ABSTRACT Introduction: Although the cause of childhood obesity is multifactorial, it is known that breastfeeding (BF) could be a protective element. Objective: To determine the association of obesity in children with the duration of BF, parental educational levels and types of employment and family formation in a group of children from Encarnación, Paraguay. Methodology: This was a longitudinal, retrospective and descriptive study with an analytical component carried out in 200 children of both sexes. Nutritional status was evaluated at 2, 4 and 6 years, duration of BF. Families were grouped according to parental education levels and types of employment (Group A: up to 6th grade of Elementary Education [EE] and informal economy work; Group B: up to 12th grade of EE and public/commercial employment; Group C: tertiary education and managerial employment positions or business ownership. A value of p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 50% (n=100) were men, 96.5% (n=193) from urban areas, 70% (n=140) came from nuclear families, 73% (n=146) were families from group B. BF duration was ≤4 months 5.5% (n=11), up to 6 months 9% (n=18), 7 to 11 months 20.5% (n=41), continued BF (≥1 year) 63 .5%(n=127). 14.5%, 18% and 18.5% were obese at 2, 4 and 6 years respectively. There was greater obesity at 4 years with BF <6 months (42.9% vs 16.1% Chi2 p=0.02), but not at 2 or 6 years. No significant association of obesity with parental employment or educational level or with the presence of a partner (Chi2 p≥0.05). Conclusion: Breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months is associated with a higher frequency of obesity at 4 years of age.

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque la causa de la obesidad infantil es multifactorial, se sabe que la lactancia materna (LM) podría ser un elemento protector. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de obesidad en los niños con la duración de la LM, escolaridad y tipo de empleo de padres y conformación familiar en un grupo de niños de Encarnación-Paraguay. Metodología: estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo y descriptivo con componente analítico realizado con 200 niños de ambos sexos. Se evaluó estado nutricional a los 2, 4 y 6 años, duración de LM, agrupación familiar según nivel de escolaridad y tipo de empleo (Grupo A: hasta 6° grado de la Educación Escolar Básica (EEB) y trabajo informa; 2)Grupo B: hasta 3° de EEB y empleados públicos/comerciales; 3)Grupo C: educación terciaria y cargos jerárquicos o dueños de corporaciones.Se consideró valor de p<0,05 como significativo. Resultados: 50%(n=100) fueron varones, 96,5%(n=193) del área urbana, 70%(n=140) con familia nuclear, 73%(n=146) fueron familias del grupo B. Tuvo LM ≤4 meses el 5,5%(n=11), hasta 6 meses 9%(n=18), 7 a 11 meses el 20,5%(n=41), LM continuada (≥1 año) el 63,5%(n=127). Presentaron obesidad el 14,5%, 18% y 18,5% a los 2, 4 y 6 años respectivamente. Hubo mayor obesidad a los 4 años con LM <6 meses (42,9% vs 16,1% Chi2 p=0,02), no así a los 2 o 6 años. Sin asociación significativa de obesidad con tipo de empleo y escolaridad de los padres o con presencia de pareja (Chi2 p≥0,05). Conclusión: La duración de lactancia materna menor a 6 meses se asocia con mayor frecuencia de obesidad a los 4 años.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining or promoting employment in the presence of disability or reducing the impact of disability on employability should be the adopted focus to decrease the negative impact that disability has on the economy and just as important on the livelihood and well-being of exposed insured individuals. Group risk disability insurance protects an employee's income when illness or injury result in work disability. To achieve this, factors that promote the success of rehabilitation and support for return-to-work of employees following illness and injury need to be understood from an insurance perspective. OBJECTIVES: To explore principles of disability claims management during the rehabilitation and work reintegration stage using a multi-stakeholder approach for the purpose of successful return to work. METHODS: An exploratory qualitative design was used to collect data via semi-structured interviews with 26 purposively selected participants. Interviews were audio-recorded, data were transcribed and analysed thematically. Qualitative research was used to understand the necessary role players in the work reintegration process, factors that hinder and promote work reintegration and best practice principles for Disability Claims Management (DCM). RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the study; (i) role players and their functions with collaboration is integral to disability claims management, (ii) various factors promote and restrict return-to-work planning, and (iii) best practice principles in the DCM pathway that promote return-to-work. These principles include behavioural economics as the central principle, with resource identification and competency, governance, role engagement and education and awareness as supporting principles. CONCLUSION: Collaborative and integrated approaches by role players within a workers' family unit, health system, employer structure and insurance compensation are required for positive return-to-work outcomes. The various role players are responsible for creating policies, structures, intervention strategies, and environments that foster return-to-work. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • An integrated approach is required for optimal RTW outcomes as employers' policies restrict work integration. • A collaborative approach by all role players involved in DCM, focusing on positive RTW outcomes is required in the RTW process • Occupational therapists can influence employer incapacity and disability policies in order to keep people employed and productive in the presence of medical conditions with the application of reasonable accommodations where necessary. • Occupational therapists are suitably positioned to outline workplace environment and other supports required to guide and support employees through rehabilitation and RTW and in ensuring that employees who can remain at work while on a partial or fully insured benefit, can engage optimally in aspects of work function.

