ABSTRACT The mechanized cutting of sugarcane requires improvements, as cutting tools can affect the longevity of sugarcane fields and increase production costs. Furthermore, these tools can increase the energy demand of machines in the field. This study evaluated the sugarcane harvester performance equipped with different basal cutting devices: impact cutting (blades) and continuous cutting (saws) in three commercial sugarcane production areas. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme with six repetitions. Effective fuel consumption and harvesting capacity were evaluated. The saws increased fuel consumption per area by 3.9 and 8.9% per Mg harvested. The crop’s yield characteristics determine harvesting systems’ energy demand. For yields above 90 Mg ha-1, energy demand has stabilized up to 120 Mg ha-1. The fuel demand for harvesting ranged between 1.0 and 1.2 L Mg-1 of harvested material. Regardless of the cutting system, each Mg requires 37.3 kJ of energy to be removed from the field. improvements costs Furthermore field devices blades (blades (saws areas repetitions 39 9 3. 89 8 8.9 crops crop s systems ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 12 ha1. 1. 10 0 Mg1 Mg- material system 373 37 37. 8. ha-

RESUMO O corte mecanizado da cana-de-açúcar necessita de aprimoramentos, visto que as ferramentas de corte podem afetar a longevidade dos canaviais e aumentar os custos de produção. Além disso, essas ferramentas podem aumentar a demanda energética das máquinas no campo. Este estudo avaliou o desempenho de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar equipadas com distintos mecanismos de corte basal: corte por impacto (lâminas) e corte contínuo (serras) em três áreas comerciais de produção de cana-de-açúcar. O consumo efetivo de combustível e a capacidade efetiva de colheita das máquinas foram avaliados em cada tratamento. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 com seis repetições. As serras aumentaram o consumo de combustível por área em 3,9 e 8,9% por Mg colhido. As características produtivas da cultura determinam a demanda energética dos sistemas de colheita. Para produtividades acima de 90 Mg ha-1, a demanda energética estabilizou-se até 120 Mg ha-1. A demanda de combustível para a colheita variou entre 1,0 e 1,2 L Mg-1 de material colhido. Os resultados mostram que independente do sistema de corte, cada Mg de cana colhida necessita em média de 37,3 kJ de energia para ser retirado do campo. canadeaçúcar açúcar aprimoramentos disso campo basal lâminas (lâminas (serras canadeaçúcar. açúcar. tratamento repetições 39 9 3, 89 8 8,9 colhido ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 estabilizouse estabilizou se 12 ha1. 1. 10 0 Mg1 Mg- 373 37 37, 8, ha-

Abstract: The building envelope plays a crucial role in interior thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Hence, the importance of implementing the energy efficiency chapter of the Ecuadorian Construction Standard (NEC-HS-EE). This chapter establishes minimum requirements for thermal transmittance of envelope elements. However, it is unknown whether these values guarantee a satisfactory perception of indoor thermal comfort. This study aims to determine the thermal comfort perception in residential buildings in Loja city, through defining typologies and characterizing their envelope. Typologies are defined using information from the National Building Survey (ENED), while the envelope is characterized by surveying construction professionals in the locality. Finally, a thermal perception survey is conducted on occupants of the defined typologies. The results show that several construction packages comply with the NEC-HS-EE standard (except for the use of 7 cm thick brick wall, which is a common practice) and provide satisfactory comfort perception to occupants during the day, achieving a comfort perception within 80% acceptability. However, this is not maintained during the night.

Resumen: La envolvente desempeña un papel crucial en el confort térmico interior y eficiencia energética de las edificaciones, por ello la importancia de la implementación del capítulo de eficiencia energética de la Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (NEC-HS-EE). Este capítulo establece requisitos mínimos de transmitancia térmica para elementos de la envolvente. Sin embargo, se desconoce si estos valores garantizan una percepción satisfactoria del confort térmico interior. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de confort térmico en edificaciones residenciales en la ciudad de Loja, a través de la definición de la tipologías y caracterización de su envolvente. Para la definición de tipologías se considera la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Edificaciones (ENED), mientras que, para la caracterización de la envolvente se encuesta a profesionales de la construcción en la localidad. Finalmente, se aplica una encuesta de percepción térmica a ocupantes de las tipologías definidas. Los resultados muestran que, varios paquetes constructivos cumplen con la NEC-HS-EE (a excepción del uso de pared de ladrillo de 7 cm de espesor, que representa una práctica común) y brindan una percepción satisfactoria de confort a los ocupantes durante el día, alcanzando una percepción de confort dentro del 80% de aceptabilidad, no obstante, esto no se mantiene durante la noche.

