Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Resumen Presentamos un análisis de la diversidad y de los patrones biogeográficos de 260 especies de aves residentes de los bosques tropicales de México, realizado a partir de datos históricos (recolectados entre el siglo XVIII y 2007) y registros de presencia de la última década (2013-2023). Realizamos comparaciones del número y cambio de composición de especies, considerando las matrices de distribución “histórica” y “actual”, y un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos. De acuerdo con los datos históricos, la mayor riqueza de especies se localiza en la vertiente del Golfo de México y la península de Yucatán, mientras que los bosques estacionalmente secos de la costa del Pacífico y la Cuenca del Balsas presentaron los valores más altos de especies endémicas. Sin embargo, los datos recopilados en la última década muestran una disminución significativa del número de especies en todas las áreas analizadas. La estimación de la diversidad beta indicó valores elevados de cambio en la composición de especies para las matrices evaluadas. La hipótesis biogeográfica obtenida indica la existencia de 2 grandes grupos: i) vertiente pacífica de México y la Cuenca del Balsas y ii) norte de la provincia Veracruzana, el norte del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la península de Yucatán.

Abstract We present an analysis of diversity and biogeographic patterns of 260 resident bird species in the tropical forests of Mexico, based on historical data (collected between the 18th century and 2007) and presence records from the last decade (2013-2023). We performed comparisons of the number and composition change of species, considering the “historical” and “current” distribution matrices, and a parsimony analysis of endemicity. According to historical data, the highest species richness is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, while the seasonally dry forests of the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin presented the highest values of endemic species. However, data collected in the last decade show a significant decline in the number of species in all areas analyzed. The beta diversity estimation indicated high values of change in species composition for the matrices evaluated. Biogeographic hypothesis obtained indicates the existence of 2 main groups: i) Pacific slope of Mexico and the Balsas Basin and ii) north of the Veracruzan province, the north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatán Peninsula.

Resumen En los paisajes colombianos, la sucesiva transformación de coberturas boscosas en agroecosistemas constituye una presión constante para la avifauna. Los ecosistemas con cobertura vegetal nativa se simplifican y las comunidades de aves se ven empobrecidas a medida que su hábitat natural es reemplazado por monocultivos. En este estudio se realiza la primera descripción de los ensambles de aves asociados a agroecosistemas de producción de aguacate Hass (Persea americana), en los departamentos de Caldas y Risaralda (Colombia). Para cumplir este objetivo, se analizó y comparó la riqueza de especies en cuatro unidades productivas de aguacate. Se recolectó información a través dos muestreos (2019-2020), en los que fueron registradas 168 especies pertenecientes a 19 órdenes y 42 familias. Se resaltan cinco especies endémicas y cuatro clasificadas en alguna categoría de amenaza según la UICN. Los resultados sugieren que, a pesar de que la riqueza de especies es menor que en ecosistemas menos intervenidos, los bosques nativos asociados a agroecosistemas pueden convertirse en áreas importantes para complementar esfuerzos de conservación de diversas especies.

Abstract In Colombian landscapes, the successive transformation of forest cover into agroecosystems constitutes a constant pressure on birdlife. Ecosystems are simplified and bird communities are impoverished as their natural habitats are replaced by monocultures. This study is the first attempt to describe bird assemblages related to Hass avocado (Persea americana) production agroecosystems in the Colombian departments of Caldas and Risaralda. Species richness was analyzed and compared in four avocado production units. Information was collected through two sampling seasons (2019-2020), in which 168 species belonging to 19 orders and 42 families were registered. Five endemic species and four classifieds in some category of threat according to the IUCN are highlighted. Results suggest that, although species richness is lower than in less intervened ecosystems, native forests immersed in agroecosystems can become important areas to complement conservation efforts for various species.