Abstract The economic contraction shows the restrictions in the markets for goods, services and employment, which, boosted by pandemic events such as covid-19, becomes a short and medium-term crisis, with marked long-term uncertainty. However, there are alternatives to deal with these, such as the inclusive reactivation of financial credit through Popular and Solidarity Economy. This research aims to explore the performance of the Ecuadorian popular and solidarity financial sector in periods of recession, and thus present evidence of its potential participation as an active agent in financing exit strategies from covid-19.

Resumen La contracción económica evidencia las restricciones en los mercados de bienes, servicios y empleo, lo cual, potenciado por el evento pandémico del covid-19, se transforma en crisis de corto y mediano plazo, con una marcada incertidumbre a largo plazo. No obstante, existen alternativas para afrontar la situación, tal como la reactivación inclusiva del crédito financiero a través de la Economía Popular y Solidaria (EPS). En esta investigación se explora el desempeño del crédito del sector financiero popular y solidario ecuatoriano en periodos de recesión y su potencial participación como agente activo en el financiamiento de estrategias de salida del covid-19.

The number of people on Earth and human activities are currently taking on frightening proportions with far-reaching consequences for our planet, its biodiversity and ultimately the human race itself. Ten thousand years ago, humans represented 1% of the total biomass of all land vertebrates. The rest was made up by wild animals. Currently, humans, livestock and pets make up 99% of terrestrial vertebrate biomass, while wild animals represent only 1%. It took millennia for the human population to reach the 1 billion mark and that only by 1890. By 1960, however, the world population had grown to 3 billion. Today there are 8 billion people living on our planet. According to Population Matters, the world population will be approximately 10,4 billion by the end of this century, despite the gradual decline in the growth rate in some countries. There is only a 23% chance that the total population growth rate will tail off before 2100. The population of the 47 least developed countries is likely to triple between 2017 and 2100 to around 3 billion. There are currently 62 million people in South Africa. About 67,9% of our population (in 2021) live in urban areas. The South African population grew by 0,87% in 2023. The fertility rate is 2,30 (2023). It is estimated that by 2050 75,5 million people will be living in South Africa, with 8 out of every 10 people living in urban areas, which would significantly increase the pressure on infrastructure. The Global Footprint Network states that humans currently use the resources of 1,75 Earths. If the situation does not improve, by 2050 we would need the equivalent of three Earths to survive. More than 4 billion people will have little or no water by 2050, and South Africa even now has been classified as a "water-stressed" country. Medical science is continually contributing to more babies surviving their entry into the world and to our living increasingly longer. Life expectancy has risen from 46 years in 1950 to 73,2 years in 2023. By 2050 it will be 77 years. What can be done? Empowerment of women is important. Population growth can be curbed to a reasonable extent by giving more girls access to education. This certainly does not mean that girls or women alone should be held responsible for the current population growth, but much more will have to be done about sex education, women's rights will have to be actively promoted and there will have to be better provision and use of contraceptives. Obviously, these issues should be approached and handled with due caution. In this regard, countries such as Thailand and South Korea have, in the recent past, proved that good education may result in lower birth rates. In Africa, women with no education have an average of 5,4 children; women who completed high school an average of 2,7 children and women with tertiary education an average of 2.2. In Nigeria, every year of school attendance by girls cuts the birth rate by a tenth. In addition, intensified efforts to reform economies and societies should be considered. For the sake of the survival of the human species and the sustainability of the Earth, ecological and economic justice and the empowerment ofwomen have to be encouraged. The Millennium Project - a global participatory think tank that was founded in 1996 under the auspices of the American Council for the United Nations University, but which became independent in 2009 and has since grown into a global network of institutions and individuals - aims to improve humankind's prospects for a better future. It recommends, among other things, the following: • Support a policy aimed at improving the survival of children, responsible family planning and educational opportunities for (especially) girls. • Improve methods that will ensure skills and employment opportunities for young people, as well as care and services for the elderly. • Implement the UN's urban agenda. • Create enough smart cities where citizens with urban intelligence can help in eco-smart ways with the necessary improvements in the city. • Increase training in resilience, and improve disaster prediction and management. • Provide guidance for people about urban ecology. • Intensify research and development in saltwater agriculture (halophytes or salt plants) on coastlines to produce food for humans and animals, biofuel and pulp for the paper industry, and to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). This will ease the pressure on freshwater agriculture. • Improve agricultural and irrigation management. • Invest in precision agriculture and aquaculture. • Reduce food losses from the "farm to the mouth" (one third or 1,3 billion tons of agricultural production is wasted in this way every year). • Establish seaweed to restore wild fish populations along coastlines. The World Bank estimates that 90% of marine life is completely depleted. • Expand the production of insects for animal feed and human diets (insects have a low environmental impact, and 2 billion people already supplement their diet with insects today). • Encourage vegetarianism. Although there are more ways to address these important global challenges, responsible family planning remains one of the most important. This is an extremely sensitive issue for many people (especially in Africa), but if it is not promoted in a humane, informed and responsible way, the sustainability of life on our planet will increasingly come under tremendous pressure in various respects.

