Abstract This paper aims to understand and characterize the emergence of tertiary spaces in the post-industrial city, focusing on the spatial and production transformations they promote. We understand tertiary spaces as novel urban forms targeted at the spatial and production repurposing of consolidated areas that stimulate the growth of the tertiary sector, commercial vitality, and urban dynamism. The study focuses on the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires. The methodological strategy is qualitative, and data were produced through a morpho-typological survey and interviews with municipal authorities and entrepreneurs in the sector. The results show the role played by those forms in the urban and production repurposing of previously industrial areas. postindustrial post city promote sector vitality dynamism Aires qualitative morphotypological morpho typological

Resumen Este artículo se propone comprender y caracterizar el surgimiento de espacios del terciario en la ciudad posindustrial, poniendo particular atención a las transformaciones productivas y espaciales que promueven. Entendemos a los espacios del terciario como figuras urbanas novedosas orientadas a la reconversión productiva y espacial de áreas consolidadas, estimulando el crecimiento del sector terciario, la vitalidad comercial y la dinamización urbana. La investigación está focalizada en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. La estrategia metodológica es cualitativa y los datos fueron producidos mediante un relevamiento morfo-tipológico y la realización de entrevistas a funcionarios municipales y empresarios del sector. Los resultados evidencian el papel que juegan estas figuras en la reconversión productiva y urbana de áreas previamente industriales. posindustrial promueven consolidadas Aires morfotipológico morfo tipológico industriales

Resumo A competitividade das empresas do setor de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção do crescimento econômico e da inovação. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice abrangente para avaliar a competitividade das empresas, com foco na eficiência operacional, posicionamento estratégico e o ambiente internacional. Empregando uma análise fatorial exploratória, os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário aplicado a 280 empresas em Moscou, Rússia. O índice proposto permite uma avaliação dinâmica da competitividade, permitindo a análise de indicadores-chave ao longo do tempo e prevendo mudanças na competitividade. As conclusões revelam fatores críticos que contribuem para a competitividade no sector, permitindo aos decisores formular estratégias para melhorar a sua posição competitiva. Esta pesquisa fornece informações valiosas para formuladores de políticas, profissionais da indústria e pesquisadores acadêmicos no aumento da competitividade das empresas de sistemas eletromecânicos de engenharia e na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sustentável. As contribuições do estudo para a literatura e sua relevância prática o tornam um recurso valioso para o público acadêmico e do setor. inovação operacional internacional exploratória 28 Moscou Rússia indicadoreschave indicadores chave sector competitiva políticas sustentável 2

Abstract The competitiveness of enterprises in the electromechanical systems engineering sector plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and innovation. This study aims to design a comprehensive index for evaluating enterprise competitiveness, focusing on operational efficiency, strategic positioning, and the international environment. Employing an exploratory factor analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire administered to 280 enterprises in Moscow, Russia. The proposed index allows for a dynamic assessment of competitiveness, enabling the analysis of key indicators over time and predicting changes in competitiveness. The findings reveal critical factors contributing to competitiveness in the sector, enabling decision-makers to formulate strategies for improving their competitive position. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and academic researchers in enhancing the competitiveness of electromechanical systems engineering enterprises and fostering sustainable economic development. The study's contributions to the literature and its practical relevance make it a valuable resource for academic and industry audiences alike. innovation efficiency positioning environment 28 Moscow Russia decisionmakers decision makers position policymakers practitioners development studys s alike 2

ABSTRACT The ‘RD6’ glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.), developed from the popular aromatic rice ‘KDML105’ through gamma irradiation, is a key economic cultivar widely consumed in Thailand and exported throughout Asia. However, cultivation of the ‘RD6’ faces challenges due to its low grain yield and growth performance. The objective of this study was to use biostimulant chitosan and brassinosteroids to promote growth performance, nutrition, and yield of the ‘RD6’ rice. Chitosan (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg L-1) and brassinosteroids (0.00005, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.002 mg L-1) were sprayed twice at 40- and 75-d-old rice plants in paddy fields. The results demonstrated that foliar spraying with 7.5 mg L-1 chitosan can promote leaf growth of ‘RD6’ and improve grain yield by 24% as compared with the control. More pronounced effects were observed with 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroid, improving not only growth but also ‘RD6’ yield by 41.8% compared to the control. Moreover, 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroids can enhance antioxidant capacities (total phenolic contents), elemental K and Ca contents, and the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) contents in the rice grains. Furthermore, the use of 0.002 mg L-1 brassinosteroids proved to be a financially sound investment, yielding superior net returns and an advantageous benefit-cost ratio compared with 7.5 mg L-1 chitosan. Therefore, the use of exogenous brassinosteroids on glutinous rice in this study offers promising advantages for promoting the growth and physiological performance of rice plants.

