Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.

Abstract The objective of the work is to analyze the situation of social well-being in the Southeast of Mexico during the period 2000-2020. The functional region considers the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Yucatán. The hypothesis is that the trade liberalization implemented by neoliberal governments in the context of asymmetric economic development expanded territorial inequalities and reduced levels of social well-being in this region. To do this, we use the Average Index Value (VIM) methodology with which we build an index at the municipal scale. The results obtained show that a high percentage of the municipalities that make up each of the entities present lags in their social well-being conditions that place them below the national average. The originality lies in analyzing the conditions of social well-being in the region with a multivariate methodology, supported by representative indicators at the territorial level. The main conclusion is that, to reverse this deteriorating situation, an economic policy must be deployed aimed at impleme nting high-impact projects in the region through public and private investments, which allow the improvement of income and employment among the population, in addition of a redistributive social policy aimed at reversing the high levels of poverty and inequality.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la situación del bienestar social en el sureste de México durante el periodo 2000-2020. La región funcional considera los estados de Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco y Yucatán. La hipótesis es que la apertura comercial implementada por los gobiernos neoliberales, en el contexto de un desarrollo económico asimétrico, amplió las desigualdades territoriales y redujo los niveles de bienestar social en esta región. Para ello empleamos la metodología de Valor Índice Medio (VIM) con la que construimos un índice a escala municipal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que un alto porcentaje de los municipios que conforman a cada una de las entidades, presentan rezagos en sus condiciones de bienestar social que las ubica por debajo del promedio nacional. La originalidad radica en analizar las condiciones de bienestar social en la región con una metodología multivariada, sustentada en indicadores representativos a nivel territorial. La conclusión principal es que, para revertir esta situación de deterioro, se debe desplegar una política económica orientada a implementar proyectos de alto impacto en la región a través de inversiones públicas y privadas, que permitan el mejoramiento del ingreso y empleo entre la población, además de una política social redistributiva encaminada a revertir los altos niveles de pobreza y desigualdad.

Abstract Objective Child sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. Results Between 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. Conclusion The results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses. societies sexes groups serious caregivers detail SINAN (SINAN 1 years characteristics model 201 2021 13403 13 403 13,40 State 82.8% 828 82 8 (82.8% 67.8% 678 67 (67.8% environment regions variations offenses 20 202 1340 40 13,4 82.8 (82.8 67.8 6 (67.8 2 134 4 13, 82. (82. 67. (67. (82 (67 (8 (6 (

Abstract Among the agricultural export chains, the coffee chain represents one of the oldest in Mexico compared to those of berries, avocados, floriculture and horticulture. In recent decades, this chain has gone through a series of problems in different links, for example pests, climate changes or volatile prices. Competitiveness in foreign markets is key to guide the future production and commercialization of Mexican coffee, which is why it is necessary to know the target markets, their trends and the position that the product currently has compared to its competitors. Through the indicators of revealed comparative advantage and constant market participation, the hypothesis that Mexican coffee needs to change its market strategy, focus on quality and reorient itself towards new markets is tested. It is detected that the competitiveness in the main market, wich is the United States, is low, in addition the characteristics of consumption do not benefit Mexican coffee. In contrast, the German market represents a good opportunity, especially for quality coffees of Arabica species (Coffea arabica) such as: Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha and Caturra. In addition, these coffees are characterized by generating a greater economic benefit for the producers.

Resumen Entre las cadenas de agroexportación, la del café representa una de las más antiguas de México, comparado con las de frutillas, aguacates, floricultura y horticultura. En las últimas décadas, esta cadena atraviesa una serie de problemas en diferentes eslabones, por ejemplo, las plagas, cambios del clima o precios volátiles. La competitividad en los mercados externos es clave para orientar la futura producción y comercialización del café mexicano, por lo cual es necesario conocer los mercados objetivo, sus tendencias y la posición que tiene el producto actualmente en comparación con sus competidores. Mediante de los indicadores de ventaja comparativa revelada y la participación constante en el mercado se pone a prueba la hipótesis que el café mexicano necesita cambiar su estrategia de mercado, enfocarse en la calidad y reorientarse hacia nuevos mercados. Se detecta que la competitividad en el mercado principal, que es el estadounidense, es baja, además las características del consumo que no benefician al café mexicano. En contraste, el mercado alemán representa una buena oportunidad, sobre todo para cafés de calidad de especies arábicas (Coffea arabica) como Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha y Caturra. Además, estos cafés se caracterizan por generar una mayor derrama económica para los productores.

