This study highlights the synthesis of innovative polyurethane materials derived from Moringa oleifera oils extracted from two distinct sources. The oils were converted into their respective polyols through the in situ generated performic acid method. Diverse material characteristics were observed due to different agroclimatic and cultivation conditions for the sources. Extraction yields were 45.21% (source 1) and 40.32% (source 2), with acid values of 28.70 and 26.00 mg KOH per g of oil, respectively. Oleic acid constituted 79.87 and 67.11% of the oils composition, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the hydroxylation of the oils. FTIR also identified the isocyanate structures in the synthesized polyurethane materials. Gel permeation chromatography analysis revealed a higher oligomer content in the polyol synthesized from the oil extracted from source 2. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability post-oil conversion, highlighting decomposition stages for rigid and flexible segments. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated higher unsaturation in the oil extracted from source 1, resulting in an elevated crystallization temperature. Tensile testing showed increased elasticity as the [NCO]/[OH] ratio decreased in the material, emphasizing the influence of polyol and crosslinking agent concentrations on mechanical resistance of polyurethane materials. sources method 4521 45 21 45.21 1 4032 40 32 40.32 2, 2 , 2) 2870 28 70 28.7 2600 26 00 26.0 respectively 7987 79 87 79.8 6711 67 11 67.11 composition (FTIR postoil post conversion segments temperature NCO/OH NCOOH NCO / OH [NCO]/[OH 452 4 45.2 403 3 40.3 287 7 28. 260 0 26. 798 8 79. 671 6 67.1 45. 40. 67.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of panels produced with different proportions of Pinus oocarpa wood particles and industrial cigarette waste. The wood came from an experimental field and the cigarette waste was obtained through a donation. The particles were mixed in different proportions (100% pine particles, 90% pine particles and 10% cigarette particles, 80% pine particles and 20% cigarette particles, 70% pine particles and 30% cigarette particles). The results showed that all particleboards reached the minimum value specified by NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018) for Thickness Swelling (TS). All mechanical properties evaluated showed a reduction in values with the addition of cigarette residue particles and the values obtained did not meet the minimum specified by the standard used for the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. Regarding internal adhesion, the panels for T3 and T4 treatments reached the minimum value required by Brazilian standards. The thermal resistance of the panels increased with the inclusion of cigarette residue particles, but the effect was low depending on R 2 . donation 100% 100 (100 90 10 80 20 70 30 particles. particles) 148102 14810 14810- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2018 TS. TS (TS) elasticity adhesion T standards (10 9 1 8 7 3 1481 201 (TS (1 148 ( 14

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade de painéis produzidos com diferentes proporções de partículas de madeira de Pinus oocarpa e resíduos de cigarro industrializado. As partículas foram misturadas em diferentes proporções (100% de partículas de pinus, 90% de partículas de pinus e 10% de partículas de cigarro, 80% de partículas de pinus e 20% de partículas de cigarro, 70% de partículas de pinus e 30% de partículas de cigarro). Os resultados evidenciaram que todos os painéis aglomerados atingiram o valor mínimo especificado pela NBR 14810-2 (ABNT, 2018) para o Inchamento em Espessura (IE). Todas as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas evidenciaram redução nos valores com a adição das partículas de resíduos de cigarro e os valores obtidos não atenderam ao mínimo especificado pela norma utilizada para o módulo de ruptura e módulo de elasticidade. Em relação a ligação interna os painéis dos tratamentos T3 e T4 atingiram o valor mínimo requerido pela norma brasileira. A resistência térmica dos painéis aumentou com a inclusão das partículas de resíduos de cigarro, porém o efeito foi baixo em função do R2. industrializado 100% 100 (100 90 10 80 20 70 30 cigarro. . cigarro) 148102 14810 2 14810- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2018 IE. IE (IE) elasticidade T brasileira R2 R (10 9 1 8 7 3 1481 201 (IE (1 148 ( 14

