Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

Resumen Introducción. La estimación de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) permite conocer los requerimientos de agua del cultivo, que ayudan a proponer técnicas de riego con ahorro de agua. Objetivo. Usar el sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente (RPAs) para mayor precisión de la evapotranspiración en arrozales a fin de reducir el consumo de agua. Materiales y métodos. Para el estudio la distribución de parcelas siguió un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con estructura factorial de dos experimentos: riego inundado (E1) y riego con secas controladas (E2), y tres variedades de arroz (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12); se llevó a cabo en el Área Experimental de Riego (AER) de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Perú. Entre enero y febrero del 2019 se realizaron ocho vuelos, de un RPAs, distribuidos entre las etapas de macollamiento y punto de algodón. Resultados. El análisis combinado de tratamientos con análisis de varianza y prueba de Duncan con p < 0,05, reveló diferencia significativa de la ETc, entre E1 y E2. Sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia significancia entre las variedades de arroz. Se obtuvo valores máximos de ETc y rendimiento para E1 de 4,50 mm/d y 10 389 kg/ha, y para E2 de 3,7 mm/d y 9710 kg/ha, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El uso de un sistema de aeronave pilotada remotamente permitió mejorar la resolución temporal y espacial de las imágenes multiespectrales y térmicas para obtener mayor precisión en la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) bajo dos regímenes de riego. En el riego con secas controladas se obtuvo una reducción del 24 % de la ETc lo que permitió un ahorro de agua de 855 m3/ha.

Abstract Introduction. Estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) helps determine water requirements, enabling the proposal of irrigation techniques that save water. Objective. To use remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAs) for greater precision in measuring evapotranspiration in rice fields, aiming to reduce water consumption. Materials and methods. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial structure of two experiments: flooded irrigation (E1) and irrigation with controlled drying (E2), and three rice varieties (IR43, IR71706, Sahod Ulan 12). The study was conducted at the Experimental Irrigation Area (AER) of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru. Eight RPAS flights were carried out between January and February 2019, distributed between the tillering and cotton point stages. Results. The combined analysis of treatments using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test with p < 0.05 revealed a significant difference in ETc between E1 and E2. However, no significant difference was found between the rice varieties. Maximum values of ETc and yield were obtained for E1 at 4.50 mm/day and 10389 kg/ha, and for E2 at 3.7 mm/day and 9710 kg/ha, respectively. Conclusions. The use of a remotely piloted aircraft system improved the temporal and spatial resolution of multispectral and thermal images, providing greater accuracy in crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under two irrigation regimes. Controlled drying irrigation resulted in a A 24% reduction in ETc, allowing for a water saving of 855 m3/ha.

ABSTRACT Plastic transformation enterprises are of great importance due to their impact on others belonging to strategic sectors. However, the high consumption of electrical energy in the processing of these materials contributes negatively to the environment. The objective of this research is to determine the indirect emissions of greenhouse gases based on carbon dioxide, from the fixed consumption of energy in a plastics factory in the province of Holguín, Cuba. The methods used were the techniques for recording and processing data, direct observation, work with groups of experts and surveys, as well as documents analysis. A procedure based on the Tangram Technology methodology was designed to determine the amount of equivalent carbon dioxide that is emitted into the atmosphere. The study was carried out in the period between 2020 and 2022. The main results include the following: energy management at the Holguín Plastics Factory was improved based on the identification of energy saving opportunities in administrative areas, departments and attached premises, implementing an action plan that allowed a decrease in the pollutant load to the atmosphere in the analyzed stage.

RESUMEN Las fábricas de transformación de plásticos poseen gran importancia por su incidencia en otras pertenecientes a sectores estratégicos. Sin embargo, el alto consumo de energía eléctrica en el procesamiento de estos materiales, contribuye negativamente al medio ambiente. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las emisiones indirectas de gases de efecto invernadero en base al dióxido de carbono, a partir del consumo fijo de energía en una fábrica de plásticos de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba. Los métodos utilizados fueron las técnicas para registro y procesamiento de datos, la observación directa, el trabajo con grupos de expertos y encuestas, así como el análisis de documentos. Se diseñó un procedimiento basado en la metodología de Tangram Technology, para determinar la cantidad de dióxido de carbono equivalente que se emite a la atmósfera. El estudio se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre el 2020 al 2022. Como principales resultados, destacan los siguientes: se logró mejorar la gestión energética en la Fábrica Plásticos Holguín a partir de la identificación de oportunidades de ahorro de energía en las áreas administrativas, departamentos y locales anexos, implementando un plan de acción que permitió una disminución de la carga contaminante a la atmósfera en la etapa analizada.

