Resumen (Introducción): Las zonas ribereñas proveen una amplia gama de servicios ecosistémicos, y en contextos urbanos de alta intervención humana, esta provisión puede ser especialmente importante. Sin embargo, a nivel mundial, los ecosistemas ribereños urbanos han sido altamente degradados. (Objetivo): Esta investigación analizó la dinámica espaciotemporal de cambio de cobertura de la tierra para un periodo de 30 años (1992-2022) en la microcuenca urbana del río Ipís, en la Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) costarricense, y realizó una valoración de la condición ecológica de sus zonas ribereñas. (Metodología): Esto se realizó mediante técnicas geoespaciales de clasificación de imágenes satelitales y fotos aéreas, álgebra de mapas, cálculo de métricas de paisaje y utilización de un índice para evaluar integridad ecológica de riberas (índice QBR). (Resultados): En el periodo estudiado, en la microcuenca del río Ipís hubo un aumento significativo de las coberturas impermeables (66.6 %) a expensas de coberturas con mayor funcionalidad ecológica, y ha habido una mayor fragmentación y aislamiento de parches de coberturas más permeables. Los valores del índice QBR, además, sugieren una severa alteración y deficiente integridad ecológica en las zonas ribereñas de la microcuenca en general. (Conclusiones): La expansión de coberturas asociadas a usos urbanos ha sido prominente en la microcuenca del río Ipís en las últimas tres décadas, y la alta degradación en sus zonas ribereñas compromete la capacidad de proveer servicios ecosistémicos en este contexto de alta alteración antropogénica.

Abstract (Introduction): Riparian zones provide a wide range of ecosystem services, and in urban contexts with high human intervention, this provision can be especially important. However, urban riparian zones worldwide have been highly degraded. (Objective): This research analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover change over a period of 30 years (1992-2022) in the urban micro-basin of the Ipís River in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) of Costa Rica and evaluated the ecological condition of its riparian zones. (Methodology): This was done using geospatial techniques such as satellite image and aerial photo classification, map algebra, landscape metrics, and the use of an index for evaluating riparian ecological integrity (QBR index). (Results): During the study period, in the Ipís River micro-basin there was a significant increase in impervious cover (66.6%) at the expense of more pervious cover with greater ecological functionality, and there has been greater fragmentation and isolation of patches of more pervious covers. The QBR index values also suggest high alteration and poor ecological integrity in the riparian zones of the micro-basin in general. (Conclusions): The expansion of cover associated with urban uses has been prominent in the Ipís River micro-basin over the last three decades, and the high degradation in its riparian zones compromises the ability to provide ecosystem services in this context of high anthropogenic alteration.

Abstract This article proposes an erotetic approach to define the ecocritical research program, analyzing the interrelationship between the conceptual frameworks of ecology and literary critical theory. A common structure based on problem agendas is suggested, enriching both scientific practice and teaching. The main objective is to demonstrate how the formulation of questions significantly contributes to the creation of open problem agendas that guide research, fostering the development of new hypotheses and promoting interdisciplinarity in research programs facing ecological challenges. The methodology includes a review of the theoretical structure of ecocriticism and how problem agendas provide methodological flexibility, allowing for the reformulation of questions as new data, technologies, and approaches emerge. The results highlight the importance of questioning in environmental sciences to redefine new research agendas, integrating conceptual frameworks not unified by a central theory. Ecocriticism is framed as a research program structured erotetically, much like ecology. The conclusions emphasize the interdependence between questions, problem agendas, and critical reflection on the scientific method, underscoring the creativity and utility of questioning and abductive hypotheses for a more suitable scientific practice, aligned with the urgency of the ecological crisis.

