ABSTRACT Professional orientation and entrepreneurship emerge as a necessary relationship in Cuban Higher Education, taking into account the need to stimulate the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that enable their contribution to the municipality as a space for the common good. By virtue of what has been expressed, the article intends to socialize an educational strategy aimed at gradually promoting entrepreneurship, from the professional orientation process. The proposal was structured into three specific strategic actions: redefinition of entrepreneurship as a process and result, training for the pedagogical group and the design of professional orientation workshops "Youth, entrepreneurship and local development." For this, a qualitative methodology was used that considers the interpretation of the results from a dialectical conception, with the use of historical-logical methods, modeling and the help of documentary analysis and the Iadov technique for the evaluation of the proposal. The results reveal the potential of an educational strategy that contains actions and operations that favor the training of entrepreneurial students with professional life projects that stimulate the use of knowledge for prosperous, sustainable, equitable and inclusive municipal development.

RESUMO A orientação profissional e o empreendedorismo surgem como uma relação necessária no Ensino Superior cubano, tendo em conta a necessidade de estimular a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que possibilitem a sua contribuição para o município como espaço de bem comum. Em virtude do exposto, o artigo pretende socializar uma estratégia educativa que visa promover gradativamente o empreendedorismo, a partir do processo de orientação profissional. A proposta foi estruturada em três ações estratégicas específicas: redefinição do empreendedorismo como processo e resultado, formação do grupo pedagógico e concepção de oficinas de orientação profissional "Juventude, empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento local". Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa que considera a interpretação dos resultados a partir de uma concepção dialética, com utilização de métodos histórico-lógicos, modelagem e auxílio da análise documental e da técnica de Iadov para a avaliação da proposta. Os resultados revelam o potencial de uma estratégia educacional que contenha ações e operações que favoreçam a formação de estudantes empreendedores com projetos de vida profissional que estimulem o uso do conhecimento para o desenvolvimento municipal próspero, sustentável, equitativo e inclusivo.

RESUMEN Orientación profesional y emprendimiento, emergen como una relación necesaria en la Educación Superior cubana, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de estimular la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que posibiliten su aporte al municipio como espacio de bien común. En virtud de lo expresado, el articulo tiene la intención de socializar una estrategia educativa orientada a potenciar de modo gradual el emprendimiento, desde el proceso de orientación profesional. La propuesta se estructuró en tres acciones estratégicas específicas: resignificación del emprendimiento como proceso y resultado, la capacitación al colectivo pedagógico y el diseño de talleres de orientación profesional "Juventud, emprendimiento y desarrollo local". Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que pondera la interpretación de los resultados desde una concepción dialéctica, con el empleo de los métodos histórico-lógico, la modelación y el auxilio del análisis documental y la técnica de Iadov para la evaluación de la propuesta. Los resultados develan, las potencialidades de una estrategia educativa que contiene acciones y operaciones que favorece la formación de estudiantes emprendedores con proyectos de vida profesionales que estimulan el uso del conocimiento en función un desarrollo municipal prospero, sostenible, equitativo e incluyente.

INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

BACKGROUND: Unemployment has been the central socioeconomic issue in South Africa since the democracy in 1994. As a result, the nation's unemployed youth continue to be at risk in the job market. In the quest for alternatives, youth entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as a crucial strategy for empowering youth through innovation and technology. AIM: This study sought to analyse the impact of innovative entrepreneurial incubators (IEIs) in fostering youth employment within Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. SETTING: This study was conducted within the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality to analyse the effectiveness of IEIs in supporting young entrepreneurs, thus increasing employment opportunities for the youth in South Africa. METHODS: A sample of 20 semi-structured open-ended interviews was conducted, and thematic coding was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The study found that there are several challenges pertaining to the effective implementation of IEIs to foster youth employment in South African municipalities. This is attributed to a lack of funding and educational programmes. CONCLUSION: The main recommendation is that all municipalities must establish IEIs and devise strategies to ensure that these are implemented effectively. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to improved municipal governance through providing innovative mechanisms that foster effective and efficient implementation of IEIs in South African local government. This contribution aims to ensure that municipalities discharge their constitutional mandate to improve citizens' standard of living through IEIs, especially in areas with high youth unemployment.

