Abstract Introduction Land use/land cover change (LULCC) alters the quantity and quality of ecosystem services. The economic value of these services is an indicator of change that facilitates conservation, utilization, and restoration activities of ecosystems. Objective To analyze the dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) from 2000 to 2020 and estimate the ecosystem services value (ESV) as an indicator of ecological degradation in the Copalita River watershed in Oaxaca. Materials and methods Landsat 7 and 8 images captured during the years 2000 and 2020, respectively, were used. Six types of LULC were identified and classified in the watershed, and an intensity analysis was performed. Based on the economic values of biomes previously published, the values of LULC and ecosystem service functions in the watershed were estimated. Results and discussion There is an increase in forest cover (13.23 %), low-cover lands (494.41 %), construction (75.35 %), and wetlands (38.34 %), and a decrease in the area of rainforest (-48.02 %) and water bodies (-32.71 %). LULCC dynamics caused a 2.21 % reduction in the ESV of the watershed. The value of provisioning services increased (49.10 %), while regulation (-12.39 %), cultural (-4.77 %), and support (-3.89 %) values decreased. Conclusions The reduction in the economic value of ecosystem service functions is caused by the effects of LULCC on the decrease in rainforest and water bodies in the watershed.

Resumen Introducción Los cambios en las coberturas y usos de suelo (CCUS) modifican la cantidad y calidad de los servicios ecosistémicos. El valor económico de estos es un indicador de cambio que facilita las actividades de conservación, aprovechamiento y restauración de ecosistemas. Objetivo Analizar la dinámica de coberturas y usos de suelo (CUS) de 2000 a 2020 y estimar el valor de servicios ecosistémicos (VSE) como indicador de la degradación ecológica de la cuenca del río Copalita en Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos Se utilizaron imágenes Landsat 7 y 8 capturadas durante los años 2000 y 2020, respectivamente. Seis tipos de CUS se identificaron y clasificaron en la cuenca y se hizo un análisis de intensidad. Con base en los valores económicos de biomas, previamente publicados, se estimaron los valores de las CUS y de las funciones de los servicios ecosistémicos de la cuenca. Resultados y discusión Existe incremento de las coberturas de bosque (13.23 %), tierras de baja cobertura (494.41 %), construcción (75.35 %) y humedales (38.34 %) y se redujo el área de selva (-48.02 %) y cuerpos de agua (-32.71 %). Los CCUS ocasionaron reducción de 2.21 % del VSE de la cuenca. El VSE de provisión creció (49.10 %) y el de regulación (-12.39 %), cultural (-4.77 %) y de soporte (-3.89 %) disminuyó. Conclusiones La reducción del valor económico de las funciones de los servicios ecosistémicos es causada por los efectos de los CCUS en la disminución de selva y cuerpos de agua en la cuenca.

Abstract Mature, leafy trees are characterized by their large size and longevity. They provide many ecosystem services and sometimes are part of the cultural and historical heritage of cities. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic, social, and ecological value of mature, leafy trees in the city of Durango, Mexico. Through satellite images and field inventories, 83 trees were identified with the characteristics of size and longevity. Diameter at breast height, height, diameter and crown condition were measured, as well as temperature and solar radiation. A survey was administered to residents and park visitors to learn about their perceptions of the importance of these trees. The inventory data were analyzed in the i-Tree Eco v6 platform to determine the quantity and economic value of the ecosystem services. Mature, leafy trees in this city store about 1.3 CO2 tons per year, intercept 375 kg of particles smaller than 10 µm, and their substitution value was estimated at MXN $23.6 million. From data taken under and outside the canopy, a difference between 400 and 1 200 Wm2 of intercepted solar radiation and between 6 and 20 °C of temperature was calculated. Derived from the factor analysis, the questionnaires revealed three latent variables, in this order: "disservices", "benefits" and "existential values". No significant differences in the factor scores were found among these variables. This information will allow city managers to define plans for the management and conservation of these type of trees.