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

Abstract: The integration of electric mobility is real nowadays. Government policies increasingly focus on encouraging the use of electric vehicles (EVs); particularly, replacing conventional public mobility with electric buses. An adequate energy management of electric bus systems must optimize resource usage, and extend the lifespan of transport units and charging stations, while providing quality service to users. The performance of the EV transport system depends on various deterministic and stochastic variables that need to be accurately simulated to analyze its behavior as closely as possible to real conditions. In this study, a model for the energy analysis of EVs has been implemented, by using the software SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) and applying it to public transport routes in Quito, Ecuador. Through the executed simulations, energy consumption has been estimated and, a sensitivity analysis of the energy consumption of electric bus units to the variations in relevant parameters in the energy management of public transport systems, has been carried out. The impact of certain parameters on energy consumption has been verified, by indicating a significant decrease in the autonomy of EVs on the simulated route under very similar to reality operating conditions. For study case, autonomy reduction of electric bus is around 27% in comparison with manufacturer's specifications. The analysis of energy performance under various traffic scenarios will allow future optimizations of the electric public transport system operation, since traffic levels, variable traffic flow, and pronounced changes in terrain elevation, are considered.

Resumen: La integración de la movilidad eléctrica es una realidad en el mundo actual, las políticas gubernamentales se enfocan cada vez más en incentivar el uso de vehículos eléctricos (VE) particulares, pero, principalmente en reemplazar la movilidad pública convencional por el uso de buses eléctricos. Una adecuada gestión energética de los sistemas de buses eléctricos debe optimizar el uso de recursos, prolongando la vida útil de las unidades de transporte, estaciones de carga y brindando siempre un servicio de calidad a sus usuarios. El desempeño del sistema de transporte mediante VE depende de diversas variables determinísticas y estocásticas que necesitan ser debidamente simuladas a fin de analizar su comportamiento, lo más cercano a las condiciones reales. En el presente trabajo, mediante la aplicación del software SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility), se ha implementado un modelo para el análisis energético de VE y se lo ha aplicado en rutas de transporte público en Quito-Ecuador. A partir de las simulaciones realizadas se ha estimado el consumo energético y se ha efectuado un análisis de sensibilidad del consumo energético de las unidades de buses eléctricos ante variaciones de parámetros relevantes en la gestión energética de sistemas de transporte público. Para el caso de estudio se comprueba la reducción de la autonomía del bus eléctrico en 27% de acuerdo con la información del fabricante. El análisis del desempeño energético realizado bajo diversos escenarios de tráfico permitirá en futuros trabajos optimizar la operación de los sistemas de transporte público eléctrico, considerando niveles de tráfico, flujo vehicular variable y pronunciados desniveles en su relieve.

ABSTRACT Aeration is carried out by blowing external air into the silo, with the aim to keep the temperature in the mass of stored grains at safe levels. In the present study, the energy efficiency of aeration of stored sunflower grains was estimated, and a model was proposed and tested to estimate the energy efficiency of aeration, using different algorithms in supervised and unsupervised machine learning. The objective of the work was to develop a Web application based on data mining and modeling with machine learning. The database was composed of information on the average temperature at the height of the sensors, average temperature of the silo, external ambient temperature, occurrence of aeration, if there was cooling, heating and direct heating during aeration, and the energy efficiency of the aeration process. The model for estimating the energy efficiency of the aeration process proved to be efficient, identifying that the energy efficiency was 97.78% during the aeration of stored sunflower grains. Among the classifier algorithms tested, Support Vector Machine (SVM-Poly) showed the best metrics and indicators, hence being recommended for implementation in system development networks capable of predicting the aeration status of stored grains. silo levels study estimated learning sensors cooling efficient 9778 97 78 97.78 SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicators 977 9 7 97.7 97.

