors that make up and participate in the tangle surrounding the actions related to this disaster. Findings: The company uses mechanisms that impute discouragement and disbelief in the affected people, fomenting the politics of resignation through numerous strategies of bureaucratization, social and mental suffering, and rights violations that postpone the reparation actions to the affected people. The article demonstrates how the context of technological disasters involves a political, economic, institutional, and social process marked by violations, influences, and injustices with communities and people whose beginning is before the disasters. Purpose rupture Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value organizations coopted co opted economic political Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach qualitative groups Findings bureaucratization suffering institutional influences

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias utilizadas pela Vale durante os dois primeiros anos após o desastre da barragem de Brumadinho para lidar com as críticas da sociedade civil perante os desdobramentos causados pelo rompimento. Originalidade/valor: O artigo contribui para a compreensão dos processos estratégicos utilizados por grandes empreendimentos para responder aos desastres ambientais e aos demais danos decorrentes de atividades e acidentes de trabalho causados por essas organizações. É demonstrado como tais estratégias conseguem ser aplicadas e obter sucesso porque se vinculam a ações e articulações com atores-chave, que são envolvidos e cooptados em processos econômicos, políticos e sociais anteriores à ocorrência do desastre. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, na qual participaram cidadãos de Brumadinho e grupos de mobilização locais. As entrevistas realizadas com dez cidadãos do município e a análise documental permitiram um volume de informações dos diversos atores que participam do emaranhado que envolve as ações relacionadas a esse desastre. Resultados: A empresa utiliza mecanismos que imputam às pessoas atingidas o desânimo e a descrença, fomentando a política da resignação por meio de inúmeras estratégias de burocratização, sofrimento social e mental, e violações de direitos que postergam as ações de reparação aos atingidos. O artigo demonstra como o contexto de desastres tecnológicos envolve um processo político, econômico, institucional e social marcado por violações, influências e injustiças com comunidades e pessoas, cujo início é anterior aos desastres. Objetivo rompimento Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor organizações atoreschave, atoreschave chave, chave atores-chave econômicos Design/metodologia/abordagem Designmetodologiaabordagem Design metodologia abordagem Tratase Trata qualitativa caso locais Resultados descrença burocratização mental atingidos político econômico

PURPOSE: Corruption, which includes payments of bribes to government officials, poses a serious impediment to the advancement of developing countries. In this study, a model is developed based on anomie theory and research on ethical behaviour, culture and decision making to predict whether and to what extent small business owners bribe government officials DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using hierarchical linear modelling on a large World Bank data set, the study hypothesises that the business environmental conditions of crime prevalence, theft and disorder, transportation difficulties, and time-resource requirements for dealing with the government, function as obstacles that enhance small business owners' informal payments to government officials. The study further proposes that the national culture constructs of masculinity and power distance moderate the relationship between business environment conditions and small business owners' bribes FINDINGS/RESULTS: The study found support for the role of the proposed business environment conditions, as well as partial support for the role of masculinity and power distance as factors that strengthen the positive relationship between challenging business environments for small business owners and corrupt behaviour PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study proposes ways governments can address structural uncertainties which are impediments to small business survival. It also offers ways small businesses can counteract cultural and economic challenges that influence corrupt behaviour VALUE: This study improves the understanding of the role of the supply-side of corruption. It also explains how the lens of anomie theory leads to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of inducements to deviate from the norm, as happens in corrupt behaviour practices

Vicarious liability has been introduced in Scottish environmental law to strengthen the fight against wildlife crime, in particular against birds of prey. Accordingly, landowners can now incur liability for wildlife crime perpetrated by the landowners' employees. Conservation organisations have lauded this development, and this raises the question of whether a similar application of vicarious liability in South African environmental law could enhance the legal conservation status of birds of prey. Vicarious liability is well established in the South African law of delict but is controversial in the context of criminal law. South African environmental law already makes provision for a form of vicarious liability, inter alia also against wildlife crime, but this liability is not strict like the traditional form of vicarious liability known in the law of delict and can accordingly only be referred to as vicarious liability in a wider sense. Unlike traditional strict vicarious liability, which is regarded as undesirable in criminal law by the courts and authors, the wider form of vicarious liability in environmental law may well pass constitutional muster. Nonetheless, the direct liability of a landowner, based on a statutory legal duty to prevent the perpetration of wildlife crime by its employees, would arguably be a more satisfactory solution.

South Africa's suite of environmental laws contains many criminal sanctions and penalty provisions. Whether the criminal sanction is an effective tool that realises the constitutionally protected environmental right depends on how it is practically enforced and whether potential offenders become aware of such enforcement measures. This article reports on research aimed at collecting and analysing prosecutions for industrial-related transgressions (conducted mainly in Magistrates' Courts) and involving offences under the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the Waste Act, the Air Quality Act and the National Water Act. An analysis of 53 prosecutions shows that most cases resulted in convictions, half were concluded through plea and sentence agreements, half involved the conviction of individuals, no direct imprisonment penalties were imposed, and low fines were imposed in most cases. The findings include that there is some inconsistency in how different listed activities or water uses are treated as separate or consolidated criminal charges, and the exact number, outcome, or trends arising from such cases are difficult to determine as there is no central, readily accessible database of concluded prosecutions. Increased access to such information will improve knowledge, implementation and the effective use of the criminal sanction through prosecutions. In turn, this will contribute to the improved realisation of the constitutionally protected environmental right.

Abstract Despite its potential to transition toward a green economy, the country became an environmental villain in recent years. The anti-environmentalist and anti-indigenist administration of President Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2022) partly dismantled environmental governance. The Amazon and its more-than-human populations were severely hit by Bolsonaro’s predatory agenda, which supported and legitimized the interests of the anti-conservationist forces within economic sectors such as agribusiness and mining, and fueled organized crime and violence in the region. This paper provides an overview and analysis of Amazonian politics and policy during this period, and discusses the importance of, and possibilities for, a transformative approach to the governance of the region.

Resumo Apesar do seu potencial para transitar para uma economia verde, o Brasil tornou-se nos últimos anos um vilão ambiental. O Governo antiambiental e anti-indígena do Presidente Jair Bolsonaro (2019-2022) desmantelou parcialmente a governança ambiental. A Amazónia e as suas populações mais que humanas foram severamente atingidas pela agenda predatória de Bolsonaro, que apoiou e legitimou os interesses de forças anticonservacionistas no seio de setores económicos como o agro-negócio e a mineração, e alimentou o crime organizado e a violência na região. O artigo analisa as políticas amazónicas durante aquele período e discute a importância e as possibilidades de uma abordagem transforma- dora para a governança da região.