Resumen Este artículo propone un enfoque erotético para definir el programa de investigación ecocrítico, analizando la interrelación entre los marcos conceptuales de la ecología y la teoría crítica literaria. Se sugiere una estructura común basada en agendas de problemas que enriquecen, tanto la práctica científica como la enseñanza. El objetivo principal es mostrar cómo la formulación de preguntas contribuye de manera significativa a la creación de agendas de problemas abiertos que guían la investigación, fomentando el desarrollo de nuevas hipótesis y promoviendo la interdisciplinariedad en los programas de investigación ante los desafíos ecológicos. La metodología incluye una revisión de la estructura teórica de la ecocrítica y de cómo las agendas de problemas aportan flexibilidad metodológica, permitiendo reformular preguntas a medida que surgen nuevos datos, tecnologías y enfoques. Los resultados destacan la importancia de los cuestionamientos en las ciencias ambientales para redefinir nuevas agendas de investigación, integrando marcos conceptuales no unificados por una teoría central. La ecocrítica se configura como un programa de investigación estructurado de manera erotética, al igual que la ecología. Las conclusiones subrayan la interdependencia entre preguntas, agendas de problemas y la reflexión crítica sobre el método científico, enfatizando en la creatividad y utilidad de los cuestionamientos e hipótesis retroductivas, para una práctica científica más adecuada y ajustada a la urgencia de la crisis ecológica.

When Dart recognised the fossilised skull of the Taung Child as a hominin ancestor, he also observed that its "sere environment" produced few foods preferred by African apes in equatorial forests. He thus set in motion an inquiry into the dietary and environmental proclivities of fossil hominins. His observations ultimately led him to suggest a strong reliance on meat-eating, later elaborated into a hunting model. Subsequent investigations into the diets of the South African australopithecines led to the development of new approaches including dental microwear, stable light isotopes, and trace element analyses, which together led to a new focus on the prime importance of plant foods, for which there had been little direct behavioural evidence. Here we review why and how stable and radiogenic isotope approaches to hominin diet and residence patterns were developed in South Africa, the problems that had to be addressed, and the subsequent outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: We outline how a distinctive set of circumstances in South Africa combined to produce world-leading progress in palaeoanthropological and archaeological research based on fossil isotope biogeochemistry. They include a unique natural and fossil heritage, investment in scientific infrastructure and researchers wellversed in cross-disciplinary science. Together they played leading roles in addressing important questions about African fossil heritage. We point to where we believe future progress is required and we suggest that closer attention is paid to the role of plants because, as the basis of all ecosystems, they represent the most important element in the diets of most primates and hominins.

Hook-and-line fishing is commonly used in South African inland fisheries; however, very little quantitative information on catch and effort exists, even though it is essential to advise management of the sector. To provide information towards management of South Africa's largest impoundment, the Gariep Dam, roving creel surveys were conducted to quantify annual fish harvest and to identify changes in fisher catch, effort and harvest data in comparison to historic data. The surveys were also conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic which presented an additional opportunity to describe fishery dynamics during the pandemic. Randomly stratified sampling was conducted from November 2020 to October 2021, in which catch and effort data of hook-and-line fishers were collected. Two fishery user groups were encountered: recreational and subsistence users were present, but the fishery was dominated by subsistence fishers. There was a more skewed dominance between these fisher groups than what was found during similar surveys in 2007/2008. Catch per unit effort was similar to previous estimates, at 0.51 kg-fisher-1h-1 (95% CI:0.47-0.54). There was, however, a significant reduction in fishing effort during the sampling period when compared to historic data, and estimated annual total harvest was only one third of what was previously reported. It was also noted that recreational fishers avoided fishing during the Covid-19 pandemic, whereas the subsistence fishers could not avoid fishing as it is their primary means of livelihood. The results of the study suggested that subsistence fisheries provide valuable livelihood support to communities, and serve as an example on what impacts a crisis such as a global pandemic may have on inland fisheries.

The global Covid-19 pandemic resulted in an economic downturn that influenced behavioural and participation patterns of fishing sectors around the world. Monitoring changes in fisheries is essential for understanding their human dimension and informing decision-making for development, conservation and management of fish resources. This study documented and described fishery patterns and participation during the Covid-19 pandemic through roving creel surveys. In addition, due to historic surveys of the recreational and subsistence fishery, it was possible to compare the current patterns to previous results and to show the potential Covid-19 related impacts. Subsistence fishing dominated the fishery, with 94% of 431 regular fishers utilising the resources for home consumption or sale. Compared to historic surveys, a marked decline in estimated recreational fishing was observed, but no significant change was identified in participation patterns of subsistence fishers. This downturn in recreational fishing affected the socio-demographic characteristics of the fishery, where changes in ethnic participation were noted; there was also an increase in the number of unemployed fishers during the pandemic. Utilisation of the fish resources was dominated by subsistence users and 97% of fish caught was for self-consumption or sale. This underlines the importance of fish for subsistence users, who rely on the resource for food or income and could not avoid fishing during the pandemic, as they had no alternative. This study highlights the importance of socio-demographic and participation data on fisheries, to provide scientific advice to policymakers on ideal responses to events such as a pandemic. This evidence of temporal changes in hook-and-line fisheries provides inland fishery authorities the opportunity to develop mitigation measures with greater resilience to cope with future global crises. Lastly, the study emphasises the importance of access to fisheries, especially during times of high regional economic and societal stress.

