Abstract This study focuses on analyzing deontic modal verbs present in two recipe books written by women in 19th-century England: "A Lady" (1818) and Beeton (1875). A contrastive analysis is conducted to examine how these authors use these verbs, common in instructional texts like recipes due to their prescriptive nature. Objectives include identifying deontic modal verbs, detecting similarities or differences in their usage, and observing potential variations between the two texts. Despite significant changes in the era, traditional roles of women as caregivers and healers persist. The presentation contextualizes the 19th century and women's roles, introducing key concepts such as gender, text type, and register. Likewise, the nature of modal verbs is explored, defining the term modality, as well as its main types. Subsequently, the study employs corpus linguistics methodology using the Corpus of Women’s Instructive Texts in English(COWITE). In this analysis, quantitative and qualitative approaches are combined to examine ocurrences. The results reveal both similarities and differences in the use of these modal verbs, which seem to be attributed to distinct linguistic styles between the authors.

Resumen Este estudio se enfoca en analizar los verbos modales deónticos presentes en dos libros de recetas escritos por mujeres en la Inglaterra del siglo XIX: “A Lady” (1818) y Beeton (1875). Se realiza un análisis contrastivo de cómo las autoras emplean estos verbos, comunes en textos instructivos como las recetas debido a su naturaleza prescriptiva. Los objetivos incluyen identificar los verbos modales deónticos, detectar similitudes o diferencias en su uso y observar posibles variaciones entre ambos textos. A pesar de los cambios significativos en la época, el papel tradicional de las mujeres como cuidadoras y curanderas persiste. La presentación contextualiza el siglo XIX y el papel de la mujer, introduciendo conceptos clave como género, tipo de texto y registro. Asimismo, se explora la naturaleza de los verbos modales y se define el término de modalidad, así como sus principales tipos. Posteriormente, se utiliza la metodología de lingüística de corpus con el Corpus of Women’s Instructive Texts in English (COWITE). En este análisis, se combina enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos para examinar ocurrencias. Los resultados arrojan tanto similitudes como diferencias en el empleo de estos verbos modales, que parecen deberse a estilos lingüísticos diferentes entre las autoras.

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology, based on frequency response models, to estimate the minimum or maximum value -nadir- that the frequency reaches when a generation - load unbalance occurs in the power system. To this end, the 1st order reduced equivalent model of the generator’s power-frequency control system is determined using the "Parameter Estimator" of Matlab/Simulink. Then, a set of equations coming from the reduced equivalent model is established to estimate the value of the maximum transient frequency deviation and its occurrence time. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, the IEEE New England test system has been chosen. Once this is done, the proposed methodology is applied to the Ecuadorian Interconnected Power System. The results of time domain simulations using the PowerFactory software are presented and compared with the results calculated using the developed reduced and analytical models. It is concluded that the proposed methodology estimates with high accuracy the maximum transient frequency deviation and its time of occurrence.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se presenta una metodología, basada en modelos de repuesta de la frecuencia, para estimar el valor mínimo o máximo -nadir- que alcanza la frecuencia cuando en el sistema eléctrico de potencia se presenta un desbalance generación - carga. Con este fin, se determina el modelo reducido de 1er orden del sistema de control potencia - frecuencia del generador usando el “Estimador de Parámetros” de Matlab/Simulink. Luego, se establecen ecuaciones que provienen del modelo equivalente reducido para estimar el valor de la máxima desviación transitoria de la frecuencia y su tiempo de ocurrencia. Para ilustrar la aplicación de la metodología presentada se ha elegido el sistema de prueba IEEE New England de 39 barras y 10 generadores. Hecho esto, la metodología propuesta se aplica al Sistema Nacional Interconectado ecuatoriano. Se presentan resultados de simulaciones en el dominio del tiempo usando el programa PowerFactory, mismos que son comparados con los resultados calculados mediante el modelo equivalente reducido y el modelo analítico. Se concluye que la metodología propuesta estima con alta precisión la máxima desviación transitoria de la frecuencia y su tiempo de ocurrencia.

Abstract The study of matrimonial negotiations previously characterised by the perception of the Crown Princes as mere objects of negotiation in diplomatic affairs, reveals a different perspective in the light of the Anglo-Aragonese marriage project of 1268-1285. Peter of Aragon and his son Alfonso were indeed central players in these negotiations. The article explores the active role that certain royal heirs play in diplomatic affairs. This new role accompanied the establishment of the principle of succession in the Crown of Aragon in the 13th century, which transformed the figure of the crown prince into an embodiment of the future of the dynasty. His involvement in diplomatic affairs thus enables him to prepare for his future role as king, but also to consider diplomatic actions in the long term of the dynasty, beyond the mere duration of a reign.

