Silver film is commonly used to examine the structure and composition of molecules due to its surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. A simple method for preparing SERS silver films is proposed in this paper by electrodeposition in an amide-based liquid mixture (urea-acetamide-LiBr). The electrochemical behavior of silver in urea-acetamide-LiBr mixture was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. It was found that the nucleation mechanism of silver shifts to instantaneous nucleation under diffusion control with increasing overpotential and temperature. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations confirmed that the obtained deposits are pure silver. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the morphology of the silver deposits depends on the deposition potential and temperature. Rhodamine 6G was used as probe molecules for SERS experiments, showing that these new active substrates have high sensitivity to SERS response with high enhancement factors, of approximately 107, and enable Raman scattering even for diluted solutions. surfaceenhanced surface enhanced (SERS effect amidebased amide based ureaacetamideLiBr. ureaacetamideLiBr urea acetamide LiBr . (urea-acetamide-LiBr) CV (CV chronoamperometry temperature EDS (EDS Xray X ray XRD (XRD SEM (SEM G experiments factors 107 solutions (urea-acetamide-LiBr 10 1

The novelty of the present study lies in synthesized ZnO film in a single step by chemical bath deposition. The typical conversion of zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) into ZnO material through thermal annealing is not required. A direct synthesis has achieved using four different zinc salt sources, yielding equivalent results. All the synthesized ZnO films were non-specular and adhered well to the glass slide substrates. We present the results of the structural, optical, and morphological characterization techniques. These revealed a hexagonal structure, a band-gap energy of around 3.2 eV, and a hexagonal nanorod shape for all the synthesized ZnO films. deposition ZnOH2 ZnOH Zn OH 2 (Zn(OH)2 required sources nonspecular non specular substrates structural optical techniques structure bandgap band gap 32 3 3. eV (Zn(OH) (Zn(OH

Abstract Intermediate metabolism and oxidative balance markers help to better understand environmental dynamics and how they influence the physiological patterns of organisms. Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), a crayfish native to the United States of America and Mexico, represents an appealing case study for understanding invasive species’ metabolic dynamics. This species has sexual dimorphism and two male morphotypes: reproductive (M1) and non-reproductive (M2). We evaluated the seasonal variations of biomarkers in M1 and M2 males, collected in each season of 2016 at Parque Alfredo Volpi (São Paulo, Brazil). Hemolymph, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle samples were extracted to determine markers of intermediate metabolism, oxidative balance, the hepatosomatic index and the stomach repletion degree. The results showed differences between the two male morphotypes. M1 showed a predominance of medium to full stomachs throughout the year, with an allocation of energetic substrates mainly used in reproduction (gametogenesis and reproductive behaviors). They also presented increased lipoperoxidation, SOD and GST activities. M2, on the other hand, had a lower capacity to allocate energy reserves in the period leading up to and during reproduction, which may be associated with a lower degree of gastric repletion. However, M2 maintained alternating antioxidant strategies that helped preserve low levels of lipoperoxidation in the hepatopancreas throughout the year. This pattern observed for the degree of gastric repletion indicates an intraspecific competition between the categories of males, which, together with the profile of energy reserve usage, seems decisive for M2 to reproduce. organisms Girard, Girard (Girard 1852, 1852 , 1852) Mexico morphotypes M (M1 nonreproductive non M2. . (M2) males 201 São Paulo Brazil. Brazil Brazil) Hemolymph year gametogenesis behaviors. behaviors behaviors) activities hand However usage reproduce 185 (M (M2 20 18 2 1