ABSTRACT Understanding tri-trophic interactions and the relationship among plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies is fundamental to advancing theoretical and practical ecology. Parasitoidism is among those interactions where tri-trophic levels are usually developed, with hyperparasitism and kleptoparasitism as examples. This study explores the interaction between fig wasps of the genera Physothorax Mayr, 1885 and Sycophila Walker, 1871 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and the gall midge Ficiomyia brasiliensis Urso-Guimarães, 2024 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Ficus citrifolia Mill. in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Through behavioral observations and larval dissections we document the “drill on drill” strategy where Sycophila females utilize oviposition holes drilled by Physothorax females on the fig surface to access the host gall midge immatures. This behavior suggests a sophisticated adaptation for reducing oviposition time and conserving energy. Additionally, Sycophila behavior aligns with kleptoparasitic and hyperparasitic strategies, indicating a complex evolutionary history and ecological interaction. Our findings provide insight into the intricate relationships among non-pollinating fig wasps and their hosts, contributing to the broader understanding of tri-trophic interactions in fig microcosm.

The Manguni bird plays a central role in the cosmology of the Minahasa people as a symbol of nature, society and spirituality. In Minahasa tradition, the Manguni is not only regarded as a natural sign that provides clues about the good or bad nature of an event but also as a divine intermediary that brings messages from God (Opo Empung). Furthermore, Manguni serves as a social symbol that strengthens the cohesion of the Minahasa community, connecting humans, nature and God in spiritual harmony. This article discusses the role of Manguni in three aspects: as an ecological sign reflecting harmony with the environment, as a social bond representing the collective identity of Minahasa and as a medium that communicates divine messages. The article also highlights the importance of integrating ecology into contextual Christian theology, especially in regions rich in local cultural traditions. CONTRIBUTION: This study seeks to formulate a new approach that accommodates the relevance of local spirituality and ecological theology, with Manguni as a key symbol in the relationship between humans, nature and God

This paper elucidates the inseparable connection between the pursuit of a more ecologically sustainable society and the quest for socioeconomic justice. It also demonstrates why Unconditional Basic Income (UBI) is an effective policy to act on both fronts. First, the corresponding theory on environmental and socioeconomic oppression sheds light on the argument that both types of domination stem from the same historical process and are inherently interconnected. Addressing one without considering the other is essentially flawed; they are both features and consequences of present society. Acknowledging the historical debt owed to vulnerable economic classes and developing countries is imperative. Green republicanism could potentially establish a theoretical foundation for social-ecological thinking. Defining freedom as non-domination and applying this concept to nature are essential prerequisites for overcoming socioeconomic and environmental oppression. UBI is presented and discussed theoretically as a strong solution to address these two challenges. It serves not only as a means to facilitate the transition to a post-productivist society, transforming labor relations, but also as a catalyst for the development of circular economies and more sustainable occupations. Additionally, the basic income policy implemented in the city of Maricá, Brazil, is cited as empirical evidence showcasing the environmental and socioeconomic values of UBI. justice (UBI fronts First interconnected flawed imperative socialecological social ecological thinking nondomination non challenges postproductivist post productivist relations occupations Additionally Maricá Brazil