BACKGROUND: A lack of profitability attributes to 23% of business failures, which in turn, stems from young entrepreneurs' inability to recognise and discover profitable business opportunities. Enhancing entrepreneurial alertness (EA) can play a crucial role in identifying and evaluating lucrative business prospects. AIM: The aim of this paper is to examine how entrepreneurial alertness (EA) impacts the business performance of youth-owned enterprises in South Africa. SETTING: The paper focussed on registered and unregistered youth-owned businesses operating in various sectors in South Africa. METHODS: This study was conducted by distributing self-administered questionnaires to youth entrepreneurs who run registered and unregistered businesses. A quantitative research approach was adopted using simple random sampling to collect primary data. A sample size of 126 youth entrepreneurs was attained, and multiple regression was used to test the study hypotheses. RESULTS: Entrepreneurial alertness measured using evaluation and judgement dimensions were found to have a direct impact on enterprise profitability and subsequently lead to overall enterprise performance. The results further showed that scanning and search, and association and connection dimensions do not have an impact in any of the enterprise performance indicators. CONCLUSION: South African youth entrepreneurs do not associate alertness to enterprise performance when alertness is measured by scanning and search, and association and connection. CONTRIBUTION: The study reveals that alertness measured by evaluation and judgment has an impact on enterprise performance and that alertness can be used to mitigate failures of youth-owned enterprises. The study recommends that business performance must be measured by innovativeness rather than profitability since alertness impacts innovativeness more.

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, there is a concerted effort to provide entrepreneurship interventions to young people in a bid to activate their appetite for entrepreneurial activity. The current research seeks to offer meaningful insight into the effectiveness of these interventions and their potential to encourage entrepreneurship among disadvantaged youths in South Africa. AIM: The study aims to understand the connection between the participation of young people from poor communities in South Africa in entrepreneurship interventions and their entrepreneurial intentions to start a business. SETTING: The data used for the study were collected from participants aged between 18 years and 34 years who had previously participated in entrepreneurship programmes between 2008 and 2019 offered by a variety of institutions. METHODS: Using data drawn from a sample of 165 young people based on a survey instrument consisting of 16 questions, a regression analysis was employed to examine the significance of the relationship between the variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that entrepreneurship interventions positively influenced entrepreneurial intentions. The study found that certain programmes had a significantly greater impact on promoting entrepreneurial intentions than those with a lesser focus on practical business skills. This outcome indicates the need for more real-world business training in future interventions. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that providing entrepreneurship interventions and related resources can be an effective strategy for encouraging entrepreneurial intentions among disadvantaged youths. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to knowledge related to entrepreneurial intentions with emphasis on the significance of entrepreneurship interventions in the advancement of entrepreneurial activity.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es poner énfasis en la importancia que tiene realizar investigaciones relacionadas con el emprendimiento de mujeres jóvenes, ya que hasta el momento este tipo de estudios es escaso y los que hay hacen referencia a las mujeres jóvenes emprendedoras universitarias. A través de una investigación bibliográfica, descriptiva y exploratoria, se muestran los antecedentes teóricos que hay sobre el emprendimiento femenino. Después se realiza una revisión de los trabajos relacionados con el emprendimiento de jóvenes universitarias, por último, se presenta dos experiencias de emprendimiento de mujeres jóvenes con el propósito de ejemplificar las diversas aristas que tiene este tema. El hilo conductor, tanto en la revisión documental como en el análisis de las experiencias, fue identificar las motivaciones y los obstáculos que ellas tienen para emprender. Dentro de los principales resultados destaca la pertinencia de indagar sobre el tema de emprendimiento femenino juvenil, debido a que al ser una línea poco investigada no se puede ver con claridad las particularidades que motivan y obstaculizan la intención emprendedora de las mujeres en esta etapa de la vida. Se concluye que el impulso al emprendimiento debe hacerse con un enfoque de género y desde la juventud.

Summary The objective of this research is to emphasize the importance of carrying out research related to the entrepreneurship of young women, since up to now this type of study is scarce and those that exist refer to young university women entrepreneurs. Through a bibliographic, descriptive and exploratory research, the theoretical background on female entrepreneurship is shown. Afterwards, a review of the works related to the entrepreneurship of young university students is carried out, finally, two experiences of entrepreneurship of young women are presented with the purpose of exemplifying the various edges that this topic has. The guiding thread, both in the documentary review and in the analysis of the experiences, was to identify the motivations and obstacles that they have to undertake. Among the main results, the relevance of inquiring into the topic of youth female entrepreneurship stands out, due to the fact that, being a line little investigated, it is not possible to clearly see the particularities that motivate and hinder the entrepreneurial intention of women at this stage of life. It is concluded that the promotion of entrepreneurship must be done with a gender approach and from the youth.