The present study aimed to develop and characterize super-hydrophobic nickel coatings through the electrodeposition process, employing myristic acid as a surface energy reducing agent, with the objective of enhancing corrosion resistance. ASTM A36 carbon steel (E00) specimens served as substrates for the application of three different coating conditions: pure nickel (E10); nickel associated with myristic acid (E01); and a bilayer structure consisting of a base layer of pure nickel succeeded by an additional layer of nickel enriched with myristic acid (E11). The samples were characterized through Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Corrosion resistance of the coatings was analyzed through potentiodynamic polarization (PP) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XRD and FTIR tests confirmed the deposition of metallic nickel onto the substrate and the successful incorporation of the surface energy reducing agent. Micrographs illustrated the distinctive cauliflower-like clusters in the E11 coating, denoting its pronounced super-hydrophobic characteristics, culminating in a contact angle of 165º. Corrosion tests demonstrated superior anticorrosive behavior in the E11 sample, as evidenced by a heightened corrosion potential, diminished anodic current density, and an augmented impedance modulus. The results emphasize the role of superhydrophobicity in influencing the corrosion resistance of the developed coatings. superhydrophobic super hydrophobic process agent A A3 E00 E (E00 conditions E10 (E10) E01 (E01) E11. . (E11) OM, OM , (OM) SEM, SEM (SEM) EDS, EDS (EDS) Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) FTIR. (FTIR) PP (PP EIS. EIS (EIS) cauliflowerlike cauliflower like E1 characteristics 165º º sample potential density modulus E0 (E0 (E10 (E01 (E11 (OM (SEM (EDS (XRD (FTIR (EIS (E (E1

ABSTRACT Resíduos de frutas e vegetais (RFV) são substratos ricos em açúcar que podem ser usados para produzir hidrogênio por meio da fermentação escura. O sucesso dessa fermentação depende dos parâmetros de operação, que variam com base nas características do substrato. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar como os RFV de uma central de abastecimento de hortifrutigrangeiros devem ser fermentados para produzir a quantidade máxima de hidrogênio. Os seguintes objetivos foram listados: determinar o método de pré-tratamento (químico, térmico e ácido) para lodo de cervejaria e avaliar a fermentação da fração líquida dos RFV em reator anaeróbio de leito estruturado (AnSTBR). A operação do AnSTBR começou com sacarose como substrato operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 6 horas. Em seguida, a sacarose foi gradualmente substituída por RFV usando TDH de 6 horas. O RFV foi usado como a única fonte de carbono (5 g DQO/L) com TDHs de 6, 12 e 3 horas por pelo menos 20 dias em cada condição. O tratamento térmico resultou na maior produção cumulativa de hidrogênio e taxa de produção de hidrogênio (TPH) (90 mL H2 e 6,6 mL H2/h). Na operação do AnSTBR, os maiores valores de TPH foram observados em 6 horas (2.094 L H2/m3 reator.d). A tentativa de reduzir o TDH para 3 horas causou uma redução no TPH para 216 L H2/m3 reator.d. É altamente recomendado o aumento da taxa de carga orgânica volumétrica e o uso de co-fermentação, visando reduzir o tamanho do reator e a água gasta na diluição, aumentando a concentração do substrato em estudos futuros. (RFV escura listados prétratamento pré químico, químico (químico ácido AnSTBR. . (AnSTBR) (TDH seguida 5 ( DQO/L DQOL DQO 1 2 condição (TPH 90 (9 H 66 H2/h. H2h Hh H2/h h H2/h) 2.094 2094 094 (2.09 H2m3 Hm m3 m H2/m reatord reator.d d reator.d) 21 cofermentação, cofermentação co fermentação, co-fermentação diluição futuros (AnSTBR 9 2.09 209 09 (2.0 H2m 2.0 0 (2. 2. (2

