RESUMO: Os padrões paisagísticos em zonas montanhosas com rápido desenvolvimento económico são fortemente afetados por múltiplas atividades humanas. No entanto, as mudanças nas alterações da paisagem nas áreas montanhosas cársticas atribuídas a atividades humanas complexas permanecem obscuras. A investigação sobre o grau de alteração da paisagem em zonas montanhosas sob a influência das atividades humanas é de grande importância para a conservação e gestão científica das paisagens montanhosas. Selecionamos zonas rurais com quatro tipos típicos de acidentes geográficos de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas como objetos de pesquisa e analisamos a resposta das mudanças na perturbação da paisagem rural à atividade humana nessas áreas. Nossos resultados revelam que o grau de alteração da paisagem e a atividade humana influenciam o aumento do índice na maioria das áreas montanhosas. As mudanças na atividade humana e nas perturbações paisagísticas são geralmente observadas na região de baixo relevo do terreno. A utilização intensiva do solo associada ao rápido desenvolvimento econômico tem um sério impacto negativo no grau de perturbação da paisagem, enquanto os projetos de restauração ecológica exercem um impacto positivo. Acelerar a implementação dos projetos para área “verde” e regular a expansão não regulamentada da produção e da terra viva são medidas cruciais para a gestão ecológica em áreas montanhosas cársticas. As futuras estratégias de gestão ecológica deverão centrar-se em áreas de terreno relativamente planas. Nossas descobertas contribuem para a gestão da paisagem e a regulação da atividade humana de diferentes tipos de relevo de pequena escala em áreas montanhosas cársticas. RESUMO entanto obscuras positivo verde “verde centrarse centrar se planas

ABSTRACT: Landscape patterns in mountainous areas with rapid economic development are strongly affected by multiple human activities. However, the changes in landscape disturbances across karst mountainous areas attributed to complex human activities remain unclear. Research on the degree of landscape disturbance in mountainous areas under the influence of human activities is of great significance to the conservation and scientific management of mountainous landscapes. We selected rural zones with four typical small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas as the research objects and analyzed the response of changes in rural landscape disturbance to human activity in these areas. Our results revealed that the landscape disturbance degree and human activity influence index increase in the majority of karst mountainous areas. The changes in human activity and landscape disturbances are generally observed in the low terrain relief region. High-intensity land use associated with rapid economic development has a serious negative impact on the degree of landscape disturbance, while ecological restoration projects exert a positive impact. Accelerating the implementation of the grain for green project and regulating the unregulated expansion of production and living land are crucial measures for the ecological management in karst mountainous areas. Future ecological management strategies should focus on relatively flat terrain areas. Our findings contributed to the landscape management and human activity regulation of different small-scale landform types in karst mountainous areas. ABSTRACT However unclear landscapes smallscale small scale region Highintensity High intensity

Abstract Introduction: México has a high rate of teenage pregnancy, which symbolizes a risk to the health and socio-economic development of this group. The prevention of a second pregnancy at this stage is relevant to improve quality of life. Objective: To explore the social representations of prenatal contraceptive counseling based on the experiences and expectations of pregnant adolescents and health providers in a second level care hospital. Methodology: Qualitative study based on Serge Moscovici’s Social Representations Theory with ten primiparous adolescents in any quarter of pregnancy and seven health providers, adolescents without pregnancy condition were excluded. We used semi-structured interviews recorded and analyzed in their integrity through fluctuating reading by two researchers, the discourse of the proposed thematic axes was contrasted. Integrity, confidentiality, and autonomy were respected. Results: The realities represented by adolescents showed a need for knowledge, values, respect, kindness, and patience. Providers evoked paternalistic counseling, but with recognition of focused counseling and reproductive rights. Conclusion: More participants stated that the ideal time to receive counseling is during pregnancy, since pregnant adolescents expressed the need to receive information and have more time lapse between their pregnancies. The expectations of the Prenatal Contraceptive Counseling (CAP by its acronym in Spanish) differed in terms of values to give rise to a paternalistic attitude on the part of the health provider and the preference of adolescents for counseling based on respect, honesty, and trust, among others.