Abstract The NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) presents various methods to determine the wood's modulus of elasticity, allowing for the adoption of equivalence between the modulus of elasticity in compression (Ec0) and tension (Et0). However, it does not provide a way to estimate the modulus of elasticity in bending (EM0), and such estimates do not consider the variation in anatomical structures among species. Faced with this gap, it is necessary to evaluate whether these equations are valid for different species. This article evaluated the elastic properties of three species: Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) and Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosae). For this purpose, a non-destructive flexural test was initially conducted, followed by compression and tension tests. Microscopic images were compared to understand the influence of anatomical structures on stiffness properties. The results confirmed the equivalence between Ec0 and Et0. The higher concentration of parenchyma cells in Cumaru and Roxinho is responsible for statistically lower values of EM0 compared to Ec0 and Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 woods wood s Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) However EM0, EM , (EM0) species gap Dipteryx odorata, odorata odorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosae. Leguminosae Leguminosae) purpose nondestructive non destructive conducted tests 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

Resumo A NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) apresenta diferentes métodos para determinar o módulo de elasticidade da madeira, permitindo a adoção de equivalência entre o módulo de elasticidade na compressão (Ec0) e na tração (Et0). Por outro lado, não apresenta uma forma de estimar o módulo de elasticidade na flexão (EM0), e tais estimativas não consideram a variação das estruturas anatômicas das espécies. Diante dessa lacuna, é necessário avaliar se essas equações são válidas para diferentes espécies. O presente artigo avaliou as propriedades elásticas de três espécies: Cumaru (Dipteryxodorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) e Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosa). Para isso, realizou-se o ensaio não destrutivo de flexão, seguido de ensaios à compressão e à tração. Imagens microscópicas foram comparadas, para compreender a influência das estruturas anatômicas nas propriedades de rigidez. Os resultados confirmaram a equivalência entre Ec0 e Et0. A maior concentração de parênquimas no Cumaru e no Roxinho é responsável pelos valores estatisticamente inferiores de EM0 em relação ao Ec0 e Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 madeira Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) lado EM0, EM , (EM0) espécies lacuna Dipteryxodorata, Dipteryxodorata (Dipteryxodorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosa. Leguminosa Leguminosa) isso realizouse realizou comparadas rigidez 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 (Dipteryxodorata 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

Resumen: El hormigón es el material principal utilizado en la construcción en Ecuador. Para su diseño, se consideran dos características: la resistencia a la compresión y el módulo de elasticidad. El módulo de elasticidad se calcula convencionalmente en relación con la resistencia a la compresión, mediante ecuaciones establecidas en códigos de diseño. Sin embargo, investigaciones han demostrado que estas ecuaciones no reflejan con precisión la realidad en Ecuador, ya que el módulo de elasticidad no solo depende de la resistencia a la compresión, sino también de otras variables como el origen del agregado, el tipo de cemento, el proceso de producción, entre otros. En este estudio, se desarrolla un modelo que utiliza la teoría de lógica difusa para estimar el módulo de elasticidad. Se emplea un sistema de inferencia lógica ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems), utilizando datos previos de ensayos de laboratorio como conocimiento previo para crear funciones de membresía (FMs) y reglas difusas del tipo condicional (If-Then) para estimar nuevos datos del módulo de elasticidad. Además de la resistencia a la compresión, se consideran otras variables importantes en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad. Los resultados son favorables, con un coeficiente de correlación R2=0.988 y una desviación estándar S=0.097, lo que indica que el sistema de inferencia lógica (SIL) es capaz de desarrollar un modelo único que permite considerar todas las variables que influyen en la determinación del módulo de elasticidad y proporcionar valores confiables.

Abstract: Concrete is the most frequently used construction material in Ecuador. Two characteristics considered for its design are compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The latter is conventionally calculated in relation to the former using equations established in design codes. However, research has shown that these equations do not accurately reflect the reality in Ecuador, as the modulus of elasticity depends not only on compressive strength but also on other variables such as aggregate origin, type of cement, production process, among others. In this study, a model using fuzzy logic is developed to estimate the modulus of elasticity by applying an ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems) logical inference system. Previous laboratory test data are used as prior knowledge to create membership functions (MFs) and fuzzy conditional rules (If-Then) to estimate new modulus of elasticity. In addition to compressive strength, other important variables are considered in the determination of the modulus of elasticity. The results are favorable, with a correlation coefficient R2=0.988 and a standard deviation S=0.097, indicating that the logical inference system (LIS) is capable of developing a unique model that allows considering all variables that influence the determination of the modulus of elasticity and providing reliable results.