Die aantal mense op aarde en hulle/ons aktiwiteite neem tans skrikwekkende afmetings aan met wydlopende gevolge vir ons planeet, biodiversiteit en uiteindelik onsself. Die moderne mens het sy teenwoordigheid op die aarde en die benutting van hulpbronne baie lank as sy onaantasbare reg gesien. Die huidige uitwerking van byvoorbeeld bevolkingsgroei en besoedeling versteur die aarde se natuurlike ritme in so 'n mate dat ons nou nie meer op 'n kitsoplossing kan hoop nie. Die mens se getalle neem teen so 'n tempo toe dat dit nie net nadelig vir die planeet is nie, maar ook vir die mensdom self. Wat kan gedoen word? Bemagtiging van vroue speel 'n belangrike rol. Dit beteken beslis nie dat meisies en vroue alleen vir die huidige bevolkingsgroei verantwoordelik gehou moet word nie. Die bevolkingsgroei kan egter in 'n redelike mate vertraag word deur veral meer meisies toegang tot onderwys en opleiding te gee - asook hul lewensomstandighede te verbeter. Ook sal daar heelwat meer aan seksopvoeding gedoen moet word, vroueregte sal daadwerklik bevorder moet word en daar sal beter voorsiening en gebruik van voorbehoedmiddels moet wees. Uiteraard moet hierdie kwessies met die nodige omsigtigheid benader en hanteer word. In hierdie verband kan onder andere Thailand en Suid-Korea genoem word wat in die onlangse verlede bewys het dat goeie onderwys geboortesyfers laat daal. In Afrika het vroue wat geen onderwys ontvang nie, gemiddeld 5,4 kinders; vroue wat hoërskool voltooi het gemiddeld 2,7 kinders en vroue wat tersiêre studie deurloop het, gemiddeld 2,2 kinders. In Nigerië sny elke jaar wat meisies skool bywoon, die geboortesyfer met 'n tiende. Hiermee saam sal daar ook verskerpte pogings moet wees om ekonomieë en samelewings te hervorm. Ter wille van die mens se voortbestaan en die volhoubaarheid van lewe op aarde moet ekologiese en ekonomiese geregtigheid, en die bemagtiging van vroue aangemoedig word.

Abstract The study, focusing on the New Economy, aims to analyze the location of Information Technology (IT) activities in Brazil. Discusses this service sector and its installation in cities and analyzes the presence of companies and employees in Brazil in a comparison on a national scale between the federation units; and between municipalities; while, on a regional scale, it addresses the state of São Paulo. The work uses, above all, the official databases of the Annual List of Social Information (RAIS), linked to the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the federal government, managing to reveal the entire Brazilian territory. The theoretical basis is related to studies of innovation and territory, pointing out that the transformation of the technological base with global contours, from the second half of the 20th century, led to the emergence of a New Economy, which has an emphasis on information, knowledge, learning and innovation. As a result of the study, the presence of IT in Brazilian capitals is presented, especially in the South and Southeast of the country, with the supremacy of São Paulo and its metropolitan region. The study highlights a large concentration of IT activities in large centers, demonstrating the permanence or deepening of territorial inequalities in Brazil.