ABSTRACT Fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are sugar-rich substrates that can result in hydrogen through dark fermentation. The success of dark fermentation depends on changing operation parameters, which vary based on the characteristics of the substrate. This study aimed to determine how FVW from a central horticultural wholesaler should be fermented to produce the maximum amount of hydrogen. The following goals were listed as determining the pre-treatment method (chemical, thermic, and acid) for brewery sludge and evaluating the fermentation of the liquid fraction of FVW in an anaerobic structured bed reactor (AnSTBR). The AnSTBR operation started with sucrose as substrate at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h. Then, the sucrose was gradually replaced by FVW at the HRT of 6 h. The FVW was fed as the sole carbon source (5 g COD/L) at HRTs of 6, 12, and 3 h for at least 20 days on each condition. The heat treatment resulted in the highest cumulative hydrogen production and hydrogen production rate (HPR) (90 mL H2 and 6.6 mL H2/h). In the AnSTBR operation, the highest values of HPR were observed at 6 h (2094 L H2/m3 reactor.d). The attempt to decrease the HRT to 3 h caused a reduction in the HPR to 216 L H2/m3 reactor.d. It is highly encouraging the increase of the organic loading rate and the use of co-fermentation, aiming to reduce the size of the reactor and water expended on dilution by increasing substrate concentration in future studies. (FVW sugarrich sugar rich parameters pretreatment pre chemical, chemical (chemical thermic acid AnSTBR. . (AnSTBR) (HRT Then 5 ( COD/L CODL COD 12 2 condition (HPR 90 (9 H 66 6. H2/h. H2h Hh H2/h H2/h) 2094 (209 H2m3 Hm m3 m H2/m reactord reactor.d d reactor.d) 21 cofermentation, cofermentation co fermentation, co-fermentation studies (AnSTBR 1 9 209 (20 H2m (2

Efficient thin film solar cell technologies, including Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) and CdTe-based cells, have advanced significantly. Yet, environmental concerns and element scarcity fuel the pursuit of alternatives. Copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu(Zn,Sn)(S,Se)2 or CZTS) garners attention for its use of non-toxic, abundant elements. We present a study on CZTS thin film solar cells via low-temperature chemical synthesis. The process involves dissolving Copper (II) acetate, zinc (II) acetate, and tin (II) chloride in 2-methoxyethanol and monoethanolamine to create a metal compound solution. This solution is spin-coated onto molybdenum-coated glass substrates and annealed at 300 °C. The CZTS layer is sulfurized at 400 °C using di-tert-butyl-disulfide (TBDS). Characterization utilized diverse techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed smoother surfaces post-sulfurization. Optimized compositions, Cu-poor and Zn-rich, vital for enhanced efficiency, were confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns aligned well with the kesterite phase, with additional phases like ZnS, SnS, SnS2, and CuS detected. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) offered insights into composition and surface contamination. High-resolution scans provided binding energies, validating the film's composition. This study enhances the comprehension and realization of CZTS thin film solar cells, offering a potential avenue for earth-abundant, efficient photovoltaics. technologies CuIn,GaS,Se2 CuInGaSSe2 CuInGaSSe Cu In,Ga S,Se 2 In Ga S Se Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) CIGS (CIGS CdTebased CdTe based significantly Yet alternatives CuZn,SnS,Se2 CuZnSnSSe2 CuZnSnSSe Zn,Sn Zn Sn (Cu(Zn,Sn)(S,Se) nontoxic, nontoxic non toxic, toxic non-toxic elements lowtemperature low temperature synthesis II (II acetate 2methoxyethanol methoxyethanol spincoated spin coated molybdenumcoated molybdenum 30 C 40 ditertbutyldisulfide di tert butyl disulfide TBDS. TBDS . (TBDS) techniques SEM (SEM postsulfurization. postsulfurization post sulfurization. sulfurization post-sulfurization compositions Cupoor poor Znrich, Znrich rich, rich Zn-rich efficiency energydispersive energy dispersive Xray X ray EDX. EDX (EDX) XRD (XRD phase ZnS SnS SnS2 detected XPS (XPS contamination Highresolution High resolution energies films s earthabundant, earthabundant earth abundant, earth-abundant photovoltaics CuIn GaS Se2 CuIn,GaS,Se InGa SSe Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se CuZn CuZn,SnS,Se ZnSn (Cu(Zn,Sn)(S,Se 3 4 (TBDS (EDX