Abstract Alternatives have been studied in order to minimize the major environmental impacts arising from the production of cement and steel. Alternatives include adopting composite cements with the incorporation of alternative materials, to reduce the need for cement in the mixtures. Therefore, this study worked on the viability of incorporating steel residues in the mechanical performance of mortar and durability, evaluating the partial and total replacement of Portland Cement (PC) by granulated blast furnace slag (EGAF) and residue from the Desulfurization process of flue gases (FGD). The results found show that the association of these residues in place of cement improved the mechanical performance of the mortars by around 40%. In addition to having a lower modulus of elasticity and lower absorption of water by capillarity, properties that significantly increase the durability of the matrices. The contaminant leaching results did not show any contaminants in harmful amounts. The studies presented demonstrate that the simultaneous use of FGD and EGAF to replace Portland cement were satisfactory, obtaining better mechanical and durability performances than the reference ones, enabling the use of these residues in the production of mortars with low cement content. materials mixtures Therefore PC (PC (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 40% capillarity matrices amounts satisfactory ones content (FGD 4

Resumo Alternativas vêm sendo estudadas com o intuito de minimizar os grandes impactos ambientais provenientes da produção do cimento e aço. Inclusive, adotando cimentos compostos, com incorporação de materiais alternativos, diminuindo a necessidade de cimento nas misturas. Por conseguinte, este trabalho estudou a viabilidade de incorporação de resíduos siderúrgicos no desempenho mecânico e de durabilidade de argamassas, avaliando a substituição parcial e total do Cimento Portland por escória granulada de alto-forno moída (EGAF) e resíduo proveniente do processo de Dessulfurização de Gases de Combustão (FGD). Os resultados encontrados mostram que a associação desses resíduos em substituição ao cimento melhorou cerca de 40% o desempenho mecânico das argamassas. Além de apresentarem um menor módulo de elasticidade e menor absorção de água por capilaridade, propriedades que aumentam significantemente a durabilidade das matrizes. Os resultados de lixiviação de contaminantes não apresentaram nenhum contaminante em quantidade prejudicial. Os estudos apresentados demonstram que a utilização de FGD e EGAF simultâneos para substituir o Cimento Portland foram satisfatórios, obtendo desempenhos mecânicos e de durabilidade superiores aos de referência, viabilizando a utilização desses resíduos na produção de argamassas com baixo teor de cimento. aço Inclusive compostos alternativos misturas conseguinte altoforno alto forno (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 capilaridade matrizes prejudicial satisfatórios referência (FGD 4

Abstract: The microeconomic research about private expenditures on educational goods and services shows that the variation in investment levels reflects differences in income, socio-demographic characteristics, and the average number of household members. There are few studies in Latin America, however, that also explore the income elasticity of educational demand. This article addresses this important gap in Mexico, using data from the 2020 National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures. By means of Engel curves and tobit regression analysis, this article outlines the values assigned to education according to family traits. In particular, the results show that, as we focus on economically wealthier households, education is no longer a superior good, without becoming a necessity good. In addition, the data show evidence of gender differences that are opposite to those pointed out in the peer-reviewed literature.

Resumen: La investigación microeconómica sobre el gasto privado en bienes y servicios educativos muestra que la variación en los niveles de inversión corresponde a diferencias en el ingreso, características sociodemográficas y al número de miembros de los hogares. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios al respecto en América Latina, en los que además se explore la elasticidad del ingreso en la demanda educativa. Este trabajo aborda esta brecha en México, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares de 2020. A través de curvas de Engel y análisis de regresión tobit, el trabajo expone los valores asignados a la educación según rasgos familiares. Concretamente, los resultados muestran que, al acercarnos a hogares económicamente más ricos, la educación deja de ser un bien superior, sin llegar a ser un bien de necesidad. Adicionalmente, los resultados muestran evidencia de sesgos de género opuestos a aquellos apuntados en la literatura especializada.