Resumo Entre as cadeias de agroexportação, a do café representa uma das mais antigas de México, comparado com as de morangos, abacate, floricultura e horticultura. Nas últimas décadas, esta cadeia atravessa uma série de problemas em diferentes elementos, por exemplo, as pragas, câmbios do clima ou preços volátiles. A competitividade nos mercados externos é chave para orientar a futura produção e comercialização do café mexicano, pelo qual é preciso conhecer os mercados objetivos, suas tendências e a posição que tem o produto atualmente em comparação com seus competidores. Mediante os indicadores de vantagem comparativa revelada e a participação constante no mercado é posta a prova a hipótese que o café mexicano precisa modificar sua estratégia do mercado, enfocar-se na qualidade e se re-orientar aos novos mercados. Detecta-se que a competitividade no mercado principal, que é o estadounidense, é baixa, além das características do consumo que não beneficiam ao café mexicano. Em contraste, o mercado alemão representa uma boa oportunidade, sobre tudo para cafés de qualidade de espécies árabes (Coffea arabica) como Typica, Bourbón, Garnica, Geisha e Caturra. Além disso, estes cafés caracteriza-se por gerar um maior derrame econômico para os produtores.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the main socio-political events that took place in Uruguay in 2023, Luis Lacalle Pou’s fourth year as president (supported by a rightist coalition). During the 2019 electoral campaign, many of Lacalle Pou’s promises were not based on a programmatic shift but on better management (non-policy politics), particularly of economic and security policies. While macroeconomic indicators show moderate performance, security indicators have not improved substantially. Dormant during the pandemic, security became a very important issue in 2023, materialized in high homicide rates and violence linked to drug trafficking and gang conflict. Much like in other Latin American countries, security has become a protracted problem that no single administration can improve. Furthermore, in 2023 there were a series of politi- cal scandals, some of which were linked to organized crime and drug-trafficking. We posit that, jointly, these facts undermine the better management capacity rhetoric. This suggests that the current administration lost the advantage of non-policy poli- tics, which could affect its electoral chances in 2024.

RESUMEN Este artículo describe los principales acontecimientos socio-políticos durante 2023 en Uru- guay, el cuarto año de gobierno de Luis Lacalle Pou (un presidente apoyado por una coali- ción de derecha). Durante la campaña electoral de 2019, muchas de las promesas de Lacalle Pou se basaron en la garantía de una mejor gestión (non-policy politics), en particular en materia de política económica y de seguridad. Si bien los indicadores macroeconómicos muestran un desempeño moderado, los indicadores de seguridad no han mejorado sustancialmente. Los problemas de seguridad, en estado latente durante la pandemia, volvieron a ser un asunto importante en 2023 como muestran las altas tasas de homicidios y violen- cia vinculada al narcotráfico y al conflicto entre bandas. Al igual que en otros países de América Latina, la seguridad se ha convertido en un problema persistente de no sencilla resolución en un único período de gobierno. Además, en 2023 salieron a la luz una serie de escándalos políticos, algunos de ellos vinculados con el crimen organizado y el narcotráfico. En este artículo argumentamos que estos hechos, considerados en conjunto, socavaron las apelaciones discursivas a la mejor capacidad de gestión. Esto sugiere que la actual ad- ministración perdió la ventaja del non-policy politics, lo que podría afectar sus chances electorales en 2024.

RESUMO A pandemia de covid-19 revelou múltiplas dimensões da crise civilizatória e ecológica, destacando a falência do modelo de desenvolvimento capitalista hegemônico e a injusta concentração de riqueza global, gerando profundas desigualdades sociais. No nível local, a campanha ‘Cuidar é Resistir’ demonstrou que populações tradicionais podem oferecer respostas promissoras para o futuro. Por meio da coordenação de diversas ações, como arrecadação e distribuição de alimentos, compra de produtos locais e comunicação efetiva, essa campanha promoveu segurança sanitária, econômica e alimentar, além de reduzir desigualdades e pressões socioambientais. A participação das organizações da sociedade civil, das instituições públicas e do Sistema Único de Saúde foi fundamental nesse processo. A experiência da campanha sugere que o futuro diante da pandemia e da crise climática pode ser encontrado nos modos de vida das comunidades tradicionais, que podem inspirar novas formas de habitar o planeta, promovendo uma relação sustentável e solidária entre seres humanos e natureza. Ao aprender com o modo de vida tradicional e combinar suas práticas com as dimensões positivas do pensamento científico e tecnopolítico, baseado em abordagens solidárias e conhecimento colaborativo, é possível utilizar estratégias de governança viva para promover o Bem Viver. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 ecológica global sociais local Cuidar Resistir ações alimentos efetiva sanitária alimentar socioambientais civil processo planeta natureza tecnopolítico colaborativo Viver covid1 1 covid-