Abstrato Introdução: O México tem um alto índice de gravidez na adolescência, o que simboliza um risco para a saúde e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico desse grupo. A prevenção de uma segunda gravidez nesta fase é relevante para melhorar sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Explorar as representações sociais do aconselhamento contraceptivo pré-natal a partir das experiências e expectativas de gestantes adolescentes e profissionais de saúde em um segundo nível de atenção hospitalar. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo baseado na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Serge Moscovici com dez adolescentes primíparas em qualquer trimestre da gravidez e sete profissionais de saúde; foram excluídas as adolescentes sem condições de gravidez. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas e analisadas em sua integridade por meio da leitura flutuante de dois pesquisadores, contrastando o discurso dos eixos temáticos propostos. Integridade, confidencialidade e autonomia foram respeitadas. Resultados: As realidades representadas pelos adolescentes mostraram necessidade de conhecimento, valores, respeito, gentileza e paciência. Os prestadores evocaram aconselhamento paternalista, más com reconhecimento de aconselhamento focado e direitos reprodutivos. Conclusão: Um número maior de participantes afirmou que o momento ideal para receber aconselhamento é durante a gravidez, pois as adolescentes grávidas expressaram a necessidade de receber informações e de ter mais tempo entre as gestações. As expectativas da aconselhamento contraceptivo pré-natal (CAP, na sigla em espanhol) diferiram quanto aos valores para dar lugar a uma atitude paternalista por parte do provedor de saúde e a preferência das adolescentes por uma assessoria baseada no respeito, honestidade, confiança, entre outros

Resumen Introducción: México presenta una tasa elevada de embarazo adolescente lo que simboliza un riesgo a la salud y desarrollo socioeconómico de este grupo. La prevención de un segundo embarazo en esta etapa es relevante para mejorar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Explorar las representaciones sociales de la consejería anticonceptiva prenatal a partir de las experiencias y expectativas de adolescentes gestantes y proveedores de salud en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales de Serge Moscovici con diez adolescentes primíparas en cualquier trimestre de embarazo y siete proveedores de salud, se excluyeron adolescentes sin condición de embarazo. Se utilizó entrevista semiestructurada grabadas y analizadas en su integridad mediante lectura fluctuante realizada por dos investigadores, se contrastó el discurso de los ejes temáticos propuesto. Se respetó la integridad, confidencialidad y autonomía. Resultados: Las realidades representadas por las adolescentes mostraron necesidad de conocimientos, valores, respeto, amabilidad y paciencia. Los proveedores evocaron una consejería paternalista, pero con reconocimiento de una consejería focalizada y derechos reproductivos. Conclusión: Las experiencias similares de los participantes fueron que el momento ideal para recibir la consejería es durante el embarazo, en virtud de que las adolescentes embarazadas manifestaron necesidad de recibir información y espaciar sus embarazos. Las expectativas de la consejería anticonceptiva prenatal difirieron en los valores para dar lugar a una actitud paternalista por parte del proveedor de salud y la preferencia de las adolescentes por una consejería basada en el respeto, honestidad, confianza, entre otros.