Abstract: This investigation studied the energy efficiency of a steam system in a hospital, considering the procedure in ASME EA-3-2009 standard. This is the standard for the energy assessment of industrial steam systems and aims to enhance the energy efficiency and sustainability of industrial steam systems by identifying opportunities and providing recommendations to optimize system performance. The obtained boiler energy efficiency was 80.29 %, by applying an energy balance, reaching 15.33 kW for heat losses in the distribution pipes. Two consistent improvement alternatives were proposed, starting by unifying the pipe diameter of the kitchen area of 5 m, generating a reduction of heat loss from 828 to 600 W, which represented a total annual energy saving of around 2.4 GJ/year. The investment cost is USD 47.40, considering the achievement of the break-even point after 9 months, where the insulation of the pipes with glass wool was considered second and it generated a reduction in losses of 5.98 kW, representing a total annual energy saving of about 62.91 GJ/year, which corresponds to approximately USD 1 672. The expenditure for insulating a 49 m pipe amounted to USD 462, factoring in both the NPV calculation and potential savings. The breakeven point was achieved within roughly 4 months, underscoring the economic advantage of implementing the two suggested improvement measures.

Resumen: En esta investigación se analizó la eficiencia energética de un sistema de vapor en un hospital, considerando la norma ASME EA-3-2009. Esta norma se utiliza para la evaluación energética de los sistemas de vapor industriales y busca mejorar la eficiencia energética y la sostenibilidad de estos sistemas identificando oportunidades y proponiendo medidas para optimizar el rendimiento. Se obtuvo una eficiencia energética de la caldera de 80.29 % mediante un balance de energías y las pérdidas de calor en las tuberías de distribución alcanzaron 15.33 kW. Se plantearon dos alternativas de mejora consistentes, iniciando con unificar el diámetro de tubería del área de cocina de 5 m, generando una reducción de pérdida de calor de 828 hasta 600 W, que representó un ahorro de energía anual total de 2.4 GJ/año, aproximadamente. El costo de inversión es de USD 47.40, considerando como alcanzable el punto de equilibrio a los 9 meses, donde se planteó en segundo lugar el aislamiento de las tuberías mediante lana de vidrio y generó la disminución de pérdidas en 5.98 kW, representando un ahorro de energía anual total de alrededor de 62.91 GJ/año, lo que corresponde a USD 1 672, aproximadamente. La inversión para el aislamiento de tuberías con una longitud de 49 m fue de USD 462, considerando el cálculo del VAN y los posibles ahorros, además el punto de equilibrio se alcanza a los 4 meses, aproximadamente, e indica el beneficio económico de aplicar las dos opciones de mejora planteadas.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the application of injection in cycles, assisted by the first smart selective completion system with remote valve operation. The completion system was installed in the Chichimene Field unit T2 (Fm. San Fernando). The results were compared with conventional water injection, technology that utilizes a simple selective completion system, for recovery factor, water consumption, operation style, and others. The target unit has been subjected to selective water injection since 2016. This process consisted in injection of a controlled amount of water within 3-4 zones in equilibrium with the extractive system on producers wells to find a better crude oil movement and a commercial recovery factor. Nevertheless, the surveillance evidence suggests that some zones consume too much water due to its high permeability (heterogeneity), which affects high water cut on producers (due to the adverse mobility ratio), but also suggests that there is a better way to further improve the recovery factor. This enhancement was enabled with a smart selective completion system by promoting a scheduled temporal closure of zones while production continues, having achieved pressure-production restoration effects on the closed zones, resulting in an efficiency increase of the vertical and areal sweep. To determine if this could work, a smart completion system was installed in one well in August 2019. For more than one year, the operation and interpretation of the DAS measuring tool (Continuous sound recording) was understood, from which injected water per zone is known daily; thus the optimization of the injection rate per zone improved the production pattern behaviour. In February 2021, the injection cycles started on the well by zone, and to date, more than 25 monthly cycles have been completed, increasing the recovery factor, with a considerable reduction in water and energy consumption, maintaining a continuous measurement of zone injection. Thislevel of information has never been reached in the industry. The case study establishes a new frontier related to selective injection and also in cycles, an evolution step in water injection technology. This pilot combined in a single design selective injection, intelligent remote operating completions, continuous layer injection measuring by DAS, extra heavy oil WF, and management of high permeability variations. It is aligned with the latest regulations on decarbonization (water and energy saving). From a reservoir point of view, there has never been monitoring in injectors with this level of quality to enhance performance; in addition,, on the surface this technology has translated into a significant reduction in the use of wirelines for well operations, and has improved some well cleaning interventions with coiled tubing.