Resumen Objetivo: este artículo estudia la relación entre la demanda turística y el crecimiento económico, el tipo de cambio real y la incertidumbre de política económica (EPU, por sus siglas en inglés) en Australia, China, Francia, Alemania, Italia, Japón, España, Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de dependencia transversal, de raíz unitaria y de cointegración. El modelo de largo plazo se estimó con los siguientes métodos: PCSE, FGLS y FMOLS. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el crecimiento económico y el tipo de cambio real respecto a la demanda turística. En el largo plazo, la relación de causalidad es de la incertidumbre, el tipo de cambio y el PIB al turismo. Se valida la hipótesis de retroalimentación. Limitaciones: la disponibilidad de datos. Originalidad: estudia la influencia conjunta del crecimiento económico y la EPU sobre la demanda de turismo en los países de los principales destinos mundiales de turismo internacional según los ingresos turísticos internacionales. Conclusiones: se sugiere que el turismo impulsará el crecimiento económico general, y de manera correspondiente la inversión en otros sectores de la economía también influirá en un aumento del turismo.

Abstract Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data. Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.

RESUMEN En Paraguay en el periodo 2002 al 2022, los cambios en las familias se dieron por influencia de procesos de modernización y modernidad que se estudian teniendo como eje explicativo principal a los avances en la condición de la mujer, para los cuales también se analizan sus autonomías (económica, política y física). Se estudian: diversidad de tipos de los hogares, cre- cimiento de las uniones consensuales y crecimiento y bases de la jefatura femenina de hogar. Los datos del censo de 2002 y las encuestas de hogares del 2012 y 2022 del INE se compararon, porcentualmente. La orientación general es hacia la modernidad, pero no en las tres áreas; paralelamente se observa un aceleramiento de los procesos en el último decenio. Entre los tipos de hogares se halla el crecimiento del monoparental y el decrecimiento del extendido. La explosión de las uniones consensuales en la última década no necesariamente es modernidad; es un fenómeno tardío en la región. En 2022 ya se tiene un equilibrio entre uniones formales e informales. La creciente jefatura femenina de hogar es un indicador de modernidad; son casi 4 de cada 10 hogares familiares en 2022 habiendo crecido casi 2,5 veces en el lapso estudiado; inclusive en hogares nucleares completos. Para alcanzar esta condición política, las mujeres debieron integrarse al mercado de trabajo y lo hacen según su estado civil; por ejemplo, sepa- radas y divorciadas se ubican en el más alto nivel en ambos indicadores. Corresponde mayor estudio a las familias e incorporar a la agenda pública la diversidad familiar y sus cambios en curso para políticas públicas más precisas.

ABSTRACT In Paraguay (2002-2022), families undergone changes due to modernization and modernity processes that are studied based upon woman´s progress as main explanatory axis, and taking also in account her economic, political, and physical autonomies. Diversity of types of households, consensual unions growth, and feminine household headship, growth and its base are studied. INE´s census 2002 and 2012 and 2022 surveys data are compared (%). A general trend towards modernity is underway but it is not uniform within these three areas, and an acceleration pace during the last ten years is a parallel process. Within types of households, the one-parent and children household increase and the extended household decrease are noted. Consensual unions exploded during the last decade does not necessarily mean modernity; it is a late process in the region. By 2022, an equilibrium has arrived between formal and informal (consensual) unions. A growing feminine headship is a modernity sign, it has reached almost 4 out of every 10 households in 2022 and it has grown almost 2,5 times within 20 years, included two-parents and children family, ”the” model. For reaching this political level, wo- men should be within the labor market, and they do according to their civil-conjugal state; for instance, separated and divorced women are on the peak at both variables. Within the public agenda, more studies on families are required as well as to include families´ diversity and their ongoing changes for more precise public policies.