Abstract The objective of this research is to identify and describe the main domains and subdomains of the entrepreneurial ecosystem that drive entrepreneurship in Mexico and establish their relationship with the entrepreneurial intention. For this purpose, a structured direct questionnaire was developed which was applied to 1,141 students of accounting, administration, and computer science majors, from the Faculty of Accounting and Administration of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. A descriptive, correlational, and multivariate analysis was carried out. The results allow to know that the training of an entrepreneur integrates social, cultural and economic knowledge, which increases the probability of creating successful entrepreneurship; however, knowledge of the business environment does not represent a strength for students, specifically they lack knowledge about the financing sources. Regarding the students' perception about the market and human capital, it was found that they have a notion of the elements that allow increasing sales in an organization and know how to recognize the importance of human capital. On the other hand, students express concern about procedures and corruption, which are barriers that usually prevent entrepreneurship in Mexico; likewise, they require more information about entrepreneurship support services.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y describir los principales dominios y subdominios del ecosistema emprendedor que favorecen el emprendimiento en México, y establecer su relación con la intención de emprendimiento, para ello se elaboró un cuestionario directo estructurado el cual fue aplicado a 1,141 estudiantes de las carreras de contaduría, administración e informática, de la Facultad de Contaduría y Administración de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se realizó un análisis descriptivo, correlacional y multivariado. Los resultados permiten saber que la formación de un emprendedor integra conocimientos sociales, culturales y económicos, lo cual incrementa las probabilidades de crear emprendimientos exitosos, sin embargo, el conocimiento del ambiente empresarial no representa una fortaleza para los estudiantes, específicamente carecen de conocimientos sobre las fuentes de financiamiento. Respecto a la percepción de los estudiantes acerca del mercado y del capital humano, se encontró que estos tienen noción de los elementos que permiten incrementar las ventas en una organización y saben reconocer la importancia del capital humano. Por otra parte, los estudiantes manifiestan preocupación por los trámites y la corrupción que son barreras que suelen impedir el emprendimiento en México; asimismo, requieren de más información sobre de los servicios de apoyo al emprendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Livestock farming with Creole cattle is practiced in rural areas with challenging characteristics for species management. Objective. To describe the production system and the socio-cultural and technical-economic factors affecting the production of Nunkiní Creole cattle (Bos taurus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021 in nine livestock production units of Nunkiní, Calkiní municipality, Campeche, Mexico. Information was obtained from an interview form with social, cultural, technical, and economic study variables, applied to selected producers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results. Livestock farming was carried out by men (100 %), with an average age of 58.44 years. The average years of experience were 34.61. Younger producers had higher levels of education and less experience, and were responsible for the production units of higher technological levels. The size of the livestock production unit ranged from five to twenty-two cattle (average of 14). Feeding management followed a transhumance scheme, with cattle being free-ranging on ejido lands and from May to December and semi-stabled from January to April, grazing on cultivated pastures and supplemented with agricultural residues. With the zootechnical management implemented by the producers, an average pregnancy rate of 83 % was achieved. The main product marketed was fresh meat in cuts and direct sale to consumers, with an average price of 2.675 USD$/kg. Conclusion. It is traditional extensive system that takes advantage of the common use of grasslands. It involves experienced but older producers, with small investments, and serves to strengthen their family economy. This activity is threatened by the lack of revaluation of Creole cattle and the introduction of exotic breeds in the area to maximize production.

Resumen Introducción. La ganadería con bovinos criollos se práctica en espacios rurales con características difíciles para el manejo de las especies. Objetivo. Describir el sistema productivo y los factores socioculturales y técnico-económicos que afectan la producción del bovino criollo de Nunkiní (Bos taurus). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre del 2020 a octubre del 2021, en nueve unidades de producción pecuarias de Nunkiní en el municipio de Calkiní, Campeche, México. La información se obtuvo de una cédula de entrevista con variables de estudio sociales, culturales, técnicas y económicas, aplicada a productores seleccionados. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y ANDEVA. Resultados. La crianza del ganado la realizaron hombres (100 %), con edad promedio de 58,44 años. Los años de experiencia promedio fueron de 34, 61. Los productores jóvenes tuvieron mayor escolaridad y menor experiencia, y se encargaron de las unidades de producción de mayor nivel tecnológico. El tamaño de la unidad de producción pecuaria varió de cinco a veintidós bovinos (media de 14). El manejo alimenticio tuvo un esquema de trashumancia, donde de mayo a diciembre estuvieron libres en tierras ejidales y de enero a abril se manejaron semiestabulados, con pastoreo en potreros cultivados y suplementados con residuos agrícolas. Con el manejo zootécnico implementado por los productores, se obtuvo un promedio de 83 % de preñez. El producto principal comercializado fue carne fresca en cortes y venta directa al consumidor, con un precio promedio de 2,675 USD$/kg. Conclusión. Es un sistema tradicional extensivo que aprovecha el uso común de los agostaderos. Con productores de experiencia, pero de edad avanzada, de pequeña inversión y le sirve para fortalecer su economía familiar. Dicha actividad se ve amenazada por la falta de revalorización del bovino criollo y la introducción de razas exóticas en la zona para maximizar la producción.