Resumen Los árboles frondosos se caracterizan por su gran tamaño y longevidad, la cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen y, en ocasiones, destacan por su contribución al acervo cultural e histórico de las ciudades. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el valor económico, social y ecológico que representan los árboles frondosos en la ciudad de Durango, México. A través de imágenes satelitales e inventarios de campo, se identificaron 83 árboles frondosos. Se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura, diámetro y estado de la copa, además de la temperatura y la radiación solar. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer las percepciones sociales de la importancia de estos individuos. Los datos del inventario se analizaron en la plataforma i-Tree Eco v6 para determinar la cantidad y valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos. Los árboles frondosos de esta ciudad secuestran alrededor de 1.3 t de CO2 por año, interceptan alrededor de 375 kg de partículas menores a 10 µm y su valor de sustitución se estimó en MXN $23.6 millones. A partir de datos tomados bajo y fuera del dosel, se calculó una diferencia de entre 400 y 1 200 Wm2 de radiación solar interceptada y de 6 a 20 °C de temperatura. Derivado del análisis factorial, las encuestas revelaron tres variables latentes: “perjuicios”, “beneficios” y “valores existenciales”. No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones factoriales de las variables. La información generada permitirá definir planes para el manejo y conservación de este tipo de ejemplares.

ABSTRACT The article aims to address the ecological transition into a model that integrates the Harrod-Domar Dilemma and the New Developmentalism according to a Green New Developmentalism perspective. To this end, this paper focuses on the green sides of the middle-income countries’ traps by introducing a novel concept of the ecologically sustainable output growth rate into the new developmentalism model developed by Oreiro (2023) to identify a balanced ecological growth path. Compensating for the price competitiveness losses produced by the exchange rate over-valuation, Ecological Structural Change and green finance allow for reversing the process of premature de-industrialization by improving the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector. HarrodDomar Harrod Domar perspective end middleincome middle income countries 2023 (2023 path overvaluation, overvaluation over valuation, valuation over-valuation deindustrialization de industrialization sector 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

RESUMO O artigo pretende abordar a transição ecológica para um modelo que integre o Dilema Harrod-Domar e o Novo Desenvolvimentismo segundo uma perspectiva do Novo Desenvolvimentismo Verde. Para este fim, este artigo centra-se nos lados verdes das armadilhas dos países de rendimento médio, introduzindo um novo conceito de taxa de crescimento da produção ecologicamente sustentável no modelo do novo desenvolvimentismo desenvolvido por Oreiro (2023) para identificar uma trajetória de crescimento ecológico equilibrada. Compensando as perdas de competitividade de preços produzidas pela sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio, a Mudança Ecológica Estrutural e o financiamento verde permitem inverter o processo de desindustrialização prematura, melhorando a competitividade do setor transformador. HarrodDomar Harrod Domar Verde fim centrase centra se médio 2023 (2023 equilibrada câmbio prematura transformador 202 (202 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumen: El presente artículo trata de entender la poesía de la artista y poeta shipibo-konibo Chonon Bensho (Comunidad Nativa Santa Clara de Yarinacocha, Región Ucayali, Perú, 1992), primero, en relación con las problemáticas que surgen en torno a las desigualdades que establece el pensamiento hegemónico de la modernidad respecto de la valoración de la oralidad y la escritura. A partir de esa problemática, y de los intentos de superarla, se analizan las aspiraciones y resignificaciones de la apuesta poética de Chonon en el contexto más amplio de la irrupción de poetas, artistas y pensadores indígenas en el espacio público nacional y en las instituciones académicas-artísticas. Luego de esas reflexiones contextuales, se interpretará la epistemología visionaria y la ontología multinaturalista de la poesía de Chonon y su relación con el territorio ancestral, para, al final, a manera de conclusión, señalar la posibilidad de esta propuesta poética para interpelar a una civilización atravesada por las preocupaciones ecológicas y las consecuencias negativas de sus prácticas ecocidas.

Abstract: This article attempts to understand the poetry of the Shipibo-Konibo artista and poet Chonon Bensho (Santa Clara de Yarinacocha Native Community, Ucayali Region, Peru, 1992), first, in relation with the problems that arise around the inequalities established by the hegemonic thinking of modernity regarding the valuation of orality and writing. From this problematic, and the attempts to overcome it, we analyze the aspirations and resignifications of Chonon’s poetic challenge in the broader context of the irruption of indigenous poets, artists, and thinkers in the national public space and in academic-artistic institutions. After these contextual reflections, the visionary epistemology and multinaturalist ontology of Chonon’s poetry and its relationship with the ancestral territory will be interpreted, and finally, as a conclusion, the possibility of this poetic proposal to question a civilization traversed by ecological concerns and the negative consequences of its ecocide practices.

