Resumen Introducción: el dengue es una enfermedad endémica en el municipio de San José del Guaviare. En el 2010, el 2014, el 2018 y el 2022 se registraron epidemias. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser endémico, este no cuenta con una focalización que permita priorizar acciones. Objetivo: estratificar el riesgo de dengue en el municipio de San José del Guaviare en 2022, mediante el uso de variables epidemiológicas, entomológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales para la planificación de acciones de prevención y control. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se categorizó el nivel de riesgo para dengue de los barrios del municipio, integrando la persistencia e incidencia acumulada de dengue, índice pupal de Aedes aegypti, estrato socioeconómico y acceso de agua potable. La categorización de cada una de las variables se realizó por terciles, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central (promedio, mediana). Para su análisis la información fue procesada y organizadas en tablas y cartografía de riesgo. Resultados: en la variable entomológica, el 43,5% (10/23) de los barrios presentaron un alto índice de pupas Aedes aegypti. En la variable epidemiológica, el 52,3% (23/44) de los barrios se categorizaron en alta transmisión. En la variable ambiental, el 76,2% (32/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en nivel de riesgo medio. Según la variable socioeconómica, el 83,3% (35/42) de los barrios se categorizaron en riesgo alto. Al integrar las variables analizadas, los barrios se categorizaron para la transmisión de dengue en: riesgo muy alto 23,4% (11/47), riesgo alto 31,9% (15/47), riesgo medio 8,5% (4/47) y riesgo bajo 34,0% (16/47). Conclusiones: en la integración final de riesgo aquellos barrios que se clasificaron en muy alto y alto riesgo para la transmisión de dengue, se deben focalizar las acciones de control, promoción y prevención del municipio. Igualmente, se debe continuar con la estratificación en períodos estacionales por cambios en las condiciones ecológicas del vector y dinámicas de transmisión.

Background Dengue is an endemic disease in this municipality, epidemics were recorded in 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022. Despite being endemic, it does not have a focus that allows prioritizing actions. The objective of this research was to stratify the risk of dengue in the municipality of San José del Guaviare in 2022, through the use of epidemiological, entomological, socioeconomic and environmental variables for the planning of prevention and control actions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The level of risk for dengue in the neighborhoods of the municipality was categorized, integrating the persistence and cumulative incidence of dengue, Aedes aegypti pupal index, socioeconomic stratum, and access to drinking water. The categorization of each of the variables was carried out by tertiles, measures of central tendency (mean, median) were calculated. For its analysis, the information was processed and organized into tables and risk cartography. Results: In the entomological variable, 43.5% (10/23) of the neighborhoods had a high rate of Aedes aegypti pupae. In the epidemiological variable, 52.3% (23/44) of the neighborhoods were categorized as having high transmission. In the environmental variable, 76.2% (32/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as a medium risk level. According to the socioeconomic variable, 83.3% (35/42) of the neighborhoods were categorized as high risk. By integrating the variables analyzed, the neighborhoods were categorized for dengue transmission as: very high risk 23.4% (11/47), high risk 31.9% (15/47), medium risk 8.5% (4 /47) and low risk 34.0% (16/47). Conclusions: In the final integration of risk, those neighborhoods that were classified as very high and high risk for dengue transmission should focus on the control, promotion and prevention actions of the municipality. Continue with the stratification in seasonal periods due to changes in the ecological conditions of the vector and transmission dynamics.

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important source of energy in the human diet; and, in Nicaragua, it constitutes a substantial component of the population's diet. The present study was exploratory, and aimed to determine the diversity of arthropods associated with rice cultivation in the municipality of Sébaco, an intensive rice production region, in the 2022-2023 agricultural cycle. Production systems with extensions over 100 hectares, where equal agronomic and phytosanitary management was used, were selected. For entomofauna monitoring, ten points were randomly selected in each production system, and at each point, and 20 double zigzag passes with entomological nets were used at each point. The number of individuals per order and family was quantified. For the diversity analysis, they were grouped according to their feeding habits. Abundance and richness information was analyzed using descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, and Shannon Weaver and Simpson's diversity index. Seven orders, 13 families, and 16 genera were found, most of them of the phytophagous habit. The highest abundance corresponded to the species T. orizicolus Muir (n = 46,663), reported in the reproductive and maturation phases. Likewise, Hydrellia sp (n = 5,229) presented the largest populations in the vegetative phase. Among the beneficial organisms, siders (n = 1,523) and Atrichopogum sp (n = 419) stood out. Diversity indices were low both in the production systems and in the different phenological phases of the crop.