Abstract Introduction. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening in Mexico is complex. The purpose, volume, origin, and destination of the mobilized animals determine the economic structure and market network. Objective. To analyze the market structure of the national network of cattle for fattening in Mexico from 2017 to 2021. Materials and methods. The study considered all heads of cattle mobilized for fattening in 956 municipalities (supply) and 1173 destination municipalities (demand) within Mexico from 2017 to 2021. The market structure was analyzed using economic, density, and centrality measures from Social Network Analysis (SNA). Results. The network of cattle mobilization for fattening was composed of 31 sources and 32 destinations, with an average annual mobilization of of 3.9 million heads of cattle and 73.6 heads of cattle per mobilization. The most important states in cattle mobilization, both in origin and destination, were Chiapas and Durango. In all cattle sources and destinations, there was a high concentration of fattening steers, as they had low centrality and density measures throughout the network. Veracruz and Durango were the most influential both in origin and destination. Conclusions. The cattle fattening market network in Mexico has a structure with high density and low centrality. The degree of specialization, both in sources and destinations, is low. Supply is concentrated in the southeast, while demand is concentrated in the north and center of the country. This information allows the establishment of three networks: sanitary prevention, cattle traceability, and market information.

Resumen Introducción. La red de movilización de ganado bovino para engorda en México es compleja. El motivo, volumen, origen y destino de los animales movilizados, determinan la estructura económica y red de mercado. Objetivo. Analizar la estructura de mercado de la red nacional de bovinos para engorda en México de 2017 a 2021. Materiales y métodos. El estudio consideró todas las cabezas de ganado movilizado para engorda en 956 municipios de origen (oferta) y 1173 municipios de destino (demanda) dentro de México del año 2017 a 2021. La estructura del mercado se analizó con medidas económicas, de densidad y centralidad del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Resultados. La red de movilización de bovinos para engorda se conformó con 31 orígenes y 32 destinos, un promedio anual de 3,9 millones de cabezas de ganado bovino movilizadas y 73,6 cabezas de ganado por movilización. Los Estados más importantes en la movilización de ganado, en origen y destino, fueron Chiapas y Durango. En todos los orígenes y destinos del ganado se encontró una alta concentración de novillo para engorda, porque tuvieron medidas de centralidad y densidad bajas de toda la red. Tanto en origen como en destino Veracruz y Durango fueron los más influyentes. Conclusiones. La red de mercado de bovinos para engorda en México tiene una estructura con alta densidad y baja centralidad. El grado de especialización, tanto de orígenes y destinos, es bajo. La oferta se concentra en el sureste y la demanda en el norte y centro del país. Esta información permite establecer tres redes: prevención sanitaria, trazabilidad del ganado e información de mercados.

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

RESUMEN El objetivo general fue analizar el mecanismo a través del cual la academia puede contribuir al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en Paraguay. Ante la necesidad de visibilizar esta contribución por parte de la academia, se remarca el propósito del estudio, intercambiar experiencias de cómo puede la academia colaborar al logro de los ODS, la importancia de difundir informaciones relacionadas a los ODS y, sobre todo, indagar el grado de conocimiento de los ODS de personas clave de organizaciones o instituciones de las distintas comunidades de la zona de influencia de la sede Central y las Filiales de la FCE-UNA. El estudio analítico-descriptivo, está basado esencialmente en un trabajo de campo, con relevamiento de datos definida como población objetivo a líderes comunitarios. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que la visión de los líderes sobre el rol de las universidades para el logro de los ODS en Paraguay, refieren a que su rol es fundamental para el logro de los ODS y también mencionan que su rol es ser nexo con la sociedad para el logro de los ODS. Se concluye que el mecanismo óptimo a través del cual la academia/universidad puede contribuir al logro de los ODS en Paraguay, seria preferentemente incluir el tema de los ODS en el currículo de las facultades y brindar cursos sobre los ODS; otro, además sería elaborar e implementar proyectos en línea de los ODS, al que se agregan, el asesorar a las instituciones responsables del cumplimiento de los ODS.

ABSTRACT The overarching objective was to examine the manner in which academic institutions can contribute to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Paraguay. In light of the necessity to make this contribution by academia visible, the objective of the study is to facilitate an exchange of experiences on how academia can collaborate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the importance of disseminating information related to the SDGs, and, most importantly, to investigate the degree of knowledge of the SDGs among key individuals from organizations or institutions in various communities within the area of influence of the Central Headquarters and the Branches of FCE-UNA. The study is primarily analytical and descriptive in nature, with a particular focus on fieldwork and the collection of data from community leaders. The findings indicate that the leaders perceive the role of universities in achieving the SDGs in Paraguay to be of paramount importance. Furthermore, they assert that their role is to serve as a conduit between society and the achievement of the SDGs. It is thus concluded that the most effective mechanism through which academia/ universities can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs in Paraguay would be to integrate the topic of the SDGs into the curricula of the faculties and to offer courses on the SDGs. Additionally, another avenue for contribution would be the development and implementation of SDG-aligned projects, in collaboration with institutions responsible for achieving the SDGs