Abstract Urban infrastructure is a challenge for municipal managers in Brazil, given the rapid urbanization that has occurred in the country and the population growth in these locations. The inclusion of green characteristics in the urban space has contributed to the human needs of residents in this space, areas that allow the filtering of pollutants in the air and water, greater absorption of rainwater, noise reduction, scenic beauty, among other characteristics that are related to ecosystem services. In this context, the objective of the study is to identify the opportunity cost for the existence of urban green areas. This was done using the methodological resources available in environmental economics, which employs the opportunity cost based on the assessment of the net benefit of conservation. Primary and secondary data were used, the sources being literature and satellite images. Considering the analysis period from 2018 to 2020. The results indicate that the opportunity cost is greater than the amounts that can be collected through the commercialization of ecosystem services, implying that the landowners of the Urban Ecological Corridor projected in the municipality of Dourados - Mato Grosso do Sul, should be financially supported to maintain these services in green areas, given their importance to people's quality of life. Brazil locations water rainwater reduction beauty context economics conservation used images 201 2020 Sul peoples people s life 20 202 2

Abstract. This article aims to describe the main characteristics of natural ecosystem assets by developing a competing land use mathematical model applied to ecosystems, that is, how different human activities compete for the use of assets. natural ecosystems. The basic model considers an irreversible development of the landscape. Land that is converted and developed has a market value, and the rate of appreciation for land awaiting development must equal the opportunity cost of the land investment, which includes an adjustment for the ratio of land value ecosystem services and capital value of developed land (i.e., land converted to urbanized areas or designated for other human uses). The model is extended to the case of continued conversion of the ecological landscape over time, considering the costs of the loss of ecosystem services and any capital gains from increases in the value of unconverted land, that is, that that its original natural state has not been modified to adapt it to a specific human purpose or use.

Resumen. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir las principales características de los activos naturales de los ecosistemas mediante el desarrollo de un modelo matemático de utilización de la tierra en competencia aplicado a los ecosistemas, es decir, cómo diferentes actividades humanas compiten por el uso de los activos naturales de los ecosistemas. El modelo básico considera un desarrollo irreversible del paisaje. La tierra que se convierte y se desarrolla tiene un valor de mercado y la tasa de apreciación de la tierra en espera de desarrollo debe ser igual al costo de oportunidad de la inversión en tierras, que incluye un ajuste por la relación entre el valor de los servicios ecosistémicos y el valor de capital de la tierra desarrollada (es decir, la transformada en áreas urbanizadas o destinadas a otros usos humanos). El modelo se extiende al caso de la conversión continua del paisaje ecológico a lo largo del tiempo, considerando los costos en la pérdida de servicios ecosistémicos y de cualquier ganancia de capital de los aumentos en el valor de la tierra no convertida, es decir, aquella que no se ha modificado su estado natural original para adaptarla a un propósito o uso humano específico.

Resumen La valoración visual del paisaje ayuda a comprender las preferencias del mismo como un bien frágil y escaso, y a evaluar la percepción, aceptación y rechazo de los paisajes naturales, manejados y alterados. La valoración del paisaje, mediante el uso de indicadores eco-estéticos, permite evaluarlos desde su estructura y es una manera de afrontar las problemáticas de subjetividad observada en otros métodos. Si bien, los indicadores eco-estéticos han sido utilizados en la valoración de distintos paisajes, no han sido ampliamente aplicados en la evaluación de paisajes costeros. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar la evaluación visual de la naturalidad y la complejidad del paisaje costero de la isla de Cozumel, México, a través de 2 indicadores ecoestéticos: el índice de etapa sucesional y el índice de diversidad de Shannon. Para evaluar la percepción del observador, se fotografiaron paisajes costeros de 4 etapas sucesionales, y distintos valores de diversidad. Las fotografías fueron proyectadas a 152 individuos, quienes puntuaron los paisajes de acuerdo con su preferencia. Las respuestas fueron analizadas por medio de pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados evidenciaron una relación directa, positiva y estadísticamente significativa (P < 0.05) entre la preferencia y la naturalidad, pero no entre la preferencia y la diversidad. Se concluye que la naturalidad, medida a través del indicador de etapa sucesional, influye directamente sobre las preferencias del paisaje costero y puede ser usado para evaluar el efecto de las alteraciones al paisaje sobre las preferencias del observador.