ABSTRACT The search for more sustainable systems of rice cultivation, especially in relation to water use, has included the evaluation of more-efficient irrigation systems in addition to alternative water sources. The aim of this study was to conduct a phytosociological survey of weeds in rice crops irrigated by subsurface drip with different concentrations of treated dairy effluent, maintaining the soil moisture at saturation or field capacity. A pilot scale experiment was carried out in a protected environment using a randomised block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The IAC 301 cultivar (Arborio rice) was chosen. The phytosociological surveys were carried out on four different dates, and considered the composition as well as the distribution of plant species in each of the applied treatments, using the importance value index (IVI) to evaluate the influence of each treatment. The results showed that cultivating irrigated rice, giving priority to water management, altered the ecology of invasive plants. Fourteen weed species were identified, distributed over 10 families. The effluent dose did not alter the incidence of invasive plants, and only at the final evaluation was there a reduction in the IVI value at effluent concentrations of 50% and 75%. For soil moisture, the highest IVI values occurred on the first two days of the survey under saturated conditions; this result was reversed closer to plant maturity, when the IVI values were higher at field capacity. cultivation use moreefficient efficient sources capacity scheme replications 30 Arborio chosen dates treatments (IVI treatment management plants identified 1 families 50 75 75% conditions maturity 3 7

RESUMO O consumo de dióxido de carbono atmosférico pelo intemperismo tampona o efeito estufa na Terra em escala de tempo geológica. Esse mecanismo é chamado de sumidouro de carbono de silicato (SCS). Saprolito representa parte da frente de intemperismo do manto terrestre, mas historicamente não recebeu muita atenção dos geocientistas. Em escala global, o Brasil é o maior contribuinte para o SCS e o quarto maior contribuinte em número de publicações sobre saprolito. Neste estudo, a produção científica brasileira sobre o assunto de 1990 a 2022 foi avaliada, considerando publicações indexadas nas bases de dados Web of Science, SciELO e Scopus. Foram recuperados cento e oitenta artigos científicos. Na última década, sete artigos foram publicados por ano. Ao longo dos 32 anos considerados, o número de artigos sobre saprolito aumentou. A maioria dos estudos foi concentrada na região sudeste do Brasil, onde o estado de Minas Gerais liderou em termos de número de publicações (28,49%). As principais áreas em que os artigos foram publicados estavam relacionadas à ecologia, Terra e marinha; no entanto, foram citados por várias outras, incluindo as áreas de saúde e política. Uma comparação do número de publicações por bacia e o tamanho do SCS mostrou que havia menos estudos da Bacia Amazônica do que da Bacia do Paraná. Em conclusão, a fronteira geográfica para o estudo do saprolito no território brasileiro é a Bacia do Rio Amazonas, e a fronteira metodológica está relacionada à dinâmica de fluídos/gases e ao papel dos micróbios no intemperismo em profundidade. geológica SCS. . (SCS) terrestre geocientistas global 199 202 avaliada Science Scopus científicos década ano 3 considerados aumentou 28,49%. 2849 28,49% 28 49 (28,49%) ecologia marinha entanto outras política Paraná conclusão Amazonas fluídosgases fluídos gases profundidade (SCS 19 20 284 28,49 2 4 (28,49% 1 28,4 (28,49 28, (28,4 (28, (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT The consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by weathering buffers the greenhouse effect on Earth on a geological timescale. This mechanism is called the silicate carbon sink (SCS). Saprolite represents part of the weathering front of the Earth’s mantle, but historically, it has not received much attention from geoscientists. On a global scale, Brazil is the largest contributor to the SCS and the fourth largest contributor to the number of saprolite publications. In this study, Brazilian scientific production on the subject from 1990 to 2022 was assessed, considering publications indexed in the Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus databases. One hundred-eighty scientific articles were retrieved. In the last decade, seven articles were published per year. Over the 32 years under consideration, the number of articles on saprolite has increased. Most of the studies were concentrated in the southeastern region of Brazil, where the state of Minas Gerais led in terms of the number of publications (28.49%). The main areas in which the articles were published were related to ecology, Earth, and marine; however, they were cited by several others, including the areas of health and politics. A comparison of the number of publications per basin and the size of the SCS showed that there were fewer studies from the Amazon Basin than from the Paraná Basin. In conclusion, the geographical frontier for the study of saprolite in the Brazilian territory is the Amazon River Basin, and the methodological frontier is related to fluid/gas dynamics and the role of microbes in weathering at depth. timescale SCS. . (SCS) Earths s mantle historically geoscientists scale 199 202 assessed Science databases hundredeighty hundred eighty retrieved decade year 3 consideration increased 28.49%. 2849 28.49% 28 49 (28.49%) ecology marine however others politics conclusion fluidgas fluid gas depth (SCS 19 20 284 28.49 2 4 (28.49% 1 28.4 (28.49 28. (28.4 (28. (28 (2 (