RESUMEN Este trabajo presenta la aplicación de inyección en ciclos, asistido por el primer completamiento selectivo inteligente con operación remota de válvulas. El completamiento fue instalado en el Campo Chichimene en la unidad T2 (Fm. San Fernando). Los resultados han sido comparados con la inyección de agua convencional que se realiza con completamiento selectivo sencillo, en los aspectos de factor de recobro, consumo de agua, estilo de operación, entre otros. La unidad objetivo ha estado sometida a inyección de agua selectiva desde 2016, cuyo proceso ha consistido en inyectar por 3-4 zonas una cantidad de agua controlada en equilibrio con el sistema extractivo en pozos productores para buscar un mejor desplazamiento de crudo y un factor de recobro comercial. Aun con esta estrategia, en el proceso se evidenciaron posibilidades de mejora, algunas zonas consumen mucha agua debido a la alta permeabilidad por la heterogeneidad de la roca, y está agua impacta en un alto corte de agua en los pozos productores, debido a la relación adversa de movilidades en el yacimiento. Con el completamiento selectivo inteligente se activa esta posibilidad, al permitir con un cronograma el cierre temporal de zonas mientras se continúa produciendo, logrando efectos de restauración de presión-producción en las zonas cerradas, permitiendo incrementar la eficiencia de barrido vertical y areal. Para determinar si esto puede funcionar, el completamiento inteligente fue instalado en un pozo en agosto de 2019. Durante un poco más de un año se comprendió su funcionamiento e interpretación con la medición DAS (Registro continuo de sonido), con la cual se obtiene el valor diario de agua inyectada por zona, la sola optimización del punto de arranque permitió mejorar el comportamiento de producción en el patrón. En febrero de 2021, se iniciaron los ciclos de inyección en ese pozo y a la fecha se han realizado más de 25 ciclos, incrementando el factor de recobro, con una considerable reducción en el consumo de agua y de energía, manteniendo una medición continua de inyección por capa, no alcanzada previamente en la industria. El caso de estudio establece una nueva frontera en la materia de inyección selectiva y en ciclos, permitiendo una evolución de la tecnología de inyección de agua. Este piloto combinó en un solo diseño: inyección selectiva, sartas de inyección operadas remotamente, medición continua de inyección continua por capas con DAS, recobro en crudos extrapesados con inyección de agua, manejo de severas variaciones de permeabilidad y se encuentra alineada con las nuevas regulaciones de descarbonización. Desde el punto de vista de reservorio, nunca se tuvo un monitoreo en inyectores con este nivel de calidad para mejorar el desempeño y en superficie, esta tecnología ha permitido reducir en forma importante el uso de cables para operaciones en pozo, así como mejorado las operaciones de limpieza con coiled tubing.

ABSTRACT In this work, the implementation of solar panels in the Villa Clara Dairy Products Company, UEB Sagua la Grande, is evaluated. Measurements of the structures were made and optimal orientations were chosen to improve performance. The free software of the European commission PVGIS was used to facilitate the study of the solar resource and photovoltaic potential. It is a very useful tool for carrying out feasibility studies of photovoltaic systems. With the performance analysis, an annual generation of 648.5 MWh is forecast. This approach is not only energy efficient, but environmentally significant, as it will avoid the emission of 9,453 tons of CO2, 53 tons of SO2 and 18 tons of NO2 into the atmosphere. In addition, it is highlighted that the project will contribute to saving the country 2,882 tons of fuel. These results underline the importance and potential of renewable energy, not only to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, but also to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se evalúa la implementación de paneles solares en la Empresa de Productos Lácteos Villa Clara, UEB Sagua la Grande. Se realizaron mediciones de las estructuras y se eligieron las orientaciones óptimas para mejorar el rendimiento. Se utilizó el software gratuito de la comisión europea PVGIS, para facilitar el estudio del recurso solar y el potencial fotovoltaico. Se trata de una herramienta muy útil para hacer estudios de viabilidad de sistemas fotovoltaicos. Con el análisis de rendimiento, se pronostica una generación anual de 648,5 MWh. Este enfoque no solo es energéticamente eficiente, sino ambientalmente significativo, ya que evitará la emisión de 9453 toneladas de CO2, 53 toneladas de SO2 y 18 toneladas de NO2 a la atmósfera. Además, se destaca que el proyecto contribuirá al ahorro de 2882 toneladas de combustible al país. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia y el potencial de las energías renovables, no solo para reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles, sino también para mitigar el cambio climático al reducir las emisiones de los gases de efecto invernadero.