RESUMO A aeração é realizada por meio da insuflação do ar externo para dentro do silo, tendo como objetivo manter a temperatura da massa de grãos armazenados em níveis seguros. No presente estudo foi estimada a eficiência energética da aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados, assim como proposto e testado um modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética da aeração, utilizando diferentes algoritmos no aprendizado de máquinas supervisionado e não supervisionado. O objetivo no trabalho foi desenvolver uma aplicação Web a partir da mineração e modelagem dos dados com o aprendizado de máquinas. O banco de dados foi composto pelas informações da temperatura média do nível dos sensores, temperatura média do silo, temperatura ambiente externa, ocorrência de aeração, se houve resfriamento, aquecimento e aquecimento direto durante aeração, e a eficiência energética do processo de aeração. O modelo de estimativa da eficiência energética do processo de aeração demonstrou-se eficiente, identificando que durante a aeração de grãos de girassol armazenados a eficiência energética foi de 97,78%. Dentre os algoritmos classificadores testados na Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (SVM-Poly) apresentou as melhores métricas e indicadores, sendo recomendado para implementação em redes de desenvolvimento de sistemas capaz de predizer o status da aeração de grãos armazenados. silo seguros sensores externa resfriamento demonstrouse demonstrou eficiente 9778 97 78 97,78% SVMPoly SVM Poly (SVM-Poly indicadores 977 9 7 97,78 97,7 97,

ABSTRACT Achieving the optimal energy balance in hydroponic greenhouses is a critical challenge in modern agriculture. This involves managing energy resources to create an environment conducive to robust crop growth. Researchers are exploring advanced thermal models and innovative technologies to enhance energy efficiency and establish a harmonious equilibrium in these controlled environments. Various studies have addressed the optimization of energy consumption in hydroponic greenhouses, with a focus on the greenhouse covering materials and real-time energy monitoring. This study aims to enhance the conventional model by optimizing the form and cover material of the greenhouse and considering new heat gain and loss parameters, including the direct and indirect lighting effect. This study demonstrates that the emitted light and energy consumption of the lighting system directly influence the energy balance. This innovative approach refines the understanding of the interplay between lighting systems and energy consumption, leading to more efficient and sustainable hydroponic greenhouse practices. Collectively, the contributions of esteemed researchers have significantly enriched the understanding of energy consumption dynamics in hydroponic greenhouse environments, setting new standards for energy efficiency, sustainability, and productivity in hydroponic agriculture. agriculture growth environments realtime real time monitoring parameters effect practices Collectively sustainability

RESUMO Conseguir um equilíbrio energético ótimo em estufas hidropônicas é um desafio crítico na agricultura moderna. Isto implica a gestão dos recursos energéticos para criar um ambiente propício a um crescimento robusto das culturas. Os pesquisadores estão a explorar modelos térmicos avançados e tecnologias inovadoras para melhorar a eficiência energética e estabelecer um equilíbrio harmonioso nestes ambientes controlados. Vários estudos abordaram a otimização do consumo de energia em estufas hidropônicas, com destaque para os materiais de cobertura das estufas e a monitorização da energia em tempo real. Este estudo visa melhorar o modelo convencional, otimizando a forma e o material de cobertura da estufa e considerando novos parâmetros de ganho e perda de calor, incluindo o efeito da iluminação direta e indireta. Este estudo demonstra que a luz emitida e o consumo de energia do sistema de iluminação influenciam diretamente o balanço energético. Esta abordagem inovadora melhora a compreensão da interação entre os sistemas de iluminação e o consumo de energia, conduzindo a práticas de estufa hidropônica mais eficientes e sustentáveis. Coletivamente, as contribuições de pesquisadores conceituados enriqueceram significativamente a compreensão da dinâmica do consumo de energia em ambientes de estufa hidropônica, estabelecendo novos padrões de eficiência energética, sustentabilidade e produtividade na agricultura hidropônica. moderna culturas controlados real convencional calor indireta sustentáveis Coletivamente