Résumé Les recherches sur les négociations matrimoniales ont eu tendance à présenter les princes héritiers comme de simples objets de négociation dans les affaires diplomatiques. Cette perspective mérite d’être nuancée à la lumière du projet de mariage anglo-aragonais conduit sur la période 1268-1285. En effet, Pierre d’Aragon suivi de son fils Alphonse sont des acteurs centraux dans ces négociations. L'article étudie le rôle actif que certains héritiers royaux peuvent jouer dans le domaine de la diplomatie. Cette fonction se développe en parallèle de l’établissement du principe de succession dans la Couronne d’Aragon au XIIIe siècle qui transforme la figure du prince héritier en une incarnation du futur de la dynastie. Sa participation aux affaires diplomatiques permet dès lors de le préparer à son futur rôle de roi, mais également d’envisager les actions diplomatiques dans le temps long de la dynastie, au-delà de la simple durée d’un règne.

Die fokus in hierdie teaterhistoriese bespreking is op die gebruik en voorkoms van black- en brownface op die Afrikaanse verhoog. Twee tydperke word bespreek, naamlik (1) die vroeë Afrikaanse toneel (laat-19de eeu tot vroeë-20ste eeu), asook (2) die 1960's tot laat-1970's. Die vroeë Afrikaanse toneel sluit tot 'n mate aan by die vroeë Engelse toneel in Suid-Afrika wat ook 'n bepaalde rasideologie weerspieël het deur middel van die algemene gebruik van black- en brownface op die Suid-Afrikaanse verhoog van die 19de eeu. Hierdie gebruik het sy oorsprong in die minstreel-tradisie wat via Amerika na Engeland en uiteindelik ook na Suid-Afrika gebring is. Die gebruik word gesien as tekenend van 'n bepaalde rasideologie wat die breër koloniale toneel van die 19de eeu (Amerika, Engeland, Kanada, Australië, Indonesië, en ander lande) onderlê het, naamlik een wat 'n hiërargiese onderskeid tussen die onderskeie rasse gepropageer het waarin swart (en bruin mense) as ondergeskik tot blankes beskou is. Terwyl die gebruik van black- en brownface meestal verdwyn het van die Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse verhoë teen die laat 1940's, vind ons in die 1960's tot laat-1970's die ironiese situasie by die staatsgesteunde streeksrade (veral TRUK, SUKOVS en KRUIK) dat 'n verskeidenheid van rassewette veroorsaak dat blanke akteurs steeds swart/bruin karakters uitbeeld in black- en brownface. Eers met die skrapping van hierdie wette kon swart en bruin akteurs hierdie rolle vertolk en verdwyn die gebruik van black- en brownface ook op Afrikaanse verhoë.

In this discussion the focus is on the use and practice of black- and brownface on the Afrikaans stage. Although there are a few studies available on the use of blackface on the South African English stage, little research has been done on this topic with reference to Afrikaans theatre. Although one can discern a number of similarities between the use of this practice within both early Afrikaans and English theatre in South Africa (19th century), this can be attributed to the fact that all colonial theatre of the period (as noticed by Stephen Gray) was highly racialised. Two periods can be distinguished within the development and establishment of Afrikaans theatre where the practice of black- and brownface is found, namely (1) in early Afrikaans theatre (late 19th and early 20th centuries), and (2) in the period of the 1960s to the late 1970s. In the first period (the establishment of Afrikaans theatre) only white actors were used to portray both white and black/coloured characters on stage and thus made use of burnt cork/ polish/make-up to portray these black/coloured characters. It is, however, clear when one consults both the standard theatre histories (FCL Bosman, LWB Binge, Jill Fletcher), as well as study the early Afrikaans plays themselves (inter alia, Melt Brink, CL Langenhoven, and most Afrikaans plays in the 1940's and 1950's), that such portrayals were linked to a particular racist ideology. The practice of blackface originated in America with the appearance of blackface minstrelsy and was exported via travelling minstrel groups to England, South Africa, and other colonies where it was for a period extremely popular. Although Afrikaans theatre did not produce any minstrel shows as can be found in early English South African entertainment acts, the portrayal of black and brown characters does show a few similarities with blackface minstrelsy characters. These characters are also caricatured (through their names, physical appearance, actions, and utterances), while a clear racial hierarchy is presented in these plays (they are slaves, maids, servants to the white masters and madams). While this type of black- and brownface portrayals disappeared after the 1950's and the portrayal of these characters became more sympathetic from the 1960's with a new generation of Afrikaans playwrights (André P Brink, Bartho Smit, and others) critical of the Nationalist Party's race-based ideology, we find the ironic situation that these portrayals on stage again made use of black- and brownface make-up since various laws prohibited the mixing of races on stage or even within the auditorium. The state-funded Arts Councils (inter alia PACT, PACOFS) had to comply with these laws, although all of them (for example Pieter Fourie at CAPAB) actively agitated against this situation. While many English theatre practitioners simply cut their ties with the Performing Arts Councils and established theatres like The Market Theatre (Johannesburg) and The Space Theatre (Cape Town) which were non-racial, the state-funded theatres continued with these portrayals during the 1970's till the race-based laws were retracted and theatres were open to all races.