Abstract The visual assessment of the landscape helps to understand the preferences of the landscape as a fragile and scarce asset, and to evaluate the perception, acceptance, and rejection of natural, managed and altered landscapes. The valuation of the landscape using eco-aesthetic indicators allows us to evaluate them from their structure, and it is a way of facing the problems of subjectivity observed in other methods. Although these eco-aesthetic indicators have been used in the assessment of different landscapes, they have not been widely applied in the assessment of coastal landscapes. The objective of this study was to carry out a visual evaluation of the naturalness and complexity of the coastal landscape of the Cozumel island, Mexico through 2 eco-aesthetic indicators: The successional stage index, and the Shannon diversity index. To evaluate the perception of the observer, coastal landscapes of 4 successional stages, and different levels of diversity, were photographed, and the photographs were projected to 152 individuals who scored the landscapes according to their preference. The responses were analyzed by means of non-parametric tests. The results show a direct, positive, and statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship between preference and the naturalness, but not between preference and diversity. It is concluded that naturalness, measured through the ecological succession indicator, directly influences coastal landscape preferences, and can be used to evaluate the effect of landscape alterations on observer preferences.

Abstract In Cuba, the production of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae comes from extractive fishing (75%) and artisanal cultivation (25%). In extractive fishing, the barking or cutting of the roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) occurs during the collection of oysters. In cultivation, mangrove trunks and branches are used for farms and for making collectors, which damages the ecosystem and reduces the supply of environmental goods and services (BSA) provided by the mangrove. With the objective of evaluating through a cost-benefit analysis the oyster farming activity in Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, Cuba, and determining the economic and environmental viability of artisanal oyster farming, productive strategies with an ecosystemic approach were applied, including an ecological value representative of the benefit gross of mangrove functions. Artisanal farming turned out to be an economically and environmentally viable production alternative, which allowed a higher average yield in oyster meat (6.4%), versus meat yield from extractive fishing (5.8%). The inclusion, in the cost-benefit analysis of the oyster farming activity, of the cost for damages and benefits to the mangrove swamp, indicates the need to include the BSA valuation in the traditional mechanisms of economic evaluation.