Abstract: This investigation studied the energy efficiency of a steam system in a hospital, considering the procedure in ASME EA-3-2009 standard. This is the standard for the energy assessment of industrial steam systems and aims to enhance the energy efficiency and sustainability of industrial steam systems by identifying opportunities and providing recommendations to optimize system performance. The obtained boiler energy efficiency was 80.29 %, by applying an energy balance, reaching 15.33 kW for heat losses in the distribution pipes. Two consistent improvement alternatives were proposed, starting by unifying the pipe diameter of the kitchen area of 5 m, generating a reduction of heat loss from 828 to 600 W, which represented a total annual energy saving of around 2.4 GJ/year. The investment cost is USD 47.40, considering the achievement of the break-even point after 9 months, where the insulation of the pipes with glass wool was considered second and it generated a reduction in losses of 5.98 kW, representing a total annual energy saving of about 62.91 GJ/year, which corresponds to approximately USD 1 672. The expenditure for insulating a 49 m pipe amounted to USD 462, factoring in both the NPV calculation and potential savings. The breakeven point was achieved within roughly 4 months, underscoring the economic advantage of implementing the two suggested improvement measures.

Resumen: En esta investigación se analizó la eficiencia energética de un sistema de vapor en un hospital, considerando la norma ASME EA-3-2009. Esta norma se utiliza para la evaluación energética de los sistemas de vapor industriales y busca mejorar la eficiencia energética y la sostenibilidad de estos sistemas identificando oportunidades y proponiendo medidas para optimizar el rendimiento. Se obtuvo una eficiencia energética de la caldera de 80.29 % mediante un balance de energías y las pérdidas de calor en las tuberías de distribución alcanzaron 15.33 kW. Se plantearon dos alternativas de mejora consistentes, iniciando con unificar el diámetro de tubería del área de cocina de 5 m, generando una reducción de pérdida de calor de 828 hasta 600 W, que representó un ahorro de energía anual total de 2.4 GJ/año, aproximadamente. El costo de inversión es de USD 47.40, considerando como alcanzable el punto de equilibrio a los 9 meses, donde se planteó en segundo lugar el aislamiento de las tuberías mediante lana de vidrio y generó la disminución de pérdidas en 5.98 kW, representando un ahorro de energía anual total de alrededor de 62.91 GJ/año, lo que corresponde a USD 1 672, aproximadamente. La inversión para el aislamiento de tuberías con una longitud de 49 m fue de USD 462, considerando el cálculo del VAN y los posibles ahorros, además el punto de equilibrio se alcanza a los 4 meses, aproximadamente, e indica el beneficio económico de aplicar las dos opciones de mejora planteadas.

Abstract There is a growing interest in reducing energy consumption in the economic sectors, where the residential sector is a substantial consumer of energy in societies and therefore, a focus of attention for efficiency and renewable energy generation policies. In Ecuador, residential consumption represents 1/4 of the total electricity demanded by the socioeconomic system. Household composition has changed due to demographic dynamics, socioeconomic improvements and social justice efforts, which impacts electricity consumption. The aim of this study is to analyze the dynamics of energy consumption in Ecuador´s residential sector based on the construction of household typologies under the hierarchy of demographic, geographic, economic and technical variables using a top-down and bottom-up methodology and the application of MuSIASEM for which statistical information from National Surveys and Censuses was used, which allowed the construction of household typologies and their consumption pattern. The results show heterogeneous electricity consumptions in the 4.5 million households in 2017 hierarchically divided into 240 typologies. The pattern varies from the lowest consumption households with 50 KWh/month to the highest consumption of 350 KWh/month. For example, in the urban area the highest rate is concentrated in households made up of more than 8 people with rates between 150 to 180 KWh/month, while in the rural area the values range from 90 to 120 KWh/month but differ by geographic location and male or female headship. Likewise, the data allowed scaling to aggregate levels where it is shown that, of the total annual electricity consumption of 6,428 GWh, 54% of the consumption was concentrated in the coastal region, which concentrates 51% of the total households in the residential sector of Ecuador.