Summary: The Reserve for Park San Rafael (Itapúa and Caazapá Departments) is one of the last large remnants of BAAPA and is the biggest conservation priority at the national level since it contains the country’s highest bird species richness. The objective was to analyze the richness and composition of birds in forest fragments and its areas of influence of soy agricultural areas at Reserve for Park San Rafael, utilizing the methods of MacKinnon 10 species list, during 8 periods between November 2017 and February 2020. 177 bird species, belonging to 47 families and 19 orders were registered. Of these, 114 have been registered in 27 lists for forest environments and 134 species in 69 lists in productive zones. 31 of these species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Alto Parana, including the vinaceous-breasted parrot Amazona vinacea (endangered at the international level) and the southern bristle tyrant Phylloscartes eximius (Near-Threatened). At the national level, 28 endemic species are threatened with extinction at the national level. Bird species exclusive to the forest zone and species exclusive to the productive zone were recorded, resulting in a 63.27% complementarity. Despite the changes in land use to which the study area is subjected, a great diversity of birds was recorded, highlighting the high number of endemic and threatened species at the national and international level, both in the sites sampled within the reserve. and its buffer zone. These data contribute to knowledge and highlight the importance of these remnants for the conservation of birds.

Resumen: La Reserva para Parque Nacional San Rafael (Departamento de Itapúa y Caazapá) es uno de los últimos remanentes grandes de BAAPA, y la mayor prioridad de conservación a nivel nacional, ya que contiene la mayor riqueza de aves del país. El objetivo fue analizar la riqueza y composición de aves en los fragmentos boscosos y sus áreas de influencia de los sitios con agricultura de soja de la Reserva para Parque Nacional San Rafael, utilizando la metodología de Listas de 10 especies de MacKinnon, en ocho períodos entre noviembre 2017 y febrero de 2020. Se identificaron 177 especies de aves pertenecientes a 47 Familias, y 19 Órdenes, de las cuales 114 han sido registradas en 27 listas en ambientes de bosques y 134 especies en 69 listas en la zona productiva. Del total de las especies, 31 son endémicas del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná, incluyendo al Loro vinoso Amazona vinacea (en peligro de extinción a nivel mundial) y la Mosqueta Media Luna Phylloscartes eximius (Casi-Amenazada). A nivel nacional, 28 especies endémicas están amenazadas de extinción a nivel nacional. Se registraron especies de aves exclusivas para la zona de bosque, y especies exclusivas para la zona productiva, dando como resultado un 63,27 % de complementariedad. A pesar de los cambios de uso de tierra al cual se encuentra sometido el área de estudio, se registraron una gran diversidad de aves destacando el elevado número de especies endémicas y amenazadas a nivel nacional e internacional, tanto en los sitios muestreados dentro de la reserva y su zona de amortiguamiento. Estos datos contribuyen al conocimiento y realzan la importancia de estos remanentes para la conservación de las aves.

Resumen. Se ha estimado que cada año mueren 42 a 365 millones de aves en Norteamérica a causa de las colisiones con ventanas. Sin embargo, se desconoce la magnitud de las especies que se pueden ver afectadas con las cristalerías para los países latinoamericanos que tienen una alta diversidad de aves. Por lo que, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la riqueza de especies afectadas y conocer las características (tipo de cristal y vegetación cercana) que influyen sobre la mortalidad de aves en Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. Realizamos monitoreos que consistían en búsqueda de aves muertas o lesionadas en los edificios con fachadas o ventanales en diferentes zonas de la ciudad. Además, compilamos la información ciudadana con la intención de complementar la lista de las especies afectadas en los edificios de la ciudad. Obtuvimos 474 registros de accidentes, que correspondieron a 82 especies de aves. Las especies de mayor frecuencia fueron Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi y Columbina passerina. La cristalería reflectante generó la mayor mortalidad de aves, al igual que la presencia de la vegetación cercana. El número de especies afectadas fue alto a comparación con los estudios realizados en otras regiones del país (Jalisco y Tamaulipas). Además, varias de las especies afectadas se encuentran amenazadas al nivel nacional e internacional y otras son especies endémicas de México. Por lo que, es importante evitar la cristalería reflectante al igual que la combinación árbol-ventana, pues éstos atraen a las aves y corren el riesgo de colisionar.