Resumen Tomando como referencia la ecología de la atención de Yves Citton y el análisis del movimiento de Hubert Godard, el objetivo de este estudio es presentar resonancias entre cómo se discute el cultivo de la atención al yo en la investigación cartográfica y en las prácticas somáticas en el contexto de la danza. Tomando como punto de partida tres prácticas encontradas en la danza Contacto Improvisación - la pequeña danza, el paseo imaginado y el toque somático - el artículo presenta las prácticas somáticas como creadoras de un ecosistema atencional que se abre a las dimensiones tónico-afectiva y táctil-cinestésica de la experiencia, favoreciendo el acceso al plano colectivo de fuerzas y afectos. Eso sugiere que la atención ahí cultivada produce una cualidad de presencia a sí mismo y al mundo que la aproxima a la atención cartográfica, concentrada y abierta, haciendo del practicante una especie de cartógrafo de sí mismo. Por otro lado, el estudio señala que la atención cultivada a través de prácticas somáticas puede contribuir a la formación del investigador cartográfico, al crear condiciones para el aprendizaje de una atención a sí mismo, al otro y al territorio de investigación.

Resumo Tomando como referência a ecologia da atenção de Yves Citton e a análise do movimento de Hubert Godard, o objetivo deste estudo é apresentar ressonâncias entre o modo como o cultivo da atenção a si é discutido na pesquisa cartográfica e nas práticas somáticas no contexto da dança. Tendo como ponto de partida três práticas encontradas na dança Contato Improvisação - a pequena dança, a caminhada imaginada e o toque somático - o artigo apresenta as práticas somáticas como criadoras de um ecossistema atencional que se abre para as dimensões tônico-afetiva e tátil-cinestésica da experiência, favorecendo o acesso ao plano coletivo de forças e afetos. Isto sugere que a atenção aí cultivada produz uma qualidade de presença a si e ao mundo que a aproxima da atenção cartográfica, concentrada e aberta, tornando o praticante uma espécie de cartógrafo de si mesmo. Por outro lado, o estudo aponta que a atenção cultivada por meio de práticas somáticas pode concorrer para a formação do pesquisador cartógrafo, ao criar condições para a aprendizagem de uma atenção a si, ao outro e ao território de investigação.

Abstract With reference to Yves Citton's ecology of attention and Hubert Godard's movement analysis, the aim of this study is to present a number of connections between how the cultivation of inward attention is discussed in cartographic research and in somatic practices in the context of dance. Taking as a starting point three practices found in the dance Contact Improvisation - the small dance, the imagined walk and the somatic touch - the article presents somatic practices as creating an attentional ecosystem that works with the tonic-affective and tactile-kinesthetic dimensions of experience, which facilitate the access to the collective field of forces and affects. It suggests that the attention cultivated in this context develops a quality of presence to oneself and to the world that approaches that of cartographic attention, which is concentrated and open, turning the practitioner into a kind of cartographer of oneself. On the other hand, the study points out that the attention cultivated by means of somatic practices can contribute to the training of the cartographic researcher, by creating conditions for the learning of an attention turned inward, towards the other, and the territory of investigation.

Resumo Esta contribuição analisa criticamente a crescente adoção da perspectiva “decolonial” na academia anglo-saxônica, explicando o risco de que ela possa ser esvaziada de sua radicalidade política e epistemológica original. Por meio de uma análise bibliométrica, ele destaca a hegemonia linguística e geopolítica do inglês e das instituições do Norte global na produção e disseminação do conhecimento “decolonial”. Em seguida, mostra como essa situação perpetua as desigualdades coloniais ao cooptar e “traduzir” o conhecimento insurgente para a lógica instrumental ocidental. Essa perspectiva discursiva “descolonial” é contraposta por uma práxis anticolonial, enraizada nas lutas históricas dos povos oprimidos do Sul global, que exige o desmantelamento de hierarquias e estruturas coloniais arraigadas na academia corporativa e a defesa de uma transformação radical em todas as esferas da vida em face da colonialidade existente.