ABSTRACT Addressing household energy efficiency is among the main challenges worldwide towards sustainable development. The residential sector is one of the main energy users globally and one of the most difficult to address. Barranquilla is the fourth most developed city in Colombia and has significant electricity consumption in households. However, currently, there are no campaigns promoting energy efficiency strategies to reduce household consumption. This study shows that most people in the city are aware of their electricity consumption, mainly because of the costs, which is also one main motivation to introduce energy efficiency strategies. A public campaign must prioritize social media and WEB communication channels. Moreover, energy efficiency strategies must focus on the use of air conditioners, refrigerators, and lighting systems. Moreover, since the cost of electricity and climate change are the main motivators for energy saving, the different measures proposed in a campaign should be associated with cost and carbon footprint savings.

RESUMEN Abordar la eficiencia energética de los hogares es uno de los principales retos a nivel global en la ruta hacia el desarrollo sostenible. El sector residencial es uno de los principales consumidores de energía a nivel mundial y uno de los más difíciles de abordar. Barranquilla es la cuarta ciudad más desarrollada de Colombia y tiene un consumo de electricidad residencial significativo. Sin embargo, actualmente no existen campañas que promuevan estrategias de eficiencia energética para reducir el consumo doméstico. Este estudio muestra que la mayoría de los habitantes de la ciudad son conscientes de su consumo de electricidad, principalmente debido a los costos económicos, lo que es también una motivación importante para introducir estrategias de eficiencia energética. Una campaña pública debe priorizar las redes sociales y a los canales de comunicación WEB. Además, las estrategias de eficiencia energética deben centrarse en el uso de aparatos de aire acondicionado, equipos de refrigeración doméstica y sistemas de iluminación. Además, dado que el costo de la electricidad y el cambio climático son las principales motivaciones para el ahorro energético, las diferentes medidas propuestas en una campaña deben estar asociadas al ahorro económico y a la reducción de la huella de carbono.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es presentar la aplicación de herramientas de gestión energética para llevar a cabo una caracterización energética de un Ingenio. Este trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en el marco de un proyecto industrial nacional, que recibió financiamiento de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI). El proyecto se dirigió específicamente a las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) del sector industrial del Valle del Cauca, con el objetivo de establecer herramientas de gestión para medir el desempeño energético y lograr mejoras sostenibles a lo largo del tiempo. Dentro del alcance de este estudio, pudimos identificar los usos significativos de energía, denominados variables significativas. Además, definimos la línea base de energía, la línea de meta y el índice de consumo. Además, se determinaron los indicadores críticos del valor de producción, el potencial de ahorro y el rendimiento. También se proporcionaron recomendaciones para mejorar el rendimiento energético de la empresa. En consecuencia, calculamos los potenciales de ahorro para los diferentes niveles de producción en el Ingenio, lo que se tradujo en un ahorro de energía de 1105537 kWh para el año 2021. Esto equivale a un costo económico de $ 397993454.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to present the application of energy management tools to carry out an energy characterization of a sugar mill. This research work was carried out within the framework of a national industrial project, which received funding from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). The project was specifically aimed at small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in the industrial sector of Valle del Cauca, with the objective of establishing management tools to measure energy performance and achieve sustainable improvements over time. Within the scope of this study, we were able to identify significant energy uses, called significant variables. Furthermore, we define the energy baseline, goal line, and consumption rate. In addition, critical indicators of production value, savings potential and performance were determined. Recommendations were also provided to improve the company's energy performance. Consequently, we calculated the savings potentials for the different levels of production at sugar mill, which translated into an energy saving of 1,105,537 kWh for the year 2021. This is equivalent to an economic cost of $ 397,993,454.