Abstract. It has been estimated that 42 to 365 million birds die each year in North America due to collisions with windows. However, the magnitude of species affected by collision with windows is unknown for Latin American countries that have high avian diversity. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to analyze the richness of species affected by windows, and determine the characteristics (type of glass and nearby vegetation) that influence bird mortality in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. We conducted surveys that consisted of searching for dead or injured birds in buildings with facades or windows in different areas of the city. In addition, we compiled citizen information to complement the list of species affected by buildings in the city. We obtained 474 records of accidents, which corresponded to 82 species of birds. The most frequent species were Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi, and Columbina passerina. Reflective glass generated the highest bird mortality, as did the presence of nearby vegetation. The number of species affected was high in comparison with studies carried out in the other regions of the country (Jalisco and Tamaulipas). In addition, several of the affected species are threatened nationally and internationally, and others are endemic to Mexico. Therefore, it is important to avoid reflective glass, as well as a tree-window combination, as these attract birds and run the highest risk of collisions.

Resumo Os pássaros são indicadores muito valiosos da riqueza de espécies e padrões endêmicos em um determinado ecossistema, o que acaba ajudando o cientista a medir a degradação ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o conhecimento humano e a atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro meses consecutivos: novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A população de pássaros foi observada em oito cidades residenciais da cidade de Faisalabad, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Faisalabad tem uma população razoavelmente grande de pássaros, e os dados atuais mostram que há uma diferença significativa entre as aves favoritas de áreas residenciais e instituições. O pombo recebeu mais semelhanças na população de pássaros entre os residentes de áreas residenciais, enquanto o myna recebeu menos. A ave mais popular nas instituições de Faisalabad era o pardal, enquanto a ave menos popular era o myna comum. A porcentagem de adaptação de pássaros em áreas residenciais e institucionais de Faisalabad foi a mais alta para papagaios e pardais, respectivamente. As pessoas em áreas residenciais e instituições, por outro lado, se adaptaram menos ao myna comum. Conclui-se que pessoas da área de estudo como pássaros e alimentos oferecidos e alta população de pássaros estão presentes na área de estudo.

Abstract Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation. The aim of present study was to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. The study conducted in four consecutive months: November 2019 to February 2020. Population of birds was noted from eight residential towns of Faisalabad city, data were collected through questionnaire. Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of birds and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna. Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna. It is concluded that people of the study area like birds and offered food and high population of birds are present in study area.

ABSTRACT. The main objective of our work was to survey the composition (richness and abundance) of birds in a forest remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, susceptible to the expansion of quarrying activities to support future analyzes of the environmental impacts. We recorded 142 bird species, distributed in 16 orders and 42 families. We propose that species richness shall not be affected by the expansion of quarrying into the remnant; however, we recorded that bird abundance was significantly lower near the forest edge than in the interior, especially of endemic, threatened and understory specialist species. Thus, if quarrying operation expands, we expect the bird abundance in adjacent forest remnants will be higher after species displacement, then will decrease over time as intra- and interspecific ecological relationships increase through competition for resources and territory. The size and quality of the remaining fragments are fundamental to reduce impacts of the activity and ensure the persistence of populations of sensitive and specialized birds in the region. For this reason, if the quarrying expands into the remnant area, then we propose that the surrounding forests be protected to ensure the migration and persistence of sensitive birds, mainly understory insectivores. In this context, we propose the following five actions to be implemented by the entrepreneur: 1) acquisition of surround remnants to be converted into Private Protected Areas, 2) reforestation equivalent to deforested area, 3) contribute to the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Atlantic Forest Birds through compensatory measures, 4) reduction of quarrying area, and 5) bird monitoring program. ABSTRACT Catarina Brazil 14 1 4 families however interior endemic Thus displacement intra territory region reason area insectivores context entrepreneur Areas 2 3 measures 5 program