Abstract This work aimed to produce CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 films on glass substrates via the automated spray-pyrolysis technique for application as an absorber layer of photovoltaic cells. Their properties were investigated and compared by varying deposition parameters, such as the temperature (250, 300, 350, and 400 °C) and the precursor solution flow (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mL/min). Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of orthorhombic perovskite films. The most adequate temperature and solution flow were 300 °C and 0.50 mL/min for both bromine and iodide films. Morphologically, the films were uniform and free from cracks. CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 films respectively had an optical gap of 1.5 and 2.3 eV, a thickness of 4.56 and 2.35 µm, an absorption coefficient of 0.58x104 and 0.50x104 cm-1, a resistivity of 21.80 and 24.20 kΩ.m, and a figure of merit of 2.66 and 2.07. It was concluded that, between the two compounds, the CH3NH3PbI3 layer has better performance for photovoltaic applications. CHNHPbI CH NH PbI CH3NH3PbI CHNHPbBr PbBr CH3NH3PbBr spraypyrolysis spray pyrolysis cells parameters 250, 250 (250 350 40 C 0.25, 025 0 25 (0.25 050 50 075 75 0.7 mL/min. mLmin . mL min mL/min) Xray X ray 30 0.5 Morphologically cracks 15 1 5 1. 23 2 3 2. eV 456 4 56 4.5 235 35 µm 058x104 x 58x104 0.58x10 050x104 50x104 0.50x10 cm1, cm1 cm 1, cm-1 2180 21 80 21.8 2420 24 20 24.2 kΩm kΩ m kΩ.m 266 66 2.6 207 07 2.07 that compounds applications (25 0.25 02 (0.2 05 7 0. 45 4. 058x10 58x10 0.58x1 050x10 50x10 0.50x1 cm- 218 8 21. 242 24. 26 6 2.0 (2 0.2 (0. 058x1 58x1 0.58x 050x1 50x1 0.50x ( (0 058x 58x 050x 50x

Abstract Atlantic pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata is a bivalve with high potential for cultivation in tropical and subtropical environments. In this study, P. imbricata energetic metabolism was analyzed throughout a culture cycle at Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela. Juvenile individuals (shell length 27.40 ± 2.70 mm) were cultured in a long line at 3 m depth between May-2012 and January-2013. Monthly data of biometric measurements, Fulton index (K) and protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content of the adductor muscle, digestive gland, and mantle were estimated, and were related with environmental variables: temperature, chlorophyll a (Ch a), total particulate matter (TPM), particulate inorganic matter (PIM), particulate organic matter (POM) and upwelling index (UI). Shell length increased steadily reaching 46.23 ± 3.79 mm on the 8th month of culture, while average soft tissue weight increased associated to food availability. Biometric data and biochemical substrates from the muscle, digestive gland and mantle presented significant differences among months. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed positive relationships between carbohydrate content and temperature; mantle and digestive gland protein content with TPM, PIM, POM, UI; lipid and protein in muscle with K. Energy allocation was associated with environmental factors, mainly through high food availability given the seasonal upwelling pulses in the area.