Resumo O estudo, com foco na Nova Economia, tem por objetivo analisar a localização das atividades de Tecnologias da Informação (TI) no Brasil. Discute este setor de serviços e sua instalação nas cidades, e analisa a presença de empresas e de empregados no Brasil numa comparação em escala nacional entre as unidades da federação; e entre os municípios; enquanto, na escala regional, aborda o estado de São Paulo. O trabalho se vale, sobretudo, dos bancos de dados oficiais da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), vinculada ao Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do governo federal, conseguindo revelar todo o território brasileiro. A base teórica se relaciona com estudos de inovação e território, apontando que a transformação da base tecnológica com contornos globais, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, propiciou o surgimento de uma Nova Economia, que tem ênfase na informação, no conhecimento, na aprendizagem e na inovação. Como resultado do estudo, é apresentada a presença da TI nas capitais brasileiras, em especial, no Sul e Sudeste do país, com a supremacia de São Paulo e sua região metropolitana. O estudo evidencia uma grande concentração de atividades de TI nos grandes centros, manifestando a permanência ou o aprofundamento das desigualdades territoriais no Brasil.

Resumen El estudio, centrado en la Nueva Economía, tiene como objetivo analizar la localización de las actividades de Tecnologías de la Información (TI) en Brasil. Discute este sector de servicios y su instalación en las ciudades, y analiza la presencia de empresas y empleados en Brasil en una comparación a escala nacional entre las unidades de la federación; y entre municipios; mientras que, a escala regional, aborda el estado de São Paulo. El trabajo utiliza, sobre todo, las bases de datos oficiales de la Lista Anual de Informaciones Sociales (RAIS), vinculada al Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo del Gobierno Federal, logrando revelar todo el territorio brasileño. La base teórica está relacionada con estudios de innovación y territorio, señalando que la transformación de la base tecnológica con contornos globales, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, propició el surgimiento de una Nueva Economía, que tiene énfasis en la información, conocimiento, aprendizaje e innovación. Como resultado del estudio, se presenta la presencia de TI en las capitales brasileñas, especialmente en el Sur y Sudeste del país, con supremacía de São Paulo y su región metropolitana. El estudio destaca una gran concentración de actividades de TI en grandes centros, lo que demuestra la permanencia o profundización de las desigualdades territoriales en Brasil.

This research explores the employability of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college graduates in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era in South Africa. It examines the role of TVET lecturers in providing skills that are relevant to the contemporary period. The study uses qualitative research inspired by the interpretivist approach, and a purposive sampling strategy to get the perspectives of TVET lecturers and employers. It was observed that TVET lecturers play a minimal role in the development of the curriculum due to a rigid top-down approach from the Ministry of Higher Education. Companies are forming partnerships with TVET colleges by offering places for in-service training, practicals and internships. The study reveals that South African businesses have adopted 4IR-related technologies, requiring a skilled TVET force that is ready for these transformations. The findings highlight the need for regular curriculum transformation and the importance of TVET education in producing artisans, technologists and technicians that are vital for the South African economy on an ongoing basis.

ABSTRACT: This paper provides pioneering estimates of the impact of loan-to-value (LTV) ratios, also known as leverage, on Bolivia’s GDP. The empirical evidence reveals the pro-cyclicality between the economic and financial cycles, which affects the intertemporal resource allocation processes between the financial and real sectors. The findings from the RBC model demonstrate that shocks in the loan-to-value (LTV) ratios trigger a rise in housing prices and greater consumption by entrepreneurs, leading to an increase in investment, employment, and output. Additionally, the study confirms that LTV ratios can be a double-edged instrument, as excessive use can potentially destabilize the economy.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la presente investigación es evidenciar los efectos del loan- to-value (LTV, apalancamiento) en el PIB de Bolivia. Los hechos estilizados muestran una relación procíclica entre el ciclo económico y financiero, aspecto que influye en los procesos intertemporales de asignación de recursos del sector financiero hacia el sector real. Los resultados del modelo RBC revelan que choques positivos (impulso-respuesta) en el LTV generan precios más elevados de los activos, un ciclo financiero positivo, reflejado en un incremento del nivel de créditos y depósitos; lo que se traduce en mayores niveles de inversión, empleo y producto. Asimismo, se corrobora que el LTV es un instrumento de doble filo y el uso excesivo puede desestabilizar la economía.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