Resumen María Estuardo es un controvertido personaje de la historia universal. Cuando sólo tenía seis días de nacida heredó la Corona de su padre Jaime V de Escocia. A la edad de veinticinco años fue obligada a abdicar el trono y huyó a Inglaterra en busca de refugio en la corte de su prima, Isabel I, quien, al percibirla como una amenaza, la mantuvo prisionera por diecinueve años, hasta 1586, cuando fue encontrada culpable de participar en una conspiración en su contra. Durante el periodo de su cautiverio sostuvo un intenso intercambio epistolar con muchas personalidades de la sociedad francesa, española y escocesa, utilizando varios sistemas de encriptación de mensajes muy sofisticados para la época. En este trabajo se analiza el corpus epistolar codificado y su relación con los sucesos que llevaron a su ejecución el 8 de febrero de 1587.

Abstract Mary Stuart is a controversial character of universal history. After six days of her birth, inherited the Crown from her father James V of Scotland. At the age of twenty-five, she was forced to abdicate the throne and fled to England to seek for refuge at the court of her cousin Elizabeth I, who, perceiving her as a threat, kept her prisoner for nineteen years, until 1586, when she was found guilty of involvement in a conspiracy against her. During her captivity, she had an intense letter exchange with many personalities from French, Spanish, and Scottish society, using several and very sophisticated message encryption systems for that epoch. This paper analyzes the encoded epistolary corpus and its relation to the events that led to her execution on February 8, 1587.

RESUMEN El artículo examina las características del desarrollo del sistema educativo en la ciudad de Tabriz durante la era Qajar (educación tradicional: escuelas religiosas, madrasas y escuelas de mujeres) a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Tabriz, considerada la segunda capital del estado Qajar y residencia del príncipe heredero, en realidad era considerada la ciudad más importante del estado desde las perspectivas cultural, política y económica. Si bien el sistema tradicional de educación religiosa en las escuelas y madrasas persistió allí en el siglo XIX, también se establecieron un nuevo tipo de escuela, los "usuli-Jadid", y una institución de educación superior (Darulfunun), pasando gradualmente de la educación religiosa a la secular. Durante ese período, los estudiantes fueron enviados a Europa (Inglaterra) por primera vez para estudiar medicina, ingeniería, traducción, pintura y otros campos. Por primera vez en Irán, se llevó una imprenta a Tabriz y se publicaron varios libros, incluida literatura traducida de idiomas europeos. Así, la educación durante la dinastía Qajar expuso a los persas a nuevas ideas y conocimientos, sentando las bases para el desarrollo intelectual y social. desarrollo en el siglo XX.

ABSTRACT The article examines the characteristics of the development of the educational system in the city of Tabriz during the Qajar era (traditional education: religious schools, madrasas, and women's schools) from the second half of the 19th century. Tabriz considered the second capital of the Qajar state and the residence of the crown prince, was regarded as the foremost city in the state from cultural, political, and economic perspectives. While the traditional system of religious education in schools and madrasas persisted there in the 19th century, a new type of school, the "usuli-Jadid," and a higher education institution (Darulfunun) were also established, gradually transitioning from religious to secular education. During that period, students were sent to Europe (England) for the first time to study medicine, engineering, translation, painting, and other fields. For the first time in Iran, a printing press was brought to Tabriz, and various books were published, including literature translated from European languages. Thus, education during the Qajar dynasty exposed Persians to new ideas and knowledge, laying the foundation for intellectual and social development in the 20th century.