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed multiple dimensions of the civilizational and ecological crisis, highlighting the failure of the dominant capitalist development model and the unjust global concentration of wealth, resulting in profound social inequalities. At the local level, the ‘Cuidar é Resistir’ campaign has demonstrated that traditional populations can offer promising responses for the future. Through the coordination of various actions, such as food collection and distribution, support for local products, and effective communication, this campaign has promoted sanitary, economic, and food security, while reducing social and environmental pressures. The participation of civil society organizations, public institutions, and the Unified Health System has been crucial in this process. The campaign’s experience suggests that the future in the face of the pandemic and the climate crisis can be found in the ways of life of traditional communities, which can inspire new ways of inhabiting the planet, promoting a sustainable and compassionate relationship between humans and nature. By learning from traditional ways of life and combining their practices with the positive dimensions of scientific and technopolitical thinking, based on solidarity and collaborative knowledge, it is possible to employ strategies of living governance to promote the ‘Buen Vivir’ (Good Living) paradigm. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 wealth inequalities level Cuidar Resistir actions distribution products communication sanitary economic security pressures organizations institutions process campaigns s communities planet nature thinking knowledge Buen Vivir Good Living paradigm COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el grado de apertura y concentración/diversificación geográfica del comercio de Estados Unidos y China en el periodo 1990-2021. Para ello se utilizan dos indicadores de comercio exterior: el Coeficiente de Apertura y el Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH). El estudio muestra que Estados Unidos ha experimentado una presencia relativamente menor que China en los mercados internacionales, y que en ambas potencias económicas existe una mayor diversificación de productos y mercados de exportación. En 2018, derivado de la posición y el creciente dinamismo comercial de China en los mercados internacionales, Estados Unidos inició un cambio en la política comercial, desde una posición de mayor apertura hacia la construcción estratégica de un bloque regional proteccionista frente a China, materializado en el Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC).

Abstract The objective of the paper is to analyse the degree of openness and geographic concentration/diversification of trade of the United States and China in the period 1990-2021. To do this, two foreign trade indicators are used: the Openness Coefficient and the HerfindahlHirschman Index (IHH). The study shows that the United States has experienced a relatively smaller presence than China in international markets, and that in both economic powers there is greater diversification of products and export markets. Derived from the position and the growing commercial dynamism of China in international markets, in 2018 the United States began a change in trade policy, from a position of greater openness, towards the strategic construction of a protectionist regional bloc against China materialized in the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).

ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for the proper functioning of a country, but unfortunately, it can face problems that undermine its efficiency and transparency. For this reason, this research analyzes the top 23 companies that sold over $2.21 billion to the Ecuadorian government between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive methodology and a quantitative approach were used to classify the companies based on their origin, economic activity, and financial situation. The results reveal that 67% of these companies are of Ecuadorian origin. In terms of their financial situation, although they have a strong liquidity position, financing expenses completely dilute their profits, resulting in a negative net profit margin. This finding suggests the need to establish public policies that promote the diversification of economic sectors and the implementation of effective financial management strategies in contracting companies to improve their profitability and long-term financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La contratación pública es crucial para el buen funcionamiento de un país, pero desafortunadamente puede enfrentar problemas que perjudican su eficiencia y transparencia. Por este motivo, esta investigación analiza las 23 principales empresas que entre 2015 y 2020 vendieron más de 2.21 mil millones de dólares con el Estado ecuatoriano. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y un enfoque cuantitativo para clasificar a las empresas según su origen, actividad económica y situación financiera. Los resultados revelan que el 67% de estas empresas son de origen ecuatoriano. En cuanto a su situación financiera, aunque tienen una posición sólida en términos de liquidez, los gastos del financiamiento diluyen en su totalidad las utilidades, generando una rentabilidad neta de ventas negativa. Este hallazgo sugiere la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas que promuevan la diversificación de los sectores económicos y la implementación de estrategias de gestión financiera efectivas en las empresas contratistas para mejorar su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad financiera en el largo plazo.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the applicability of economic policies and other developmentalist governmental actions to financialized economies. It mobilizes the theoretical-methodological regulationist principles for a historical and institutional macro-analysis. After a brief review of the concepts of the Regulation School, including the “economic policy regime” (Théret, 1992; Lordon, 2002; Boyer, 2015), the Brazilian case is analyzed as a remarkable example of institutional compatibility with rentier-financial accumulation to the detriment of the accumulation of productive fixed capital. Several indicators of this case are presented. economies theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological macroanalysis. macroanalysis macro analysis. analysis macro-analysis School regime Théret, Théret (Théret 1992 Lordon 2002 Boyer 2015, 2015 , 2015) rentierfinancial rentier financial capital presented 199 200 201 19 20 1 2

