Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Resumen (Introducción) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco es una especie forestal de gran importancia por sus servicios ecosistémicos y su comercialización. Actualmente, se ha documentado que el cambio climático está afectando las poblaciones del norte del continente; sin embargo, no se ha evaluado cómo afectaría esto a la distribución de la especie en el futuro. (Objetivo) El objetivo de este trabajo fue modelar la idoneidad ambiental y la distribución potencial de P. menziesii en 3 periodos (2040, 2060 y 2080). (Metodología) Se estimó la idoneidad y distribución potencial, con base en registros y variables bioclimáticas, con ayuda de MaxEnt; se realizaron transferencias a 2 escenarios de emisiones de carbono en 3 periodos; por último, se evaluó la pérdida de extensión y disminución de idoneidad ambiental en porcentaje. (Resultados) P. menziesii tiene una distribución potencial actual de 164 110 km2, las zonas con mayor idoneidad ambiental (> 0.5) se ubicaron en el norte del país, específicamente en los estados del norte. No obstante, bajo los escenarios de cambio climático, estas áreas sufrieron mayor disminución de la idoneidad ambiental (> 50 %) y se redujo su extensión entre 50.7 % y 92.6 %; en contraste, las poblaciones más resilientes contra el cambio climático fueron las del sur. (Conclusiones) Pseudotsuga menziesii se ve favorecida por las bajas temperaturas, debido a esto, se espera un decrecimiento drástico en su distribución potencial. Aunada a ello, la idoneidad ambiental bajará a más del 50 % en las regiones norte de la nación. Con una pérdida drástica de superficie, la prevalencia de la especie pudiera encontrarse en un punto de declive.

Abstract (Introduction) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is a forest species of great importance for its ecosystem services and commercialization. Currently, it has been documented that climate change is affecting populations in the north of the continent; Nevertheless, how these changes will affect the distribution of the species in the future has not been assessed. (Objective) The objective of this work was to model the environmental suitability and potential distribution of P. menziesii in 3 time periods (2040, 2060 and 2080). (Methodology) Environmental suitability and potential distribution were estimated based on records and bioclimatic variables with the help of MaxEnt; transfers were made to 2 scenarios of carbon emissions in 3 time periods; finally, the loss of extension and decrease of environmental suitability were evaluated as a percentage. (Results) P. menziesii has a current potential distribution of 164 110 km2, the areas with the highest environmental suitability (> 0.5) were located in the north of the country, specifically in the states of north. However, under the climate change scenarios, these zones suffered a greater decrease in their environmental suitability of > 50 %, and their extension was reduced between 50.7 % and 92.6 %, in contrast, the most resilient populations to climate change were those in the south. (Conclusions) Pseudotsuga menziesii is favored by low temperatures, due to this, a drastic reduction in its potential distribution is expected, coupled with this, environmental suitability will drop to more than 50 % in the northern regions of the country. With a drastic loss of area, the prevalence of the species could be at a point of decline.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to carry out a survey of the different studies that have been carried out in Cuba in terms of ecosystem services valuation. It is a path little traveled and on rise that requires the detection of its strengths and gaps as a guide to the execution of said investigations with de human capital that the country possesses. A total of 42 papers were compiled, including 14 scientific articles, 8 diploma theses, 15 doctoral theses and 5 master´s theses. The ecosystem services most evaluated were those of fibre and food supply, the regulation of climate, water, natural hazard and air quality and within cultural services, aesthetic values and recreation and ecotourism.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un levantamiento de los diferentes estudios que en materia de valoración de servicios ecosistémicos se han efectuado en Cuba. Es un camino poco transitado y en ascenso que requiere de la detección de sus fortalezas y sus principales vacíos como guía a la ejecución de tales investigaciones, con el capital humano que el país posee. Se compilaron un total de 42, de ellos 14 son artículos científicos, 8 tesis de diploma, 15 tesis de doctorado y 5 de maestría. Los servicios ecosistémicos más evaluados en los documentos fueron: los servicios de aprovisionamiento de fibra y alimentos, la regulación del clima, del agua, del peligro natural y de la calidad del aire, y dentro de los servicios culturales los valores estéticos y recreación y ecoturismo.

ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

ABSTRACT The economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services is a necessary tool for governments in quantifying Mother Nature, which contributes to directing different economic activities. For this reason, the objective of the article is the diagnosis of ecosystem goods and services in the La Melba community and their economic valuation. The non-standardized interview technique is applied to specialists who investigate the environment, forestry, microbiologists, biologists and hydraulics for the identification of the different goods and services provided by the ecosystem in the La Melba Sector; the benefit transfer method (MTB), which allows reference to the studies carried out by the Agro-Forestry Research Institute of Havana on forest soils with similar characteristics to the La Melba Sector, and the valuation method based on market prices. The above enables local government managers and the La Melba community to know the goods and services provided by the ecosystem and their total economic value of approximately $121 432 99 784, 2696, and also allows them to improve decision-making aimed at the protection and ecosystem conservation.

RESUMEN La valoración económica de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos es una herramienta necesaria para los gobiernos en la cuantificación de la madre naturaleza, lo que contribuye a direccionar las diferentes actividades económicas. Por tal motivo, se propone como objetivo de la investigación el diagnostico de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos en la comunidad La Melba y su valoración económica. Se aplica la técnica de entrevistas no estandarizadas a especialistas que investigan sobre el medio ambiente, forestales, microbiólogos, biólogos e hidráulicos para la identificación de los diferentes bienes y servicios que brinda el ecosistema en el Sector La Melba; el método de transferencia de beneficios (MTB) el que permite referenciar los estudios realizados por el Instituto de Investigación de la Agro-Forestal de La Habana en suelos forestales con características similares al Sector La Melba y el método de valoración basado en precios de mercado. Lo expuesto posibilita a los directivos del gobierno local y a la comunidad La Melba conocer los bienes y servicios que brinda el ecosistema y su valor económico total de aproximadamente $ 121 432 99 784,2696, permite además perfeccionar la toma de decisiones encaminada a la protección y conservación del ecosistema.

Resumo O pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PES) é um mecanismo no qual um consumidor é capaz e está pronto para pagar pela proteção do serviço ecossistêmico preciso e deve haver um provedor, como sociedades locais, que recebe um recurso econômico, que, em troca, deve ter capacidade para manter esse serviço ecossistêmico. A avaliação econômica fornece a base para o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os serviços de turismo e estoque de carbono do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT), Paquistão. Duas zonas florestais (Chirpine e Scrub) do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT) foram selecionadas para estimativa do estoque de carbono e seus créditos de carbono e valor de carbono. Uma pesquisa baseada em questionário foi realizada para turismo como pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos. O método para avaliação do estoque de carbono foi a amostragem sistemática para a floresta de Chirpine, enquanto a amostragem aleatória foi feita para a floresta de cerrado. O tamanho da parcela de amostragem foi de 17,84 m de raio, e um total de 93 parcelas (49 zona Scrub e 44 zona Chirpine) foi considerado na área de estudo. O estoque de carbono de ambas as zonas (zona Chirpine e Scrub) é de 22.556,75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20.105,79, Scrub 2.450,96), e o dióxido de carbono total sequestrado por ambas as zonas é de 82.557,72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73.587,2, Scrub 8.970,52); créditos totais de carbono de ambas as zonas são 302.160,87 (Chirpine 269.328,97, Scrub 32.831,9), e o valor de carbono tanto do Chirpine quanto da zona de scrub é 4.532.418,92 $ (Chirpine 4.039.937,09 $, Scrub 492481,83 $). Da mesma forma, do ponto de vista do turismo, em Shakar Parian 94% dos turistas concordaram com o PES, enquanto 6% discordaram do PES (6% dos turistas não concordaram em contribuir para o PES, 40% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 54% para R$ 10). além disso, no Lake View Park, 97% dos turistas concordaram e 3% discordaram (no Lake View Park, 5% dos turistas discordaram da contribuição do PES, enquanto 32% concordaram em R$ 5 e 63% foram em R$ 10). Em Damen e Koh, cerca de 87% dos turistas concordaram e 13% discordaram (24% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 63% dos turistas concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 10). No Jardim Zoológico de Marghazar, 93% dos turistas concordaram (22% aceitaram a contribuição de R$ 5 e 71% dos turistas aceitaram contribuir com R$ 10) e 7% discordaram para PES. enquanto 7% turistas não foram acordados para contribuição. O PSA pode ser implementado para compensar o gestor florestal e de parques para garantir uma melhor gestão de florestas e parques. Devido à localização privilegiada e beleza cênica do ICT, possui enorme potencial para implementação de mecanismo de PSA para manejo e conservação florestal sustentável. Portanto, recomenda-se que a autoridade de desenvolvimento da capital (CDA) de Islamabad elabore um plano para implementação de PES em florestas e parques de ICT para sua gestão sustentável de recursos recreativos e florestais.