Résumé Cette recherche vise à mettre l'accent sur l'importance des recherches relatives à l'entrepreneuriat des jeunes femmes car les études sur ce sujet sont rares jusqu'à présent et celles qui existent font référence aux jeunes femmes entrepreneures universitaires. À travers d'une recherche bibliographique, descriptive et exploratoire, on présente le contexte théorique existant sur l'entrepreneuriat féminin. Ensuite, on fait une révision des travaux relatifs à l'entrepreneuriat des jeunes femmes universitaires et finalement, on expose deux expériences de jeunes femmes afin de mettre en évidence les diverses perspectives qui existent sur ce thème. En outre, le fil conducteur de la révision bibliographique et de l'analyse des expériences a été l'identification des motivations et les obstacles qu'ont eu ces femmes pour entreprendre. Parmi les principaux résultats, on peut remarquer la pertinence de cette recherche parce qu'étant donné que ce thème est peu recherché, les facteurs qui motivent et empêchent l'intention des entrepreneures dans cette étape de la vie ne sont pas assez clairs. On a conclu que l'élan pour l'entrepreneuriat doit être à partir d'une approche de genre et de la jeunesse.

Abstract The article aims to show how young adults (starting with empirical research in Italy, but with the aspiration to highlight more diffuse phenomena among youth growing in the constant experience of the ‘crisis’) face the widespread injunction to be active, creative, flexible, and independent, that is, to be entrepreneurs of themselves. Young people born at the end of the last century have grown up in the midst of continuous crises – economic, health, and geopolitical – which have accentuated the tension between the social drive for personal autonomy and a growing awareness of the inability to individually solve problems that are systemic. Although the pressure to develop an entrepreneurial self and to internalize the drive for individualization may overlap with the development of a form of individualism, they can also promote new forms of sociation, based on sharing and cooperation. These forms are strongly supported by dialogical reflexivity, that is, by social conditions that promote processes of innovation and change stemming from common actions and constant confrontation with different points of view. Introducing the concept of dialogic reflexivity, the article analyses the practices that young adults put in place to support forms of individualization released from mere individualism and how social research and public policies can foster reflexive processes and create favourable conditions for youth participation and inclusion. starting Italy ‘crisis crisis ‘crisis’ active creative flexible independent is themselves economic health systemic sociation cooperation reflexivity view inclusion

Resumo O artigo pretende mostrar como os jovens adultos (começando com pesquisas empíricas na Itália, mas com a aspiração de destacar fenômenos mais difusos entre os jovens que crescem na experiência constante da ‘crise’) enfrentam a injunção generalizada de serem ativos, criativos, flexíveis e independentes, ou seja, serem empreendedores de si mesmos. Os jovens nascidos no final do século passado cresceram em meio a crises contínuas – econômicas, de saúde e geopolíticas – que acentuaram a tensão entre o impulso social pela autonomia pessoal e uma consciência crescente da incapacidade de resolver individualmente os problemas que são sistêmicos. Embora a pressão para desenvolver um eu empreendedor e internalizar o impulso para a individualização possa se sobrepor ao desenvolvimento de uma forma de individualismo, eles também podem promover novas formas de sociabilidade, baseadas no compartilhamento e na cooperação. Essas formas são fortemente sustentadas pela reflexividade dialógica, ou seja, por condições sociais que promovem processos de inovação e mudança a partir de ações comuns e confronto constante com diferentes pontos de vista. Apresentando o conceito de reflexividade dialógica, o artigo analisa as práticas que os jovens desenvolvem para apoiar formas de individualização libertas do mero individualismo e como a pesquisa social e as políticas públicas podem fomentar processos reflexivos e criar condições favoráveis à participação e inclusão juvenil. começando Itália ‘crise crise ‘crise’ ativos criativos independentes seja mesmos econômicas sistêmicos sociabilidade cooperação dialógica vista juvenil