Abstract Introduction. In Ecuador, there are few studies on the use of microbial inoculants for the sustainable production common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objective. To evaluate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on productive and economic variables of P. vulgaris. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the La Argelia Experimental Station in Loja, Ecuador, from February to July 2022. Using loamy soil, the common bean cultivar “Mantequilla” was employed in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: T1) absolute control, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, and T7) chemical fertilization. The effect of the treatments on growth, development, and yield components in the evaluated cultivar was assessed. Additionally, an economic analysis of the application of beneficial microorganisms versus chemical fertilization was conducted. Results. Treatment T6 (R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis) shortened the phenological phases (days), promoted a higher number of nodules, emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, nitrogen content, and agricultural yield without statistical differences (p<0.05) compared to chemical fertilization (T7). The economic analysis showed that T6 generated higher income and greater profitability compared to chemical fertilization. Conclusion. Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms positively affected the productive and economic variables of common beans and can be a valid alternative to the conventional use of chemical fertilizers.

Resumen Introducción. En Ecuador, existen pocos estudios sobre la utilización de inoculantes microbianos para la producción sostenible del fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) en variables productivas y económicas de P. vulgaris . Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador, durante el periodo de febrero a julio de 2022. En un suelo de textura Franca, se empleó el cultivar de fríjol común Mantequilla bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con siete tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de cada uno. Los tratamientos fueron: T1) control absoluto, T2) Bacillus subtilis, T3) Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, T4) Pseudomonas fluorescens + B. subtilis, T5) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + B. subtilis, T6) R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis, y T7) fertilización química. Se evaluó el efecto de los tratamientos sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y componentes de rendimiento en el cultivar evaluado. Además, se realizó un análisis económico de la aplicación de los microorganismos benéficos frente a la fertilización química. Resultados. El tratamiento: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae + P. fluorescens + B. subtilis (T6) acortó las fases fenológicas (días), promovió un mayor número de nódulos, porcentaje de emergencia, altura de la planta, área foliar, número de vainas por planta, peso de 100 semillas, contenido de nitrógeno y rendimiento agrícola sin diferencias estadísticas (p<0,05) con respecto a la fertilización química (T7). Mediante el análisis económico se estableció que el T6 generó mayores ingresos, y una mayor rentabilidad frente a la fertilización química. Conclusión. La inoculación con microorganismos benéficos afectó positivamente las variables productivas y económicas de frijol común y puede ser una alternativa válida al uso convencional de fertilizantes químicos.

RESUMEN Las exportaciones de un país son clave para su economía. El objetivo de esta investigación es indagar sobre la contribución de las exportaciones no tradicionales al crecimiento económico del Paraguay a través del caso del sector alimenticio, durante el periodo 2011-2020. Para tal efecto, se planteó un diseño metodológico bibliográfico-documental, en el que se recurrió a un modelo econométrico que vinculaba el Producto Interno Bruto con las exportaciones tradicionales y no tradicionales del sector alimenticio junto con otras variables, para verificar sus efectos. Entre los principales resultados cabe señalar el efecto positivo de las exportaciones no tradicionales en el crecimiento de la economía y su potencial para diversificar la canasta exportadora del país. Clasificación JEL: F41, F43

ABSTRACT A country's exports are key to its economy. The objective of this research is to investigate the contribution of non-traditional exports to the economic growth of Paraguay through the case of the food sector, during the period 2011-2020. For this purpose, a bibliographical-documentary methodological design was proposed, in which an econometric model was used that linked the Gross Domestic Product with traditional and non-traditional exports of the food sector together with other variables, to verify its effects. Among the main results, it is worth noting the positive effect of non-traditional exports on the growth of the economy and its potential to diversify the country's export basket. JEL Classification: F41, F43.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que produce. Se ilustra el rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, empresariales y colectivas. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, contribuye a reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que genera. Se ilustra dicho rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, colectivas y de emprendimiento. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores y así contribuir al establecimiento de comunidades sostenibles.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs, and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment, and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks, and thus contribute to the establishment of sustainable communities.