Abstract Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a mechanism where a consumer is able and ready to pay for the protection of the precise ecosystem service and there must be a provider such as local societies receiving an economic resource, who in return, must have the ability to maintain that ecosystem service. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services. Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate tourism and carbon stock services of the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. Two forest zones (Chirpine and Scrub) of Islamabad capital territory (ICT) were selected for estimation of carbon stock and their carbon credits and carbon worth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted for tourism as a payment for ecosystem services. The method for carbon stock assessment was systematic sampling for Chirpine forest whereas random sampling was done for scrub forest. The size of sampling plot was 17.84 m radius, and a total of 93 plots (49 Scrub zone and 44 Chirpine zone) was taken in the study area. The carbon stock of both zones (Chirpine and Scrub zone) is 22556.75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20105.79, Scrub 2450.96) and total carbon dioxide sequestered by both zone is 82557.72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73587.2, Scrub 8970.52), total carbon credits of both zone is 302160.87 (Chirpine 269328.97, Scrub 32831.9) and the carbon worth of both Chirpine and scrub zone is 4532418.92 $ (Chirpine 4039937.09$, Scrub 492481.83$). Similarly, from tourism point of view, in Shakar Parian, 94% tourists were agreed for PES whereas 6% were disagreed for the PES (the 6% tourist were disagreed to contribute for PES, 40% were agreed for Rs.5 contribution and 54% for Rs.10.). moreover, in Lake view Park, 97% tourists were agreed and 3% are disagreed (In Lake View Park 5% tourists were disagreed for the PES contribution whereas 32% were agreed for Rs.5 and 63% were for Rs.10). In Damen e Koh, around 87% tourist were agreed and 13% were disagreed, (24% were agreed for the contribution of Rs.5 and 63% tourists were agreed for the contribution of Rs.10). In Marghazar Zoo, 93% tourists were agreed (22% were agreed for contribution of Rs.5 and 71% tourist were agreed for contribution of Rs.10) and 7% are disagreed for PES whereas 7% tourists were not agreed for contribution. PES may implement to compensate forest and parks manager to ensure better management of the forests and parks. Due to prime location and scenic beauty of the ICT, it has huge potential for implementation of PES mechanism for sustainable forest management and conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that Capital Development Authority (CDA) Islamabad should devise a plan for implementation of PES in forests and parks of ICT for its sustainable management of recreational and forest resources.

ABSTRACT Deforestation, mining, pollution and the construction of hydroelectric plants are among the main risks for biological communities, ecosystems and indigenous peoples. In the Brazilian Amazon, historically there has been political pressure to reduce the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples, especially regarding mining activities and the construction of hydroelectric plants. This culminated in a law proposal allowing mining in indigenous lands (PL 191/2020), proposed during the last presidential term in Brazil (2018-2022), which sparked a heated debate in both the legal and ethical spheres. In this article we present objective arguments for the negative effects of mining on indigenous lands, using PL 191/2020 as a model to debate the consequences of such policies for biodiversity, ecosystem services, increased risks for humans due to pollutants and epidemics, and how this law violates the main objectives of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon, the negative effects of this law on human life quality, economy and the ecosystems are greater than the supposed positive effects projected into the future. We suggest rethinking the feasibility of mining on indigenous lands and reiterate the importance of conserving these lands and other protected areas in the Amazon intact as a heritage of all Brazilians and the wider human kind.