Abstract This article deals with the classified news that arrived about the Englishman Robert Hodgson from Bluefields Bay, a territory disputed by England, Spain, and the Miskito Indians at the end of the 18th century. In the letters and relationships with which Hodgson was spied on, it is possible to reveal the life and representations of cultural mediators, their conflicts, alliances, and survival strategies. The spies, rumors and fear of these men also allow us to understand the capacity that the English and Spanish governments had to seek to take advantage of alliances that at times were ambivalent. For this, then, it is necessary to follow the "very secretive" news of those who were considered allies and confront them with those who oversaw monitoring and spying on the monarch's new vassals. It was above all a global situation that produced an infinite amount of information that, despite being loaded with contrary meanings about the fidelity and interests of these cultural mediators, allowed us to have accurate news about smuggling, the colonization of new territories and the mechanisms politicians to gain allies, integrate them or expel them.

Resumen Este artículo trata sobre las noticias reservadas que llegaron sobre el inglés Robert Hodgson desde la bahía de Bluefields, territorio disputado por Inglaterra, España y los indios Miskitos a finales del siglo XVIII. En las cartas y relaciones con las que se espiaba a Hodgson es posible desvelar la vida y las representaciones sobre los mediadores culturales, sus conflictos, alianzas y estrategias de supervivencia. Los espías, los rumores y el temor a estos hombres permiten entender la capacidad que tenían los Gobiernos inglés y español para buscar aprovechar alianzas que por momentos eran ambivalentes. Para esto, entonces, es necesario seguir las noticias "reservadísimas" de quien se consideraba aliado y confrontarlas con quienes estaban encargados de vigilar y espiar a los nuevos vasallos del monarca. Se trató ante todo de una situación global que produjo infinidad de información que, a pesar de estar cargada de sentidos contrarios sobre la fidelidad y los intereses de estos mediadores culturales, permitía tener noticias certeras sobre el contrabando, la colonización de nuevos territorios y los mecanismos políticos para ganar aliados, integrarlos o expulsarlos.

ABSTRACT The CONVINCE study, recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, reveals a groundbreaking 23% reduction in the relative risk of all-cause mortality among end-stage kidney patients undergoing high convective volume hemodiafiltration. This significant finding challenges the conventional use of high-flux hemodialysis and offers hope for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients. While some controversies surround the study’s findings, including concerns about generalizability and the causes of death, it is essential to acknowledge the study’s design and its main outcomes. The CONVINCE study, part of the HORIZON 2020 project, enrolled 1360 patients and demonstrated the superiority of hemodiafiltration in reducing all-cause mortality overall, as well as in specific patient subgroups (elderly, short vintage, non-diabetic, and those without cardiac issues). Interestingly, it was shown that hemodiafiltration had a protective effect against infection, including COVID-19. Future research will address sustainability, dose scaling effects, identification of subgroups especially likely to benefit and cost-effectiveness. However, for now, the findings strongly support a broader adoption of hemodiafiltration in renal replacement therapy, marking a significant advancement in the field. study Medicine 23 allcause all cause endstage end stage highflux flux studys s death 202 project 136 overall elderly, elderly (elderly vintage nondiabetic, nondiabetic non diabetic, diabetic non-diabetic issues. issues . issues) Interestingly infection COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 sustainability effects costeffectiveness. costeffectiveness cost effectiveness. effectiveness cost-effectiveness However now therapy field 2 20 13 COVID1 1 COVID-1 COVID-

RESUMO O estudo CONVINCE, publicado recentemente no New England Journal of Medicine, revela uma redução inovadora de 23% no risco relativo de mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes renais em estágio terminal submetidos à hemodiafiltração de alto volume de convecção. Esse achado significativo desafia o uso convencional da hemodiálise de alto fluxo e oferece esperança de melhoria dos desfechos em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Embora algumas controvérsias cerquem os achados do estudo, incluindo preocupações sobre a generalização e as causas de óbito, é essencial reconhecer o desenho do estudo e seus principais desfechos. O estudo CONVINCE, parte do projeto HORIZON 2020, inscreveu 1.360 pacientes e demonstrou a superioridade da hemodiafiltração na redução da mortalidade por todas as causas em geral, bem como em subgrupos específicos de pacientes (idosos, HD de curta duração, não diabéticos e aqueles sem problemas cardíacos). Curiosamente, demonstrou-se que a hemodiafiltração teve um efeito protetor contra infecções, incluindo a COVID-19. Pesquisas futuras abordarão sustentabilidade, efeitos de escalonamento da dose, identificação de subgrupos especialmente propensos a se beneficiar e a relação custo-benefício. No entanto, por ora, os achados apoiam fortemente uma adoção mais ampla da hemodiafiltração na terapia renal substitutiva, marcando um avanço significativo na área. CONVINCE Medicine 23 convecção crônica óbito 2020 1360 1 360 1.36 geral idosos, idosos (idosos duração cardíacos. cardíacos . cardíacos) Curiosamente demonstrouse infecções COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. 19 COVID-19 sustentabilidade dose custobenefício. custobenefício custo benefício. benefício custo-benefício entanto ora substitutiva área 2 202 136 36 1.3 COVID1 COVID-1 20 13 3 1. COVID-