ABSTRACT Social technology is based around three axes: community, environmental protection and economic solidarity. The páramo itself is a vital ecosystem for water regulation as it is the source of water supplies for human consumption and performance of economic activities. This article intends to identify the limitations to apply social technology to the protection of the páramo in the central highlands of Ecuador, where processes of self-management, empowerment, participation, agreement-making, cooperation and pursuit for collective welfare have been observed. The methodology is quantitative within the framework of discourse analysis. The results show that, in order to reach a large agreement for the protection and recovery of the páramo, involving all of the communities settled in the area, it is necessary to overcome limitations mostly related to the lacking attention by the government in regards to basic utilities, management plans for conservation areas and studies for economic alternatives allowing communities to subsist in the lower zones, compromising not to extend their agricultural borders further into the highlands. This information helps strengthen natural resource management from a new perspective.

RESUMEN La tecnología social se fundamenta en tres ejes: la comunidad, el cuidado ambiental y la solidaridad económica. Por su parte, el páramo es un ecosistema vital en la regulación hídrica porque sustenta el suministro de agua para consumo humano y el desarrollo de actividades económicas. Este artículo se centra en identificar las limitaciones para aplicar los fundamentos de la tecnología social en la protección del páramo, ubicado en la Sierra central del Ecuador, lugar donde se observan procesos de autogestión, empoderamiento, participación, logro de acuerdos, cooperación y búsqueda del bienestar colectivo. La metodología es cualitativa, en el marco del análisis del discurso. Los resultados muestran que, para que exista un gran acuerdo de protección y recuperación del páramo, entre todas las comunidades asentadas en esta zona, es necesario vencer limitaciones relacionadas, principalmente, con la falta de atención por parte del gobierno en temas de servicios básicos, planes de manejo para áreas de conservación y estudio de alternativas económicas que permitan a las comunidades subsistir en las zonas bajas y comprometerse a no ampliar la frontera agrícola hacia zonas altas. Esta información contribuye a fortalecer la gestión de recursos naturales desde una nueva perspectiva.

RESUMO A tecnologia social baseia-se em três eixos: a comunidade, o cuidado ambiental e a solidariedade econômica. O páramo é um ecossistema vital para a regulação hídrica pois ele fornece agua para o consumo humano e a realização de atividades económicas. Esse artigo focou-se na identificação das limitações para aplicar os fundamentos da tecnologia social para a proteção do páramo, situado na Sierra central de Equador, sítio onde pode-se observar processos de autogestão, empoeiramento, participação, efetuação de acordos, cooperação e procuração de um bem-estar coletivo. A metodologia é qualitativa, dentro do contexto da análise do discurso. Os resultados mostram que, para ter um acordo grande para a proteção e recuperação do páramo, com todas as comunidades estabelecidas na zona, é necessário vencer limitações relacionadas principalmente à falta de atenção do governo em relação à serviços básicos, planes de gestão de áreas de conservação e estudo de alternativas económicas que permitam que as comunidades possam subsistir nas zonas baixas, e comprometer-se a não estender a fronteira agrícola em direção às zonas altas. Essa informação contribui a fortalecer a gestão de recursos naturais com uma nova perspectiva.

Resumen El Valle de Comayagua en Honduras, ubicado en las coordenadas 14˚38’44.73” N y 87˚38’04.90” O, destaca por su altitud de 630 metros sobre el nivel del mar y su extensión de 52 km de largo por 15 km de ancho, abarcando 535 km². Carece de estudios que aborden su unidad territorial y geomorfológica. La investigación busca identificar y analizar la forma y elementos físicos naturales mediante el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, trazando ríos, elaborando modelos de elevación digital y creando perfiles topográficos. Los resultados revelan elementos clave para comprender la ocupación y uso del territorio.