Abstract Introduction: The decay of democracy has led to a growth in political protests worldwide, but even when people perceive their situation as unfair, some do not act. We propose that system justification and learned helplessness are relevant factors in explaining this. Objective: To test a model of collective action that considers factors of inaction. Method: Through structural equation modelling, we estimated models with data from 961 Brazilians, variables were measured through self-report instruments, such as Collective Action scales, the General System Justification Scale, the Social Justice Perception Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and the Learned Helplessness Scale. Results: The models had a good fit and supported the derogation effect of system justification on collective action, but only partially corroborated the predicted association between learned helplessness and collective action. In the Multigroup Model, we found that people who hold weaker political motivations are more prone to inaction through learned helplessness. Discussion: Our findings point to the risk of relative deprivation in generating learned helplessness, which may contribute to inaction and social isolation.

Resumen Introducción: La decadencia de la democracia ha provocado un aumento de las protestas políticas en todo el mundo, pero incluso cuando las personas perciben que su situación es injusta, algunas no actúan. Proponemos que la justificación del sistema y la indefensión aprendida son factores relevantes para explicarlo. Objetivo: Probar un modelo de acción colectiva que considera factores de inacción. Método: A través de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, estimamos modelos con datos de 961 brasileños, las variables fueron medidas por medio de instrumentos de autoinforme, como las escalas de Acción Colectiva, la Escala General de Justificación del Sistema, la Escala de Percepción de Justicia Social, la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos y la Escala de Indefensión Aprendida. Resultados: Los modelos tuvieron un buen ajuste y apoyaron el efecto de derogación de la justificación del sistema en la acción colectiva, pero solo corroboraron parcialmente la asociación predicha entre indefensión

Abstract This research analyzes how individual characteristics (area of origin, skin color, economic status of origin and education) and structural factors (economic growth and trade openness) influence in Mexico the opportunities to obtain a high level of economic well-being. Using a IV-probit model estimated in two stages with instrumental variables in a context of complex samples, it is identified that people born in homes with low economic status, originating from rural localities and with brown skin have lower probabilities of economic success compared to people of non-low economic status, from urban areas and light skin. The findings also reveal that economic growth and educational achievement increase the probabilities of obtaining a high economic status, but the increase in probabilities is bigger for people of non-low economic origin, coming from urban areas and light skin. Finally, through the different rates of growth and school achievement, the differences in economic well-being widen, which indicates an increase in inequality between privileged and non-privileged groups. This research is innovative since it not only analyzes the effect of economic growth and academic achievement on social mobility, but also provides an empirical method that investigates the effect of growth and academic achievement on inequality of opportunities for socioeconomic advancement. The results indicate the existence of irrational mobility barriers based on criteria over which the individual has no control.

Resumen La presente investigación analiza cómo influyen en México las características del individuo (ámbito de origen, color de piel, estatus económico de origen y educación) y los factores estructurales (crecimiento económico y apertura comercial) en las oportunidades de obtener un nivel de bienestar económico alto. Por medio de un modelo probit, estimado en dos etapas con variables instrumentales en un contexto de muestras complejas, se identifica que las personas nacidas en hogares con estatus económico bajo, originarias de localidades rurales y de piel morena, tienen menores probabilidades de éxito económico con respecto a las personas de estatus de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Los hallazgos también revelan que el crecimiento económico y el logro escolar aumentan las probabilidades de obtener un estatus económico alto, pero el incremento de probabilidades no es homogéneo, sino que favorece en mayor medida a personas de origen económico no-bajo, provenientes del ámbito urbano y piel clara. Finalmente, se identifica que, a través de las distintas tasas de crecimiento y logro escolar, las diferencias en el bienestar económico se amplían, lo que indica aumento de la desigualdad entre grupos privilegiados y no-privilegiados. La ruta de investigación es innovadora ya que no solo analiza el efecto del crecimiento económico y el logro académico en la movilidad social, sino que también aporta un método empírico que indaga el efecto del crecimiento y el logro académico en la desigualdad de oportunidades de ascenso socioeconómico. Los resultados indican la existencia de barreras de movilidad irracionales basadas en criterios sobre los que el individuo no tiene control.