Resumen La ostra perlera del Atlántico Pinctada imbricata es un bivalvo con gran potencial de cultivo en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales. En este estudio el metabolismo energético de la ostra perla Pinctada imbricata fue analizado durante un ciclo de cultivo en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. El cultivo se realizó usando individuos juveniles con una longitud total de la concha de 27,40 ± 2,70 mm. Los ejemplares se cultivaron a 3 m de profundidad en un long-line, entre mayo 2012 y enero 2013. Mensualmente se obtuvieron los datos biométricos, el índice metabólico de Fulton (K), el contenido de proteína, carbohidrato y lípido del músculo aductor, la glándula digestiva y el manto los cuales se relacionaron con las variables ambientales de temperatura, clorofila a, material total en suspensión (TPM), materia inorgánica particulada (PIM), materia orgánica particulada (POM), y el índice de surgencia (UI). La longitud de la concha incrementó progresivamente hasta alcanzar 46,23 ± 3,79 mm en el octavo mes del cultivo, mientras que el incremento del peso promedio de los tejidos blandos estuvo asociado a la disponibilidad de alimento. Los promedios de las variables biométricas y bioquímicas del músculo, glándula digestiva y manto presentaron diferencias significativas entre meses. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) indicó que hubo relaciones significativas del contenido de carbohidratos con la temperatura; las proteínas del manto y la glándula digestiva con TPM, PIM, POM y UI: del contenido de lípido y la proteína del músculo con K. Los compartimientos de energía se asociaron a factores ambientales, principalmente a la alta disponibilidad de alimento debido a los procesos de surgencia estacional de la localidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the influence of a high carbohydrate meal versus high-fat meal on the oxidation of substrates during an exercise incremental test. Materials and methods: Ten untrained male subjects underwent two days of the protocol. Randomly, they received a high carbohydrate meal or a high-fat meal, receiving the other one in the next protocol. On both days, they performed an incremental treadmill test, with heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption to estimate the oxidation of substrates. Results: The high-fat meal showed an increase in the absolute amount of oxidized fat along with the incremental test (P < 0.05; effect size = 0.9528), and a reduction in the respiratory exchange ratio at low intensities (P < 0.05; effect size = 0.7765). Conclusions: The meals presented no difference when compared to maximum oxidation point of substrates, the oxidation rate of substrates over time, and heart rate. A pre-test high-fat meal in untrained individuals was shown to be a modulating factor of total oxidized fats throughout the exercise, although it did not exert a significant effect on the rate of this oxidation over time. Objective highfat methods protocol Randomly Results P 0.05 005 0 05 0.9528, 09528 0.9528 , 9528 0.9528) 0.7765. 07765 0.7765 . 7765 0.7765) Conclusions time pretest pre 0.0 00 0952 0.952 952 0776 0.776 776 0. 095 0.95 95 077 0.77 77 09 0.9 9 07 0.7 7

Coating of stainless steel (SS) plays a crucial role in improving the properties required for various biomedical applications. These characteristics include biocompatibility, mechanical along with corrosion and wear performances. In this respect, this study developed uniform pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA/ titania (TiO2) composite films applied on the surface of SS using the sol-gel technique. The morphology and chemical composition of investigated surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Moreover, uncoated and coated SS substrates' surface roughness, micro-hardness, and wear characteristics were evaluated. The results displayed that a homogeneous nano-scale surface with higher values of micro-hardness and wear resistance is obtained for coated SS substrates, especially for HA/TiO2 composite coating. (SS applications biocompatibility performances respect HA (HA TiO2 TiO (TiO2 solgel sol gel technique SEM (SEM EDS, EDS , (EDS) respectively Moreover substrates roughness microhardness, microhardness micro hardness, hardness evaluated nanoscale nano scale HATiO2 HATiO HA/TiO coating (TiO (EDS

Zn-Ni alloys have been used to decrease the corrosion rate of carbon steel substrates. These are used in applications such as bolt coatings, threaded parts, swift valves for gas pipelines, aircraft landing gear, brake system components and others. Zn-Ni coatings containing nanocrystals of cellulose (CNC) obtained from sisal fiber (Sif), a natural polymer, were manufactured using the electroplating technique. Obtaining the nanocrystals involved bleaching raw sisal fiber and then acid hydrolysis to extract the nanocrystal. The effect of the concentrations of the CNC-Sif (0% v/v, 2%v/v, 3%v/v, and 4%v/v) on the morphology and microstructure of the Zn-Ni coating was analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and roughness measurements using confocal microscopy. The effect of the addition of CNC-Sif on the efficiency of galvanostatic deposition was analyzed. The corrosion rate through mass loss and electrochemical tests were also analyzed. The effect of adding CNC-SIF on coating microhardness investigated. This study show that the addition of nanocrystals alters the structure, the morphology, increases current efficiency and the corrosion resistance of the Zn-Ni coating and these effects are more significant with the addition of 2% v/v. The results obtained indicate that the addition of the CNC-Sif in the Zn-Ni coating is promising, because it reduces the energy consumed during the electrodeposition process in addition to increasing corrosion resistance of the Zn-Ni and the microhardness. ZnNi Zn Ni substrates parts pipelines gear others CNC (CNC Sif, Sif , (Sif) polymer technique nanocrystal CNCSif 0% 0 (0 vv v v/v 2vv 2 2%v/v 3vv 3 3%v/v 4%v/v 4vv 4 SEM, SEM (SEM) Xray X ray diffraction microscopy CNCSIF SIF investigated structure promising (Sif ( (SEM