Abstract This work analyzes the validity of Kaldor’s propositions for the Colombian economy from 1976 to 2016. The manufacturing industry is considered the key sector for economic growth because its increasing returns are higher than in other sectors. Our analyses draw on a production and employment time series for several sectors in Colombian economic activity. The results are based on the Newey-West estimator and AR(1) auto-regressive models employing Cochrane-Orcutt, Prais-Winsten, and Hildreth-Lu procedures. Our findings were consistent with a Kaldorian viewpoint and suggest that manufacturing has a major influence on economic growth; it also features technological spillovers that could stimulate productivity gains in other sectors of the Colombian economy. This goes to show the importance of encouraging industrial production in developing countries.

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza la validez de las proposiciones de Kaldor en la economía colombiana entre 1976 y 2016. Se considera la industria de transformación o manufacturera como el sector clave del crecimiento económico, gracias a que presenta retornos crecientes, los cuales son más grandes que en otros sectores. Se utilizan datos de series de tiempo para producción y empleo, de varios sectores de actividad económica. Los resultados se obtienen mediante el estimador Newey-West, y de modelos autorregresivos AR(1) con procesos de Cochrane-Orcutt, Prais-Winsten y Hildreth-Lu. La evidencia encontrada es consistente con los argumentos kaldorianos y sugiere que las manufacturas tienen gran importancia en el crecimiento económico; además, presentan efectos spillover o de desbordamiento tecnológico, los cuales estimularían aumentos de productividad en otros sectores de la economía colombiana. Esto demuestra la relevancia de fomentar la producción industrial en países en desarrollo.

Abstract: Over the past decades, tourism has become a key economic industry for many countries. In today’s global economy, it is an essential source of employment and revenue. Tourism as a leisure activity is a very popular form of recreation which involves the movement of people to foreign cities to visit new and unfamiliar places of interest (POIs). The task of recommending personalised tours for tourists is very demanding and time-consuming. The recommended tours must satisfy the tourist’s interests and must at the same time be completed within a limited time span and within some budget. In existing itinerary recommender systems, if there is no past visit history about a particular POI, then that POI is not included in the recommended itinerary. To address this challenge, we have devised an algorithm called PIONEER which is based on a genetic algorithm for suggesting an itinerary based on tourist interests, POI popularity, and travel costs. Our algorithm recommends itineraries for tourists who want to visit locations which are unfamiliar to them. We have used the publicly available Flickr dataset in our work. The results demonstrate the superiority of our PIONEER algorithm compared to the baseline algorithms with regards to metrics like precision, recall and F1-Score.

Resumé L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer si, et dans quelle mesure, la désindustrialisation de l'économie brésilienne a affecté la géographie du vote au cours des deux dernières décennies, en particulier, avec un intérêt à examiner l'inflexion du vote du PT. L'article considère la désindustrialisation comme un choc économique exogène qui, en modifiant les revenus et la nature des emplois disponibles dans les localités, altère le soutien électoral au parti au pouvoir au niveau national. Nos principales sources de données empiriques sont : l'Institute brésilien de géographie et de statistique (IBGE) et le Tribunal supérieur électoral (TSE) ; et nos unités spatiales d'analyse sont les municipalités. Nos résultats confirment l'hypothèse selon laquelle la désindustrialisation a affecté négativement le vote du Parti des Travailleurs. Nous soulignons également les caractéristiques régionales d'un tel processus, fondamentales, avant tout, pour la compréhension du résultat électoral de 2018. L'originalité de l'article réside dans le fait de combler une lacune dans la littérature des études électorales face aux changements structurels du capitalisme brésilien comme vecteur explicatif primordial. Lobjectif L objectif dévaluer d évaluer si mesure léconomie l économie décennies particulier linflexion inflexion PT Larticle qui localités national lInstitute Institute IBGE (IBGE TSE (TSE danalyse analyse municipalités lhypothèse hypothèse Travailleurs dun processus fondamentales tout 2018 Loriginalité originalité larticle primordial 201 20 2