Abstract The aim of this article is to apply the model of Thirlwall's simple rule to analyze the causes of the divergent equilibrium growth rates between China and Mexico. The Fully Modified OLS method by Peter C. B. Phillips and Bruce E. Hansen is used. This approach offers precise estimates for the long-term relationships between GDP and exports, addressing endogeneity and autocorrelation. Through this estimator, we obtained the equilibrium GDP growth rates and the income elasticities of import demand. It is recommended to implement industrial and trade policies in Mexico to boost its growth. A limitation is that a more detailed analysis of differentiated growth was not conducted, so it would be necessary to explore further the extended version of Thirlwall's Law. The originality of our work lies in contributing to the understanding of the disparities in economic growth between China and Mexico. In conclusion, we demonstrate the different growth capacities based on the constraints of each country's current accounts.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es aplicar el modelo de la regla simple de Thirlwall para analizar las causas de las tasas divergentes de crecimiento de equilibrio entre China y México. Se utiliza el método Fully Modified OLS de Peter C. B. Phillips y Bruce E. Hansen. Este enfoque ofrece estimaciones precisas para las relaciones de largo plazo entre el PIB y las exportaciones, abordando la endogeneidad y la autocorrelación. Mediante este estimador, obtuvimos las tasas de crecimiento de equilibrio del PIB y las elasticidades ingreso de la demanda de importaciones. Se recomienda implementar políticas industriales y comerciales en México para impulsar su crecimiento. Una limitante es que no se realizó un análisis más detallado del crecimiento diferenciado, por lo que habría que explorar más adelante la versión ampliada de Ley de Thirlwall. La originalidad de nuestro trabajo consiste en que contribuye a la comprensión de las disparidades de crecimiento económico entre China y México. En conclusión, evidenciamos las distintas capacidades de crecimiento en función de las restricciones de las cuentas corrientes de cada país.

Abstract The objective of this research is to theoretically and empirically analyze migration from Mexico to the United States and Canada during the recent period from the point of view of Anthony Thirlwall's model (1979). The hypothesis to be evaluated is that migration flows from economies with lower income elasticity of demand for exports to economies with greater income elasticity of demand for exports, for this we have created a proxy variable of the product rate called TPNR that does not restrict growth. In addition to this, we incorporate typical covariates from the gravity models widely used in economic literature that reflect regional macroeconomic characteristics such as income level, geodesic distance, population and, as a dependent variable, unidirectional flow of people changing residence. The results confirm that the productive structure is the main reason for migration from Mexico to the United States and Canada.