RESUMO O desmatamento, a mineração, a poluição e a construção de usinas hidrelétricas estão entre os principais riscos para as comunidades biológicas, os ecossistemas e os povos indígenas. Na Amazônia brasileira, historicamente tem havido pressão política para reduzir os direitos constitucionais dos povos indígenas, especialmente no que diz respeito às atividades de mineração e à construção de usinas hidrelétricas. Isso culminou em uma proposta de lei que permite a mineração em terras indígenas (PL 191/2020), proposta durante o último mandato presidencial no Brasil (2018-2022), que gerou um acalorado debate tanto na esfera jurídica quanto na esfera ética. Neste artigo apresentamos argumentos objetivos para os efeitos negativos da mineração em terras indígenas, usando o PL 191/2020 como modelo para debater as consequências de tais políticas para a biodiversidade, os serviços ecossistêmicos, o aumento dos riscos para os seres humanos devido a poluentes e epidemias, e como esta lei viola os principais objetivos da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Particularmente na Amazônia brasileira, os efeitos negativos desta lei sobre a qualidade de vida humana, a economia e os ecossistemas são maiores do que os supostos efeitos positivos projetados para o futuro. Sugerimos repensar a viabilidade da mineração em terras indígenas e reiterar a importância de conservar intactas essas terras e outras áreas protegidas na Amazônia como patrimônio de todos os brasileiros e da humanidade em geral.

Abstract Green areas have important social, biological and aesthetical values. They might provide house and food for fauna, protect biodiversity and can provide several ecosystem services of provision, regulation, support and culture. This research aimed to analyze composition of native and exotic species in urban parks in São Paulo (Brazil), in response to variables considered drivers of diversity adapted to urban environment and to socioeconomic aspects. We expected that socio-economic factors and age and size of parks would be important determinants of species richness All county parks (municipal management) larger than 1 ha were selected, which summed 68 parks throughout São Paulo. Socioeconomic variables for this study were population, growth rate of population, average per capita income, IDH and population density. We also accessed native and exotic species richness of plants and trees from the flora list of each park. In order to determine the effects of park size and age and neighbourhood socio-economic status on richness of plants and trees we used multiple regression analyses. We found a great species richness in urban parks in São Paulo and that richness associated to park age and size, and to some socio-economic factors, especially when combined to age and size of parks. Bigger sites could offer more resources and area for the growth and establishment of native plants, and older parks in São Paulo likely had more management and interventions improving its biodiversity. Lastly, in vulnerable regions and in smaller and newer parks, we recommend improvement in plant species diversity by managers.

Water is at the very core of sustainable development, as it is critical for a thriving people and planet. However, limited water access has for long plagued many parts of the world, South Africa included. In recent years, there have been increasingly urgent warnings of a global water crisis because humanity consistently uses more safe water than is sustainably available. From an international perspective, the most recent development dealing with water access, conservation and management is Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), which forms part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. SDG 6 covers the entire water cycle, including the management of water, wastewater and ecosystem resources, and places water at the centre of sustainable development. This critical goal can be achieved if it is properly pursued in national settings. Thus, this article focuses on the domestic implementation of SDG 6.1 against the backdrop of current South African legislation dealing with water access and management. The aim of the article is to analyse SDG 6.1 and determine if and how it can be incorporated into South African water legislation in order to give effect to it and grant it legal legitimacy in the domestic context.

RESUMO Em um cenário de várzea amazônica com fluxos fluviais, o estudo analisa a articulação da Atenção Básica com a Atenção Especializada, buscando discutir as condições políticas e geográficas que impactam na conformação da rede assistencial em uma região de saúde na Amazônia Ocidental. Adotouse uma combinação de estratégias metodológicas: levantamento de indicadores de morbidade e da rede de saúde, mapeamento dos trajetos intermunicipais, levantamento de despesas em Ações e Serviços Públicos de Saúde e entrevistas com gestores. O município de Tefé concentra serviços bancários, poder judiciário, educacional, órgãos de controle e segurança que lhe conferem uma centralidade de funções. Contudo, a saúde não considera os fluxos existentes no território para definição de quais municípios têm Tefé como referência. A defasagem dos dados nos sistemas de informação em saúde, aliada a ausência do ente estadual no planejamento regional de saúde, apoio para provimento de profissionais especializados, pagamento de insumos e organização do fluxo de referência-contrarreferência na rede têm sido desafios para planejar integralidade da atenção na região, sobrecarregando o município-polo. Apesar do aumento progressivo de despesas em saúde nos municípios analisados, a oferta de serviço para além da Atenção Básica permanece sendo um desafio para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na Amazônia.