Abstract The Iberian States began the European overseas expansion - as a European enterprise - at the turn of the 15th to the 16th century, and in the 17th and 18th centuries, assuming the contours of the transition to modernity, marked by a design that dates back to the fight against Islam, which marked the formation of contemporaneity and the transition from the Ancien Régime to the capitalist period in southern Europe, with an impact on the world (from the outset in the relationship with England, the engine of capitalism), in an integrated global vision: modes of production, trade on a global scale, political regimes, finally, what is the mark of the transition to modernity in southern Europe? And how is it in Portugal? th century centuries Islam Europe England capitalism, capitalism , capitalism) vision production scale regimes finally Portugal

Resumo Os Estados Ibéricos iniciaram a expansão ultramarina europeia - como empreendimento europeu - na viragem do século XV para o XVI, e nos séculos XVII e XVIII assumem os contornos da transição à modernidade, marcada por um desenho que remonta à luta contra o islão, que marcou a formação da contemporaneidade e da transição do Antigo Regime ao período capitalista no sul da Europa, com impacto no mundo (desde logo na relação com a Inglaterra, motor dos capitalismo), numa visão integrada global: modos de produção, comércio à escala global, regimes políticos, afinal, qual a marca da transição à modernidade no sul da Europa? E como ela se dá em Portugal? XVI islão Europa desde Inglaterra capitalismo, capitalismo , capitalismo) global produção políticos afinal Portugal

Abstract Objective To compare the functional outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring autograft (HA) through the all-inside (AI) technique with adjustable-loop cortical Endobutton (Smith & Nephew, Watford, Hertfordshire, England) on the sides of the femur and tibia and through the outside-in (OI) technique using an interference screw on the tibial side and a cortical Endobutton on the femoral side. Materials and Methods The present is a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 44 patients undergoing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction from February 2019 to February 2022 in a tertiary care hospital. As per computer-based randomization, the patients were distributed into two groups: the AI and OI groups. Both groups were evaluated for 12 months using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and part I (pain score) and part II (function score) of the Knee Society Score (KSS). Results On postoperative day 2,the VAS score was significantly higher in the OI group (p = 0.0001), but insignificant (p = 0.807) at 6 weeks. At 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up, the score on the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the AI group. At 6 months, both parts of the KSS showed a significant difference, with the AI group presenting a better outcome (p = 0.04). However, at 12 months, the AI group presented a better score on part I of the KSS, but no differences were observed regarding part II. Conclusion In a follow-up of 12 months, the patients submitted to the AI technique presented better outcome scores and pain relief than those submitted to the OI technique. (ACL HA (HA allinside all inside (AI adjustableloop adjustable loop Smith Nephew Watford Hertfordshire England outsidein outside (OI doubleblinded double blinded RCT (RCT 4 201 202 hospital computerbased computer based randomization 1 VAS, , (VAS) function KSS. . (KSS) 2the 2 p 0.0001, 00001 0.0001 0 0001 0.0001) 0.807 0807 807 weeks 3 followup, followup follow up, up 0.001 001 difference 0.04. 004 0.04 04 0.04) However 20 (VAS (KSS 0000 0.000 000 0.80 080 80 0.00 00 0.0 0.8 08 8 0.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os resultados funcionais da reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) com autoenxerto de isquiotibiais pela técnica all-inside (AI) com Endobutton (Smith & Nephew, Watford, Hertfordshire, Inglaterra) cortical de alça ajustável nos lados do fêmur e da tíbia e pela técnica outside-in (OI) com parafuso de interferência no lado tibial e Endobutton cortical no lado femoral. Métodos Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e duplo-cego com 44 pacientes submetidos à reconstrução artroscópica do LCA de fevereiro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2022 em um hospital de cuidados terciários. De acordo com a randomização por computador, os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: AI e OI. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados durante 12 meses pela Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), a Escala de Pontuação do Joelho de Lysholm e pela parte I (pontuação de dor) e a parte II (pontuação de função) da escala Knee Society Score (KSS). Resultados No segundo dia de pós-operatório, a pontuação média na EVA foi significativamente maior no grupo OI (p = 0,0001), mas insignificante (p 0,807) às 6 semanas. Aos 3, 6 e 12 meses de acompanhamento, a pontuação na Escala de Lysholm (p = 0,001) foi significativamente maior no grupo AI. Aos 6 meses, ambas as partes da KSS apresentam uma diferença significativa, com o grupo AI apresentando um desfecho melhor (p = 0,04). No entanto, aos 12 meses, o grupo AI apresentou uma pontuação melhor na parte I da KSS, mas não foram observadas diferenças na parte II. Conclusão Em um acompanhamento de 12 meses, os pacientes submetidos à técnica AI apresentaram melhores pontuações de desfecho e alívio da dor do que aqueles submetidos à técnica OI. (LCA allinside all inside (AI Smith Nephew Watford Hertfordshire Inglaterra outsidein outside in (OI femoral Tratase Trata se controlado duplocego duplo cego 4 201 202 terciários computador 1 EVA, , (EVA) função KSS. . (KSS) pósoperatório, pósoperatório pós operatório, operatório pós-operatório p 0,0001, 00001 0,0001 0 0001 0,0001) 0,807 0807 807 semanas 3 0,001 001 significativa 0,04. 004 0,04 04 0,04) entanto 20 (EVA (KSS 0000 0,000 000 0,80 080 80 0,00 00 0,0 2 0,8 08 8 0,