Resumen El cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) representa una fuente de energía de importancia en la dieta humana, y en Nicaragua constituye un sustancial componente de la dieta de la población. El presente estudio fue exploratorio y tuvo como objetivo determinar la diversidad de artrópodos asociada al cultivo de arroz en el municipio de Sébaco, en el ciclo agrícola 2022-2023, una región intensiva en la producción de arroz. Se seleccionaron sistemas productivos con extensiones mayores a 100 hectáreas, en donde se empleó igual manejo agronómico y fitosanitario. Para el monitoreo de la entomofauna, en cada sistema productivo se seleccionaron diez puntos al azar y en cada punto se emplearon 20 pases dobles en forma de zig-zag con red entomológica. Se cuantifico el número de individuos por orden y familia; para el análisis de diversidad se agruparon por sus hábitos alimenticios. La información de la abundancia y riqueza se analizó mediante estudio descriptivo, análisis de varianza e índice de diversidad de Shannon Weaver y Simpson. Se encontraron siete órdenes, 13 familias y 16 géneros, la mayoría del hábito fitófago. La mayor abundancia correspondió a la especie T. orizicolus Muir (n=46.663), reportada en la fase reproductiva y maduración. Así mismo, Hydrellia sp (n=5.229), presentó las mayores poblaciones en la fase vegetativa. Dentro de los organismos benéficos sobresalieron las arañas (n=1.523) y Atrichopogum sp (n=419). Los índices de diversidad fueron bajos tanto en los sistemas productivos como en las diferentes fases fenológicas del cultivo.

ABSTRACT Brazil has been suffering a dengue (DENV) epidemic in 2019 and 2022 and records cases of Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). Londrina city, Paraná, stands out for the number of cases and deaths from dengue. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the density and diversity of mosquitoes present in urban public establishments of Londrina, to analyze their ecological relationships, and to investigate the presence of the DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. Ovitraps were installed in outdoor sites in two public establishments in each region of Londrina, while adult culicids were caught indoors with a Nasci aspirator. A total of 5077 eggs were obtained in 77 ovitraps. The South region had the highest infestation while the East had the lowest (Ovitrap Positivity Index: 38% and 25%; Egg Density Index: 67.83 and 19.03, respectively). From eggs, 704 Aedes aegypti females and 71 Aedes albopictus females were obtained, while in the aspiration of adults, 99 A. aegypti and 11 Culex quinquefasciatus were captured, the highest number in the West and the lowest in the North. The DENV-II virus was detected in a pool of 17 A. aegypti females in the West region. The results demonstrate high density of pathogen vector species, mainly A. aegypti, in and around establishments, alerting to the need for constant local entomological surveillance to prevent viral circulation, mainly in crowded places. The presence of A. albopictus around the establishments also alerts to the urbanization of the species and potential participation in the viral circulation, demonstrating the need for constant monitoring. DENV (DENV 201 202 ZIKV (ZIKV CHIKV . (CHIKV) city Paraná Therefore relationships aspirator 507 7 ovitraps Ovitrap Index 38 25% 25 6783 67 83 67.8 1903 19 03 19.03 respectively. respectively respectively) 70 adults 9 1 captured North DENVII II circulation places monitoring 20 (CHIKV 50 3 2 678 6 8 67. 190 0 19.0 5 19.

ABSTRACT The Maricá Environmental Protection Area (RJ, Southeastern Brazil) is predominantly occupied by the restinga ecosystem. Two broad inventories of insect galls and several contributions to the taxonomical knowledge of the local gall-inducing fauna have been done since 1992. The present study aims to compile literature data, compare them with data from recent collections and evaluate the similarity between the gall-inducing insects from this area and those from other restingas, using the Sorensen’s index. Field work was carried out from April 2021 to March 2022, in a total of 14 expeditions. All voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional/UFRJ. According to literature compilation, the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá (MEPA) hosts 108 gall-inducing species, 83.3% were collected again. Twenty-three gall morphotypes were found for the first time in the study area as well as two host plants, Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae) and Lantana fucata (Verbenaceae). All Brazilian restingas have low similarity with MEPA, which shows that this restinga is unique in the composition of the gall-inducers. MEPA includes 63 endemic species and morphospecies of cecidogenous insects. Nyctaginaceae, Boraginaceae, and Erythroxylaceae showed the greatest average of inducers by plant species. However, these taxa are not the best represented in MEPA, but they include super hosts, which explains their highest value. The family Myrtaceae shelters the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects and the greatest richness of host plant species. A new case of inquilinism was observed in galls on Neomitranthes obscura (Myrtaceae). RJ, RJ (RJ Brazil ecosystem gallinducing inducing 1992 Sorensens Sorensen s index 202 2022 1 expeditions NacionalUFRJ Nacional UFRJ Nacional/UFRJ compilation (MEPA 10 833 83 3 83.3 again Twentythree Twenty three plants Marcgraviaceae (Marcgraviaceae Verbenaceae. Verbenaceae . (Verbenaceae) gallinducers. gallinducers inducers. gall-inducers 6 Nyctaginaceae Boraginaceae However value Myrtaceae. (Myrtaceae) 199 20 8 83. (Verbenaceae (Myrtaceae 19 2