ABSTRACT In an Amazonian floodplain scenario with river flows, the study analyzes the articulation of Primary Care with Specialized Care, seeking to discuss the political and geographical conditions that impact on the formation of the care network in a health region in the Western Amazon. A combination of methodological strategies was adopted: survey of morbidity indicators and the health network, mapping of intercity routes, survey of expenses in Public Health Actions and Services and interviews with managers. Tefé concentrates banking services, judiciary branch, education and security bodies that give it a centrality of functions. However, health does not consider existing flows in the territory to define which municipalities have Tefé as a health reference. Outdated data in the health information systems, combined with the absence of the state government in the regional health planning, support to provide specialized professionals, payment for supplies and the organization of referral-counter-referral flow in the network have been challenges for integrality of the attention in the region, overloading the hub municipality. Despite the progressive increase in health expenses in the analyzed municipalities, the provision of services beyond Primary Care remains a challenge for the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Amazon.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las relaciones entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en un contexto agroecológico. Materiales y Métodos: Se consultaron y analizaron diferentes fuentes de información (114), referentes a la literatura disponible en los ámbitos de la biología, ciencias agrícolas y agroecología, con el propósito de la profundización en el estado del conocimiento relacionado con la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que proporcionan los sistemas agroecológicos. Resultados: Esta revisión aborda un proceso de actualización constituido por los principales esfuerzos en esta rama del conocimiento y propone una búsqueda sistemática de los temas y enfoques clave que se han desarrollado para comprender los servicios que proporciona la biodiversidad como principio clave de la agroecología. Además, aporta una guía para el desarrollo de investigaciones que permitan una comprensión integral de los servicios ecosistémicos generados por el manejo de la biodiversidad. Los análisis de la relación entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en los agroecosistemas deben formar parte de los estudios integrales en el contexto agroecológico, de manera que desde la ciencia se evidencie qué prácticas son más efectivas para la sostenibilidad de las producciones. Conclusiones: Los ecosistemas multifuncionales, biodiversos, que implementen prácticas de manejo que optimicen el uso de la tierra y gestionen eficientemente los servicios ecosistémicos, se deben convertir en el paradigma del manejo sostenible de los agroecosistemas. Existe una fuerte interrelación entre el funcionamiento de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo de los procesos ecosistémicos que, posteriormente, serán la base de la producción, fundamentada por la riqueza y variabilidad espacial y temporal de especies, su desempeño en la complejidad de los ecosistemas y el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos en diferentes escalas.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services in an agroecological context. Materials and Methods: Different sources of information (114) were consulted and analyzed, referring to the available literature in the fields of biology, agricultural sciences and agroecology, with the purpose of deepening the state of knowledge related to biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by agroecological systems. Results: This review addresses an updating process constituted by the main efforts in this branch of knowledge and proposes a systematic search of the key topics and approaches that have been developed to understand the services provided by biodiversity as a key principle of agroecology. It also provides a guide for the development of research that allows a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem services generated by biodiversity management. Analyses of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems should be part of comprehensive studies in the agroecological context, so that from science it becomes evident which practices are more effective for the sustainability of productions. Conclusions: Multifunctional, biodiverse ecosystems that implement management practices that optimize land use and efficiently manage ecosystem services should become the paradigm for sustainable agroecosystem management. There is a strong interrelationship between the functioning of biodiversity and the development of ecosystem processes that will subsequently form the basis of production, based on the richness and spatial and temporal variability of species, their performance in the complexity of ecosystems and the maintenance of ecosystem services at different scales.

Abstract The forest ecosystems of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) play a very important role in providing wood to the region and its communities, as well as serving as significant providers of environmental services. With the goal understanding the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems in northeastern Mexico, 30 plots, each of 250 m2, were established in three vegetation communities (10 per community), where recorded variables included normal diameter (Dn; cm), height (H; m), and crown area (m2) for all individuals with Dn > 5 cm. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity, and species richness were estimated using the Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) and Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) indices, and the similarity between ecosystems was assessed with the Bray-Curtis index. The highest IVI for the Pine ecosystem was found in Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) and P. arizonica (25.43%), in the Oak-Pine ecosystem for Quercus laceyi (37.47%) and Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%), and in the altered Forest for the species Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) and Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). In general, for the three studied ecosystems, the Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) and Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) indices indicated low diversity (1.13 and 1.14, respectively), while the similarity results showed that the Pine ecosystem and the altered Forest shared 51%. The Pine ecosystems along with Oak-Pine and Oak-Pine with the altered Forest exhibited lower similarities (20% and 21%, respectively). The studied vegetation communities provide insights into the current state of the forest ecosystems in the SMO.