RESUMO O principal objetivo do nosso trabalho foi o levantamento da composição (riqueza e abundância) da avifauna em um remanescente florestal de Mata Atlântica em Santa Catarina, suscetível à ampliação e intervenção de uma pedreira para subsidiar futuras análises de impactos ambientais dessa atividade. Registramos 142 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 16 ordens e 42 famílias. A partir dos resultados, concluímos que a riqueza total de espécies não deve ser afetada pela ampliação da área de lavra sob o remanescente. No entanto, constatamos que a abundância das aves foi menor nas proximidades da borda da mata, especialmente das aves endêmicas, ameaçadas e especialistas de sub-bosque. Dessa maneira, esperamos que a abundância nas áreas florestais adjacentes seja maior por um período, após o deslocamento das espécies, e diminua ao longo do tempo, à medida em que as relações ecológicas intraespecíficas e interespecíficas aumentem pela competição por recursos e território no habitat. Alertamos que se o tamanho do remanescente não for suficiente para populações viáveis, nossa hipótese é que haja um lapso temporal até que as espécies mais sensíveis desapareçam do local. O tamanho e qualidade do fragmento remanescente deve ser fundamental para minimizar os impactos da atividade e garantir a persistência das populações de aves sensíveis e especializadas na região. Por esse motivo, se a expansão da mina ocorrer, advertimos para que os remanescentes florestais do entorno sejam preservados para garantir a migração e persistência de aves sensíveis, principalmente insetívoras de sub-bosque relatadas em nosso estudo. Nesse contexto, apontamos cinco medidas prioritárias que devem ser implementadas pelo empreendedor, caso o órgão licenciador delibere em favor da ampliação/manutenção da atividade minerária: 1) aquisição dos remanescentes do entorno para transformá-los em RPPN, 2) reposição florestal equivalente à área desmatada, 3) contribuir com as ações do Plano de Ação Nacional para conservação das aves da Mata Atlântica por meio de medida compensatória, 4) diminuição da área de mina para exploração e 5) monitoramento de aves durante a instalação e operação do empreendimento. Catarina 14 1 4 famílias resultados entanto mata endêmicas subbosque. subbosque sub bosque. bosque maneira período tempo habitat viáveis local região motivo ocorrer estudo contexto empreendedor ampliaçãomanutenção manutenção minerária transformálos transformá los RPPN 2 desmatada 3 compensatória 5 empreendimento

Resumen La pava caucana (Penelope perspicax) es un ave endémica de las laderas del valle geográfico del río Cauca en Colombia, considerada en peligro de extinción. La pérdida de hábitat y la cacería han sido sus principales amenazas, lo que ha generado la reducción y aislamiento de sus poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la densidad poblacional en una localidad en los Farallones de Cali y desarrollar modelos de ocupación, para evaluar factores que expliquen el uso de hábitat de la especie. Obtuvimos una densidad de 9 ind.km-2, el valor más bajo de los estimados disponibles para la especie; además, encontramos una relación estrecha entre el área de cobertura boscosa y el uso del hábitat de la especie. Los resultados indican la necesidad de conservar los remanentes de bosque y mantener la conectividad, ya que a pesar de que la especie puede utilizar gran variedad de hábitats, la probabilidad de uso aumenta en relación a las áreas disponibles de bosque. Recomendamos que se aumenten los esfuerzos de muestreo en este núcleo poblacional, asegurando variabilidad temporal y espacial, con el fin de contar con mejor información para su manejo en este núcleo.

Abstract The Cauca Guan (Penelope perspicax) is an endemic and threatened bird from the foothills of the Cauca River valley in Colombia. Its main threats are habitat loss and hunting, which have generated the decrease and isolation of its populations. The aim of this study was to determine the population density in a locality at the Farallones de Cali and to develop occupancy models to evaluate factors that explain the habitat use by this species. Through transects of varying lengths, we collected data to make the first estimates of population density. We obtained a density of 9 ind.km-2, the lowest estimated values available for the species; in addition, we found a close relationship between forest cover area and habitat of this species. These results indicate the need to conserve forest remnants and maintain connectivity, because despite the fact that the species can use a wide variety of habitats, the probability of use increases in relation to the forest areas available. We recommend that increasing the sampling efforts is necessary in this core population, to ensure temporal and spatial variability, in order to have better information for its management.