Resumen Existe un interés creciente por reducir el consumo de energía en los sectores económicos, donde el sector residencial es un consumidor sustancial de energía en las sociedades y por tanto, un foco de atención para las políticas de eficiencia y de generación energética renovable. En Ecuador, el consumo residencial representa un 1/4 del total de electricidad que demanda el sistema socioeconómico. La conformación de los hogares ha cambiado por la dinámica demográfica, mejoras socioeconómicas y los esfuerzos por la justicia social, lo cual impacta en el consumo de electricidad. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la dinámica del consumo de energía en el sector residencial del Ecuador a partir de la construcción de tipologías de hogares bajo la jerarquización de variables demográficas, geográficas, económicas y técnicas utilizando una metodología top-down y bottom-up y la aplicación de MuSIASEM para lo cual se utilizó información estadística de Encuestas y Censos Nacionales, que permitió construir las tipologías de hogares y su patrón de consumo. Los resultados muestran consumos de electricidad heterogéneos en los 4,5 millones de hogares presentes en 2017 divididos jerárquicamente en 240 tipologías. El patrón varía desde los hogares de menor consumo con 50 KWh/mes hasta los de mayor consumo de 350 KWh/mes. Por ejemplo, en la zona urbana la mayor tasa se concentra en los hogares conformados por más de 8 personas con tasas entre 150 a 180 KWh/mes, mientras que en la zona rural los valores oscilan entre 90 a 120 KWh/mes, pero difieren por ubicación geográfica y por su jefatura masculina o femenina. Igualmente, los datos permitieron escalar a niveles agregados donde se muestra que, del total de consumo anual de electricidad de 6,428 GWh, el 54% del consumo se concentró en la región Costa que concentra el 51% del total de hogares del sector residencial del Ecuador.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cuban crude oil has a high content of ash, sulfur, asphaltenes and a high viscosity, among others, which, when subjected to the combustion process, results in corrosive effects in the heat transfer zones, reducing the useful life of the equipment. Objective: To design a procedure for the introduction of additives, which will increase the useful life of the equipment by improving the energy efficiency of the combustion process. Materials and Methods: It starts from the analysis of the composition and physical-chemical properties of Cuban crude oil and the characterization of the additive. The effectiveness of the additive is evaluated on a laboratory, pilot and industrial scale. The combustion parameters are adjusted and the efficiency of the steam generator is analyzed, with the aim of establishing the required dosage. The corresponding profit/economic cost analysis is carried out. Finally, the procedure is designed to compare with another additive if it exists. Results and Discussion: The procedure includes the determination of the chemical composition and physical-chemical properties of the crude oil used, the effect of the additive and the combustion efficiency. It contemplates not only the analysis of the use of an additive in use, but also the introduction of a new one and the comparison with it. It can be implemented in any industry that uses crude oil as fuel in the combustion process. Conclusions: The procedure provides the methodological indications for the introduction of additives that allow the improvement of the steam generator combustion process.

RESUMEN Introducción: El petróleo crudo cubano tiene un alto contenido de cenizas, azufre, asfaltenos y una alta viscosidad, entre otros, que, al someterse al proceso de combustión, trae como consecuencia efectos corrosivos en las zonas de transferencia de calor, disminuyendo la vida útil de los equipos. Objetivo: Diseñar un procedimiento para la introducción de aditivos, que permitan aumentar la vida útil de los equipos a partir de la mejora de la eficiencia energética del proceso de combustión. Materiales y Métodos: Se parte del análisis de la composición y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo cubano y la caracterización del aditivo. Se evalúa la efectividad del aditivo a escala de laboratorio, piloto e industrial. Se ajustan los parámetros de la combustión y se analiza la eficiencia del generador de vapor, con el objetivo de establecer la dosificación requerida. Se realiza el análisis beneficio/costo correspondiente. Por último, el procedimiento tiene concebido la comparación con otro aditivo en caso de que exista. Resultados y Discusión: El procedimiento incluye la determinación de la composición química y las propiedades físico-químicas del petróleo crudo utilizado, el efecto del aditivo y la eficiencia de la combustión. Contempla, no solo el análisis de la utilización de un aditivo en uso, si no también, la introducción de uno nuevo y la comparación con éste. Puede ser implementado en cualquier industria que emplee el petróleo crudo como combustible en el proceso de combustión. Conclusiones: El procedimiento brinda las indicaciones metodológicas para la introducción de aditivos que permitan la mejora del proceso de combustión del generador de vapor.