BACKGROUND: Despite the high youth unemployment levels, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, participation in the agricultural sector remains low. The agricultural sector provides valuable opportunities of employment, which could contribute towards relieving the high levels of unemployment and enhancing livelihoods of families in rural areas. Youth are also seen as the future of the agricultural sector and food production. AIM: To determine whether entrepreneurial dimensions, along with assets within the sustainable livelihoods framework, influences participation of youth in the agricultural sector. SETTING: Focus is on youth and the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on their participation in the agricultural sector. METHODS: Entrepreneurial dimensions of 440 youth participants were derived from statements related to entrepreneurial skills and competencies by means of principal component analysis and combined with factors from the sustainable livelihood framework in a multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: It was found that the youth are heterogeneous in their endogenous and exogenous resources. Youth involved in the sector are more likely to have access to land and extension services, experience in the sector and support initiatives. In terms of entrepreneurial dimensions, youth involved are more inclined to believe in themselves and are more likely to take advantage of opportunities (pull entrepreneurship). The results show that policies and programmes should consider both endogenous and exogenous factors and combinations thereof to attract and enhance youth participation in the agricultural sector. CONCLUSION: Policy and programme development should consider the heterogeneity of youth in terms of their access to resources and entrepreneurial dimensions to enhance their participation in the agricultural sector. Participation in agriculture requires more than only access to land, and other individual physical resources attention should also be given to endogenous factors of individuals and combinations of different resources.

This article reflects upon relationships between pedagogy and domesticity in relation to a creative teaching philosophy of 'critical care'. Two contexts frame this discussion. The first: the socioeconomic levers that, prior to the pandemic, were working hard to reposition creativity as a 21st century skill demanded by employers and commodified in languages of entrepreneurial innovation by Higher Educational institutions. The second: the home-schooling conditions of Sydney's twin pandemic waves, which for many, merged the homespace and workplace in ways not yet fully understood. In using pedagogy to bridge the logics of homespace and workplace during lockdown, I invoke a series of frameworks invested in expanded notions of creativity. These are performed as 'intermezzo': offering intercutting, non-finished evocations of the disrupted and scattered self. The haiku poetry of a group collaboration timestamps modes of paying attention as one pathway that counterpoints the neoliberalisation of creativity with small acts of everyday world-building.

Resumo A revista Pequenas Empresas, Grandes Negócios (PEGN), da editora Globo, é uma mídia de negócios, que se define como a “a maior e mais importante comunidade de empreendedores do Brasil”. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar as concepções de juventude empreendedora presentes em reportagens publicadas no site do veículo, em 2018 e 2019. Por meio da Análise do Discurso, encontramos três grandes eixos semânticos, que estruturam as narrativas. Eles mostram o jovem como um empreendedor que inspira a sociedade; como aquele em que devemos investir, para que o país possa se desenvolver por meio de suas ações empreendedoras; e aquele que transforma a própria juventude em empreendimento. Tais representações são apresentadas na maior parte das vezes como casos de sucesso, ou, quando os erros aparecem, eles surgem para que sirvam à pedagogia empreendedora. O objetivo, em todos eles, é que a juventude brasileira seja unificada pelo ethos empreendedor.

Abstract The magazine Pequenas Empresas, Grandes Negócios (PEGN), published by Globo, is a business media, which defines itself as “the largest and most important community of entrepreneurs in Brazil”. This work aims to investigate the conceptions of entrepreneurial youth present in texts published on the vehicle’s website, in 2018 and 2019. Through Discourse Analysis, we identified three major semantic axes, which structure the narratives. They show the youth as an entrepreneur who inspires society; as the one in which we should invest, so that the country can develop through its entrepreneurial actions; and the one who transforms youth into an enterprise. Such representations are presented most of the time as cases of success, or, when errors appear, they serve to the entrepreneurial pedagogy. The goal, in all of them, is to unify Brazilian youth by the entrepreneurial ethos.