RESUMO Este artigo discute a aplicabilidade de políticas econômicas e outras ações governamentais desenvolvimentistas às economias financeirizadas. Mobiliza os princípios regulacionistas teórico-metodológicos para uma macroanálise histórica e institucional. Após uma breve revisão dos conceitos da Escola da Regulação, incluindo o “regime de política econômica” (Théret, 1992; Lordon, 2002; Boyer, 2015), o caso brasileiro é analisado como um exemplo notável de compatibilidade institucional com a acumulação rentista-financeira em detrimento da acumulação de capital fixo produtivo. Vários indicadores deste caso são apresentados. financeirizadas teóricometodológicos teórico metodológicos Regulação regime econômica Théret, Théret (Théret 1992 Lordon 2002 Boyer 2015, 2015 , 2015) rentistafinanceira rentista financeira produtivo apresentados 199 200 201 19 20 1 2

Resumen: La capacidad jurídica o las instituciones del Estado de derecho (RL) se han convertido en un factor clave para el desarrollo económico inclusivo, pero las principales corrientes de la literatura involucran expectativas impulsadas teóricamente. Por lo tanto, el estudio buscó examinar el impacto de la capacidad jurídica en el desarrollo económico inclusivo en la región de la Comunidad de Desarrollo de África Austral (SADC). Si bien los estudios existentes se centraron en el efecto de la gobernanza en la producción nacional, el presente estudio va más allá del crecimiento al incluir indicadores de bienestar. El estudio empleó un enfoque de retardo distribuido autorregresivo (ARDL) de panel para datos de los 16 Estados miembros de la SADC de 1996 a 2019. La interpretación de los resultados y las implicaciones políticas se basan en los resultados del estimador PMG, que la prueba de Hausman consideró como el mejor y estimador más eficiente sobre la familia del grupo de medias (MG) y DFE de estimadores ARDL de panel. Los resultados del panel restringido revelan que el fortalecimiento de las instituciones del RL conduce a una mejora en el desarrollo económico inclusivo entre los Estados de la SADC. Por lo tanto, se sostiene que las leyes comerciales deben integrarse a nivel nacional e integrarse en las leyes nacionales de la SADC y que se deberían establecer tribunales comunes para dirimir los desacuerdos sobre el cumplimiento. También se propone que la SADC introduzca incentivos para aumentar la participación de los actores legales en toda la región.

Abstract: The legal capacity or, otherwise, the institutions of rule of law (RL), have become a key factor for inclusive economic development, but the main strands of the literature involve theoretically driven expectations. Therefore, the study sought to examine the impact of legal capacity on inclusive economic development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. While extant studies focused on the effect of governance on national output, the present study goes beyond growth by including welfare indicators. The study employed a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for data from all 16 SADC member states from 1996 to 2019. The interpretation of results and policy implications are based on the outcomes of the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, which was deemed by the Hausman test as the best and most efficient estimator over the MG and the DFE family of the ARDL panel estimators. The results of the restricted panel reveal that strengthening the institutions of the RL leads to an improvement in inclusive economic development among SADC states. Therefore, we argue that trade laws should be domestically integrated and embedded in SADC’s national laws, and that common courts should be set to adjudicate disagreements over compliance. We also propose that SADC introduce incentives to increase legal stakeholders' participation across the region.

ABSTRACT In order to achieve the objectives set out in its National Economic and Social Development Plan through 2030, Cuba needs to have a solid, diversified, articulated and complementary productive structure. It represents a challenge for the country to make the changes foreseen in the Conceptualization of the Cuban economic and social development model to adapt the current dynamics and requirements of international economic development. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the current productive structure, measuring the relative importance and complementarity of the sectors in national economy, based on indicators of the National Accounts System. The main results reflect sectoral imbalances and small sectoral complementarity, low productive linkages, asymmetries development of provinces, low complexity exportable products with limited added value.