Abstract This geographic study on the epidemiology of Chagas disease (CD) highlights the importance of analyzing its spatial distribution to understand its spread. Factors such as sociodemography and the environmental and economic contexts are considered to identify high-prevalence areas. Given the transmission through triatomine insects, the study also includes entomological aspects. The study focused on the state of Yucatan, hypothesizing differences at the municipal level in the distribution of populations and the socioeconomic conditions that influence new infections with Trypanosoma cruzi. The period studied was established based on the analysis of the official statistics available about new cases of infection with T. cruzi from 2003 and the entomological indicators from 2015, both until 2022. The methodology included data by municipality loaded into a geographic information system per unit of time, followed by calculating incidence and prevalence rates. The nominal municipal marginalization index was used to assess poverty dimensions. The information was integrated with socio-demographic data from Mexico’s National Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística, INEGI) and the National Population Council (Consejo Nacional de Población, CONAPO). Finally, we conducted a correlation analysis applying a non-parametric test between entomological and socio-demographic variables, estimating the interdependence of entomological and epidemiological variables and their relationship with social factors. CD is ubiquitous in Yucatán, being more prevalent in the city of Mérida and its metropolitan area, as well as in the main urban centers and surrounding municipalities with a high population density to the south and east of the state (mainly in the municipalities of Ticul and Valladolid). The temporal distribution of the triatomine insects varied seasonally, with greater detection and collection in May 2016 and 2017. A time series analysis found no relationship between epidemiological and entomological variables. The significant correlation of epidemiological variables with the number of triatomine insects indicates the medical importance of vector transmission of the parasite in Yucatán. The evidence found suggests that living conditions - the most important socioeconomic and demographic variables at the municipal level as drivers for the vector transmission of T. cruzi and CD - were unpaved floor in houses, percentage of illiterate population aged 15 years and older, and overcrowding in households, all of them proxies of the nominal marginalization index, which was also significantly correlated with the infection rate in humans. Similarly, the correlation analysis suggests the effect of the interaction of urbanization processes, environmental modification, and the increasing human population density on the epidemiology of CD in Yucatán. In the Discussion, we argue that urbanization might influence the exposure of people to triatomine insects and affect the social vulnerability to face the threat of T. cruzi, either because it affects the household space, as well as the prevention and the availability of assets and inputs related to access to comprehensive healthcare. We also discuss the marked differences in epidemiological and entomological aspects between adjacent or similar municipalities, beyond the ecological characteristics, based on differences in the operation efficacy of monitoring programs and the urban location of technical-administrative units, and the main clinical centers and laboratories of the healthcare sector in the interior of the state. The main limitations of the study were the complexity of considering poverty as a dynamic and multidimensional process and the underreporting of CD cases due to its political and institutional neglect. This study provided a first approach to answering questions about the epidemiological situation of CD as a public health problem in Yucatán and knowing its spatial distribution. Furthermore, the present study challenges the geographically focused vision of government actions, which have addressed mainly vector control, and suggests that, due to the relationship of CD with the living conditions and socio-demographic and urbanization phenomena, this issue should be understood and approached from a broader and comprehensive perspective in public policy, including health aspects, given the complexity of the phenomenon, in parallel with the urgent need to provide access to comprehensive healthcare for those affected.

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Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a diversidade, distribuição (C) e abundância relativa (RA) da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão. A coleta de espécimes (n = 1087) foi feita durante o período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019 em seis habitats diferentes, incluindo corpos d’água, campos de arroz, galpões de animais, ambientes internos, ralos e águas residuais. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas, spray de piretro, aspiradores e redes e posteriormente mortos, preservados e depois dispostos em caixas entomológicas para identificação. Três gêneros foram identificados, nomeadamente Culex, Anopheles e Aedes. Um total de 14 espécies foi identificado, a saber: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e An. annularis (Van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus foi encontrado constantemente distribuído na área de estudo com AR = 16,5% e C = 100%. A. annularis foi encontrada como espécie satélite, distribuída esporadicamente na área de estudo com RA = 0,9% e C = 17%. Os índices de diversidade de mosquitos nos habitats estudados foram encontrados como índice de Shannon-Wiener (2,415), índice de Simpson (9,919), índice de Fisher (2,269) e índice de Margalef (1,859). Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada na diversidade de mosquitos nos seis habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado, H = 17,5, df = 5, P = 0,003 em α = 0,05). O presente estudo abrange a fauna de mosquitos de Malakand, Paquistão, com respeito à diversidade, abundância relativa e distribuição em diversos habitats e em todas as estações do ano. Isso ajudará os cientistas que trabalham em vários campos relacionados com a epidemiologia, entomologia médica e veterinária, ecologia e áreas afins das ciências biológicas.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity, distribution (C) and relative abundance (RA) of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan. Collection of specimens (n = 1087) was made during September 2018 to July 2019 at six different habitats including freshwater bodies, rice fields, animal sheds, indoors, drains and sewage waters. Specimens were collected through light traps, pyrethrum spray, aspirators and nets and subsequently killed, preserved and then arranged in entomological boxes for identification. Three genera were identified namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes. A total of fourteen species were identified namely: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and An. annularis (van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus was found constantly distributed in the study area with RA = 16.5% and C = 100%. An. annularis was found as a satellite species, sporadically distributed in the study area having RA = 0.9% and C = 17%. Diversity indices of mosquitoes in the studied habitats were found as, Shannon-Wiener Index (2.415), Simpson Index (9.919), Fisher’s Index (2.269) and Margalef’s Index (1.859). A statistically significant difference was recorded in mosquito diversity in the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, H = 17.5, df = 5, P = 0.003 at α = 0.05). The present study encompasses mosquito fauna of Malakand, Pakistan with respect to diversity, relative abundance and distribution in diverse habitats and all seasons of the year. This will assist scientists working in various fields related with epidemiology, medical and veterinary entomology, ecology and allied areas of biological sciences.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is currently the most important arbovirosis that affects man and it is a public health problem for Cuba and the world, despite the efforts of the member states to contain it and mitigate the impact of epidemics. Objective: To determine the understanding of dengue epidemiological control in medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out; the universe of study was made up of the 368 students enrolled in the fifth year of medicine at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey after completing the Public Health rotation. A sample of 188 students was calculated. Methods and techniques of scientific research in the medical sciences were applied. Results: Only 9% of the students identified the type of mosquito involved in dengue transmission; 69.7% do not know the time of maximum circulation of the vector, 75% do not know the calculation and interpretation of the casa and Breteau index; 75.5% do not know the control measures in low tanks and 72.3% are unaware of the information related to the vector. Conclusions: There was evidence of low knowledge about important aspects related to the transmitting vector of dengue, epidemiological management and entomological control, as well as the information received on this subject in education at work. Correspondence with the results of other Cuban and foreign researchers was established and the effectiveness, objectivity and topicality of the study was verified.