Resumen La revista “Pequenas Empresas, Grandes Negócios (PEGN)”, de la editora Globo, es una prensa de negocios, que se define como “la mayor y más importante comunidad de emprendedores de Brasil”. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de investigar las concepciones de juventud emprendedora presentes en reportajes publicadas en el sitio web de vehículo, en 2018 y 2019. A través del Análisis del Discurso, identificamos tres grandes ejes semánticos, que estructuran las narrativas. Ellos muestran el joven como un emprendedor que inspira la sociedad; como aquel que debemos hacer la inversión, para que el país pueda desarrollarse por medio de sus acciones emprendedoras; y aquel que trasforma la propia juventud en emprendimiento. Esas representaciones son presentadas en la gran mayoría de las veces como casos de éxito, o cuando aparecen los errores, ellos surgen para que sirvan a la pedagogía emprendedora. El objetivo, en todos ellos, es que la juventud brasileña sea unificada por el espíritu emprendedor.

Resumen Este artículo parte del siguiente interrogante: ¿cuáles son las características del perfil del emprendedor en la población juvenil paraguaya? Para responder a esto, el trabajo se desarrolló con un enfoque cuantitativo de diseño descriptivo y prospectivo. Se aplicaron 5.972 cuestionarios, en una encuesta nacional, a jóvenes de zonas urbanas de entre 15 a 29 años. Los principales resultados permiten inferir que el perfil de la población de estudio se caracteriza por un desarrollo intermedio de las pautas que conforman la conducta emprendedora. Las variables que sobresalen son: fijar metas y exigir eficiencia y calidad. Sin embargo, algunas pautas son consideradas de escaso desarrollo, como las capacidades de buscar oportunidades, correr riesgos calculados, planificar tareas y cumplir compromisos, así como las capacidades de persuadir y crear redes de contactos.

Abstract The article starts with the question of What are the characteristics of the entrepreneurial profile of the Paraguayan youth population? For this, the work was developed with a quantitative approach, descriptive and prospective design. 5,972 questionnaires were applied in a national survey to young people in urban areas, aged 15 to 29 years. The main results allow inferring that the profile of the study population is characterized by an intermediate development of the guidelines that make up entrepreneurial behavior, variables such as: setting goals and demanding efficiency and quality stand out. However, some guidelines are considered underdeveloped, such as the abilities to seek opportunities, take calculated risks, plan tasks and fulfill commitments, as well as the abilities to persuade and create networks of contacts.

BACKGROUND: Youth engagement in agriculture in developing countries is of paramount importance since much of their livelihoods depend on this sector. AIM: This article therefore aims at assessing the influence of studying agri-entrepreneurship courses on youth farm entrepreneurial intention. SETTING: Three of the 55 Folk Development Colleges (FDCs) in Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was employed and 300 respondents were randomly selected from three FDCs offering agricultural programmes. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in which frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and Somers's D Model were employed. RESULTS: The results show that there is a significant relationship between agri-entrepreneurship knowledge and skills acquired and youth entrepreneurial intentions towards farming. CONCLUSION: The FDCs' agri-entrepreneurial training provides knowledge and skills which influence youth farm entrepreneurial intention. However, the strength of this influence ranges from weak to moderate depending on various factors. Regular reviews of curricula to enhance the beliefs that develop a view of farm entrepreneurship as a paying business is recommended. The analysis and implication of this finding has been further explained.

In recent years, entrepreneurship has been presented as a solution to the unemployment problem, as an expression of neoliberal rationality and as part of a discourse of the time. This term refers to any attempt at independent economic activity, new business or the expansion of an existing one, either by an individual or a team of people. In Argentina it became particularly relevant through the Cambiemos government (2015-2019), where it was made explicit as part of the government agenda. In the course of that presidential period, entrepreneurial discourse was particularly directed at those with the highest unemployment rate: young people. The ideal of a young entrepreneur, who self-generates his incorporation into the labor market and therefore his own economic income, was multiplied in government speeches, international organizations, the media and public policies. In this article we propose to analyze the entrepreneurship of young people (15 to 29 years old) during the government of Cambiemos, based on the analysis of government discourse and various policies implemented, which we will contrast with data from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH -INDEC) corresponding to the year 2017. Our hypothesis is that, due to the characteristics of self-employment in Argentina, the entrepreneurship discourse far from being a solution to employment problems, and specifically to high unemployment rates youth, legitimizes social inequalities. The results found allow us to argue that among young people, being an entrepreneur has very heterogeneous meanings, depending on their place in the social structure. The illusion of being entrepreneurs of themselves under the myth of equal opportunities confronts the inequality of positions of young workers, which contributes to naturalizing the place they occupy in the social structure.