Abstract In the county of Pedra Lavrada - PB, various mineral occurrences of pegmatite are observed with prominence at Alto Dois Irmãos - PB, where quartz, feldspar and mica are mined. The understanding of mineral constituents is fundamental to define their industrial employment and to implement improvements in the beneficiation process. The proposal of this research is the detailed characterization and proof of that part of the ore (quartz) considered waste, presenting low poisoning (Fe2O3) and high silica (SiO2) content, to enable its industrial use. Besides that, to minimize the environmental impact through the reuse of this waste, and to determine the correct utilization of the milling equipment. For the pegmatite characterization, done were density determination tests, mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis by fluorescents X-rays and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Then tests were done for the Work Index (WI) calculous and consequently the empirical determination of the dimensions (LxD) of the pebble mill. The sterile presented a medium density of 2.66g/cm³, majority chemical composition of silicon and oxygen and quartz as the main mineralogical stage, indicating that this material has high purity. The. The Work Index (WI) was 15.9 kwh/t showing that this material can be considered resistant to breaking in the grinding process. The necessary energy to the milling was defined in 11.52 kwh/st, that corresponds to 57.28 HP. This power allowed the mill selection with diammeter and length of 1.83m, that provides the production maximization and the energy saving. PB mined process (quartz waste Fe2O3 FeO Fe O (Fe2O3 SiO2 SiO (SiO2 content use equipment Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) Xrays rays SEM/EDS. SEMEDS SEM/EDS . SEM EDS (SEM/EDS) WI (WI LxD (LxD 266gcm³ gcm 2 66g cm³ g cm 2.66g/cm³ stage purity 159 15 9 15. kwht kwh t 1152 11 52 11.5 kwhst st kwh/st 5728 57 28 57.2 HP 183m m 1 83m 1.83m saving Fe2O (Fe2O (SiO (XRD (SEM/EDS 266gcm 2.66g/cm 115 5 11. 572 57.

Abstract In view of the growing scarcity of water for agriculture, the increase in food demand and future drought scenarios posed by climate change, it is essential to design new technologies that contribute to lower water consumption. In this research, high-resolution images have been used to estimate evapotranspiration in rice fields by applying the METRICTM (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration) energy balance model. For this purpose, 5900 m2 of crop were monitored under continuous flood irrigation (CF) and 2600 m2 under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD), in addition to some plots with lateral filtration. Ten flights were conducted between tillering and flowering phases, five flights with a Matrice 210 UAV equipped with a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera, and five flights with a Matrice 300 RTK equipped with a H20T thermal camera. Field data were collected from vegetation indices (NDVI and LAI), and readings from a radiometer, to adjust information from multispectral and thermal images, respectively, and to obtain the components of the surface energy balance. Mean values for crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of 6.34 ± 1.49 and 5.84 ± 0.41 mm d-1 were obtained for IC irrigation and AWD irrigation, respectively, obtaining a water saving of 42% with a yield reduction of 14%, providing a guide for proper irrigation management, however, it is suggested to use the model to optimize yield by obtaining critical thresholds for optimal application of AWD in the face of water resource scarcity.

Resumen Ante la creciente escasez del agua para la agricultura, el incremento de la demanda de alimentos y los futuros escenarios de sequía que nos plantea el cambio climático es indispensable diseñar nuevas tecnologías que contribuyan a un menor consumo de agua. En esta investigación se han empleado imágenes de alta resolución para estimar la evapotranspiración en arrozales aplicando el modelo de balance de energía METRICTM (Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration). Para ello, se monitorizaron 5900 m2 de cultivo bajo riego por inundación continua (IC) y 2600 m2 bajo la técnica de riego de alternancia humedecimiento y secado (AWD, por sus siglas en inglés), además de algunas parcelas con filtración lateral. Se realizaron 10 vuelos entre las etapas de macollamiento y floración, cinco vuelos con un VANT Matrice 210 con una cámara multiespectral Parrot Sequoia, y cinco vuelos con un Matrice 300 RTK equipado con una cámara térmica H20T. Se colectó información de campo de los índices de vegetación (NDVI e IAF), y lecturas de un radiómetro, para ajustar información de las imágenes multiespectrales y térmicas, respectivamente; y obtener los componentes del balance de energía en superficie. Se obtuvo valores medios para evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) de 6,34 ±1,49 y 5,84 ± 0,41 mm d-1 para riego IC y riego AWD, respectivamente, obteniéndose un ahorro de agua del 42% con una reducción del rendimiento en 14%, proporcionando una guía para la gestión adecuada del riego, sin embargo, se sugiere utilizar el modelo para optimizar el rendimiento obteniendo umbrales críticos para la aplicación óptima de AWD frente a la escasez del recurso hídrico.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) provides a unique opportunity for water conservation. This research aimed to assess the performance of two types of RWH systems (gravity and pump-driven) at a local public school in replacing non-potable water for toilet flushing. The volume of harvested water, efficiency to meet demand, expenses involved and associated environmental burdens were key criteria of performance. Economic considerations included capital costs and return periods, while the environmental aspects encompassed simplified life cycle assessments (LCAs) as well as specific carbon footprints. The gravity-fed system supplied 452.5 kL/annum and covered 31.8% of the demand for flushing water for toilets for the school investigated. The pumped system provided 476.8 kL/annum representing 33.5% of the demand. Together they would be able to supply 65.3% of the demand. The catchment area of these two systems differed and there was no overlap. As expected, the gravity-fed system outperformed the pumped system, both economically and environmentally, because no energy for pumping was needed. In terms of costs, the difference was small, and the payback periods of both systems were similar. However, environmentally, the LCA scores for the pumped system were an order of magnitude higher for all 18 impact categories considered. Carbon footprints showed that in the construction stage both systems have similar footprints. For the operation stage, the comparison was extended, as there were higher energy requirements for the pumped system (about 4 times higher than those from the provision of municipal potable water), but in the same range or lower when compared with other alternative sources of water like groundwater abstraction, recycling of municipal water and desalination. The gravity-fed system required no energy for pumping. This study shows how trade-offs in assessing the overall performance of RWH systems can be considered, leading to better decision making.