Resumen La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar teórica y empíricamente la migración proveniente de México hacia Estados Unidos y Canadá durante el período reciente desde el punto de vista del modelo de Anthony Thirlwall (1979). La hipótesis por evaluar es que la migración fluye de las economías con menor elasticidad ingreso en la demanda de las exportaciones hacia las economías con mayor elasticidad ingreso en la demanda de exportaciones, para ello hemos creado una variable proxy de la tasa del producto que no restringe el crecimiento que hemos denominado TPNR, Además, incorporamos covariables típicas de los modelos de gravedad ampliamente utilizados en la literatura económica que reflejan características macroeconómicas regionales como el nivel de ingreso, distancia geodésica, población y, como variable dependiente, el flujo unidireccional de personas de cambian de residencia. Es un primer esfuerzo en el que realizamos las adecuaciones pertinentes para estimar variables de migraciones y las variables de Thirlwall que nos permite un mayor conocimiento de las causas de la migración mexicana a tener en cuenta para las próximas políticas migratorias, en especial, con las elecciones. Los resultados confirman que es la estructura productiva la principal razón de la migración de México a Estados Unidos y Canadá.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the characteristics of specialization patterns on industrial dynamics, using a strong version of Thirlwall's external constraint model, for 13 manufacturing subsectors in Mexico during the period 1995-2020. The main findings show that: i) the growth of the manufacturing sector is constrained by the current account equilibrium; ii) the income elasticity of exports increases as productivity and capital accumulation grow; iii) the income elasticity of imports is greater to the extent that the participation of foreign value added in export production increases. With this evidence, it is possible to conclude that the deepening of the outward industrialization model has limited the gains associated with trade and slowed down economic growth. In this context, it is essential to operate an industrial policy that strengthens internal supply chains and the position within global value chains. The contribution of the work lies in analyzing at the subsector level the implications of the composition of trade on economic expansion.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar el impacto de las características de los patrones de especialización sobre la dinámica industrial, mediante una versión fuerte del modelo de restricción externa de Thirlwall, en 13 subsectores manufactureros de México durante el periodo 1995-2020. Los resultados principales muestran que: i) el crecimiento del sector manufacturero se encuentra restringido por el equilibrio de la cuenta corriente; ii) la elasticidad ingreso de las exportaciones aumenta en la medida que crece la productividad y la acumulación de capital; iii) la elasticidad ingreso de las importaciones es mayor en la medida que aumenta la participación del valor agregado extranjero en la producción de exportación. Con esta evidencia, es posible concluir que la profundización del modelo de industrialización hacia fuera ha limitado las ganancias asociadas al comercio y ralentizado el crecimiento económico. En este contexto, es fundamental operar una política industrial que fortalezca las cadenas de suministro interna y la posición dentro de las cadenas globales de valor. La contribución del trabajo reside en analizar a nivel de subsector las implicaciones de la composición del comercio sobre la expansión económica.

Resumen Si bien la literatura sugiere establecer reformas impositivas al tabaco más agresivas con el fin de reducir su asequibilidad y combatir la epidemia del tabaquismo, la industria tabacalera argumenta que dichas medidas afectarían a la economía del país. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la dimensión del sector tabacalero en México a través de variables clave sobre precios y marcas, así como cantidades consumidas y simular reformas al impuesto especial del tabaco. Un incremento de los impuestos al tabaco permite disminuir el consumo y aumentar la recaudación considerando elasticidades-precio del tabaco recientes. Se calculó la elasticidad al 2020 y el cambio en los precios considerando la reforma reciente de 2021 que actualizó por inflación el IEPS asi como dos reformas impositivas adicionales a los cigarros y sus marcas. Los resultados indican que un impuesto específico de un peso adicional y $1.50 pesos por cigarrillo reduciría el consumo en el rango del 21.7% al 27.7% e incrementaría la recaudación del 13.4% al 22.7%. Lo novedoso de este trabajo es que la mayor reducción en consumo se observa en las marcas de menor precio.

Abstract While literature suggests more aggressive cigarette tax reforms to reduce its affordability as well as the tobacco epidemic the tobacco industry argues that these measures, would affect the economy. The goal of this study is to analyze the size of the tobacco sector in Mexico through specific relevant variables on prices and brands and simulate different tobacco excise reforms. An increase in tobacco taxes would indeed decrease consumption and would increase revenues as well, when considering different and recent tobacco price elasticities. Elasticity was estimated for the year 2020 and changes on prices were computed by considering the most recent tobacco tax reforms in 2021 which updated the price according to rise on inflation and two additional reforms by using distinct cigarette brands. The results indicate that a specific tax of an additional peso and $1.50 pesos per cigarette would reduce consumption in the range from 21.7% to 27.7% and increase revenues from 13.4% to 22.7%. The novelty of this work is that the greatest reduction in consumption would be observed in lower-priced brands.