RESUMEN Introducción : El dengue es en la actualidad la más importante arbovirosis que afecta al hombre, es un problema de salud pública para Cuba y el mundo, a pesar de los esfuerzos por parte de los estados miembros, para contenerlo y mitigar el impacto de las epidemias. Objetivo: Determinar la comprensión sobre control epidemiológico del dengue en estudiantes de medicina. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal, el universo de estudio lo constituyó los 368 estudiantes matriculados en el quinto año de medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey luego de culminada la rotación de Salud Pública. Se calculó una muestra de 188 estudiantes. Se aplicaron métodos y técnicas de la investigación científica en las ciencias médicas. Resultados : Solo el 9 % de los estudiantes identificaron el tipo de mosquito que interviene en la transmisión del dengue; el 69,7 % desconoce el horario de máxima circulación del vector, el 75 % desconoce el cálculo e interpretación del índice casa y Breteau; el 75,5 % no conoce las medidas de control en tanques bajos y el 72,3 % tiene desconocimiento de la información en lo relacionado con el vector. Conclusiones : Se evidenció un bajo conocimiento sobre aspectos importantes relacionados con el vector transmisor del dengue, el manejo epidemiológico y control entomológico, así como la información recibida sobre este tema en la educación en el trabajo. Se estableció la correspondencia con los resultados de otros investigadores cubanos y extranjeros y se constató la efectividad, objetividad y actualidad del estudio.

Resumen Objetivo: Este trabajo pretende mejorar las condiciones de almacenamiento de los ejemplares de coleópteros del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Caldas, realizando su curaduría y sistematizando su información en base de datos. También se actualizaron los diferentes protocolos de manejo de las colecciones enfocándose en conservación preventiva y trabajo sobre colecciones en seco. Alcance: Para saber el estado de la colección y planear mejoramientos a futuro se le aplicó el Índice de Salud de Colecciones Biológicas hecho para los años 2014 y 2015 y las prioridades de manejo de colecciones e indicadores de biodiversidad, con el fin de promover un mejor aprovechamiento de los especímenes y sus datos comparando el estado de la colección con otras colecciones biológicas. Resultados: Los 995 coleópteros curados se agrupan en 12 superfamilias, 29 familias, 199 géneros y 81 especies, el ISC obtenido para el 2014 fue de 61% y 2015 89,7% y las prioridades de manejo para el 2015 se ubican en los niveles 3 con 75,7% y 4 con 24,3%. Metodología: De los indicadores de biodiversidad aplicados, obtuvimos que 26,3% está identificado hasta especie, 70,9% hasta género y 2,8% en duda taxonómica. Conclusiones: Se resalta el potencial de información que reposa en esta colección, y se espera promover la investigación a partir de estos ejemplares, como una alternativa para los estudios de biodiversidad nacional.