En los últimos años, el emprendedurismo ha sido presentado como una solución al problema del desempleo, en tanto expresión de la racionalidad neoliberal y como parte de un discurso de época. Dicho término refiere a cualquier intento de actividad económica independiente, nuevo negocio o la expansión de uno existente, ya sea por un individuo o un equipo de personas. En Argentina, cobró particular relevancia durante el gobierno de Cambiemos (2015-2019), donde se hizo explícito como parte de la agenda gubernamental. En ese período presidencial, se direccionó particularmente el discurso emprendedurista a quienes presentan mayor índice de desocupación: los y las jóvenes. El ideal de joven emprendedor, que se autogenera su incorporación al mercado laboral y por tanto sus propios ingresos económicos, se multiplicó en discursos gubernamentales, de organismos internacionales, de medios de comunicación y en las políticas públicas. En este artículo, nos proponemos analizar el emprendedurismo de los y las jóvenes (15 a 29 años) durante el gobierno de Cambiemos, a partir del análisis del discurso gubernamental y diversas políticas implementadas, las cuales contrastaremos con datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH-INDEC) correspondientes al año 2017. Nuestra hipótesis es que, en virtud de las características que presenta el autoempleo en Argentina, el discurso que pondera el emprendedurismo lejos de ser una solución a los problemas de empleo, y específicamente a las altas tasas de desocupación de los jóvenes, legitima desigualdades sociales. Los resultados encontrados nos permiten sostener que entre los y las jóvenes, ser emprendedor/a tiene significancias muy heterogéneas, según el lugar que se ocupa en la estructura social. La ilusión de ser empresarios de sí mismos bajo el mito de la igualdad de oportunidades, se enfrenta a la desigualdad de posiciones de jóvenes trabajadores, lo cual contribuye a naturalizar el lugar que se ocupa en la estructura social.

RESUMO O artigo aborda a trajetória das políticas e propostas que, nos últimos trinta anos, enfrentaram a especificidade da relação dos jovens com o trabalho no Brasil, tanto no que diz respeito às principais propostas de governo (especificamente, do governo federal e do governo municipal na cidade de São Paulo) quanto aquelas das fundações empresariais. Desde a ênfase sobre a qualificação profissional no início dos anos 1990, até a difusão recente da agenda do empreendedorismo, as mudanças acompanharam as transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho, no contexto de afirmação do “novo espírito do capitalismo”. O enfraquecimento das garantias trabalhistas, a responsabilização do trabalhador, a ênfase sobre a assunção de riscos, a fragmentação e individualização são elementos centrais de novas formas de subjetivação que atingem, especificamente no caso brasileiro, os jovens pobres.

ABSTRACT The article discusses the trajectory of policies and proposals that, in the last 30 years, dealt with the relationship of young people with work in Brazil, including both the main government proposals (specifically, the federal government and the municipal government of the city of São Paulo), and those of corporate foundations. From the emphasis on professional qualification in the early 1990s to the recent dissemination of an entrepreneurial agenda, the changes have accompanied the new work trends that emphasize a “new spirit of capitalism.” The weakening of labor guarantees, worker accountability, emphasis on risk-taking, fragmentation and individualization are central elements of new forms of subjectification that, especially in the Brazilian case, affect underprivileged youth.

BACKGROUND: South Africa is challenged with high levels of unemployment, comprising many people with low levels of education and also individuals who have never held a job before. Despite having many vulnerable participants, interventions aimed at the unemployed generally exclude psychosocial training and are methodologically weak. AIM: The JOBS programme, a scientifically sound intervention, has been developed specifically to help people affected by unemployment to cope with the psychological effects. As a means of applying such a programme in South Africa, this study aimed to develop a framework based on the insights gained on the implementation and evaluation of the JOBS programme. METHODS: The study comprised a systematic review of literature regarding the JOBS intervention and its derivatives (n = 34). RESULTS: The results revealed that populations similar to the unemployed in South Africa had benefitted significantly regarding re-employment and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Suggestions derived from the literature included aiming the programme at the most vulnerable unemployed in South Africa: the youth and long-term unemployed. Furthermore, expanding the programme by adding an entrepreneurial component may yield positive results, considering the lack of employment opportunities in South Africa.