Abstract: Energy management in the tourism sector is essential to promote sustainable and efficient practices to reduce operating costs, mitigate environmental impact and improve the competitiveness of tourism enterprises. Despite the importance of this topic, there is a lack of bibliometric studies on energy management in the tourism sector. Therefore, the aim of this research is to map the scientific production related to this topic. To carry out this study, the bibliometric method was employed using the R package Bibliometrix to analyse indicators of productivity, impact and collaboration, extracted from the SCOPUS database. As results, a total of 201 articles published between 1977 and 2024 were identified, highlighting authors such as Acosta A, Burnett J and Park S for their prolific production and significant contributions to the field. Topics such as "Energy Management", "Energy Efficiency", "Energy Consumption" and "Sustainability" emerge as relevant and trending research topics. Furthermore, guidelines are proposed to improve energy efficiency in the tourism sector, such as the implementation of renewable energies and alternative sources such as solar, wind and biomass, as well as the adoption of intelligent energy management systems. It is concluded that future lines of research should be directed towards the use of deep learning algorithms for autonomous energy management systems in microgrids, as well as the development of systems based on the ISO 50001 standard.

Resumen: La gestión energética en el sector turístico es esencial para fomentar prácticas sostenibles y eficientes que permitan reducir costos operativos, mitigar el impacto ambiental y mejorar la competitividad de las empresas turísticas. A pesar de la importancia de este tema, se observa una carencia de estudios bibliométricos sobre la gestión de la energía en el sector turístico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un mapeo de la producción científica relacionada con esta temática. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se empleó el método bibliométrico utilizando el paquete de R Bibliometrix para analizar indicadores de productividad, impacto y colaboración, extraídos de la base de datos SCOPUS. Como resultados se identificaron un total de 201 artículos publicados entre 1977 y 2024, destacando autores como Acosta A, Burnett J y Park S por su prolífica producción y contribuciones significativas al campo. Temas como "Energy Management", "Energy Efficiency", "Energy Consumption" y "Sustainability" emergen como relevantes y en tendencia en las investigaciones. Además, se proponen directrices para mejorar la eficiencia energética en el sector turístico, como la implementación de energías renovables y fuentes alternativas como la solar, eólica y biomasa, así como la adopción de sistemas inteligentes de gestión de energía. Se concluyes que las futuras líneas de investigación deben estar dirigidas hacia el uso de algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo para sistemas autónomos de gestión de energía en microrredes, así como en el desarrollo de sistemas basados en la norma ISO 50001.

Resumen: A nivel global, el parque construido residencial acusa distintos niveles de obsolescencia y elevados consumos de energía. Por tanto, resulta imperativo propiciar el ahorro energético mediante medidas de mejora de la eficiencia edilicia en la rehabilitación y remodelación de las unidades de vivienda. Por esto, el objetivo del trabajo es analizar las diversas maneras de evaluar la eficiencia energética a través de la diacronicidad de las reformas introducidas durante su uso, con énfasis en las variaciones de la envolvente. El método utilizado es un estudio teórico-cualitativo, estructurado en dos etapas que permiten abordar el contexto normativo vigente en 31 países. Se concluye que los métodos de evaluación examinados aplican un criterio sincrónico, sin considerar la dinámica de los procesos de cambios de las viviendas. Conjuntamente, se rescatan por su relevancia, potencialidad y la particular modalidad de abordaje de la envolvente, las normativas de Brasil, Austria, Bélgica, Alemania y Chipre.

Abstract: Globally, the residential building stock shows different levels of obsolescence and high energy consumption. Therefore, it is imperative to promote energy savings through measures to improve building efficiency in the rehabilitation and remodeling of housing units. The objective of this work is to analyze the different ways of evaluating energy efficiency through the diachronicity of the renovations introduced during their use, with emphasis on the variations of the building envelope. The method used is a theoretical-qualitative study, structured in two stages that allow addressing the regulatory context in force in 31 countries. It is concluded that the evaluation methods examined apply a synchronic criterion, without considering the dynamics of housing change processes. Together, the regulations of Brazil, Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Cyprus are highlighted for their relevance, potential and approach to the envelope.