Abstract This contribution analyzes critically the growing adoption of the “decolonial” perspective in the Anglo-Saxon academy, accounting for the risk of it being emptied of its original political and epistemological radicality. Through a bibliometric analysis, it evidences the linguistic and geopolitical hegemony of English and the institutions of the global North in the production and dissemination of “decolonial” knowledge. The paper further argues how this situation perpetuates colonial inequalities by co-opting and “translating” insurgent knowledges into Western instrumental logics. This discursive “decolonial” perspective is countered by an anti/countercolonial praxis, rooted in the historical struggles of the oppressed peoples of the global South, calling for the dismantling of entrenched colonial hierarchies and structures in the corporate academy and for radical transformation of all spheres of life in the face of existing coloniality.

Resumen Esta contribución analiza críticamente la creciente adopción de la perspectiva “decolonial” en la academia anglosajona, dando cuenta del riesgo de que se vacíe de su radicalidad política y epistemológica original. Mediante un análisis bibliométrico, evidencia la hegemonía lingüística y geopolítica del inglés y las instituciones del Norte global en la producción y difusión del conocimiento “decolonial”. Seguidamente plantea como esta situación perpetua las desigualdades coloniales al cooptar y “traducir” los saberes insurgentes a las lógicas instrumentales occidentales. A esta perspectiva “decolonial” discursiva se contrapone una praxis anti/contracolonial, enraizada en las luchas históricas de los pueblos oprimidos del Sur global, instando desmantelar las jerarquías y estructuras coloniales enquistadas en la academia corporativa y a una incidencia en la transformación radical de todos los ámbitos de la vida frente a la colonialidad vigente.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la emergencia del Consumo Problemático de Sustancias Psicoactivas (CP-SPA) de jóvenes estudiantes de un contexto universitario, como resultante de la interacción significativa entre los sistemas de regulación socioeducativa, sanitaria y normativa de la institución en estudio. Materiales y método: Estudio cualitativo de caso, desarrollado en una institución universitaria de carácter privado. Se realizó con soporte en la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner (2011), a través de inserción ecológica intervención (Koller et al., 2016). Participaron estudiantes, docentes y administrativos. Se realizaron cuatro entrevistas y seis grupos focales. Muestreo teórico hasta saturación de categorías. Codificación y categorización utilizando Atlas-Ti, a través de método comparativo constante en la recogida, codificación abierta, axial y selectiva de datos y análisis sistemático (Strauss y Corbin, 2002). Resultados: El CP-SPA en este contexto tiene lugar a través de una trilogía de procesos proximales de interinfluencia: 1. De influencia para la ingesta de múltiples SPA, 2. Enfocados en consumo problemático y 3. De transgresión de normas institucionales, que operan como gatilla-dores de la experiencia dentro y fuera de la universidad. Estos procesos, en la dinámica de la comunicación, configuran sistemas sociales de biorregulación: socioeducativa: indirecta (autorregulación), sanitaria: paliativa (ruta de atención) y normativa: punitiva (reglamento estudiantil), que intentan regular el CP-SPA. La regulación es posible gracias a la interacción de factores de riesgo/protección próximos y distantes, que pueden impulsar directa e indirectamente el CP-SPA. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de biorregulación actúan como garantes y dan forma a las simbolizaciones de la vida emocional, social e institucional del estudiante con CP-SPA, con exito en los procesos proximales persona-persona (microsistema), pero con poca efectividad en el mesosistema. Se propone a las instituciones universitarias generar las condiciones de posibilidad para una estructura regulatoria del CP-SPA que promueva un desarrollo favorable del estudiante, coherente con sus expectativas de formación profesional.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the emergence of Problematic Substance Use (FSV) among young students in a university context because of significant interaction between the socio-educational, health, and regulatory systems of the institution under study. Materials and method: A qualitative case study conducted at a private university, utilizing Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory (2011) with ecological intervention (Koller et al., 2016). Participants included students, teachers, and administrative staff. Four interviews and six focus groups were conducted. Theoretical sampling was carried out until category saturation. Coding and categorization were done using Atlas-Ti, employing constant comparative method in data collection, open, axial, and selective coding, and systematic analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 2002). Results: FSU in this context occurs through a trilogy of proximal processes of interinfluence: 1. Influence for the intake of multiple substances, 2. Focused on problematic use, and 3. Transgression of institutional norms, acting as triggers for the experience within and outside the university. These processes, in communication dynamics, shape social systems of bioregulation: socio-educational (indirect self-regulation), health-related (palliative care route), and regulatory (punitive student regulations), attempting to regulate FSU. Regulation is possible through the interaction of proximal and distal risk/protection factors, which can directly and indirectly drive FSU. Conclusions: Bio-regulation systems act as guarantors and shape symbolizations of the emotional, social, and institutional life of students with FSU, succeeding in proximal person-to-person processes (microsystem) but with little effectiveness in the mesosystem. It is proposed that universities create conditions for a regulatory structure of FSU that promotes favorable student development consistent with their professional training expectations.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques de albardón exhiben una estratificación vertical que puede contribuir en la complejidad estructural, permitiendo que una gran diversidad de aves prospere en las islas. En ecosistemas deltaicos hay escasos datos que lo demuestren. Objetivos: Evaluar las variaciones en la composición de la comunidad de aves dentro de los bosques de albardón. Método: Se muestrearon durante tres años, dos áreas protegidas de humedales pertenecientes al Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves en tres diferentes bosques de albardón, utilizando el método de conteo por puntos. Resultados: Tres distintos tipos de bosque de albardón -abiertos, intermedios y cerrados- fueron identificados con base en la estructura de su vegetación, hospedando un total de 85 especies de aves. La variación en la estructura de la comunidad de aves entre tipos de bosque revela mayor diversidad en bosques abiertos durante el invierno (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) y la primavera (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), y mayor riqueza en otoño (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). Los bosques cerrados exhibieron mayor diversidad en el otoño (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) y en verano (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), junto con elevada abundancia en otoño (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) y elevada riqueza en primavera (39.17 ± 4.71, P=0.01). Debido a la historia evolutiva entre sitios, se observó variación significativa en el parque nacional de más reciente creación, influyendo en la abundancia del invierno (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) y de la primavera (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), así como en la diversidad en el invierno (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) y en la primavera (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: El microhábitat en los diferentes bosques de albardón permite a las aves organizarse diferencialmente. Enfocarse en la dinámica microespacial es clave para una comprensión profunda de los procesos biológicos dentro de las islas subtropicales, planificar estrategias de conservación y evidenciar la transición de un bosque ripario en recuperación hacia su estado natural, donde el pulso del río y el efecto de la estacionalidad no dejan de operar.