Abstract These lines address the participation of Campeche in the Asiento de Negros granted to England by Spain from 1713 to 1739. The legal introduction of enslaved people through the port of Campeche had its highest rate during the first half of the 18th century due to the indicated Asiento. Despite the fact that Campeche was not considered among the points for the factories of arrival and sale within the Treaty of 1713. The forest interest and the commercial expansion of the English inclu- ded the Yucatan territory, and they established a “factory” in Campeche, which they subleased to other settled merchants in Jamaica. Despite the discontent of Spain, the “factory” was made “official” with the nomination of a Spanish authority to supervise it. The consulted his- torical archives and the previous investigations confirm that during the two decades of that Asiento in Campeche, the legal forced migration amounted to more than 800 enslaved people.

Resumen Estas líneas abordan la participación de Campeche en el Asiento de Negros concedido a Inglaterra por parte de España, de 1713 a 1739. La introducción de gente esclavizada a través del puerto de Campeche de manera legal, tuvo su mayor índice durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, debido al Asiento señalado, no obstante que aquella villa no fue considerada entre los puntos para las factorías de llegada y venta dentro del Tratado de 1713. El interés forestal y la expansión comercial de los ingleses abarcó el territorio yucateco, y establecieron en Campeche una “factoría” que subarrendaron a otros comerciantes radicados en Jamaica. A pesar del descontento de España, la “factoría” fue “oficializada” con la designación de una autoridad española que la supervisara. Los diversos acervos históricos consultados y las investigaciones precedentes, con- firman que, durante las dos décadas de ese Asiento en Campeche, la migración legal forzada ascendió, hasta donde se sabe, a poco más de 800 esclavizados.

Resumo Uma recente visita à Hill House do arquiteto Rennie Mackintosh em Helensburgh, Escócia, originou este artigo de reflexão. Os passeios pelos seus diferentes espaços evocam memórias, ideias, associações de imagens de outras casas, de outros tempos e de outros lugares. A obra exibe uma forma de viver em que certos comportamentos humanos arquetípicos parecem encontrar também respostas arquetípicas na arquitetura da casa, manifestações espaciais paradigmáticas que continuam a orientar o design doméstico hoje. Do antigo Castelo de Hedingham, em Essex, Inglaterra, ao pequeno apartamento desenhado por Christian Pottgiesser em Paris, o itinerário passa não só pelos quartos da Hill House, mas também por outras obras de arquitetura, cinema e pintura que se unem no mesmo modo de viver, sentir, pensar (e fazer pensar) e criar espaço doméstico. Através deste itinerário, descobre-se um percurso histórico argumentativo de transformações espaciais que poderá explicar, provisoriamente, a persistência de determinados tipos espaciais domésticos nas arquiteturas contemporâneas, ao mesmo tempo em que nos remete para as suas origens mais remotas e esquecidas.