Abstract: Over the years, the world has tried to increase the recycling of materials, especially those of artificial origin, this in order to produce compounds that are sustainable and sustainable. Among these materials, concrete stands out as a versatile element, to which different external agents can be added; however, since many of them are not compatible with aggregates, cement or water, can cause some alterations in their mechanical performance. Therefore, the present investigation addressed the study of an artificial material called Microporous Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (MEVA), in order to evaluate its influence on the mechanical properties of structural concrete. MEVA additions were used in ranges of 5.00 %, 10.00 %, 15.00 % and 20.00 % with respect to the volume of concrete, to analyze its behavior in the mix, both in physical and mechanical properties. The results show that the workability and unit weight are affected by the increase in MEVA. Despite this, the mechanical performance showed significant increases in the compressive strength of 8.81 %, tensile of 22.86 %, flexion of 24.51 % and modulus of elasticity of 2.12 %, with the addition of 5.00 % of MEVA after 28 days. Nevertheless, at higher doses there is a reduction in said strengths. For these reasons, it is concluded that the incorporation of MEVA at 5.00 % greatly improves the mechanical properties of concrete for structural use, in relation to the theoretical design strength of 21.00 MPa.

Resumen: A través del paso de los años, en todo el mundo se ha tratado de incrementar el reciclaje de materiales, sobre todo los de origen artificial, esto con la finalidad de producir compuestos que se sean sostenibles. Dentro de estos materiales destaca el concreto como un elemento versátil, al que se le puede añadir diferentes agentes externos; sin embargo, muchos de ellos al no ser compatibles con los agregados, el cemento o el agua, pueden provocar algunas alteraciones en su desempeño mecánico. Por lo expuesto, la presente investigación abordó el estudio de un material artificial llamado Microporoso Etileno Acetato de Vinilo (MEVA), con el fin de evaluar su influencia en las propiedades mecánicas del concreto estructural. Se utilizaron adiciones de MEVA en rangos de 5.00 %, 10.00 %, 15.00 % y 20.00 % respecto al volumen del concreto, para analizar su comportamiento en la mezcla, tanto en las propiedades físicas y mecánicas. Los resultados muestran que la trabajabilidad y peso unitario se ven afectadas ante el aumento de MEVA. A pesar de ello, el desempeño mecánico mostró significativos incrementos en la resistencia a la compresión en 8.81 %, tracción en 22.86 %, flexión en 24.51 % y módulo de elasticidad en 2.12 %, con la adición al 5.00 % de MEVA a los 28 días. No obstante, a mayores dosis existe una reducción de dichas resistencias. Por lo expuesto, se concluye en que la incorporación de MEVA en 5.00 % mejora en gran media las propiedades mecánicas del concreto para uso estructural, en relación a la resistencia teórica de diseño de 21.00 MPa.

Resumen La sola existencia de un mercado no garantiza el máximo nivel de eficiencia y bienestar social que este puede alcanzar a través de una estructura competitiva. Como resultado, se han desarrollado un conjunto de relaciones teóricas e instrumentos matemáticos que permiten cuantificar qué tan lejos están los mercados existentes de ser competitivos, así como cuánto poder tienen las empresas para fijar precios y ganar más de lo que obtendrían en mercados competitivos. En este sentido, el presente documento analiza e integra diversas relaciones teóricas e instrumentos matemáticos que sustentan la evaluación de las condiciones de competencia y el poder de mercado, y muestra cómo la estimación de estos instrumentos se puede simplificar para requerir solo dos variables: participaciones de mercado y elasticidad precio de la demanda. Clasificación JEL: D40; L10; L40

Abstract The sole existence of a market does not guarantee the maximum level of efficiency and social welfare it can provide through a competitive structure. As a result, a set of theoretical relationships and mathematical instruments have been developed to measure how far existing markets are from being competitive; as well as how much power firms have for setting prices and earn more than they would do in competitive markets. In this line, the current paper discusses and integrates diverse theoretical relationships and mathematical instruments underlying the assessment of competition conditions and market power and exhibits how the estimation of these instruments can be simplified to require only two variables: market shares and the price elasticity of demand. JEL Classification: D40; L10; L40