Finos de carvão vegetal são coprodutos da carbonização da madeira, indesejados por diminuir o rendimento gravimétrico em carvão vegetal. São produzidos devido ao processo de carbonização, durante o armazenamento e transporte do carvão vegetal. A pelletização de finos aumenta a densidade energética, produzindo um combustível homogêneo e com menor teor de umidade, possibilitando a queima em equipamentos com alta eficiência energética, além de propriedades desejáveis em produtos energéticos como alto teor de carbono fixo e baixo teor de umidade. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do teor de umidade e do tempo de secagem na produção de black pellets a partir de finos de carvão vegetal ligados com amido de arroz (Oryza sativa) nas características físico-químicas e mecânicas. Os black pellets foram produzidos utilizando duas proporções de água (10 ou 20%) e tempo de secagem de 4 ou 6 horas. Os black pellets foram avaliados quanto à análise química imediata, composição elementar, teor de umidade, tamanho, densidade aparente, poder calorífico e densidade energética. A adição de água não afetou o teor de voláteis, cinzas e carbono fixo, enquanto o tratamento com adição de 20% de água e quatro horas de secagem apresentou maior teor de umidade (3,34%). A adição de água permitiu melhor condução de calor e disposição das partículas, produzindo pellets com durabilidade superior a 98%. A melhor disposição promovida pela adição de 20% de água também aumentou a densidade dos pellets, resultando em maior densidade energética. Os black pellets podem ser considerados uma boa alternativa para aquecimento residencial, com tratamento T3 (20% de umidade - 4h de secagem) apresentando elevada densidade energética e melhor desempenho em termos de propriedades desejáveis para utilização e comercialização de acordo com a norma EN 14961-6.

Charcoal fines are co-products of the wood carbonization process, unwanted because they reduce the gravimetric yield of the main product, charcoal. It can be produced due to the carbonization process, during the storage and transport of charcoal. Pelletizing charcoal fines increases the energy density of this material, producing a homogeneous fuel with lower moisture content, enabling burning in equipment with high energy efficiency, in addition to desirable properties in energy products such as high fixed carbon content and low moisture content. This study evaluated the effect of moisture content and drying time on the production of black pellets from charcoal fines bound with rice starch (Oryza sativa) on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics. Black pellets were produced using two proportions of water (10 or 20%) and a drying time of 4 or 6 hours. Black pellets were evaluated for their proximate analysis, elemental composition, moisture content, size, apparent density, calorific value and energy density. The addition of water did not affect the content of volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon, while the treatment with addition of 20% water and four hours of drying showed a higher moisture content (3.34%). The addition of water allowed for better heat conduction and particle arrangement, producing pellets with a durability greater than 98%. The better arrangement promoted by the addition of 20% water also increased the density of the pellets, resulting in greater energy density. Black pellets can be considered an alternative for residential heating, with T3 treatment (20% - 4h) with a high energy density and better performance in terms of desirable properties for use and commercialization according to the standard EN 14961-6.

ABSTRACT Ecuador's solar potential was explored, proving high for the favorable implementation of photovoltaic systems, with a greater focus on the Andes mountain range. In the Coastal region, global horizontal irradiation levels maintain the trend of being feasible for energy optimization in establishments through photovoltaic panels. A proposal was developed to improve the energy efficiency of the computer company Altura S.A. via commercial license software, PVsyst 7.2; showing positive technical and economic results, producing an energy surplus of 14.11% with a recovery period of 15.7 years, avoiding the emission of 1.33 tons of CO2 annually. In turn, various barriers were established that prevent the penetration of these systems such as political, social, etc., as well as the great and reinforced use of conventional energy sources despite the feasibility shown in this study.