ABSTRACT Agriculture requires new alternatives to control pests and diseases; biological controls can be a sustainable alternative for the continued success of this sector. This study was thus carried out to identify yeasts and lactic acid bacteria that have the antagonistic capacity to control three phytopathogens as Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria brassicae that have caused significant economic losses in agriculture. Thirteen strains of yeast and seven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were used to measure the percentage of growth inhibition, production of volatile organic compounds, production of biofilms, and the production of enzymes through a completely randomized design. The yeasts Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the LAB Lactococcus lactis and L. brevis stood out for their antagonistic capacity to inhibit the growth of phytopathogens by 66%, 58%, 65% and 39%, respectively. Pest and disease control highly depend on chemical phytosanitary inputs with negative economic, environmental, and social effects. This study demonstrated that the yeast H. opuntiae and the LAB L. brevis have potential as biological controls and has been observed to inhibit growth by more than 39%, providing a sustainable alternative that is less harmful to the environment and human health. To guarantee their effectivity under field conditions, their individual application, consortium application, and concentration, timing, and proper application method must be considered.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los periodos de sequía en el Desierto Sonorense aumentan el interés por cultivos con baja huella hídrica. Stenocereus thurberi es una alternativa, incluyendo beneficios económicos para los pobladores. Hipótesis: La propagación vegetativa de tallos con areolas diferenciadas de Stenocereus thurberi con fines productivos, mostrará una alta supervivencia tomando en cuenta los patrones estacionales, actividad metabólica y asimilación de CO2, reflejando así la adaptabilidad, resistencia y productividad de la especie. Especie de estudio: Stenocereus thurberi. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Hermosillo, Sonora, México; 2014. Métodos: Se evaluó supervivencia de tallos propagados vegetativamente, producción de calor metabólico (CM) de areolas reproductivas, intercepción de luz diaria integrada (LDI) y asimilación instantánea de CO2. Resultados: Los tallos mostraron una supervivencia del 100 %, crecimiento vegetativo anual de 9.3 ± 0.6 cm y producción de 2.0 ± 0.8 frutos por tallo. La mayor cantidad de LDI se registró en mayo (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) y el lado oeste (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). Las areolas reproductivas mostraron mayor producción de CM en mayo con 2 µW mg-1 peso seco (ps) y el mayor gasto energético con 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. La menor tasa respiratoria en areolas fue en junio con 0.003 nmol mg-1s-1 mg-1 ps. Las tasas de mayor asimilación de CO2 se presentaron en marzo, septiembre y octubre con 6.3, 3.8 y 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Es posible reproducir vegetativamente pitayas a partir de tallos con areolas reproductivas diferenciadas con fines productivos, promoviendo un cultivo eficiente con bajo consumo de agua y potencial económico.

Abstract Background: Periods of drought in the Sonoran Desert increase interest in crops with a smaller water footprint. Stenocereus thurberi is an alternative, including economic benefits for the residents. Hypothesis: Vegetative propagation of Stenocereus thurberi stems with differentiated floral areoles for productive purposes will demonstrate high survival, considering seasonal patterns, metabolic activity, and CO2 assimilation, reflecting the adaptability, resistance, and productivity of the species. Study species: Stenocereus thurberi. Study site and dates: Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; 2014. Methods: Survival of vegetative propagated stems, metabolic heat production (CM) of reproductive areoles, integrated daily light interception (LDI), and instantaneous CO2 assimilation were evaluated. Results: The vegetatively transplanted stems showed a survival of 100 %, an annual vegetative growth of 9.3 ± 0.6 cm, and a production of 2.0 ± 0.8 fruits per stem. The highest LDI amount was recorded in May (27.2 mol m-2 d-1) and the west side (23.4 mol m-2 d-1). The reproductive areoles showed the highest CM production in May with 2 µW mg-1 dry weight (ps) and the highest energy expenditure with 1,759.6 kJ mol-1. The lowest respiratory rate of the areolas occurred in June with 0.003 nmol s-1 mg-1 dw. The rates of greatest CO2 assimilation occurred in March, September, and October with 6.3, 3.8, and 6.5 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively. Conclusions: It is possible to reproduce pitayas vegetatively from stems with differentiated reproductive areoles for productive purposes, promoting an efficient cultivation with low water consumption and economic potential.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma crítica construtiva ao Direito Ecológico, arcabouço que se propõe a superar a subordinação do direito ambiental ao crescimento econômico e à maximização do lucro, desconsiderando a justiça socioecológica e os limites biofísicos planetários. A literatura do Direito Ecológico é criticada por sua abordagem normativista positivista, que falha em analisar o direito como produto de relações de poder e como uma forma social do capitalismo, além de superestimar o potencial do direito de transformar a economia política. O artigo também examina criticamente as deficiências do discurso do decrescimento, um dos fundamentos do Direito Ecológico. Com base no conceito de Direito Insurgente elaborado por Pressburger e Pazello e na literatura sobre a práxis da assessoria jurídica popular no Brasil, o artigo propõe diretrizes para um Direito Ecológico Insurgente. Esta abordagem combina a crítica marxista do direito com contribuições às reflexões estratégicas dos movimentos populares sobre o uso de táticas jurídicas em suas lutas por uma transição ecossocial pós-capitalista. lucro planetários positivista capitalismo política decrescimento Brasil póscapitalista. póscapitalista pós capitalista. capitalista pós-capitalista