Resumen En Cuba, la producción de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae proviene de la pesca extractiva (75%) y del cultivo artesanal (25%). En la pesca extractiva ocurre descortezado o corte de raíces de mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) durante la recolecta de ostión. En el cultivo se utilizan troncos y ramas de mangle para las granjas y confección de colectores, lo que daña al ecosistema y reduce la oferta de bienes y servicios ambientales (BSA) que presta el manglar. Con el objetivo de evaluar mediante un análisis de costo-beneficio la actividad ostrícola en Puerto Padre, Las Tunas, Cuba, y determinar la viabilidad económica y ambiental de la ostricultura artesanal, se aplicaron estrategias productivas con enfoque ecosistémico incluyendo un valor ecológico representativo del beneficio bruto de las funciones del manglar. El cultivo artesanal realizado es una alternativa de producción económica y ambientalmente viable, con mayor rendimiento promedio en carne de ostión (6.4%), versus rendimiento en carne de la pesca extractiva (5.8%). La inclusión, en el análisis de costo-beneficio de la actividad ostrícola, del costo por daños y beneficios al manglar, indica la necesidad de incluir la valoración de BSA en los mecanismos tradicionales de evaluación económica.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to carry out a rapid ecological assessment of the forest and savannah´s native flora in the Cerrado Aguará Ñu of the Mbaracayú Forest Natural Reserve in Paraguay, to determine the species richness and the differences in composition among them, and to complement existing floristic surveys. The native vascular flora of the Cerrado was recorded in situ in ten 50 m x 2 m (1000 m2) transects within each plant community (forest and savannah). A total of 171 species in 61 families were recorded. The savannah showed the higher species richness in relation to the forest, with 106 species in 40 families and 81 species in 40 families, respectively. The most frequent species in the savannah were Axonopus cfr. siccus (Nees) Kuhlm., Butia paraguayensis (Barb. Rodr.) L.H. Bailey, Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook. f., Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, and Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) T.D. Penn. As for the forest, the most frequent species were Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. var. langsdorfii, Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch., Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, and Vochysia tucanorum C. Mart. Only 14 plant species were found to be common in both plant communities. The Fabaceae family had the highest number of species. On the other hand, the typical floristic dissimilarity was evidenced between the Cerrado forest and savannah in the study area, which suggests a good state of conservation of the protected area. However, given the traits and constraints of the rapid ecological assessment, we recommend to continue monitoring the area in order to advance towards a better understanding of the local vegetation dynamics and a better valuation of its biodiversity.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una evaluación ecológica rápida de la flora nativa de la formación forestal y sabánica del Cerrado Aguará Ñu, Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú de Paraguay, determinando la riqueza de especies y las diferencias de composición entre las mismas, de manera a complementar los levantamientos florísticos ya existentes. Se registró in situ la flora vascular nativa del Cerrado mediante diez transectos de 50 m x 2 m (1000 m2) en cada formación vegetal (forestal y sabánica). Se obtuvo un total de 171 especies en 61 familias. La formación sabánica presentó la mayor riqueza de especies en relación a la formación forestal, con 106 especies en 40 familias y 81 especies en 40 familias, respectivamente. Las especies más frecuentes en la formación sabánica fueron Axonopus cfr. siccus (Nees) Kuhlm., Butia paraguayensis (Barb. Rodr.) L.H. Bailey, Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook. f., Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, y Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) T.D. Penn. En cuanto a la formación forestal, las especies más frecuentes fueron Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. var. langsdorfii, Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch., Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, y Vochysia tucanorum C. Mart. Ambas formaciones vegetales sólo compartieron 14 especies de plantas. La familia Fabaceae registró el mayor número de especies. Por otro lado, se evidenció la disimilitud florística típica entre las formaciones forestales y sabánicas del Cerrado en el área de estudio, lo que sugiere un buen estado de conservación del área protegida. No obstante, dadas las características y limitaciones de la evaluación ecológica rápida, se recomienda seguir monitoreando el área de manera a avanzar hacia una mejor comprensión de la dinámica vegetacional local y una mejor valoración de su biodiversidad.

RESUMEN La agricultura y la expansión urbana han causado fragmentación de bosques remanentes de las cuencas Otón y Consotá en el municipio de Pereira, Departamento de Risaralda, Colombia. Estos bosques están dominados por guadua, Guadua angustifolia Kunth, de la cual se obtiene materia prima para diferentes propósitos. Estos bosques, además cumplen funciones ecológicas importantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los servicios ecosistémicos de almacenamiento de carbono, capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en el suelo y la factibilidad financiera de los bosques de guadua asociada a la venta de culmos. El dióxido de carbono fue estimado a partir de la biomasa área y la materia orgánica del suelo; la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en el suelo se calculó a partir de la porosidad y el contenido de humedad. El servicio ecosistémico de provisión fue evaluado mediante el análisis costo-beneficio en diferentes escenarios de producción. El carbono almacenado en los bosques fue de 672,3 t C / ha de CO2 (22 % en la biomasa y 78 % en el suelo a una profundidad de 45 cm). La capacidad promedio de almacenamiento de agua en el suelo fue de 292,4 m3 / ha. El análisis costo-beneficio evidenció una factibilidad financiera para los escenarios donde las ventas proyectadas se incrementarán 3 % respecto a las actuales. Los bosques de guadua proveen servicios ecosistémicos que son otra justificación para una mejor compensación económica y un medio para promover el equilibrio entre los servicios ecosistémicos y la situación financiera de los productores, que obtienen sus ingresos de la producción.