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar efectos de prebióticos (jarabe de topinambur e inulina comercial) sobre las características de bebidas de almendras Prunus dulcisvar “Non Pareil”, inoculadas con probióticos (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus y Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). El contenido de inulina obtenido en jarabe de topinambur fue de 2,25 gramos de inulina por 100 gramos de fructanos totales, en la muestra a 7°Bx. Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de los productos fermentados durante el almacenamiento en frío (4°C) por unperíodo de 28 días. Las bebidas adicionadas con jarabe de topinambur mostraron mayor acidez (valores menores de pH y contenidosmayores de ácido láctico) y mayores densidades que el producto elaborado con inulina comercial. La adición de jarabe de topinambur afectó los parámetros de textura, los productos mostraron menor dureza, adhesividad, gomosidad y mayores valores de cohesión y elasticidad que los elaborados con inulina comercial. La muestra con mayor preferencia sensorial fue la preparada con inulina comercial y bebida vegetal filtrada. La concentración de bacterias lácticas se mantuvo mayor en las muestras con jarabe de topinambur con la misma proporción de inulina que las muestras con prebiótico comercial, después de 21 días de almacenamiento en refrigeración.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebiotics (Jerusalem artichoke syrup and commercial inulin) on the characteristics of Prunus dulcis var “Non Pareil”almond beverages, inoculated with probiotics (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The inulin content obtained in the Jerusalem artichoke syrup was 2.25 grams of inulin per 100 grams of total fructans, in the sample at 7°Bx. The fermented products were evaluated for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties during cold storage (4°C) for 28 days. The fermented beverages with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup showed higher acidity (lower pH value and higher lactic acid content), and higher density than the product made with commercial inulin. The addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup affected the textural parameters. The products showed less hardness, stickiness, gumminess and higher values of cohesiveness and elasticity than those made with commercial inulin. The sample with the highest sensory preference was the one prepared with commercial inulin and a filtered vegetable beverage. The concentration of lactic bacteria remained higher in the samples with Jerusalem artichoke syrup with the same proportion of inulin than the samples with commercial prebiotic, during 21 days of storage under refrigeration.

RESUMO A partir da geopoética, esse artigo busca introduzir o conceito mais específico da geopoética da lama como forma relevante de abordagem analítica estética para a percepção do estresse ambiental e social do mundo contemporâneo. Para tanto, buscamos, em diversas manifestações artísticas brasileiras, como a poesia, a música, o cinema e as artes visuais, exemplos em que a materialidade e a simbologia da lama são usadas para revelar uma miséria que reflete, de certa forma, o descompasso entre o ser humano e o meio ambiente. Tal descompasso está na reflexão de pensadores de distintas áreas, como o médico e geógrafo Josué de Castro, o poeta e professor Michel Collot, o filósofo Gaston Bachelard, o sinólogo Augustin Berque e os pensadores indígenas Davi Kopenawa e Ailton Krenak. Essa reflexão sobre os espaços atuais acaba revelando as cargas racista e colonial que ainda imperam em suas organizações e ocupações, como apontam Silvio Almeida e Enrique Dussel. No entanto, embora seja indício dessa violência, observamos que a lama possui, devido ao poder de expressão artística de sua elasticidade formal e simbólica, potência política não apenas para denunciar mazelas socioambientais como também para propor resistências e possibilidades, que passam também pela consciência por meio da sensibilização e pela reconciliação do ser humano com seu meio. contemporâneo tanto buscamos brasileiras poesia música visuais reflete ambiente áreas Castro Collot Bachelard Krenak ocupações Dussel entanto violência possui simbólica possibilidades