Abstract This article provides a constructive critique of Ecological Law, which has been proposed as a framework to overcome Environmental Law’s subordination to economic growth and profit maximization in disregard for socioecological justice and biophysical planetary boundaries. The article critiques Ecological Law literature for its normativist positivist approach, which neglects to analyze law as a product of power relations and as a social form of capitalism, and for overestimating law’s potential to transform the political economy. Additionally, the article addresses the shortcomings of the degrowth discourse, one of the bedrocks of Ecological Law. Finally, drawing on Pressburger and Pazello’s conceptualization of Insurgent Law and literature on the praxis of movement lawyering in Brazil, the article proposes guidelines for an Insurgent Ecological Law. This approach combines Marxist critique of law with contributions to the strategic reflections of popular movements on their use of legal tactics as part of their struggles for a post-capitalist ecosocial transition. Laws s boundaries capitalism laws economy Additionally discourse Finally Pazellos Pazello Brazil postcapitalist post capitalist transition

Abstract The orthodox view of the effect of trade on GDP per capita assumes greater growth and equity, the heterodox theory refutes the argument and predicts inequitable and divergent results between countries. We resume the discussion using information from 1980 to 2022 in 102 countries, applying a panel data methodology and slope disaggregation. The goal is to test whether trade has adverse effects in lower-income countries and how the effect has changed over time. The results show that trade negatively affects GDP per capita growth mainly through imports, this tends to worsen over time and the impact is greater in poor countries. The main implication is the growing income divergence between nations; the recommendation is that governments and multilateral organizations continue to explore ways to balance and socialize trade. It is concluded that heterodox postulates, such as the vision of Thirlwall on trade, continue to be valid. The originality of the document lies in the disaggregation of results by countries and time blocks, as well as exports and imports.

Resumen La visión ortodoxa del efecto del comercio sobre el PIB per cápita supone mayor crecimiento y equidad, la teoría heterodoxa refuta el argumento y predice resultados inequitativos y divergentes entre países. Reanudamos la discusión utilizando información de 1980 a 2022 en 102 países, aplicando una metodología de datos panel y desagregación de pendientes. El objetivo es probar si el comercio tiene efectos adversos en países de menores ingresos y como el efecto ha cambiado en el tiempo. Los resultados muestran que el comercio afecta negativamente el crecimiento del PIB per cápita principalmente a través de las importaciones, esto tiende a empeorar con el tiempo y el impacto es mayor en países pobres. La principal implicación es la creciente divergencia de ingresos entre las naciones, la recomendación es que gobiernos y organismos multilaterales continúen buscando formas de equilibrar y socializar el comercio. Se concluye que postulados heterodoxos, como la visión de Thirlwall sobre el comercio, continúan teniendo vigencia. La originalidad del documento radica en la desagregación de resultados por países y bloques de tiempo, así como exportaciones e importaciones.