Resumo O Vale de Comayagua em Honduras, localizado nas coordenadas 14˚38’44.73” N e 87˚38’04.90” O, destaca-se por sua altitude de 630 metros acima do nível do mar e sua extensão de 52 km de comprimento por 15 km de largura, abrangendo 535 km². Carece de estudos que abordem sua unidade territorial e geomorfológica. A pesquisa busca identificar e analisar a forma e os elementos físicos naturais por meio do uso de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, traçando rios, elaborando modelos de elevação digital e criando perfis topográficos. Os resultados revelam elementos-chave para compreender a ocupação e o uso do território.

Abstract The Comayagua Valley in Honduras, located at coordinates 14˚38’44.73” N and 87˚38’04.90” W, stands out for its altitude of 630 meters above sea level and its dimensions of 52 km in length by 15 km in width, covering an area of 535 km². Despite its economic and connectivity importance, there is a lack of studies addressing its territorial and geomorphological unity and a characterization of its current territorial morphology. The objective of the research is to identify and analyze the shape and natural physical elements that define the Comayagua Valley. To achieve this, Geographic Information Systems tools were used to analyze river layouts, create a digital elevation model, and generate topographic profiles. The main results of this analysis reveal the natural physical elements that shape the valley, which are of vital geo-historical importance for understanding the processes of occupation and land use in the valley.

Resumo Este artigo trata das repercussões e dos sentidos do negacionismo e da irresponsabilidade política na relação entre riscos de morte e proteção da população durante a covid-19 entre 2019 e 2022. Negaram-se vacinas, máscaras e isolamento. Tem como objetivo compreender e aprofundar a relação entre a desproteção, a desinformação, as fakes news e a saúde mental. Analisou-se o discurso oficial como um estudo de caso de bionecropolítica com repercussões na saúde da população. O resultado mostra que tanto a saúde física como a mental são afetadas pelo negacionismo, pela desinformação, pela má informação e pela falta de ética e de responsabilidade com repercussões nas representações de confiabilidade, na sociabilidade e na incidência de ansiedade, estresse e depressão. Sentidos de vida e morte são paradoxalmente atribuídos à covid-19 e à política estabelecida. As repercussões de doenças estão mais evidenciadas nas camadas mais pobres e periféricas em uma sociedade estruturada pela desigualdade econômica, de raça e de gênero com interseccionalidade dessas dimensões. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 201 2022 Negaramse Negaram se vacinas isolamento desproteção desinformação Analisouse Analisou confiabilidade ansiedade depressão estabelecida econômica dimensões covid1 1 covid- 20 202 2

Abstract This article deals with the repercussions and meanings of denialism and political irresponsibility in the relationship between risks of death and protection of the population during Covid-19 between 2019 and 2022. Vaccines, masks and isolation were denied. It aims to understand and deepen the relationship between lack of protection, misinformation, fake news and mental health. The official discourse was analyzed as a case study of bionecropolitics with repercussions on the population's health. The result shows that both physical and mental health are affected by denialism, misinformation, bad information and a lack of ethics and responsibility, with repercussions on representations of reliability, sociability and the incidence of anxiety, stress and depression. Meanings of life and death are paradoxically attributed to Covid-19 and established politics. The repercussions of diseases are more evident in the poorest and most peripheral layers in a society structured by economic, racial and gender inequality with the intersectionality of these dimensions. Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 201 2022 Vaccines denied misinformation populations s responsibility reliability anxiety depression politics economic dimensions Covid1 1 Covid- 20 202 2

Abstract The article addresses the establishment of the Oaxaca Mint and inquires into the interests that led to its opening; hence it begins at the final years of the New Spain viceroyalty and concludes a few years after it began to operate, by the end of the Reform War. The work provides information about the period of operation of the provisional house and links these findings with subsequent attempts to establish a mint in Oaxaca. The text takes up a fundamental theme in the history of the formation of the nineteenth-century Mexican monetary system: the establishment of state mints, and does so through dialogue between the actors, and the national and local circumstances. The main source consulted was the Casa de Moneda series, from the Archivo General del Estado de Oaxaca (AGEO), completed with statistical documents of the time, and references to the foundation and operation of other provincial mints.