ABSTRACT Agriculture and urban expansion have caused fragmentation of the remaining forests located along the Otún and Consotá river watershed in the municipality of Pereira, Department of Risaralda, Colombia. These forests are dominated by the guadua bamboo species Guadua angustifolia Kunth, which provided raw material for different purposes and additionally fulfills important ecological functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate ecosystems services associated with these forests such as carbon storage, soil water storing capacity, and the financial feasibility related to guadua culms commercialization. The carbon storage was estimated from the aboveground biomass and soil organic matter; soil water storing capacity was associated with physical soil properties. Whereas the provisioning ecosystem service was assessed through a cost-benefit analysis performed with different production scenarios. The carbon stock was found to be 672.3 t C / ha (22 % in biomass and 78 % in the soil at a depth of 45 cm). The average soil water storing capacity was 292.4 m3 / ha. The cost-benefit analysis evidenced the financial feasibility for the scenarios when projected sales are more than 3 % than current. Bamboo forests provide ecosystem services that are yet another justification for better economic compensation and a medium to promote balance between ecosystem services and the financial situation of producers, who derive their incomes from its production.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the identification and economic valuation of ecosystem services have been identified as an important tool to recognize and translate nature’s contribution to people’s well-being. It is understood that assessing the economic value of ecosystem services contributes to better decision-making process regarding ecosystems, since it helps evaluation of trade-offs in alternative scenarios. Sandy beaches are among the most valuable coastal ecosystems, especially in regards to cultural services; however, they are still commonly subjected to several impacts that compromise the ecosystem integrity and capacity to provide multiple services, especially in the Global South. For this reason, management policies are crucial to reduce negative impacts. Assessing ecosystem services should be seen as a strategic approach to provide empirical support to these policies. We reviewed studies assessing and valuing sandy beach services in Brazil to identify strengths and gaps that could guide future studies. Our analysis showed that, despite Brazil being one of the leading countries in the published literature on sandy beach science, the number of studies assessing and valuing ecosystem services are small. Most of those studies are published in the native language, Portuguese, limiting the possibility of discussion and experience exchange at the international level. The services related to the use of beaches for tourism and leisure are the main category evaluated, and studies seem to focus on tourist beaches, especially those providing monetary evaluation, which follows the global trend. An increase in the number of published studies in recent years suggests a growing interest in the research subject. Based on the literature review, we discuss the results and make recommendations to guide and foster studies assessing beach services in the context of the Ocean Science Decade.

Resumo Com o objetivo de criar uma metodologia especifica para classificação de hidrossítios, propõe-se que, na avaliação dos locais interesse hidrológico (LIH), o valor patrimonial seja definido pelos critérios ecológico, estético, sociocultural e complementar, seus respectivos indicadores e classes. Para facilitar o mecanismo da avaliação, criou-se a Ficha de Levantamento Hidrológico, validada em dois LIH do rio Selho no Concelho de Guimarães, Distrito de Braga, Portugal. Como resultado, a proposta para a classificação de hidrossítios demonstra coerência teórico-metodológica com a condição hídrica verificada em campo, o que valida os critérios, indicadores, classes com os respectivos índices percentuais. Após a ponderação dos valores atribuídos às classes, a metodologia demonstra que os LIH do rio Selho não têm valoração suficiente para ser considerados hidrossítios, por apresentarem alguns problemas ambientais; mas, embora não tenham atrativos monumentais, merecem medidas de proteção e o reconhecimento de seu valor hídrico.

Abstract Aiming to elaborate a specific methodology for the classification of Hydrosites, we propose that in the evaluation of the Sites of Hydrological Interest (SHI) the patrimonial value is defined by the criteria: ecological, aesthetic, sociocultural and complementary, and their respective indicators and classes. In order to facilitate the evaluation mechanism we elaborated a Hydrological Survey Sheet, validated in two SHI of Selho River in Guimarães Council, District of Braga, Portugal. As a result, the Proposal for the Classification of Hydrosites demonstrates theoretical-methodological coherence with the hydric condition verified in the field, which validates the criteria, indicators, classes with the respective percentage indexes. After weighting of the values attributed to the classes, the methodology demonstrates that the SHI of Selho River do not have enough valuation to be considered Hydrosites because they present some environmental problems, the potentialities even not having monumental attractions are worthy of protective measures and of recognition of their hydric value.