Abstract Objective: This work aims to improve the storage conditions of the de Coleoptera specimens at the Natural History Museum, Universidad de Caldas, carrying out the curatorship and systematizing their information in a database. The different collection management protocols were also updated focusing on preventing conservation and work on dry colections. Scope: The Biological Collections Health Index (CHI) made for the years 2014 and 2015, and the collection management priorities and biodiversity indicators were applied in order to promote better use of the specimens and their data by comparing the state of the collection with other biological collections. Results: the 995 Coleoptera cured are grouped in 12 superfamilies, 29 families, 199 genera and 81 species. The CHI obtained for 2014 where 61% and 89.7% for 2015 and the management priorities for 2015 are placed in level 3 with 75.7% and 4 with 24.3%. Methodology: From the applied Biodiversity indicator, 26.3% are identified to species, 70.9% up to genera and 2.8% are in taxonomic doubt status. Conclusions: The information potential residing in the collection is highlighted, and it is expected to promote research based on these specimens as an alternative for studies of national biodiversity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de Xenopsylla cheopis en roedores de la especie Rattus rattus. Métodos: Para la obtención de la muestra se usaron trampas Tomahawk y Sherman que contuvieron cebos previamente preparados con avena y vainilla, las trampas fueron colocadas en tres zonas: zona intradomiciliar, peridomiciliar y en área descampada. La obtención de ectoparásitos se realizó mediante la técnica del peine fino. Con una pinza entomológica se colectaron las pulgas en un vial de 2ml, conteniendo alcohol al 70 %. Resultados: Se evaluó su prevalencia en roedores Rattus rattus, siendo el índice de prevalencia más alto el registrado en la localidad de Banco en agosto 2016 (4.08) y el menor índice fue 1.3 registrado en la localidad de la Ramada en noviembre 2015. Se capturaron 169 roedores Rattus rattus, de los cuales se pudo colectar 399 pulgas, 299 pertenecían a la especie Xenopsylla cheopis. Conclusión: se encontró que la prevalencia de Xenopsylla cheopis en roedores Rattus rattus en las localidades del Sauce, el Banco, Kerguer, el Algarrobo y la Ramada del distrito de Salas, en el periodo Julio - noviembre 2015 y agosto 2016 fue elevada.

ABSTRACT Objective: The study of the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in rodents of the Rattus rattus species.The objective of the present investigation is to establish the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in rodents of the Rattus rattus species. Methods: To obtain the sample, Tomahawk and Sherman traps were used that contained baits previously prepared with oatmeal and vanilla, the traps were placed in three areas: intra-home area, peridomyciliary area and in the open area. Ectoparasites were obtained using the fine comb technique. With an entomological clamp, fleas were collected in a 2ml vial, containing 70% alcohol. Results: Its prevalence in Rattus rattus rodents were evaluated, with the highest prevalence rate being the one registered in the locality of Banco in August 2016 (4.08) and the lowest index was 1.3 registered in the locality of the Ramada in November 2015. They were captured 169 rodents Rattus rattus, of which 399 fleas could be collected, 299 belonged to the Xenopsylla cheopis species. Conclusion: it was found that the prevalence of Xenopsylla cheopis in Rattus rattus rodents in the locations of Sauce, Banco, Kerguer, Algarrobo, and Ramada in the Salas district, in the period July - November 2015 and August 2016 was high.

Resumen Las hormigas son sensibles a cambios ambientales y la estructura de la comunidad puede ser moldeada por la heterogeneidad ambiental y las interacciones interespecíficas. Probamos 2 hipótesis: (1) la estructura de la vegetación afecta negativamente la diversidad de hormigas en hábitats simplificados y (2) las interacciones interespecíficas dan forma a las comunidades de hormigas. Colectamos hormigas en arbustos de 16 unidades de muestreo de 100 m2 utilizando paraguas entomológicos y bateo en un área en regeneración de Cerrado, Brasil. La riqueza, abundancia y altura promedio de plantas se utilizaron como medida de heterogeneidad ambiental. Muestreamos 457 hormigas de 17 especies. Observamos una mayor riqueza de especies en parcelas con mayor abundancia de plantas y menor altura, y una relación negativa entre la abundancia y la altura de plantas. Corroboramos que la estructura de la vegetación afecta negativamente la diversidad de hormigas en hábitats simplificados. Los valores observados del índice de coexistencia difirieron de lo esperado en matrices simuladas, sugiriendo que la competencia moldea la comunidad de hormigas en hábitats simplificados. Destacamos la importancia de conservar árboles pequeños en hábitats menos complejos, porque representan elementos clave que albergan una gran diversidad.