Resumen El artículo aborda el establecimiento de la Casa de Moneda de Oaxaca y se pregunta por los intereses que llevaron a su apertura, de ahí que parta de finales del virreinato novohispano y concluya unos años después de que empezó a funcionar, al término de la guerra de Reforma. El trabajo aporta información sobre el periodo de operación de la casa provisional y enlaza estos hallazgos con los intentos posteriores de establecer una ceca en Oaxaca. El texto retoma un tema fundamental en la historia de la conformación del sistema monetario mexicano decimonónico: el establecimiento de las casas de moneda estatales, y lo hace a través del diálogo entre los actores, las circunstancias nacionales y locales. La principal fuente consultada fue la serie Casa de Moneda, del Archivo General del Estado de Oaxaca (AGEO), que ha sido completada con documentos estadísticos de la época y referencias al establecimiento y al funcionamiento de otras cecas provinciales.

Abstract Objective: Expose the complexity of looking after patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as the relevance of opening a space in academic research so that the voice of female caregivers resonates, through methodologies to encourage epistemic justice. Methodology: It is an autoethnography based on the narrative of one author going through the experience of looking after her father, who suffered AD. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out a systematic literature review regarding the narratives of caregivers of AD patients. Argument: AD implies focusing on caregivers, who assume the responsibility of making decisions and taking actions to safeguard the integrity and dignity of their patients. AD care process requires full time and attention to basic needs. Caregivers compromise physical, emotional, and economic health, as well as their creativity and experience. However, caregiver’s voice is in isolation, they are rarely heard in research, in addition, they have little access to the information generated in research institutions, which produces diverse epistemic injustices. Findings: Caregivers of AD patients in Mexico are -essentially- women and, in the different stages of the pathological process, they generate relevant knowledge about the bond and care. However, in published academic research, the voice of caregivers is not clear; on the contrary, the voice of women as the protagonists of caregiving is usually diluted. Furthermore, the concept of “caregiver”, in Spanish, is referred predominantly to males, even though statistics indicate that, most of the times, women perform this unpaid work. This irreplaceable work, as a health issue, should be responsibility of the government, through public institutions.

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar la complejidad del cuidado de pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), así como la relevancia de abrir espacio en las investigaciones académicas para que resuene la voz de las mujeres cuidadoras, mediante metodologías que favorezcan a la justicia epistémica. Metodología: Es una autoetnografía a partir de la narrativa de la experiencia de una de las autoras, tras atravesar por el cuidado y atención de su padre quien padeció la EA. Para ello, fue necesario realizar una revisión de literatura sistemática con respecto de las narrativas de personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA. Argumento: La EA convoca a focalizar la atención en las personas cuidadoras, quienes asumen la responsabilidad de tomar decisiones y actuar para salvaguardar la integridad de sus pacientes, cuyo proceso de cuidado precisa tiempo completo y atención de las necesidades básicas. Con ello, generan condiciones de dignidad de quienes padecen la EA. Las personas cuidadoras comprometen salud física, emocional y económica, además de su creatividad y experiencia. No obstante, existe aislamiento de la voz de las personas cuidadoras, que rara vez se escucha en las investigaciones y, además, tienen poco acceso a la información que se genera en las instituciones de investigación, esto produce diferentes injusticias epistémicas. Hallazgos: Las personas cuidadoras de pacientes de la EA en México son -esencialmente- mujeres y en las diferentes etapas del proceso patológico generan saberes relevantes en torno al vínculo y atención. Empero, en las investigaciones académicas publicadas, la voz de las personas cuidadoras no es manifiesta, por el contrario, se suele diluir la voz de las mujeres como las protagonistas del cuidado. Además, predomina el concepto de “cuidador”, en masculino, pese a que las estadísticas refieren que son las mujeres quienes se hacen cargo de este trabajo no remunerado, en la mayoría de las circunstancias. Esa irremplazable labor correspondería principalmente al Estado por ser un asunto de salud.