Abstract Introduction: Levee forests exhibit a vertical stratification that may contribute to structural complexity allowing a great diversity of birds to thrive on the islands. In deltaic ecosystems there is scarce or no data to prove it. Objectives: To assess variations in the composition of the bird community within levee forests. Methods: Two areas of protected wetlands belonging to the Paraná River Delta in Argentina were sampled for three years. A comparative analysis of richness, abundance, and diversity was performed in different levee forests using the point count method. Results: Three distinct types of levee forests -open, intermediate, and closed- were identified based on the structure of their vegetation, hosting a total of 85 bird species. Variation in avian community structure among forest types revealed greater diversity in open forests during winter (3.26 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and spring (3.58 ± 0.05, P < 0.01), and greater richness in autumn (35.33 ± 3.01, P < 0.01). The closed forests exhibited increased diversity during autumn (3.16 ± 0.13, P < 0.05) and summer (3.24 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), along with elevated abundance in autumn (114 ± 13.70, P < 0.05) and richness in spring (39.17 ± 4.71, P = 0.01). Due to the evolutionary history between sites, significant variation was observed in the most recently created national park, influencing abundance in winter (141 ± 22.06, P < 0.01) and spring (176 ± 12.83, P < 0.01), as well as diversity in winter (3.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and spring (3.50 ± 0.10, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The microhabitat in the different levee forests allows the birds to organize differently. Focusing on microspatial dynamics is key to a deep understanding of the biological processes within subtropical islands and to plan conservation strategies and demonstrate the transition of a recovering riparian forest towards its natural state, where the pulse of the river and the effect of seasonality do not stop operating.