Abstract Ant species are highly sensitive to environmental changes, and ant community structure can be shaped by environmental heterogeneity and interspecific interactions. We tested 2 hypotheses: (1) vegetation structure negatively affecting ant diversity in simplified habitats and (2) interspecific interactions shaping ant communities. We collected ants on shrubs distributed in 16 sampling units of 100 m2 using the entomological umbrella and beating technique in a regenerating Cerrado area of Brazil. The richness, abundance and average height of the plants were used as a measure of environmental heterogeneity. A total of 457 ants belonging to 17 species were sampled. We observed higher ant species richness in plots with greater plant abundance and lower plant height. We observed a negative relationship between ant abundance and plant height per plot. These results corroborate that vegetation structure negatively affects ant diversity in simplified habitats. The observed values of co-occurrence index differed from the expected values of simulated matrices, suggesting that competition shaping ant community in simplified habitats. We highlight the importance of conserving small trees, especially in structurally less complex habitats, because they represent key elements that harbor high ant species diversity.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is the main mosquito-borne viral disease. Every year, more than 350 million cases are reported worldwide and nearly 50% of the population is at risk of acquiring it. Paraguay is no stranger to this problem. In 2019, 11,811 cases were recorded, and Asunción was one of the most affected cities in the country. The disease is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti, a mosquito that oviposits in containers inside homes, this fact has made it possible to design entomological indicators to calculate the risk of transmission. The availability of entomological information related to the spatial distribution of dengue makes it possible to build risk or heat maps, which is very useful information for the authorities and the stakeholders to design prevention and control strategies. Objective: To stratify the entomological risk for dengue transmission in the neighborhoods of Asunción, Paraguay. Methods: Retrospective observational and analytical study, employing the Survey of Rapid Aedes Index (LIRA), periodically estimated in Asunción neighborhoods between 2014 and 2018, to stratify, according to p75 and p25 percentiles, high- and low-risk neighborhoods, respectively. Results: 14 high entomological risk neighborhoods, 17 low risk neighborhoods, 33 medium risk neighborhoods and 3 neighborhoods with scores for both groups were identified. Conclusion: The spatial analysis of LIRA allows stratification of the risk of dengue transmission, which provides valuable information for targeting surveillance and control of the disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dengue es la principal enfermedad viral transmitida por mosquitos. Cada año se registran mundialmente más de 350 millones de casos y cerca del 50% de la población se encuentra en riesgo de adquirirla. Paraguay no es ajeno a esta problemática. En el 2019 se registraron 11.811 casos, siendo Asunción, una de las ciudades más afectadas del país. Esta enfermedad es transmitida por la picadura de Aedes aegypti, mosquito que oviposita en recipientes al interior de las viviendas, característica que ha permitido diseñar indicadores entomológicos para calcular el riesgo de transmisión. Disponer de información entomológica relacionada con la distribución espacial de dengue, posibilita la construcción de mapas de riesgo, información de gran utilidad para las autoridades encargadas del diseño de las estrategias de prevención y control de la enfermedad Objetivo: Estratificar el riesgo entomológico para la transmisión de dengue en los barrios de Asunción, Paraguay. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional/analítico retrospectivo, empleando el Levantamiento de Índices Rápidos de Aedes (LIRA), estimados periódicamente en los barrios de Asunción entre 2014 y 2018, para estratificar, de acuerdo con los percentiles p75 y p25, barrios de alto y bajo riesgo, respectivamente. Resultados: Se identificaron 14 barrios de alto riesgo entomológico, 17 de bajo riesgo, 33 barrios con riesgo medio y 3 barrios que poseían puntajes para ambos grupos. Conclusión: El análisis espacial de LIRA permite estratificar el riesgo de transmisión de dengue, lo cual proporciona información valiosa para direccionar tareas de vigilancia y control de la enfermedad.

Abstract Beneficial entomofauna is an important component in cultivated systems, however, details about this endogenous resource are not always available. This work aimed to evaluate the diversity of beneficial insects associated with the existing vegetation in suburban farms of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. An analysis of the work carried out on these farms was carried out and a list of the beneficial species reported was drawn up considering, among other aspects, the total number of individuals. With these data the composition was evaluated and as indicators of alpha diversity the Species Richness, Simpson Dominance, Berger-Parker Index and General Diversity. As a measure of similarity, the formation of homogeneous groups was taken into account by means of a multivariate analysis (CLUSTER). A documentary analysis was carried out to assess the potential of this entomofauna for pest management in the studied farms. 2,785 individuals belonging to five orders, 10 families, 17 genera and 20 species were counted. The composition showed variation tending to decrease from one period to the other, except for the number of families that remained close to stability. The orders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and the predators among the groups of beneficial organisms were the most represented. The alpha diversity is low and shows a decrease from one period to the other, the values obtained are in the established range except for the Shannon H’ diversity. There is a low similarity between the farms and the beneficial entomofauna studied has potential to be used in the management of pests present in them.

Resumen La entomofauna benéfica es un componente importante en los sistemas cultivados, sin embargo, no siempre se tienen detalles sobre este recurso endógeno. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la diversidad de insectos benéficos asociada a la vegetación existente en fincas suburbanas de Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Se realizó un análisis de trabajos desarrollados en estas fincas y se elaboró un listado de las especies benéficas reportadas, considerando, entre otros aspectos, el total de individuos. Con estos datos se evaluó la composición y como indicadores de diversidad alfa la Riqueza de Especies, Dominancia de Simpson, Índice de Berger-Parker y Diversidad general. Como medida de similitud se tuvo en cuenta la formación de grupos homogéneos mediante un análisis multivariado (CLUSTER). Se realizó un análisis documental para valorar las potencialidades de esta entomofauna para el manejo de plagas en las fincas estudiadas. Se contabilizaron 2.785 individuos pertenecientes a cinco órdenes, 10 familias, 17 géneros y 20 especies. La composición mostró variación tendiendo a la disminución de un período al otro, excepto el número de familias que se mantuvo cercano a la estabilidad. Los órdenes Coleoptera e Hymenoptera y los depredadores entre los grupos de organismos benéficos, fueron los más representados. La diversidad alfa es baja y muestra una disminución de un período al otro, los valores obtenidos están en el rango establecido excepto la diversidad de Shannon H´. Existe una baja similitud entre las fincas y la entomofauna benéfica estudiada posee potencialidades para ser utilizada en el manejo de las plagas presentes en estas.