ABSTRACT Based on geopoetics, this article seeks to introduce the more specific concept of geopoetics of mud as a relevant form of an aesthetic analytical approach to the perception of environmental and social stress in the contemporary world. To this end, we sought, in various Brazilian artistic expressions, such as poetry, music, cinema, and visual arts, examples in which the materiality and symbolism of mud are used to reveal poverty and misery that reflect, in a certain way, the mismatch between human beings and the environment. This disconnection is reflected in the meditations of academicians from different areas, such as the doctor and geographer Josué de Castro, the poet and professor Michel Collot, the philosopher Gaston Bachelard, the sinologist Augustin Berque as well as the indigenous thinkers Davi Kopenawa and Ailton Krenak. This reflection on current spaces ends up revealing the racist and colonial burden that still prevails in their organizations and occupations, as Silvio Almeida and Enrique Dussel point out. However, although it is an indication of this violence, we observe that mud has, through the power of artistic expression on its material and symbolic elasticity, political power not only to denounce socio-environmental problems but also to propose resistance and possibilities, which also involve awareness through sensibility and reconciliation of human beings with their environment. world end sought expressions poetry music cinema arts reflect way environment areas Castro Collot Bachelard Krenak occupations out However violence has elasticity socioenvironmental socio possibilities

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue emplear modelos matemáticos para la predicción de los rendimientos de la madera aserrada a partir de parámetros dendrométricos de los árboles en pie, que permitan una adecuada definición de su potencial en el aserradero Combate de la Tenería. Los rendimientos de madera aserrada están influenciados por la posición de la troza en el fuste del árbol, con un decrecimiento en dependencia de la altura. Las cuatro ecuaciones construidas para determinar el rendimiento de la madera aserrada tienen aceptables coeficientes de correlación, determinación y bajos errores estándar de estimación. Sin embargo, el mejor comportamiento lo posee el modelo Ln (rend) = 1,084 + 0,464 * ln d1,30 0,1201 ln que tiene mejor ajuste, las variables independientes explican el 67 % y el menor valor del error estándar de estimación. En función del análisis de elasticidad se puede definir el diámetro a 1,30 m es la variable predictora de mayor influencia positiva sobre el incremento de los rendimientos de madera aserrada. La conicidad tiene un efecto negativo sobre el volumen y valor de la madera aserrada. Con la implementación del control estadístico del aserrado, se detectó que el proceso está fuera de control, lo cual implica la necesidad de realizar el análisis correspondiente para eliminar esta deficiencia.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar modelos matemáticos para prever o rendimento da madeira serrada com base em parâmetros dendrométricos de árvores em pé, que permitam uma definição adequada do seu potencial na serraria Combate de la Tenería. O rendimento da madeira serrada é influenciado pela posição da tora no tronco da árvore, diminuindo conforme a altura. As quatro equações construídas para determinar o rendimento da madeira serrada apresentam correlação e coeficientes de determinação aceitáveis e baixos erros padrão de estimativa. Porém, o melhor comportamento é apresentado pelo modelo Ln (rend) = 1,084 + 0,464 * ln d1,30 0,1201 ln, que apresenta o melhor ajuste, as variáveis independentes explicam 67% e o menor valor do erro padrão de estimativa. Com base na análise de elasticidade, o diâmetro pode ser definido em 1,30 m como a variável preditora com maior influência positiva no aumento do rendimento de madeira serrada. A conicidade tem um efeito negativo no volume e no valor da madeira serrada. Com a implementação do controlo estatístico da serragem, detectou-se que o processo está fora de controlo, o que implica a necessidade de realizar a análise correspondente para eliminar esta deficiência.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to use mathematical models for the prediction of sawnwood yields based on dendrometric parameters of standing trees, which allow an adequate definition of their potential in the Combate de la Tenería sawmill. Sawnwood yields are influenced by the position of the log in the tree trunk, with a decrease depending on the height. The four equations constructed to determine the yield of sawnwood have acceptable correlation and determination coefficients and low standard errors of estimation. However, the best behavior is shown by the model Ln (rend) = 1.084 + 0.464 * l n d 1.30 0.1201 l n which has the best fit, the independent variables explain 67% and the lowest value of the standard error of estimation. Based on the elasticity analysis, the diameter can be defined at 1.30 m, it is the predictor variable with the greatest positive influence on the increase in sawnwood yields. Taper has a negative effect on the volume and value of sawnwood. The use of the statistical control of saw detected that the process is out of control, which implies the need to carry out the corresponding analysis to eliminate this deficiency.