RESUMEN El potencial solar de Ecuador fue explorado mostrandose elevado para la favorable puesta en marcha de sistemas fotovoltaicos, con un mayor enfoque en la cordillera de los Andes. En la región Costa, los niveles de irradiación global horizontal mantienen la tendencia de ser factibles para la optimización energética en establecimientos por medio de paneles fotovoltaicos. Fue desarrollada una propuesta para mejorar la eficiencia energética de la empresa informática Altura S.A. mediante el software de licencia comercial, PVsyst 7,2; mostrando resultados positivos en lo técnico y económico, produciendo un excedente energético del 14,11% con un periodo de recuperación de 15,7 años, evitandola emisión de 1,33 toneladas de CO2 anualmente. A su vez, se establecieron diversas barreras que impiden la penetración de estos sistemas como las políticas, sociales, etc, así como el gran y reforzado uso de fuentes convencionales de energía a pesar de la factibilidad mostrada en este estudio.

ABSTRACT Addressing household energy efficiency is among the main challenges worldwide towards sustainable development. The residential sector is one of the main energy users globally and one of the most difficult to address. Barranquilla is the fourth most developed city in Colombia and has significant electricity consumption in households. However, currently, there are no campaigns promoting energy efficiency strategies to reduce household consumption. This study shows that most people in the city are aware of their electricity consumption, mainly because of the costs, which is also one main motivation to introduce energy efficiency strategies. A public campaign must prioritize social media and WEB communication channels. Moreover, energy efficiency strategies must focus on the use of air conditioners, refrigerators, and lighting systems. Moreover, since the cost of electricity and climate change are the main motivators for energy saving, the different measures proposed in a campaign should be associated with cost and carbon footprint savings.

RESUMEN Abordar la eficiencia energética de los hogares es uno de los principales retos a nivel global en la ruta hacia el desarrollo sostenible. El sector residencial es uno de los principales consumidores de energía a nivel mundial y uno de los más difíciles de abordar. Barranquilla es la cuarta ciudad más desarrollada de Colombia y tiene un consumo de electricidad residencial significativo. Sin embargo, actualmente no existen campañas que promuevan estrategias de eficiencia energética para reducir el consumo doméstico. Este estudio muestra que la mayoría de los habitantes de la ciudad son conscientes de su consumo de electricidad, principalmente debido a los costos económicos, lo que es también una motivación importante para introducir estrategias de eficiencia energética. Una campaña pública debe priorizar las redes sociales y a los canales de comunicación WEB. Además, las estrategias de eficiencia energética deben centrarse en el uso de aparatos de aire acondicionado, equipos de refrigeración doméstica y sistemas de iluminación. Además, dado que el costo de la electricidad y el cambio climático son las principales motivaciones para el ahorro energético, las diferentes medidas propuestas en una campaña deben estar asociadas al ahorro económico y a la reducción de la huella de carbono.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es presentar la aplicación de herramientas de gestión energética para llevar a cabo una caracterización energética de un Ingenio. Este trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en el marco de un proyecto industrial nacional, que recibió financiamiento de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI). El proyecto se dirigió específicamente a las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) del sector industrial del Valle del Cauca, con el objetivo de establecer herramientas de gestión para medir el desempeño energético y lograr mejoras sostenibles a lo largo del tiempo. Dentro del alcance de este estudio, pudimos identificar los usos significativos de energía, denominados variables significativas. Además, definimos la línea base de energía, la línea de meta y el índice de consumo. Además, se determinaron los indicadores críticos del valor de producción, el potencial de ahorro y el rendimiento. También se proporcionaron recomendaciones para mejorar el rendimiento energético de la empresa. En consecuencia, calculamos los potenciales de ahorro para los diferentes niveles de producción en el Ingenio, lo que se tradujo en un ahorro de energía de 1105537 kWh para el año 2021. Esto equivale a un costo económico de $ 397993454.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to present the application of energy management tools to carry out an energy characterization of a sugar mill. This research work was carried out within the framework of a national industrial project, which received funding from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). The project was specifically aimed at small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in the industrial sector of Valle del Cauca, with the objective of establishing management tools to measure energy performance and achieve sustainable improvements over time. Within the scope of this study, we were able to identify significant energy uses, called significant variables. Furthermore, we define the energy baseline, goal line, and consumption rate. In addition, critical indicators of production value, savings potential and performance were determined. Recommendations were also provided to improve the company's energy performance. Consequently, we calculated the savings potentials for the different levels of production at sugar mill, which translated into an energy saving of 1,105,537 kWh for the year 2021. This is equivalent to an economic cost of $ 397,993,454.