Abstract The Cerrado encompasses a complex network of hydrographic basins, which is responsible for the formation and maintenance of the riparian and gallery forests. Alterations in the vegetation resulting from the paleoclimatic changes that occurred during the Pleistocene influenced the current distribution of these humid forests. To understand of the evolutionary dynamics of this landscape on the population structure of the associated organisms, we studied the population genetics of the Antilophia galeata (Pipridae), a bird endemic to the gallery forests of the Cerrado. For this, we evaluated the variability of the mitochondrial control region of 71 A. galeata specimens from 18 localities distributed throughout the Cerrado. The results indicated the existence of significant substructure among the populations located in the peripheral areas of the Cerrado, in comparison with the populations found in the central portion, reflecting historical changes in the environment. We also found high levels of diversity in all the populations, while the analysis of the demographic history revealed a scenario of stability. Overall, then, these findings indicate that the historical modifications of the gallery forest distribution may have been most accentuated in the peripheral zones, with a greater stability and connectivity persisting in the central portion of the biome.

RESUMEN En México, los matorrales ocupan el 29.7 % (576,747 km²) de la superficie del país. Estas áreas fungen como refugio de la avifauna. A pesar de su importancia, se desconoce la abundancia y composición avifaunística que pueden llegar a albergar, en específico, el matorral submontano. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: 1) describir la composición avifaunística del matorral submontano de la parte noroeste de Tamaulipas, México, en términos de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad, 2) analizar los gremios tróficos que se presentan en el matorral en función de la variación estacional y 3) conocer los estatus de conservación y endemismos de las especies de aves. Para ello, se realizaron 12 visitas mensuales de febrero de 2019 a enero de 2020, en las que se identificaron 1,858 individuos pertenecientes a 12 órdenes, 26 familias y 93 especies. Las familias de mayor riqueza fueron Cardinalidae y Parulidae. La estación del año más diversa fue la primavera (H’= 3.68). Se identificaron dos especies en peligro de extinción a nivel global y dos endemismos para México. Además, se reportan tres especies no registradas previamente en la región. El presente trabajo, es el primero que reporta la composición y riqueza de aves para la parte noroeste de Tamaulipas, México. Resalta la importancia del matorral submontano como refugio para las aves migratorias y residentes, y se contribuye al conocimiento de la diversidad regional.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, scrub habitat occupies 29.7 % (576,747 km²) of the country's surface. These areas serve as refuges for birds. However, despite their importance, the abundance and composition of birds are unknown, especially in the submontane scrub. The objectives of this work are: 1) to describe the avifaunal composition of the submontane scrub of the northwestern part of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in terms of richness, abundance, and diversity; 2) to analyze the trophic guilds that occur in the scrub as a function of seasonal variation; and 3) to determine the conservation status and endemism of bird species. For this, 12 monthly visits were made from February 2019 to January 2020, during which we identified 1,858 individuals belonging to 12 orders, 26 families, and 93 species. The richest families were Cardinalidae and Parulidae. While the most diverse season of the year was spring (H’= 3.68). Two globally endangered species and two endemic species were identified for Mexico. In addition, three species not previously recorded in the region are reported. This work is the first to report the composition and richness of birds for the northwestern part of Tamaulipas, Mexico. This highlights the importance of the submontane scrub as a refuge for migratory and resident birds. In addition, it contributes to the knowledge of regional diversity.