Resumen Los ecosistemas forestales de la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) juegan un papel muy importante al proveer a la región y comunidades de madera y como importantes proveedores de servicios ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer la estructura y diversidad de ecosistemas forestales del noreste de México, se ubicaron 30 parcelas, cada una de 250 m2, en tres comunidades vegetales (10 por comunidad), en donde las variables registradas fueron diámetro normal (Dn; cm), altura (H; m) y área de copa (m2) para todos los individuos con Dn > 5 cm. Se estimó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), diversidad y riqueza de especies mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner ( H ´ ) y Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y la similitud entre ecosistemas con el índice de Bray-Curtis. El mayor IVI para el ecosistema de Pino fue para el Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) y P. arizonica (25.43%), en el ecosistema de Encino-Pino para Quercus laceyi (37.47%) y Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%) y en el Bosque alterado fue para las especies de Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) y Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). En general, para los tres ecosistemas estudiados, los índices de Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) consideraron la diversidad como baja (1.13 y 1.14, respectivamente), mientras que los resultados de similitud mostraron que el ecosistema de Pino y el Bosque alterado tienen 51% en común. Los ecosistemas de Pino con Encino-Pino y Encino-Pino con el Bosque alterado mostraron una similitud inferior (20% y 21%, respectivamente). Las comunidades vegetales estudiadas contribuyen al conocimiento acerca del estado actual de los ecosistemas forestales de la SMO.

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica “D” o “E”, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares.

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity.

Resumo Na sequência do estudo “Observatório Escolar: Monitorização e Ação | Saúde Psicológica e Bem-estar” (Matos et al., 2022), foi aplicado um questionário a 60 Agrupamentos de Escolas/Escolas não Agrupadas que se voluntariaram, com o objetivo de conhecer a sua realidade, e tendo como finalidade identificar, antecipar, alertar e recomendar ações necessárias a curto, médio e longo prazo. No total foram obtidas 83 respostas, por parte dos diretores ou subdiretores escolares, coordenadores de educação para a saúde, psicólogos e outros membros do ecossistema escolar. Constatou-se que os diversos atores envolvidos convergem globalmente. Consideram a importância atribuída à saúde psicológica como superior ao conhecimento, às preocupações e às ações desenvolvidas, independentemente da sua função no ecossistema escolar. Em relação à saúde psicológica e bem-estar, num extremo, os psicólogos são percebidos como os agentes que lhes atribuem maior importância, que possuem mais conhecimentos, que têm mais preocupações e que desenvolvem mais ações na área. Noutro extremo, os alunos e os encarregados de educação são percebidos como os grupos que lhes atribuem menor importância, que possuem menos conhecimentos, que têm menos preocupações e que desenvolvem menos ações na área. Salienta-se a necessidade de se promover formações viradas para a ação transformadora, recomenda-se uma ação concertada entre as instituições de ensino e os serviços de saúde, bem como uma maior articulação entre os Agrupamentos de Escolas e Escolas não agrupadas, na partilha de boas práticas.

Abstract Following the study “School Observatory: Monitoring and Action | Psychological Health and Well-being” (Matos et al., 2022), a questionnaire was applied to 60 voluntary Schools or School Groups, with the aim of understanding their reality, and identifying, anticipating, alerting and recommending short, medium and long term actions. In total, 83 responses were obtained from school directors or deputy directors, health education coordinators, psychologists and other members of the school ecosystem. It was found that the different actors involved converge globally. They considered the importance attributed to psychological health to be greater than the knowledge possessed, the concerns taken and the actions taken, regardless of their role in the school ecosystem. In relation to psychological health and well-being, at one extreme, psychologists are perceived as the agents who attach greater importance, who have more knowledge, who have more concerns and who develop more actions in the area. At the other extreme, students and parents or guardians are perceived as the groups that attach less importance, that have less knowledge, that have fewer concerns and that carry out fewer actions in the area. The need to promote teachers’ training focused on transformative actions is highlighted and recommended the relevance to align action between educational institutions and health services is highlighted, as well as greater coordination between Schools or School Groups (Agrupamentos), in sharing good practices.