Abstract Distributed generation (DG) is the generation of electricity, mostly photovoltaic, close to consumption centers by individual users in residences or companies, whose main objective is self-consumption. It is considered disruptive by breaking with the paradigm of centralized generation. The objective of this study was to analyse the trend, benefits and challenges that the penetration of this technology in Mexico implies for the public administration. A study with a quantitative approach, based on empirical data published by international organizations and the Mexican government, with the study subjects being the country and its 32 States. A significant penetration of DG was found in Mexico where it has had a compound annual growth rate of 45% in recent years, reaching an installed capacity of around 3 GW. Its geographical distribution in Mexico is heterogeneous and depends on the economic level of the State. The contribution that DG makes to the energy transition is important in environmental terms, it represents a saving of more than one million tons of CO2 per year and in economic terms a significant saving for the public administration in the area of electrical energy generation. The Mexican public administration faces a double challenge: on the one hand, stimulating DG to increase the generation of clean energy to comply with international commitments and on the other, achieving the flexibility required by the National Electric System for the integration of intermittent clean energies. such as photovoltaics.

Resumen La generación distribuida (GD) es la producción de electricidad, mayoritariamente fotovoltaica, en cercanía a los centros de consumo por usuarios individuales en residencias o empresas, cuyo principal objetivo es el autoconsumo; se considera disruptiva al romper con el paradigma de la generación centralizada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la tendencia, los beneficios y los retos que implica a la administración pública la penetración esta tecnología en México. Es un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, basado en datos empíricos publicados por organismos internacionales y el gobierno mexicano, cuyos sujetos de estudio fueron el país y sus 32 entidades federativas. Se encontró una importante penetración de la GD en México, con una tasa de crecimiento anual compuesta de 45% en los últimos años, alcanzando una capacidad instalada del orden de 3 GW. Su distribución geográfica en México es heterogénea y se encuentra en función del nivel económico del Estado. La aportación de la GD a la transición energética es importante en el tema ambiental, representa un ahorro superior a un millón de toneladas de CO2 por año y en términos económicos un ahorro importante para la administración pública en el rubro de generación de energía eléctrica. La administración pública mexicana se enfrenta a un doble reto: por una parte, estimular la GD para incrementar la generación de energía limpia para cumplir con los compromisos internacionales y, por otra, lograr la flexibilidad que requiere el sistema eléctrico nacional para la integración de energías limpias intermitentes, como la fotovoltaica.

Resumen: La alfalfa es una especie forrajera muy utilizada en Uruguay en ganadería intensiva y lechería. El riego suplementario permite mitigar los efectos negativos del cambio climático, aumentando y estabilizando la productividad de las pasturas. Es necesario evaluar su efecto conjunto con el pastoreo. Se evaluaron dos umbrales de riego, con entrada de animales. Los tratamientos fueron: riego frecuente (30% agotamiento), riego espaciado (65% agotamiento) y secano. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, 30 meses de evaluación. La productividad promedio anual de la alfalfa regada fue de 25333 y 23177 kg MS ha-1, primer y segundo año de evaluación, respectivamente. La producción acumulada (30 meses) no mostró diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos regados, pero sí entre regados y secano. En el último verano-otoño, la productividad de todos los tratamientos cae a 8660 kg MS ha-1 (regados) y 1756 kg MS ha-1 (secano). Las productividades estacionales indican la conveniencia de regar la alfalfa en verano, ya que el rendimiento aumentó 43% en el segundo año y 4,3 veces más en el último año. Además, luego de transcurrir la sequía extrema del verano, en el otoño siguiente los regados rindieron 7 veces más que el secano. El manejo con riegos espaciados y láminas de riego que no devuelven el suelo a su capacidad de campo aumenta la efectividad de las precipitaciones, ahorrando agua y energía destinada al riego. La densidad aparente aumentó hacia el final del experimento a consecuencia del pastoreo, sin embargo, no hubo diferencia entre los manejos de riego evaluados.