RESUMEN Para lograr los objetivos planteados en su Plan Nacional de desarrollo económico y social hasta el 2030, Cuba necesita tener una estructura productiva sólida,diversificada, articulada y que se complemente. Representa un reto para el país, hacer los cambios previstos en la Conceptualización del modelo de desarrollo económico y social cubano para adaptarse a las actuales dinámicas y requerimientos del desarrollo económico internacional. El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la actual estructura productiva, midiendo la importancia relativa y complementariedad de los sectores en la economía nacional, en base a indicadores seleccionados del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales. Los principales resultados reflejan desequilibrios y poca complementariedad sectoriales, bajos encadenamientos productivos, asimetrías en el desarrollo de las provincias y producciones exportables de baja complejidad con escaso valor agregado.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em determinar o grau de associação entre o mapa social (Índice Sintético Econômico-habitacional-ISEH) e o nível de desenvolvimento educacional (Índice Sintético Educacional-ISE) modelizados para os municípios da bacia do rio Luján. A construção dos índices foi realizada através da aplicação de métodos de análise multivariada baseados em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e seus vínculos determinados pela Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais, utilizando um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão Espacial (SADE). O resultado permitiu contrastar a hipótese proposta; nesse sentido, são construídas uma afirmação teórica e uma ferramenta metodológica a partir da cartografia resultante. A análise evidencia a importância das variáveis contextuais e sua incidência nos indicadores de desenvolvimento educativo, sendo que a perspectiva espacial fornece as bases para apoiar a tomada de decisões espaciais a nível da gestão municipal.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the degree of association between the social map (Synthetic Economic-Housing Index-ISEH) and the level of educational development (Synthetic Educational Index-ISE) modeled for the municipalities of the Lujan River basin. The indices were constructed by applying multivariate analysis methods based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Exploratory Analysis of Spatial Data determined their links using a spatial decision support system (SDSS). The result facilitated the contrast of the proposed hypothesis. In this sense, a theoretical statement and a methodological tool are built from the cartography. The analysis highlights the importance of contextual variables and their incidence on educational development indicators since the spatial perspective provides the bases to support spatial decision-making at the municipal management level.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en determinar el grado de asociación entre el mapa social (Índice Sintético Económico-habitacional - ISEH) y el nivel de desarrollo educativo (Índice Sintético Educativo - ISE) modelizados para los municipios de la cuenca del río Luján. La construcción de los índices fue realizada a partir de aplicar métodos de análisis multivariados basados en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y sus vínculos determinados por el Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales mediante la aplicación de un Sistema de Ayuda a la Decisión Espacial (SADE). El resultado permitió contrastar la hipótesis planteada, en este sentido, se construye una afirmación teórica y una herramienta metodológica a partir de la cartografía resultante. El análisis pone en evidencia la importancia de las variables contextuales y su incidencia en los indicadores de desarrollo educativo, siendo que la perspectiva espacial brinda las bases para apoyar la toma de decisiones espaciales a nivel de la gestión municipal.

Resumen El derecho a la no discriminación y el respeto a la diferencia han presentado avances significativos en el nivel global durante las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, aun con su incorporación en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible la mejora, en materia de equidad económica, ha sido escasa. La situación se agrava más en el mundo en desarrollo. Ante la incapacidad de respuestas efectivas de los organismos multilaterales de escala global, la respuesta de los mecanismos de integración regional pareciese estar, más directamente, en sintonía con el imperativo de la justicia social. Los países de Asia oriental y Oceanía, a través de esquemas de integración como ASEAN y RCEP, ofrecen expectativas valiosas en materia de equidad, dados algunos avances en términos de objetivos y metas que podrían explicar, de forma concreta, las condiciones actuales de desarrollo de los países que los integran. En este contexto, el presente artículo se propone abordar la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo se encuentra la asociación RCEP en términos de equidad y qué perspectivas se vislumbran desde su situación actual? A partir de un análisis de la complejidad social, se evalúan los avances y los desafíos redistributivos, con el fin de determinar la viabilidad del proceso hacia el futuro. De acuerdo con los indicadores analizados y el ejercicio prospectivo, la integración es susceptible de profundizarse, siempre y cuando el grupo logre responder al triple desafío de la legitimidad interna, la transformación política y la seguridad regional.

Abstract The right to non-discrimination and respect for difference have made significant progress at the global level in recent decades. However, there has been slight improvement in terms of economic equity, even with their incorporation into the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. The situation is even worse in developing world. In the absence of effective responses from multilateral mechanisms on a global scale, the response of regional integration mechanisms seems to be more directly in tune with the imperative of social justice. The countries of East Asia and Oceania, through integration mechanisms such as ASEAN, APEC and more recently RCEP, offer valuable expectations in terms of equity, given some advances in terms of objectives and goals that could respond more directly to the current development conditions of the countries that make up the partnership. In this context, the present article proposes to address the following question: how is the RCEP partnership doing in terms of equity and what perspectives can be envisaged from its current situation? Based on an analysis of social complexity, progress and redistributive challenges are evaluated to determine the viability of the process in the future. According to the indicators analysed and the prospective exercise, integration is likely to deepen, if the group can respond to the triple challenge of internal legitimacy, political transformation, and regional security.