Resumen Con objetivo de elaborar una metodología específica para clasificación de Hidrositas se propone que en la evaluación de los locales interés hidrológico (LIH) el valor patrimonial sea definido por los criterios: ecológico, estético, sociocultural y complementar, sus respectivos indicadores y clases. Para facilitar el mecanismo de la evaluación se elaboró la Ficha de Levantamiento Hidrológico, validada en dos LIH del Río Selho en el Consejo de Guimarães, Distrito de Braga, Portugal. Como resultado la Propuesta para la Clasificación de Hidrositas demuestra coherencia teórico metodológica con la condición hídrica verificada en campo, lo que valida los criterios, indicadores, clases con respectivos índices porcentuales. Después de la ponderación de los valores atribuidos a las clases, la metodología demuestra que los LIH del Río Selho no poseen valoración suficiente para que sean considerados Hidrositas por presentar algunos problemas ambientales, las potencialidades aunque no posean atractivos monumentales son merecedores de medidas de protección y del reconocimiento de su valor hídrico.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer prioridades para os sítios de importância ambiental no Brasil, de acordo com suas necessidades de proteção e conservação. Para isso, foi aplicada uma metodologia na qual os sítios que apresentaram sobreposição geográfica ou proximidade entre áreas protegidas e comunidades étnicas foram selecionados para ser avaliados de acordo com critérios que definem sua importância ecológica e sociocultural, tais como: área de influência, áreas integradas, pressão antrópica, estado de conservação das espécies, sítios Ramsar, hotspot, reserva da biosfera, sítios IBA e KBA, patrimônio natural, status de reconhecimento e relação entre terras indígenas e quilombolas, valor histórico, sítios arqueológicos e patrimônio cultural. Como resultado, foram identificados 1651 sítios, sendo selecionados e avaliados 249, obtendo-se 14 com alta prioridade, 91 com média e 144 baixa. Com os resultados, espera-se gerar suporte técnico útil na geração de políticas públicas voltadas à sua proteção e conservação.

Abstract The objective of this article is to prioritize sites of environmental importance in Brazil, according to their need for protection or conservation. For this, a methodology was applied in the sites that presented geographical overlap or proximity between protected areas and ethnic communities were selected to be evaluated taking into account criteria that define their ecological, social and cultural importance, such as: area of influence, integrated areas, anthropic pressure, species conservation status, Ramsar sites, hotspot, biosphere reserve, IBA and KBA sites, natural heritage, status of recognition and relationship between indigenous lands and quilombos, historical value, archaeological sites and cultural heritage. As a result, 1651 sites were identified, 249 were selected and evaluated, obtaining 14 with high, 91 medium and 144 low priority. With this information, the objective is to generate technical support that serves as an input for the generation of public policies aimed at its protection and conservation.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como fin priorizar sitios de importancia ambiental de Brasil, según su necesidad de protección o conservación. Para ello, se aplicó una metodología en la cual se seleccionaron los sitios que presentaron superposición geográfica o cercanía entre áreas protegidas y comunidades étnicas para ser evaluados teniendo en cuenta criterios que definen su importancia ecológica y sociocultural, tales como: área de Influencia, áreas integradas, presión antrópica, estado de conservación de especies, sitios Ramsar, hotspot, reserva de la biosfera, sitios IBA y KBA, patrimonio natural, estado de reconocimiento y relación entre tierras indígenas y quilombos, valor histórico, sitios arqueológicos y patrimonio cultural. Como resultado, se identificaron 1651 sitios, se seleccionaron y valoraron 249, obteniéndose 14 con prioridad alta, 91 media y 144 baja. Con esta información, se busca generar soporte técnico que sirva de insumo para la generación de políticas públicas tendientes a su protección y conservación.

Background and aims: Traditional Ecological Knowledge is part of the cultural heritage of the human groups inhabiting the semi-arid Chaco region. Until now such knowledge has not been studied in its silvopastoral context, an important socio-economic activity in the region. The aim of this work was to analyze current local ecological knowledge in the aforementioned context, and to identify, characterize and value the plant species involved. M&M: The study was carried out in the northeast of Santiago del Estero province (Argentine). There, with prior informed consent, interviews were conducted with 55 people selected through the "snowball" technique. In addition, ethnobotanical walks were carried out in which the ethnographic aspects related to silvopastoral practices were recorded. In turn, ecological environments were characterized, and the social, cultural and productive context was analyzed. The silvopastoral valuation index was constructed to rank hierarchically the species mentioned by the interviewees. Results: Information related to the main characteristics of the social and productive system, the practices that ecological knowledge guided, the plant and animal species involved in this context, management strategies, forms of provision, contributions by environmental units and local valuation of the species are presented. The value of local flora in traditional silvopastoral systems is discussed. Conclusions: The results of this research show the importance of ecological knowledge in the main local socio-productive practice, which can be useful for management strategies of plant diversity conservation.