Abstract This work is the result of a recent visit to the Hill House designed by architect Rennie Mackintosh in Helensburgh, Scotland. Looking around the house evokes memories, ideas, and associations with other houses, other times, and other places. The work displays a way of inhabiting in which certain archetypal human behaviors also seem to find archetypal responses in the architecture of the house, which are paradigmatic spatial manifestations that still guide domestic projects today. From the ancient Hedingham Castle in Essex, England, to the small apartment designed by Christian Pottgiesser in Paris, the itinerary not only includes the Hill House’s rooms, but also other works of architecture, cinema, and painting that converge on the same way of living, feeling, and creating the domestic space. Through this itinerary, a historical argumentative path of spatial transformations is discovered, which could provisionally explain the persistence of certain domestic spatial types in contemporary architecture while also recalling its most remote and forgotten origins.

Resumen Una visita reciente a la Hill House del arquitecto Rennie Mackintosh, en Helensburgh, Escocia, origina este artículo de reflexión. Los recorridos por sus diferentes ámbitos convocan recuerdos, ideas, asociaciones de imágenes de otras casas, otros tiempos y lugares. El trabajo muestra un modo de habitar en el que ciertos comportamientos arquetípicos del ser humano parecen encontrar respuestas también arquetípicas en la arquitectura de la casa, manifestaciones espaciales paradigmáticas que siguen guiando el proyecto doméstico en nuestros días. Desde el antiguo castillo de Hedingham en Essex, Inglaterra, hasta el pequeño apartamento proyectado por Christian Pottgiesser en París, el itinerario no es solo a través de las habitaciones de la Hill House, sino de otras obras de la arquitectura, el cine y la pintura, que confluyen congregadas por una misma forma de vivir, sentir y crear el espacio doméstico. Mediante este itinerario se descubre una vía histórica argumental de transformaciones espaciales que podría explicar, provisionalmente, la persistencia de ciertos arquetipos domésticos en las arquitecturas contemporáneas, a la vez que remitirnos a sus orígenes más remotos y olvidados.

Abstract Objective: ChatGPT is an AI (artificial intelligence) pre-trained based in GPT-3.5 architecture, which was launched in November 2022. This AI simulates an every-day chat, responding to different sorts of topics and its widely used in scientific production. Our objective is to identify and analyze the publication trends about ChatGPT and its uses in medicine around the world. Method: Published article since ChatGPT launch (2022) until April 2023 were included. Medline and Embase data bases were used to run the search. We evaluated the impact factor (IF) 2021, the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) using Clarivate Analytics and H index using SCImago. We also used map analysis through VOSViewer and graphed the data. Results: The search gathered 533 articles which were reduced and picked 309 of them. Cureus journal and medRxiv lead the most publications top ten. Only three of the urology-related journals have publications regarding ChatGPT. USA, England and Netherlands are the countries with most scientific productions and the most frequent type of article were original articles (22.7%). Conclusion: ChatGPT may be the beginning of a new worldwide era which will ease-up several processes in healthcare. Different medical sciences are investigating around this tool looking for opportunities and disadvantages. It is fundamental to know the uses and limitations with this type of chatbot for applying it in healthcare without trespassing ethical boundaries.

Resumen Objetivo: ChatGPT (transformador preentrenado generativo de Chatbot) es un sistema generativo preentrenado basado en la arquitectura GPT-3.5, que fue presentado en noviembre de 2022. Este simula una conversación habitual al responder preguntas y tiene gran lugar en la redacción científica. Nuestro objetivo es identificar y analizar la tendencia de las publicaciones sobre ChatGPT en el ámbito de la medicina a nivel mundial desde su lanzamiento. Método: Se incluyeron artículos desde su origen (2022) hasta abril de 2023 mediante las bases de datos Medline y Embase. Evaluamos el factor de impacto (FI) 2021, el Journal Citation Reports (JCR) por medio de Clarivate Analytics y el índice H por medio de SCImago. Realizamos un análisis por mapeo mediante VOSViewer y se graficaron los datos. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 533 artículos de los cuales al ser depurados fueron elegidos 309. La revista Cureus y medRxiv encabezan el top diez con la mayor cantidad de publicaciones. Tan solo tres revistas de urología tienen sus publicaciones relacionadas con el tema. EE.UU., Inglaterra y Países Bajos son líder y el tipo de publicación más frecuente fueron los artículos originales (22,7%). Conclusiones: ChatGPT es el inicio de una nueva era que nos facilitará algunos procesos en el área de la salud. La literatura médica se encuentra investigando en busca de sus utilidades y desventajas. Es necesario conocer los alcances y limitaciones de este tipo de chatbot para aplicarlo en el panorama médico sin que sobrepase los márgenes de la ética.