Resumo A determinação dos riscos relativos de extinção dos táxons ameaçados é importante para o delineamento de ações de recuperação e para o direcionamento dos investimentos em conservação. O Brasil é o país que possui o maior número de táxons ameaçados de aves, no entanto, informações sobre aspectos demográficos são inexistentes para a maioria deles. Neste trabalho são apresentadas estimativas de densidades populacionais, baseadas no método de amostragem por distância, para três táxons ameaçados de extinção endêmicos do Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco (CEP), a região mais degradada de toda a Mata Atlântica. Os táxons analisados foram a choca-lisa Thamnophilus aetiops distans (Ameaçada), o flautim-marrom Schiffornis turdina intermedia (Vulnerável) e a maria-de-barriga-branca Hemitriccus griseipectus naumburgae (Vulnerável). Os números de indivíduos/ha estimados para um fragmento de floresta de aproximadamente 1000 ha foram respectivamente 0,21, 0,14 e 0,73. Com isto, foi possível confirmar a premissa de que mesmo táxons classificados em uma mesma categoria de ameaça com base apenas em informações de hábitats podem possuir densidades populacionais bastante divergentes e portanto diferentes graus de riscos de extinção. Embora as densidades populacionais possam variar entre fragmentos, a extrapolação destes dados para toda a área do CEP confirmou a classificação de Vulnerável para o flautim-marrom e indicou as categorias Vulnerável e Pouco Preocupante para a choca-lisa e para a maria-de-barriga-branca, sugerindo que para as duas últimas, as classificações atuais baseadas nos tamanhos das suas Áreas de Ocupação (Ameaçada e Vulnerável) devem prevalecer.

Abstract Determining the relative risks of extinction of declining taxa is important to delineate conservation priorities and to guide the investments in conservation. Brazil concentrates the greatest number of endangered avian taxa on Earth, yet demographic information is lacking for most of them. Here we present distance-sampling population density estimates for three endangered bird taxa endemic to the Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC), the most critically disturbed Atlantic Forest region. The analyzed taxa were the White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus aetiops distans (Endangered), the Brown-winged Mourner Schiffornis turdina intermedia (Vulnerable), and the White-bellied Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus griseipectus naumburgae (Vulnerable). The estimated numbers of individuals/ha in an approximately 1,000 ha forest fragment were 0.21, 0.14, and 0.73, respectively. Our findings corroborated the premise that even taxa classified in similar threat categories based on habitat characteristics alone can have different population densities and consequently, divergent risks of extinction. Although population densities can vary among fragments, the extrapolation of our data to the whole PEC confirmed the Vulnerable status of the Brown-winged Mourner, and indicated the Vulnerable and Least Concern categories for the White-shouldered Antshrike and for the White-bellied Tody-tyrant, suggesting that for the two later taxa, the current classifications (Endangered and Vulnerable) based on their Areas of Occupancy must prevail.

Abstract We present an updated list of bird species from Department of Loreto. The list is based on the review of specimens from scientific collections, historical records, publications, and field observations. We report 1040 species of birds in Loreto, 72 in some threat category, 72 migratory and 13 endemics to Peru. Percnostola arenarum, Pithys castaneus and Polioptila clementsi are endemics to Loreto. The families with the highest numbers of species are Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae and Thraupidae. The list presented is highly reliable due to the support of about 81% of the species on specimens from scientific collections and only 1.5% from sighting reports by ornithologists. Bird species from Loreto represent about 55% of the total reported for Peru and in Passeriformes 52% of those estimated for the Amazonia. The distribution of reports shows that it is necessary to explore areas close to the region's borders with Colombia and Brazil, as well as the mountain ranges shared with Amazonas and San Martin. Based on the distribution of threatened and endemic avifauna, we propose to prioritize the study and protection of montane areas and white-sand forests.

Resumen Presentamos una lista actualizada de las especies de aves del departamento de Loreto. La lista está basada en la revisión de ejemplares de colecciones científicas, registros históricos, publicaciones y observaciones de campo. Reportamos 1040 especies de aves para Loreto, 72 de ellas en alguna categoría de amenaza, 72 migratorias y 13 endémicas de Perú. Percnostola arenarum, Pithys castaneus y Polioptila clementsi son endémicas de Loreto. Las familias con mayor número de especies son Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae y Thraupidae. La lista presentada tiene alta confiabilidad debido al respaldo de cerca del 81% de las especies en especímenes de colecciones científicas y apenas el 1.5% solo por reportes de avistamientos realizados por ornitólogos. Las especies de aves de Loreto representan alrededor del 55% del total reportado para el Perú y en Passeriformes el 52% de los estimado para la Amazonia. La distribución de los registros muestra que es necesario explorar áreas cercanas a las fronteras con Colombia y Brasil, así como las cordilleras que comparten con Amazonas y San Martín. En base a la distribución de la avifauna amenazada y endémica se propone priorizar el estudio y protección de áreas montanas y de bosques de arena blanca en particular.