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar si, y en qué medida, la desindustrialización de la economía brasileña ha afectado la geografía del voto en las últimas dos décadas, en particular, con interés en examinar la inflexión del voto del PT. El trabajo considera la desindustrialización como un choque económico exógeno que, al cambiar los ingresos y la naturaleza del empleo disponible en las localidades, altera el apoyo electoral para el partido en el poder a nivel nacional. Nuestras principales fuentes de datos empíricos son: el Instituto Brasileño de Geografia y Estadística (IBGE) y el Tribunal Superior Electoral (TSE); y nuestras unidades espaciales de análisis son los municipios. Nuestros resultados confirman la hipótesis de que la desindustrialización afectó negativamente el voto del Partido de los Trabajadores. Destacamos también las características regionales de tal proceso, fundamentales, sobre todo, para la comprensión del resultado electoral de 2018. La originalidad del artículo radica en llenar un vacío en la literatura de los estudios electorales cuando se trata de cambios estructurales en el capitalismo brasileño como un vector explicativo primordial. si medida décadas particular PT localidades nacional IBGE (IBGE TSE (TSE) municipios Trabajadores proceso fundamentales todo 2018 primordial (TSE 201 20 2

Abstract The goal of this article is to assess whether, and to what extent, the deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy has affected the geography of voting in the last two decades. Particular interest is given to examining the inflection of the vote in the Workers’ Party (PT). The study considers deindustrialization as an exogenous economic shock that, by changing the income and nature of employment available in localities, alters electoral support for the nationally incumbent party. Our main sources of empirical data are: the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and the Superior Electoral Court (TSE); and our spatial units of analysis are municipalities. Our results confirm the hypothesis that deindustrialization negatively affected the Workers’ Party vote. We also emphasize the regional characteristics of this process, which is fundamental, above all, to the understanding of the 2018 electoral result. The article is original because it fills a gap in electoral studies by treating structural changes in Brazilian capitalism as a primordial explanatory vector. whether extent decades Workers PT. PT . (PT) localities party IBGE (IBGE TSE (TSE) municipalities process fundamental all 201 result vector (PT (TSE 20 2

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar se, e em qual medida, a desindustrialização da economia brasileira afetou a geografia do voto nos pleitos eleitorais das últimas duas décadas, em particular, nos interessando examinar a inflexão do voto petista. O trabalho considera a desindustrialização como um choque econômico exógeno que, alterando a renda e a natureza do emprego disponíveis nas localidades, afeta o apoio eleitoral ao partido nacionalmente incumbente. Nossas principais fontes de dados empíricos são: o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE); e nossas unidades espaciais de análise, os municípios. Nossos resultados confirmam a hipótese de que a desindustrialização afetou negativamente a votação do Partido dos Trabalhadores. Ressaltamos, ainda, as características regionais de tal processo, fundamentais, sobretudo, à compreensão do resultado eleitoral de 2018. A originalidade do artigo está em preencher uma lacuna da literatura de estudos eleitorais ao tratar das mudanças estruturais no capitalismo brasileiro como vetor explicativo primordial. se medida décadas particular petista localidades incumbente são IBGE (IBGE TSE (TSE) análise municípios Trabalhadores Ressaltamos ainda processo fundamentais sobretudo 2018 primordial (TSE 201 20 2

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction. Abstract systems SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 diseases rapidly COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 knowledge selfsufficient self sufficient Innovation highlevel level country way intermediation conclusion research universities Education Trade Health value highquality quality reduction SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica. Resumen SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- enfermedades laboratorio COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 desarrollo científico Innovación país manera esenciales comercial Pero universidades Educación Salud SARS-CoV COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica. Resumo latinoamericanos latino americanos SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2, 2 SARS-CoV-2 somouse, somouse somou se, somou-se paralelo doenças laboratoriais COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 acelerou desenvolvimento científico Inovação farmacêuticos país forma essenciais comercial conclusão latinoamericano americano universidades Educação Saúde SARS-CoV- COVID1 1 COVID- SARS-CoV

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.