Introducción y objetivos: El Conocimiento Ecológico Tradicional forma parte del patrimonio cultural de los grupos humanos que habitan la región chaqueña semiárida. Hasta el presente no se lo había estudiado en el contexto silvopastoril, actividad socio-económica de importancia en la región. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el conocimiento ecológico actual en el contexto mencionado, e identificar, caracterizar y valorar las especies vegetales involucradas. M&M: El estudio se realizó en el noreste de la provincia de Santiago del Estero (Argentina). Allí, previo consentimiento informado, se hicieron entrevistas a 55 personas seleccionadas a través de la técnica "bola de nieve". Además, se hicieron caminatas etnobotánicas en las que se registraron los aspectos etnográficos relacionados con las practicas silvopastoriles. A su vez, se caracterizaron los ambientes ecológicos, y se analizó el contexto social, cultural y productivo. Se construyó el índice de valoración silvopastoril para valorar jerárquicamente las especies mencionadas por los entrevistados. Resultados: Se presenta información relacionada con las principales características del sistema social y productivo, las prácticas que el conocimiento ecológico orientó, las especies vegetales y animales involucradas en este contexto, estrategias de manejo, formas de provisión, aportes por unidades ambientales y valoración local de las especies. Se discute el valor de la flora local en los sistemas silvopastoriles tradicionales. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta investigación dejan constancia de la importancia del conocimiento ecológico en la principal práctica socio-productiva local, que puede ser útil al momento de definir estrategias de manejo y conservación de la diversidad vegetal.

Resumo O seguinte artigo objetivou estimar o valor de uso recreativo dos bens e serviços ecossistêmicos do Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, localizado no Sul do estado do Piauí, região Nordeste brasileira, com uma notável atração de um turismo baseado na natureza, história e cultura. Utilizou-se o Método do Custo de Viagem por meio da aplicação de questionário online para os turistas que realizaram visitas ao local, cujas informações foram coletadas durante o mês de junho de 2019. Constatou-se que o perfil dos visitantes inclui, maiormente, pessoas com um grau de escolarização e nível de renda mais altos, os quais avaliaram com maior nota a observação de paisagem nos mirantes, visitas ao Museu da Natureza e os sítios arqueológicos. Como consenso, quase a totalidade dos usuários e dos não usuários reconhece a relevância deste espaço natural e estão dispostos a pagar por uma taxa de ingresso, a qual ajudaria na conservação e sustentação do lugar. O valor de uso recreativo do Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, estimado a partir do Método de Custo da Viagem, foi de R$ 7,1 milhões por ano, resultado que mesmo sendo impressionante, ainda pode estar subestimado, pois o valor de uso potencial estimado alcançou R$ 2,1 bilhões, confirmando a importância dos investimentos em infraestrutura para o receptivo, assim como em mecanismos de proteção ambiental que propiciem o conhecimento e manutenção da integridade ecológica do Parque e da atividade econômica de turismo que ele sustenta.

Abstract This article aimed to estimate the recreational use value of ecosystem goods and services in the Serra da Capivara National Park, located in the south of the state of Piauí, in the Northeast of Brazil, with a notable attraction of tourism based on nature, history and culture. The Travel Cost Method was used through the application of an online questionnaire for tourists who made visits to the location, whose information was collected during the month of June 2019. It was found that the profile of visitors includes, mostly, people with a higher level of schooling and income level, which rated the observation of the landscape in the viewpoints, visits to the Museum of Nature and the archaeological sites more highly. As a consensus, almost all users and non-users recognize the relevance of this natural space and are willing to pay an entrance fee, which would help in its conservation and support. The recreational use value of the Serra da Capivara National Park estimated from the Cost of Travel Method was R$ 7.1 million per year, a result that although impressive, may still be underestimated, since the estimated potential use value reached R$ 2.1 billion, confirming the importance of investments in infrastructure for the reception of visitors, as well as in environmental protection mechanisms that provide knowledge and maintenance of the ecological integrity of the Park and the economic tourism activity that it sustains.