RESUMO: A germinação das sementes é um processo fisiológico rigorosamente regulado. As enzimas hidrolíticas fornecem energia que traz mudanças fisiológicas, bioquímicas e físicas à semente durante a germinação. As alfa-galactosidases decompõem os grupos galactosil ligados a alfa 1-6 em glicoproteínas, glicolipídeos e oligossacarídeos em compostos simples para fornecer energia durante a germinação das sementes. As características de germinação das sementes de grão de bico mostraram que a inibição da alfa-galactosidase com 1-desoxinojirimicina (DNJ), um derivado da desoxigalactonojirimicina, atrasa a germinação. Para obter informações sobre o mecanismo de inibição, modelamos a estrutura da enzima e realizamos o acoplamento in-silico do inibidor e dos substratos naturais (rafinose e estaquiose) à enzima. Também validamos nosso modelo usando alfa-galactosidase recombinante de grão de bico. Nossos estudos de docking mostraram que tanto o inibidor quanto os substratos se ligam ao mesmo arcabouço de sítio ativo na enzima, mas a diferentes resíduos de aminoácidos, sendo a estaquiose um substrato preferido, e o DNJ inibe competitivamente a alfa-galactosidase com um Ki e IC50 de 44,5 µM e 89,13 µM, respectivamente. O atraso na germinação é uma prática agronômica desejável que pode ser explorada para um melhor estabelecimento das culturas e para evitar a germinação pré-colheita nas culturas. RESUMO regulado fisiológicas alfagalactosidases galactosidases 16 1 6 1- glicoproteínas alfagalactosidase galactosidase 1desoxinojirimicina desoxinojirimicina DNJ, , (DNJ) desoxigalactonojirimicina insilico in silico rafinose aminoácidos preferido IC IC5 445 44 5 44, 8913 89 13 89,1 respectivamente précolheita pré colheita (DNJ 4 891 8 89,

ABSTRACT: Seed germination is a tightly regulated physiological process. Hydrolytic enzymes provide energy that brings physiological, biochemical, and physical changes to the seed during germination. Alpha-galactosidases break down alpha 1-6 linked galactosyl groups in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and oligosaccharides into simple compounds to provide energy during seed germination. Chickpea seed germination characteristics showed that inhibition of alpha-galactosidase using 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a derivative of deoxygalactonojirimycin, delays germination. To gain insights into the mechanism of inhibition, we modeled the enzyme’s structure and performed in-silico docking of the inhibitor and natural substrates (raffinose and stachyose) to the enzyme. We also validated our model using recombinant chickpea alpha-galactosidase. Our docking studies showed that both the inhibitor and the substrates bind to the same active site pocket in the enzyme but to different amino acid residues, stachyose being a preferred substrate, and DNJ competitively inhibits alpha-galactosidase with a Ki and IC50 of 44.5 µM and 89.13 µM respectively. Delayed germination is a desirable agronomic practice that can be explored for better crop establishment and to prevent pre-harvest sprouting in crops. ABSTRACT process biochemical Alphagalactosidases Alpha galactosidases 16 1 6 1- glycoproteins glycolipids alphagalactosidase galactosidase 1deoxynojirimycin deoxynojirimycin DNJ, , (DNJ) deoxygalactonojirimycin s insilico silico raffinose alphagalactosidase. galactosidase. residues substrate IC IC5 445 44 5 44. 8913 89 13 89.1 respectively preharvest pre harvest crops (DNJ 4 891 8 89.