RESUMEN Las áreas periurbanas han sido documentadas como zonas de transición entre ambientes naturales y zonas urbanas las cuales son fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la avifauna asociada a las grandes urbes, albergando incluso altos niveles de riqueza y diversidad de especies. En el presente trabajo es documentado el ensamblaje de aves en una zona periurbana del municipio de Medellín (Colombia), la cual, en el último siglo ha sufrido una fuerte transformación de su cobertura natural y es considerada de alto interés para la conservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de la ciudad. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la sede de prácticas de la Corporación Universitaria Remington, ubicada en el corregimiento de Santa Elena. El registro de la avifauna se realizó mediante la captura de individuos con redes de niebla y la observación directa en recorridos libres, llevados a cabo en muestreos en agosto-septiembre de 2017, febrero-mayo de 2018 y septiembre de 2020. Adicionalmente, registros para algunas especies fueron obtenidos del muestreo con cámaras trampa, avistamientos ocasionales y datos sonoros. Se registraron un total de 54 especies de aves pertenecientes a 12 órdenes y 27 familias, incluidas dos especies endémicas, una casi endémica y dos especies migratorias. Este trabajo reporta la presencia de 35 especies que no habían sido previamente registradas en listados publicados para el corregimiento, principalmente especies asociadas a áreas abiertas y zonas de bordes de bosque. Los resultados presentados resaltan la importancia de las áreas periurbanas en la diversidad de la avifauna local en las grandes ciudades.

ABSTRACT Peri-urban areas have been documented as transitional zones between natural environments and urban areas, which are essential for the maintenance of the birdlife associated with large cities, even harboring high levels of species richness and diversity. In this work, the assemblages of birds in a peri-urban area of the municipality of Medellín (Colombia) is documented. This area has undergone a strong transformation of its natural cover in the last century and is considered of high interest for the conservation of ecosystem services on which the city depends. The study was carried out at the Remington University Veterinary Clinic, located in the town of Santa Elena. The avifauna records were obtained from capturing individuals with mist nets and direct observation in free walks carried out in August-September 2017, February-May 2018 and September 2020. Additionally, records for some species were derived from camera trap sampling, occasional sightings, and sound data. A total of 54 bird species belonging to 12 orders and 27 families were recorded, including two endemic species, one near-endemic and two migratory species. This work reports the presence of 35 species that had not been previously registered in published lists for the township, mainly species associated with open areas and forest edges. Obtained results highlight the importance of peri-urban areas for the diversity of local birdlife in large cities.

Resumen Introducción: La migración desde ambientes rurales hacia las ciudades ha incrementado la urbanización. Esto ha modificado el paisaje, así como los procesos ecológicos y comunidades dentro de estas áreas. El Cuatro-ojos de Jupa-roja (Melozone cabanisi) es una especie distribuida principalmente al interior del asentamiento urbano más grande de Costa Rica. Hasta el presente esta área sigue experimentando fragmentación y pérdida del hábitat utilizado por esta especie (plantaciones de café, charrales y tacotales). Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la urbanización sobre la cantidad de hábitat y su distribución espacial, basada en datos de presencia para M. cabanisi. Métodos: Modelamos el hábitat potencialmente adecuado para M. cabanisi utilizando datos bioclimáticos y de presencia. Luego estimamos el hábitat real utilizando el hábitat potencialmente adecuado y las capas de cobertura del suelo. Finalmente analizamos la conectividad entre los parches de hábitat real utilizando un enfoque multi y mono-parche. Resultados: Del área del hábitat potencialmente adecuado estimada por el modelo bioclimático, 74 % fueron áreas urbanas, lo que consideramos es un porcentaje inadecuado para M. cabanisi. Los parches más grandes de hábitat real dentro de las áreas urbanas fueron plantaciones de café, que a su vez fueron cruciales para mantener la conectividad entre los parches a lo largo del rango de distribución de la especie. Conclusiones: Para conservar y proteger a M. cabanisi, los tomadores de decisiones deben tener en cuenta los charrales, tacotales y cafetales dentro de la distribución de las especies en los planes de gestión presentes y futuros, evitando su cambio a coberturas urbanas.