Abstract This reflexive text analyzes some literatura reviews on the didactics and teaching of philosophy carried out outside of Colombia in the last three decades. After searching several databases and consulting various authors on the subject, only eight systematic literature review studies were found: in Brazil, the United States, France, New Zealand, and England. The most relevant fact may be that in the texts, the didactics of philosophy does not appear as the main category of reflection and research on the teaching of philosophy. Likewise, the interest of Anglophone thinkers in empirical and quantitative research on philosophy for children is clearly seen, especially from the perspective of Matthew Lipman, but not “traditional” philosophy in secondary education. Finally, it ight be the case that more applied research is needed in Central and South America and more philosophical and pedagogical reflection on the didactics and teaching of traditional philosophy in English-speaking countries.

Resumen En este texto reflexivo se compara algunos estados del arte sobre la didáctica y la enseñanza de la filosofía1 realizados fuera de Colombia en las últimas tres décadas. Después de la búsqueda en varias bases de datos y de consultar varios autores en el tema, solo se hallaron 8 estudios sistemáticos de revisión literatura: en Brasil, Estados Unidos, Francia, Nueva Zelanda e Inglaterra. El dato más relevante puede ser que en los textos hallados la didáctica de la filosofía no aparece como categoría central en la reflexión e investigación sobre enseñanza de la filosofía. Asimismo, se ve claramente el interés de los pensadores anglófonos por la investigación empírica y cuantitativa sobre la filosofía para niños, sobre todo desde la perspectiva de Matthew Lipman, pero no la filosofía “tradicional” en la educación secundaria. Finalmente, parece que hace falta más investigación aplicada en centro y sur américa y más reflexión filosófica y pedagógica sobre la didáctica y enseñanza de la filosofía tradicional en los países anglófonos.

Abstract The disintegration of the Spanish empire, and the Spanish American independence processes, altered power relations in the Atlantic world, triggering international competition over resources and trade in the American territories of the former Spanish empire. The international scene, then dominated by the monarchies that formed the Holy Alliance –Russia, Prussia, Austria, France–, by Great Britain and by the United States, thus became a major factor in the course and outcome of the conflict between Spain and its former colonial possessions. The aim of this text is to analyze this international context, based on the diplomatic action of world powers, with special emphasis on the United States and England, and evaluate the weight it had in the conflictive informal relations that were established between Spain and the newly independent Mexican nation, between 1821 and 1830.

Resumen La desintegración del Imperio español y los procesos de independencia hispanoamericanos alteraron las relaciones de poder en el mundo Atlántico, al desencadenar la competencia internacional sobre los recursos y el comercio en los territorios americanos del antiguo Imperio. El escenario internacional, dominado entonces por las monarquías que formaban la Santa Alianza —Rusia, Prusia, Austria, Francia—, por la Gran Bretaña y por Estados Unidos, se convirtió así en un factor de primer orden en el curso y el desenlace del conflicto entre España y sus antiguas posesiones coloniales. El propósito de este texto es analizar ese contexto internacional, a partir de la acción diplomática de las potencias mundiales, con especial énfasis en Estados Unidos e Inglaterra, así como evaluar el peso que tuvo en las conflictivas relaciones informales que se establecieron entre España y la recién independizada nación mexicana, entre 1821 y 1830.

Résumé La désintégration de l’empire espagnol et les processus d’indépendance hispanoaméricains ont modifié les rapports de force dans le monde atlantique, déclenchant une concurrence internationale pour l’accès aux ressources et le commerce dans les territoires américains de la monarchie espagnole. La scène internationale, alors dominée par les monarchies formant la Sainte-Alliance (Russie, Prusse, Autriche, France), par la Grande-Bretagne et par les États-Unis, devient ainsi un facteur majeur dans le déroulement et l’issue du conflit entre l’Espagne et ses anciennes possessions coloniales. Le but de ce texte est d’analyser ce contexte international à partir de l’action diplomatique des puissances mondiales, avec une attention particulière portée aux États-Unis et à l’Angleterre, et d’évaluer son poids dans les relations informelles conflictuelles qui se sont établies entre l’Espagne et la nation mexicaine nouvellement indépendante, entre 1821 et 1830.