Resumo Estudos de ecologia alimentar são cruciais para entender o fluxo de energia em ecossistemas recifais. Neste estudo, usamos uma abordagem integrativa para investigar a ecologia alimentar do sargentinho Abudefduf saxatilis. Para responder se há periodicidade ou diferenças relacionadas a classes de tamanho no substrato forrageado, acompanhamos indivíduos deste peixe até a primeira mordida, em dois recifes subtropicais. Durante cada observação, registramos o substrato mordido e estimamos o comprimento total do indivíduo. Para estudar a sua dieta, analisamos o conteúdo estomacal de cinco indivíduos em cada recife. No total, observamos 2.703 indivíduos mordendo em sete substratos diferentes. Nossos resultados não mostraram diferenças significativas no uso de substrato para a periodicidade diária. No entanto, encontramos diferenças significativas entre duas classes de tamanho. Apesar disso, ambas as populações tenderam a forragear próximo à superfície na coluna d’água pela manhã e no substrato bentônico à tarde, embora essa tendência não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa. Indivíduos menores forragearam principalmente na coluna d’água, enquanto os indivíduos maiores forragearam em todos os tipos de substratos, provavelmente devido às suas diferentes demandas energéticas. Nossos resultados corroboram que o sargentinho tem uma dieta onívora e generalista, composta por 12 itens de ambos os compartimentos, bentônico e planctônico. A falta de diferenças na periodicidade diária é provavelmente devido ao comportamento oportunista do sargentinho. recifais estudo saxatilis forrageado mordida subtropicais observação indivíduo recife 2703 2 703 2.70 entanto disso dágua d água tarde significativa dágua, água, energéticas generalista 1 compartimentos planctônico 270 70 2.7 27 7 2.

Abstract Feeding ecology studies are crucial for understanding energy flow in reef ecosystems. In this study, we used an integrative approach to investigate the diel-feeding ecology of the sergeant-major Abudefduf saxatilis. To examine the possibility of diel-periodicity and size-class differences in foraging behaviour, we tracked fish individuals until their first bite on two subtropical reefs. During each observation, we recorded the substratum that was bitten and estimated the individual’s total length. To assess the diet, we analysed the stomach contents of five individuals from each location. In total, we observed 2,703 individuals biting seven substrates. Our results showed no significant differences in substrate use for diel-periodicity. However, we found significant differences between two size classes. Despite this, both populations tended to forage near the surface in the water column in the morning and on the benthos in the afternoon, although this tendency was not statistically significant. Smaller individuals fed mostly in the water column, while larger individuals foraged on all substrates, likely due to their different energetic demands. Our findings indicate this species has an omnivorous, generalist diet, comprising 12 items from both benthos and plankton. The lack of differences in diel-periodicity is likely due to the sergeant-major’s opportunistic behaviour. ecosystems study dielfeeding diel feeding sergeantmajor sergeant major saxatilis dielperiodicity periodicity sizeclass class behaviour reefs observation individual s length diet location 2703 2 703 2,70 substrates dielperiodicity. periodicity. However classes afternoon demands omnivorous 1 plankton sergeantmajors 270 70 2,7 27 7 2,