Resumo: A circulação simultânea da dengue, Zika e chikungunya impõe desafios importantes para o Brasil, que em decorrência das mudanças climáticas e outros fatores associados, estas arboviroses podem expor mais de 2 bilhões de pessoas no mundo, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. A principal estratégia dos programas de controle do Aedes aegypti baseia-se no Levantamento de Índice Rápido para o Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), um inquérito amostral no qual o Índice de Infestação Predial (IIP) obtido é utilizado para priorizar áreas de intervenção. Neste estudo, analisou-se o desempenho do LIRAa quanto à sua sensibilidade na previsão de epidemias de dengue em municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em anos considerados epidêmicos. Foram obtidas as taxas de incidência (TI) por município nos anos de 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 e 2016, e os IIP de outubro dos anos anteriores. Foram elaborados diagramas de dispersão, visando à análise exploratória e à visualização gráfica da relação entre as referidas variáveis, assim como análises de correlação de Spearman entre o IIP e o Índice de Breteau (IB) de cada ano, a fim de estimar a qualidade do LIRAa. A análise comparativa dos valores dos IIP e as respectivas TI no período indicou correlação significativa entre estas variáveis apenas em 2011/2012 (rs = 0,479; p < 0,01). Adicionalmente, foi observada correlação entre os IIP e IB. É urgente repensar os parâmetros estabelecidos pela metodologia LIRAa e investir em metodologias alternativas de vigilância entomoepidemiológica, que mensurem de forma confiável o risco de transmissão no território e assim delinear estratégias mais efetivas para o controle dessas arboviroses.

Abstract: The simultaneous circulation of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya poses major challenges for Brazil. Due to climate changes and other associated factors, more than two billion people in the world may be exposed to these arbovirus infections, according to the World Health Organization. The principal strategy for Aedes aegypti control programs is based on the Infestation Index Rapid Survey for Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), a sample survey in which the Building Infestation Index (BII) is used to prioritize areas for intervention. This study analyzed the performance of LIRAa in terms of its sensitivity for predicting dengue epidemics in municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro in epidemic years. Incidence rates per municipality for the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016, plus the BII in October of the previous years. Scatterplots were created, aimed at an exploratory analysis and graphic visualizations of the relationship between the above-mentioned variables, as well as analyses of the Spearman correlation between the BII and the Breteau Index for each year, aimed at estimating the quality of the LIRAa. Comparative analysis of the values for the BII and the respective incidence rates in the period only indicated significant correlation between these variables in 2011/2012 (rs = 0.479; p < 0.01). There was also a correlation between BII and Breteau Index. It is urgent to rethink the parameters established by the LIRAa methodology and invest in alternative methodologies in entomological and epidemiological surveillance that reliably measure transmission risk in the territory and thus design more effective strategies to control these arbovirus infections.

Resumen: La circulación simultánea del dengue, Zika y chikungunya impone desafíos importantes para Brasil, que, a consecuencia del cambio climático y otros factores asociados, pueden estar expuestas a estas arbovirosis más de 2 billones de personas en el mundo, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La principal estrategia de los programas de control del Aedes aegypti se basa en el Levantamento de Índice Rápido para el Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), una encuesta de muestreo en la que el Índice de Infestación de Edificios (IIP) obtenido es utilizado para priorizar áreas de intervención. En este estudio se analizó el desempeño del LIRAa, en cuanto a su sensibilidad en la previsión de epidemias de dengue en municipios del estado de Río de Janeiro, durante años considerados epidémicos. Se obtuvieron tasas de incidencia (TI) por municipio de los años de 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 y 2016, y los IIP de octubre de años anteriores. Se elaboraron diagramas de dispersión, visando el análisis exploratorio y visualización gráfica de la relación entre las referidas variables, así como análisis de correlación de Spearman entre el IIP y el Índice de Breteau (IB) de cada año, con el objetivo estimar la calidad del LIRAa. El análisis comparativo de los valores de los IIP y las respectivas TI en el período indicó correlación significativa entre esas variables solamente en 2011/2012 (rs = 0,479; p < 0,01). Asimismo, se observó correlación entre los IIP e IB. Es urgente repensar los parámetros establecidos por la metodología LIRAa, e invertir en metodologías alternativas de vigilancia entomoepidemiológica, que midan de forma confiable el riesgo de transmisión en el territorio y así delinear estrategias más efectivas para el control de esas arbovirosis.