Abstract Background: Ethnobotanical work makes it possible to recognize and take advantage of plants that are potentially important to communities. In the Central region of Guerrero, Mexican plum is a highly appreciated fruit tree due to its versatility as a crop and its commercial potential; However, economic ethnobotanical studies on this species are scarce in the state. Questions: Which morphotype of Mexican plums exist in the study area and which are the most important for its inhabitants? What are the uses and agronomic management of Mexican plum? What are the cultivation and economics characteristics of Mexican plum in the region? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Spondias purpurea L. Study site and dates: 3 localities of Juan R. Escudero, Guerrero, México; 2022 and 2023. Methods: Information was collected through 40 semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the information was carried out using descriptive statistics and ethnobotanical indices. Results: Nine morphotypes of Mexican plums were registered, two of them ('Roja Dulce' and 'Roja Grande'), stood out for being the most preferred, the most cultivated and commercialized. The Mexican plum is cultivated preferentially in relation to other fruit crops due to its low water needs, the low economic investment and the short time required to produce fruits. Conclusions: The main use of the Mexican plum is as a foodstuff, there is a very marked preference for two of the nine morphotypes that are grown in the region, their commercialization allows producers to obtain important economic income.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los trabajos etnobotánicos permiten reconocer y aprovechar plantas potencialmente importantes para las comunidades. En la región Centro de Guerrero, la ciruela mexicana es un frutal apreciado debido a su versatilidad como cultivo y a su potencial comercial. Sin embargo, los estudios de etnobotánica económica sobre esta especie son escasos en la entidad. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles morfotipos de ciruela mexicana existen en la zona de estudio y cuáles son los más importantes para sus habitantes? ¿Cuáles son los usos y el manejo agronómico que se da a la ciruela mexicana? ¿Cuáles son las características del cultivo y económicas de la ciruela mexicana en la región? Especies de estudio: Spondias purpurea L. Sitio y años de estudio: Tres localidades del municipio de Juan R. Escudero, Guerrero, México; 2022 y 2023. Métodos: La información se recabó mediante 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de la información se realizó utilizando estadística descriptiva e índices etnobotánicos. Resultados: Se registraron nueve morfotipos de ciruela mexicana, dos de ellos (‘Roja Dulce’ y ‘Roja Grande’), destacaron por ser los de mayor preferencia, más cultivados y comercializados. La ciruela mexicana se cultiva preferentemente con relación a otros frutales debido a sus bajas necesidades hídricas, a la poca inversión económica y al corto tiempo que requiere para producir frutos. Conclusiones: El uso principal de la ciruela mexicana es el alimenticio, existe una preferencia muy marcada por dos de los nueve morfotipos que se cultivan en la región, su comercialización permite a los productores obtener importantes ingresos económicos.

Abstract Objective Child sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. Results Between 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. Conclusion The results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses. societies sexes groups serious caregivers detail SINAN (SINAN 1 years characteristics model 201 2021 13403 13 403 13,40 State 82.8% 828 82 8 (82.8% 67.8% 678 67 (67.8% environment regions variations offenses 20 202 1340 40 13,4 82.8 (82.8 67.8 6 (67.8 2 134 4 13, 82. (82. 67. (67. (82 (67 (8 (6 (

The utilisation of online platform Blackboard Learn for Teaching and Learning (T & L) has become an essential and obligatory component of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study research aims to examine the difficulties and potential of its implementation at a Historically Disadvantaged Institution (HDI) like University of Limpopo (UL), with a focus on the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme in Criminology and Psychology (Crim & Psych) as guided by University of Limpopo Faculty of Humanities Multimodal Teaching and Learning Plan (UL FHMTLP). This qualitative study employed an empirical research design, selecting Twelve (12) permanent Academics/Lecturers from the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at UL for interview purposes. The verbatim responses from the interviews were analysed to identify the key themes and sub-themes of the study using the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) method. This study revealed that there is a lack of utilisation of Blackboard Learn at UL, as well as ineffective adaptation of current strategies and UL FHMTLP implementations. Many Lecturers still depend on contact T & L and the use of Blackboard Learn to connect the operations of this programme is currently unsuccessful. Recommendations consist of regular training and refreshment courses on the application of this technology, such as the Learning Management System (LMS) provided by the Information and Communications Technology [ICT]-electronic-(e)-Learning Unit. This could potentially facilitate collaborations between Natural Sciences (Technology - Blackboard Learn) and Human Sciences (Crim & Psych) to generate new knowledge, while also clearly providing the advantages of technology utilisation for T & L at UL. This kind of innovation could accommodate "economical, educational, technical, and social transformations" to address the mentioned challenges and opportunities, while making contributions to the field of professorship, with a focus on the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023, utilising Blackboard Learn for T & L in a HDI to outline the existing challenges and possibilities.