Abstract: Alfalfa is a forage species widely used in Uruguay in intensive livestock and dairy farming. Supplementary irrigation makes it possible to mitigate the negative effects of climate change, increasing and stabilizing the productivity of pastures. It is necessary to evaluate its joint effect with grazing. Two irrigation thresholds were evaluated, with entry of animals. The treatments were: frequent irrigation (30% depleted), spaced irrigation (65% depleted) and rainfed. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, and 30 months of evaluation. The average annual yield of irrigated alfalfa was 25,333 and 23,177 kg DM ha-1, first and second year of evaluation, respectively. The accumulated production (30 months) did not show a significant difference between the irrigated treatments, but it did between irrigated and rainfed. In the last summer-autumn, the yield of all treatments fell to 8660 kg DM ha-1 (irrigated) and 1756 kg DM ha-1 (rainfed). Seasonal productivity indicates the convenience of irrigating alfalfa in summer since the yield increased 43% in the second year and 4.3 times more in the last year. Furthermore, after the extreme summer drought, in the following autumn, the irrigated treatments yielded 7 times more than the rainfed. Management with spaced irrigation and irrigation sheets that do not return the soil to its field capacity increases the effectiveness of precipitation, saving water and energy allocated to irrigation. The apparent density increased towards the end of the experiment as a result of grazing, however, there was no difference between the evaluated irrigation managements.

Resumo: A alfafa é uma espécie forrageira amplamente utilizada no Uruguai na pecuária intensiva e na pecuária leiteira. A irrigação complementar permite mitigar os efeitos negativos das alterações climáticas, aumentando e estabilizando a produtividade das pastagens. É necessário avaliar seu efeito conjunto com o pastoreio. Foram avaliados dois limiares de irrigação, com entrada de animais. Os tratamentos foram: irrigação frequente (esgotamento de 30%), irrigação espaçada (esgotamento de 65%) e sequeiro. O delineamento experimental foi blocos completos casualizados, 30 meses de avaliação. A produtividade média anual da alfafa irrigada foi de 25.333 e 23.177 kg MS ha-1, primeiro e segundo ano de avaliação respectivamente. A produção acumulada (30 meses) não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos irrigados, mas sim entre irrigado e sequeiro. No último verão-outono, a produtividade de todos os tratamentos cai para 8.660 kg MS ha-1 (irrigado) e 1.756 kg MS ha-1 (irrigado). A produtividade sazonal indica a conveniência de irrigar alfafa no verão, já que a produtividade aumentou 43% no segundo ano e 4.3 vezes mais no último ano. Além disso, depois de passada a seca extrema do Verão, no Outono seguinte a terra irrigada rendeu 7 vezes mais do que a terra seca. Manejo com irrigação espaçada e lâminas de irrigação que não devolvem o solo à sua capacidade de campo, aumentam a eficácia da precipitação, economizando água e energia para irrigação. A densidade aparente aumentou ao final do experimento em decorrência do pastejo, porém não houve diferença entre os manejos de irrigação avaliados.