Resumo: A circulação simultânea da dengue, Zika e chikungunya impõe desafios importantes para o Brasil, que em decorrência das mudanças climáticas e outros fatores associados, estas arboviroses podem expor mais de 2 bilhões de pessoas no mundo, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. A principal estratégia dos programas de controle do Aedes aegypti baseia-se no Levantamento de Índice Rápido para o Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), um inquérito amostral no qual o Índice de Infestação Predial (IIP) obtido é utilizado para priorizar áreas de intervenção. Neste estudo, analisou-se o desempenho do LIRAa quanto à sua sensibilidade na previsão de epidemias de dengue em municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em anos considerados epidêmicos. Foram obtidas as taxas de incidência (TI) por município nos anos de 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 e 2016, e os IIP de outubro dos anos anteriores. Foram elaborados diagramas de dispersão, visando à análise exploratória e à visualização gráfica da relação entre as referidas variáveis, assim como análises de correlação de Spearman entre o IIP e o Índice de Breteau (IB) de cada ano, a fim de estimar a qualidade do LIRAa. A análise comparativa dos valores dos IIP e as respectivas TI no período indicou correlação significativa entre estas variáveis apenas em 2011/2012 (rs = 0,479; p < 0,01). Adicionalmente, foi observada correlação entre os IIP e IB. É urgente repensar os parâmetros estabelecidos pela metodologia LIRAa e investir em metodologias alternativas de vigilância entomoepidemiológica, que mensurem de forma confiável o risco de transmissão no território e assim delinear estratégias mais efetivas para o controle dessas arboviroses.

Abstract: The simultaneous circulation of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya poses major challenges for Brazil. Due to climate changes and other associated factors, more than two billion people in the world may be exposed to these arbovirus infections, according to the World Health Organization. The principal strategy for Aedes aegypti control programs is based on the Infestation Index Rapid Survey for Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), a sample survey in which the Building Infestation Index (BII) is used to prioritize areas for intervention. This study analyzed the performance of LIRAa in terms of its sensitivity for predicting dengue epidemics in municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro in epidemic years. Incidence rates per municipality for the years 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016, plus the BII in October of the previous years. Scatterplots were created, aimed at an exploratory analysis and graphic visualizations of the relationship between the above-mentioned variables, as well as analyses of the Spearman correlation between the BII and the Breteau Index for each year, aimed at estimating the quality of the LIRAa. Comparative analysis of the values for the BII and the respective incidence rates in the period only indicated significant correlation between these variables in 2011/2012 (rs = 0.479; p < 0.01). There was also a correlation between BII and Breteau Index. It is urgent to rethink the parameters established by the LIRAa methodology and invest in alternative methodologies in entomological and epidemiological surveillance that reliably measure transmission risk in the territory and thus design more effective strategies to control these arbovirus infections.

Resumen: La circulación simultánea del dengue, Zika y chikungunya impone desafíos importantes para Brasil, que, a consecuencia del cambio climático y otros factores asociados, pueden estar expuestas a estas arbovirosis más de 2 billones de personas en el mundo, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La principal estrategia de los programas de control del Aedes aegypti se basa en el Levantamento de Índice Rápido para el Ae. aegypti (LIRAa), una encuesta de muestreo en la que el Índice de Infestación de Edificios (IIP) obtenido es utilizado para priorizar áreas de intervención. En este estudio se analizó el desempeño del LIRAa, en cuanto a su sensibilidad en la previsión de epidemias de dengue en municipios del estado de Río de Janeiro, durante años considerados epidémicos. Se obtuvieron tasas de incidencia (TI) por municipio de los años de 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015 y 2016, y los IIP de octubre de años anteriores. Se elaboraron diagramas de dispersión, visando el análisis exploratorio y visualización gráfica de la relación entre las referidas variables, así como análisis de correlación de Spearman entre el IIP y el Índice de Breteau (IB) de cada año, con el objetivo estimar la calidad del LIRAa. El análisis comparativo de los valores de los IIP y las respectivas TI en el período indicó correlación significativa entre esas variables solamente en 2011/2012 (rs = 0,479; p < 0,01). Asimismo, se observó correlación entre los IIP e IB. Es urgente repensar los parámetros establecidos por la metodología LIRAa, e invertir en metodologías alternativas de vigilancia entomoepidemiológica, que midan de forma confiable el riesgo de transmisión en el territorio y así delinear estrategias más efectivas para el control de esas arbovirosis.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of Periplaneta americana extract promoting intestinal mucosal repair of OXZ-induced colitis in rat. Methods: All experiments used an equal number of male and female SD rats (n=48). We injected OXZ into the colon to induce UC rat model. To determine the optimal concentration of P. Americana's extract (PA-40), it was classified into low (L), medium (M), and high (H) doses. After OXZ treatment, each drug was administered by enema for 7 consecutive days. Rats were divided into the following 6 groups: (1) Saline treatment group (NC), (2) OXZ treatment UC model group (MC), (3) OXZ + budesonide group (BUN), (4) OXZ + PA-40 L group, (5) OXZ + PA-40 M group, (6) OXZ + PA-40 H group. Disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length, histopathological score, serum cytokine level (IL-4, IL-10, iNOS, tNOS), and amount of MPO, EGF, IL-13 in colonic mucosa were measured. Results: PA treatment had a significant healing effect on the OXZ-colitis model and significantly reduced the lesioned area, especially in the PA-40H groups. PA treatment did not alter the expression of IL-10 and MPO level, but increased EGF (epidermal growth factor) and decrease IL-13 in the colonic tissue. PA inhibited the rise of NOSs (nitric oxide synthase) and decreased the serum IL-4 level. Conclusions: The data suggest that Periplaneta americana extract may be a potential compound for the treatment of colonic lesions. The mechanism may be related to inhibiting the secretion of IL-13 and promoting the formation of EGF.