Abstract Introduction: Migration of people from rural environments to cities has accelerated urbanization and modified the landscape as well as the ecological processes and communities in these areas. The Costa Rican endemic Cabanis´s Ground-Sparrow (Melozone cabanisi) is a species of limited distribution restricted to the “Gran Area Metropolitana”, which is the biggest urban settlement of the country. This area has experimented and still experiment an ongoing fragmentation and loss of habitat used by this species (coffee plantations, shrubs, and thickets). Objective: To determine the effects of urbanization on habitat abundance and spatial pattern for the occurrence of Melozone cabanisi. Methods: We modeled the area of potentially suitable habitat for this species in Costa Rica using occurrence and bioclimatic data. Then, we estimated the actual suitable habitat using land cover type layers. Finally, we analyzed the connectivity among the actual suitable habitat patches using single-patch and multi-patch approaches. Results: From the area of potentially suitable habitat estimated by the bioclimatic model, 74 % were urban areas that are unsuitable for Melozone cabanisi. The largest suitable patches within urban areas were coffee plantations; which also were crucial for maintaining connectivity between habitat patches along the species’ range. Conclusions: To preserve and protect the Melozone cabanisi, these areas must be taken into consideration by decision-makers in the present and future management plans. We recommend avoiding change shrubs and thickets to urban cover to preserve the occurrence of Melozone cabanisi, and implement a program for the payment of environmental services to landholders, supported by the local governments, to protect those habitats in urban contexts.

BACKGROUND: Two of Lesotho's protected areas, namely Bokong Nature Reserve and Tsehlanyane National Park, form the core area of the country's first proposed Biosphere Reserve. Biodiversity is a key aspect needed to justify nomination of a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme. Previously documented biodiversity of the two protected areas is limited in terms of coverage and scope as well as being outdated. The aim of the current study was to conduct a rapid assessment of the biodiversity, including endemism, of the proposed Biosphere Reserve to inform the formal nomination processMETHODS: A field survey was undertaken over 112 033 ha in the core, buffer and transition zones of the proposed Biosphere Reserve during which species of both flora and fauna were documented. Purposeful recordings were made during different seasons to incorporate various flowering seasons of the plants, as well as faunal species that may hibernate or migrate seasonallyRESULTS: A total of 380 plant species was recorded, 30 of which are legally protected in the country, 60 endemic to the Drakensberg Mountain Centre, and two species (Aloe polyphylla and Glumicalyx lesuticus) are endemic to Lesotho. The former is the national flower of Lesotho and is under threat due to illegal trade. Sixteen mammal species were recorded, seven of which are legally protected in the country, as well as 53 bird species (including the IUCN Red Listed vulture species, Gyps coprotheres and Gypaetus barbatus). Two fish species were also recorded including Pseudobarbus quathlambae, which is Lesotho's only known endemic vertebrate species, as well as seven reptile and three amphibian species (two of which are near endemic namely Amietia delalandii and A. vertebralisCONCLUSION: This survey has provided valuable baseline information on the biodiversity (particularly regarding the flora and avifauna) of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, which includes two protected areas namely Bokong Nature Reserve and Tsehlanyane National Park. The findings reflect the biodiversity value of the area and will contribute towards its nomination as Lesotho's first Biosphere Reserve