RESUMO O setor da construção civil desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento social, mas é responsável pelo consumo de recursos naturais e energéticos do mundo. Portanto, as pesquisas buscam incorporar resíduos na produção de materiais, alinhando-se com metas globais de redução das emissões de CO2, descarte em aterros sanitários e extração dos recursos. Entre os resíduos industrias, destaca-se o resíduo proveniente do processo de lapidação do vidro (RLV), pouco explorado na literatura e com taxas significativas de descarte em aterros. Assim, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as propriedades de argamassas com incorporação de RLV, em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland e ao agregado, por meio de uma investigação abrangente das propriedades do material produzido. Os materiais componentes das misturas e as argamassas foram caracterizados de acordo com as prescrições normativas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da metodologia de análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Os resultados mostraram que o RLV influenciou no índice de consistência, na massa específica real e na aderência à tração das argamassas, reduziu a absorção de água, absorção por capilaridade e retração. Quanto à resistência à compressão, observou-se que até 10% pelo RLV, em substituição ao cimento, não compromete esta propriedade, havendo aumento relativo de resistência, quando em substituição à areia. Já para a durabilidade, houve uma melhoria nesta propriedade. Conclui-se que a utilização de RLV, em substituição parcial ao cimento Portland e ao agregado miúdo, na produção de argamassas é uma alternativa técnica, pois apresentou desempenho que possibilita seu uso, e atende aos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável, os quais apresentam alternativas capazes de contribuir para a economia de energia e recursos naturais. social mundo Portanto alinhandose alinhando se CO2 CO industrias destacase destaca , (RLV) Assim produzido normativas ANOVA (ANOVA Tukey consistência água retração compressão observouse observou 10 propriedade areia durabilidade Concluise Conclui miúdo técnica uso sustentável (RLV 1

ABSTRACT The construction sector plays a fundamental role in social development, but is responsible for the consumption of the world’s natural and energy resources. Therefore, research seeks to incorporate waste into the production of materials, aligning with global goals for reducing CO2 emissions, disposal in landfills and resource extraction. Among industrial waste, waste from the glass cutting process (GCW) stands out, little explored in the literature and with significant rates of disposal in landfills. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the properties of mortars incorporating GCW, as a partial replacement for Portland cement and aggregate, through a comprehensive investigation of the properties of the material produced. The materials that make up the mixtures and mortars were characterized in accordance with regulatory requirements. The data obtained were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) methodology and Tukey test. The results showed that the GCW influenced the consistency index, the specific gravity and the tensile bond strength of the mortars, reducing water absorption, capillary absorption and shrinkage. As for compressive strength, it was observed that up to 10% by GCW, replacing cement, does not compromise this property, with a relative increase in strength when replacing sand. As for durability, there was an improvement in this property. It is concluded that the use of GCW, in partial replacement of Portland cement and fine aggregate, in the production of mortars is a technical alternative, as it presented performance that enables its use, and meets the principles of sustainable development, which present capable alternatives to contribute to saving energy and natural resources. development worlds world s resources Therefore CO emissions extraction (GCW out aggregate produced requirements ANOVA (ANOVA test index shrinkage 10 property sand durability alternative 1

ABSTRACT The objective is to analyze the use of paper in university management. It was based on a quantitative, transversal, exploratory and descriptive approach. The population and sample were made up of 12 people who perform functions within the chain of command (managerial, administrative and academic) at the Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences (FACEM) of the National University of Canindeyú (UNICAN), based in Salto. Guairá and subsidiary in Curuguaty, Paraguay. A survey was used using a 19-question questionnaire, sent via WhatsApp for convenience in 2023. The results show that 41.7% indicated that the use of paper is essential in their work; 66.7% recognize the saving of economic resources by reducing or eliminating the use of paper; 75% identified the existence of a high dependence on paper in fulfilling their functions; and 58.3% determined that with the decrease in impressions, electrical energy savings are achieved. It is concluded that, despite a considerable use of paper in routine tasks, it is perceived that the implementation of the Zero Paper policy at FACEM-UNICAN could generate savings in various resources, facilitate the transition to the digital era and contribute to the preservation of the environment.

RESUMEN El objetivo consiste en analizar el uso del papel en la gestión universitaria. Se sustentó en un enfoque cuantitativo, transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo. La población y muestra se compuso por 12 personas que desempeñan funciones dentro de la cadena de mando (directivos, administrativos y académicos) en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (FACEM) de la Universidad Nacional de Canindeyú (UNICAN), con sede en Salto Guairá y filial en Curuguaty, Paraguay. Se empleó una encuesta mediante un cuestionario de 19 preguntas, remitido vía WhatsApp por conveniencia en el 2023. Como resultados se muestra que 41,7% indicó que el uso del papel es imprescindible en su labor; 66,7% reconoce el ahorro de recursos económicos disminuyendo o eliminando la utilización del papel; 75% identificó la existencia de una alta dependencia del papel en cumplimiento de sus funciones; y 58,3% determinó que con la disminución de impresiones se realiza ahorro de energía eléctrica. Se concluye que, a pesar de una considerable utilización del papel en las labores rutinarias, se perciben que la implementación de la política de Papel Cero en la FACEM-UNICAN podría generar ahorro en diversos recursos, facilitar la transición a la era digital y contribuir a la preservación del medio ambiente.