Resumo O estudo analisa os impactos da pandemia da Covid-19 no mercado de trabalho formal de Santa Catarina entre os anos de 2020 e 2021. Para tanto, inicia com uma revisão das principais mudanças observadas no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Esses resultados são comparados com as estatísticas para o estado catarinense, a partir de dados da PNADC para o mercado de trabalho em geral e da RAIS para o emprego formal. O artigo também analisa as mudanças em termos da composição e do perfil do emprego, com ênfase nos recortes por setor e subsetor de atividade econômica, bem como no patamar remuneratório dos vínculos formais de trabalho. Os principais resultados revelam que a pandemia causou flutuações semelhantes nos indicadores do mercado de trabalho tanto no Brasil como em Santa Catarina, porém com impactos menos intensos no âmbito estadual, devido à condição de maior nível de formalização do emprego na economia catarinense antes mesmo do início da pandemia. As atividades econômicas com maior necessidade de contato pessoal direto foram as mais prejudicadas, enquanto os serviços empresariais, a indústria e o comércio de bens considerados essenciais apresentaram os melhores resultados. Em relação à renda, houve uma queda de quase 10% nos salários reais médios no período considerado, indicando uma perda de qualidade dos empregos gerados nos anos considerados. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 202 2021 brasileiro econômica estadual prejudicadas empresariais renda 10 considerado Covid1 1 Covid- 20 2

Abstract This study analyzes the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the formal labour market in Santa Catarina State between 2020 and 2021. It begins with a review of the main changes observed in the Brazilian Labour Market. The results are compared with statistics for the Santa Catarina State based on data from PNADS for the labour market in general, and from the RAIS for formal employment. The article also analyzes changes in terms of the composition and profile of employment level, with emphasis on the breakdowns by sectors and subsectors of economy activities, as well as the remuneration level of formal employment contracts. The main results reveal that the pandemic caused similar fluctuations in labour market indicators in both Brazil and Santa Catarina, but with less intense impacts at the state level, due to the conditions of a higher level of employment formalization in the Santa Catarina Economy even before the start of the pandemic. Economic activities with the greatest need for direct personal contact were the most affected, while business services, industry and trade in goods considered essential showed the best results. In relation to income, there was a drop of almost 10% in average real wages in the period considered, indicating a loss in the quality of job created in the years considered. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 202 2021 Market general contracts affected services income 10 Covid1 1 Covid- 20 2

Resumo Este artigo estima os impactos potenciais de um eventual desabastecimento do diesel sobre a economia brasileira. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo insumo-produto integrado a procedimentos de programação linear a fim de simular efeitos diretos, indiretos e induzidos sobre a renda e a geração de empregos. Os resultados revelam implicações socioeconômicas expressivas para curtos períodos (10 dias) de restrição na disponibilidade e apontam para perdas potenciais significativas devido às características da estrutura produtiva, em particular relativas ao setor de transporte. Mais especificamente, os resultados mostram um impacto potencial de redução de R$ 76,28 bilhões do PIB brasileiro, o equivalente a 1,5% do PIB de 2015. As estimativas mostram queda potencial que poderia atingir 1,8 milhões de postos de trabalho. As evidências obtidas contribuem para orientar políticas públicas de planejamento energético e chamam atenção para a necessidade de formação de estoques estratégicos de diesel. brasileira tanto utilizase utiliza se insumoproduto insumo produto diretos empregos 10 (1 dias produtiva transporte especificamente R 7628 76 28 76,2 brasileiro 15 1 5 1,5 2015 18 8 1, trabalho ( 762 7 2 76, 201 20

Abstract This paper estimates the potential impacts of a possible diesel shortage on the Brazilian economy. To this end, an input-output model integrated with linear programming procedures is used to simulate direct, indirect, and induced effects on income and job creation. The results reveal significant socioeconomic implications for short periods (10 days) of restricted availability and point to significant potential losses due to the characteristics of the productive structure, particularly those relating to the transport sector. More specifically, the results show a potential impact of reducing Brazilian GDP by R$76.28 billion, equivalent to 1.5% of 2015 GDP. Estimates show a potential drop that could reach 1.8 million jobs. The evidence obtained contributes to guiding public energy planning policies and draws attention to the need to build strategic diesel stocks. economy end inputoutput input output direct indirect creation 10 (1 days structure sector specifically R7628 R 76 28 R$76.2 billion 15 1 5 1.5 201 18 8 1. jobs stocks ( R762 7 2 R$76. 20 R76 R$76 R7 R$7 R$