Resumo Muitos estudos têm sido realizados sobre o controle da fasciolose, seja atuando no parasito adulto, seja em Pseudosuccinea columella, comprometendo o desenvolvimento das fases larvais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em condições laboratoriais, a suscetibilidade de P. columela à Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, durante 24 e 48 horas de exposição. Os moluscos foram avaliados por 21 dias para mortalidade acumulada; número de ovos postos; taxa de eclodibilidade; alterações bioquímicas; e análise histopatológica. Constatou-se que a exposição induziu a redução nos níveis de glicose e glicogênio, caracterizando um balanço energético negativo, devido ao esgotamento das reservas energéticas, decorrentes da competição direta estabelecida pelo complexo nematoide/bactéria endossimbionte nesses substratos. Foi observada uma taxa de mortalidade de 48,25% e65,52% no grupo exposto por 24 h 48 h, respectivamente, juntamente com comprometimento significativo da biologia reprodutiva em ambos os grupos expostos em relação aos respectivos controles. Os resultados aqui apresentados, mostram que P. columela é suscetível ao nematódeo H. bacteriophora, com potencial para ser utilizada como um bioagente alternativo no controle dess molusco, especialmente em áreas consideradas endêmicas para fasciolose, em linha com a posição expressa pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. fasciolose adulto columella larvais avaliar laboratoriais P HP88 HP 2 4 acumulada postos eclodibilidade bioquímicas histopatológica Constatouse Constatou se glicogênio negativo energéticas nematoidebactéria nematoide bactéria substratos 4825 25 48,25 e6552 e65 52 e65,52 respectivamente controles apresentados H molusco Saúde HP8 482 48,2 e655 e6 5 e65,5 48, e65,

Abstract Many studies about fasciolosis control have been carried out, whether acting on the adult parasite or in Pseudosuccinea columella, compromising the development of the larval stages. The present study aimed to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the susceptibility of P. columella to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, during for 24 and 48 hours of exposure. The snails were evaluated for 21 days for accumulated mortality; number of eggs laid; hatchability rate; biochemical changes; and histopathological analysis. We found that exposure induced a reduction in glucose and glycogen levels, characterizing a negative energy balance, due to the depletion of energy reserves as a result of the direct competition established by the nematode/endosymbiont bacteria complex in such substrates. A mortality rate of 48.25% and 65.52% was observed in the group exposed for 24 h and 48 h, respectively, along with significant impairment of reproductive biology in both exposed groups in relation to the respective controls. The results presented here show that P. columella is susceptible to the nematode H. bacteriophora, with the potential to be used as an alternative bioagent in the control of this mollusk, especially in areas considered endemic for fascioliasis, in line with the position expressed by the World Health Organization Health. out stages evaluate conditions P HP88 HP 2 4 laid changes analysis levels balance nematodeendosymbiont endosymbiont substrates 4825 25 48.25 6552 65 52 65.52 respectively controls H mollusk fascioliasis HP8 482 48.2 655 6 5 65.5 48. 65.

Abstract WC-Co cutting tools are widely used by the metalworking industry. In order to improve the properties of these tools, research on the application of wear-resistant coatings, such as polycrystalline diamond, are of great importance to several applications. It is known that the occurrence of high-stress levels between the coating and the substrate can lead to adhesion failures. One strategy to minimize these failures is applying an intermediate layer of SiC. In this work, the deposition of a SiC layer was carried out by a novel two-step laser cladding approach. Instead of cladding directly the pre-synthesized SiC on the substrates, a 200 µm silicon powder layer was pre-deposited on the WC-Co substrates and then irradiated with a 30 W CO2 laser. To improve metallurgical bonding between the tungsten and the Si layer, all substrates were chemically attacked. This attack allows cobalt removal from the surface and increases surface roughness, improving the laser cladding process. After the SiC laser cladding, samples were coated with a 200 µm graphite powder layer and irradiated again by a CO2 laser. The samples were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. The results showed that in the first step, an irradiation energy of about 0.27 J was enough to fuse the silicon powder to the substrate and in the second step, 0.13 J was enough to promote the reaction between silicon, carbon and the WC substrate, resulting in the in-situ synthesis of SiC. Finally, a new method was proposed for the deposition of SiC on WC-Co based substrates and the observed results allowed the proposal of an empirical equation to describe the chemical reactions of the process. WCCo Co industry wearresistant wear resistant coatings diamond applications highstress high stress work twostep two step approach presynthesized pre synthesized 20 predeposited deposited 3 CO attacked roughness process SEM EDS analysis 027 0 27 0.2 013 13 0.1 insitu situ Finally 2 02 0. 01 1