Abstract Hybrid structures containing multiple pharmacophore units with known activity have attracted attention due to their promising outcomes. In this study, several new hybrid structures containing benzimidazole and thiadiazole units were synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were structurally analyzed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. The antimicrobial, in vitro anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities of all compounds were investigated. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the compounds were determined against Gram-positive (S. aureus ATCC 29213, E. faecalis ATCC 29212), Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) bacteria and fungi (C. albicans ATCC 10231) by using broth microdilution method. The compound 5g bearing 4-methoxyphenyl derivative showed the best activity with 32 μg/mL against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the produced compounds on the MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and L-929 (fibroblast) cell lines. FRAP method was used to determine the antioxidant properties of synthesized compounds. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power of the compounds 5a, 5b, and 5c showed more antioxidant properties than vitamin E. The compound 5g stands out in the series in that it is not toxic on the healthy cell line and has promising antimicrobial activity.

Abstract Increased spread of antimicrobial resistance by Gram-Negative Bacilli (GNB) poses a global challenge, with exacerbated burden post-pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam and its comparators against the frequently identified GNB isolated from patients admitted to Brazilian medical sites between the year 2018‒2019 and 2020‒2021. The impact of pandemic on antimicrobial resistance and presence of β-lactamase genes were also evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular characterization of ß-lactamase encoding genes using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were carried out from GNB isolated mostly from intra-abdominal, respiratory, and urinary tract infections and interpreted following BrCAST/EUCAST guidelines. A total of 3994 GNB isolates were evaluated which mostly included E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Ceftolozane/tazobactam remained highly active against E. coli isolates during both 2018‒2019 (96.0 %) and 2020‒2021 (98.5 %). Among K. pneumoniae, ceftolozane/tazobactam (47.6 % and 43.0 % susceptible during 2018‒2019 and 2020‒2021, respectively) showed poor activity due to blaKPC-2. Colistin and ceftolozane/tazobactam were the most active β-lactam agents tested against P. aeruginosa in 2018‒2019 (99.3 % and 88.8 %) and 2020‒2021 (100 % and 92.8 %), including ceftazidime and meropenem resistant isolates. β-lactamase encoding gene characterization was carried out and both carbapenemases and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producers were found in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolates. Ceftolozane/tazobactam documented remarkable in vitro activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates in Brazil, both pre- and post-pandemic periods and could constitute an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, and respiratory tract infections.

Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

Abstract Escherichia coli causes colibacillosis in farm animals that act as reservoirs for pathogenic strains. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli producing Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases [ESBL] is a serious public health problem that can be attributed to factors related to food consumption and contact with domestic animals. This study aimed to determine the presence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of ESBL E. coli isolated from fecal samples from dairy cattle in the Pichincha province. A total of 182 bovine feces samples were analyzed, 112 samples from cattle slaughtered at the official slaughterhouse in Quito-Pichincha province, and 70 samples from the collection of the Foodborne Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit [UNIETAR]. The isolation of ESBL E. coli, biochemical identification, and resistance tests using the main antibiotics were carried out at UNIETAR. It was possible to identify 93 positive samples for ESBL E. coli (51%), phenotypic analysis revealed that antibiotics such as amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tetracycline, presented resistance higher than 80%. Furthermore, low resistance to nitrofurantoin, cefoxitin, and ertapenem was observed, while no isolate was resistant to tigecycline. One hundred percent of the isolates presented multi-resistance phenotypes, with the most frequent pattern being composed of 7 families of antibiotics. In conclusion, these results suggest that E. coli from dairy cattle origin could be an important reservoir of ESBL genes.

Resumen La bacteria Escherichia coli causa la colibacilosis en animales de granja que actúan como reservorios de cepas patógenas. La resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli productor de betalactamasas de espectro extendido [BLEE] es un grave problema de salud pública y se puede atribuir a factores relacionados con el consumo de alimentos y el contacto con animales domésticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia y patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli BLEE aislado en muestras fecales provenientes de bovinos productores de leche de la provincia de Pichincha. Se analizaron un total 182 muestras de heces de bovinos: 112 muestras de bovinos faenados en el Camal Metropolitano de la provincia de Pichincha y 70 muestras de la colección de la Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antimicrobianos [UNIETAR], se realizó el aislamiento de E. coli BLEE, la identificación bioquímica y pruebas de resistencia a los principales antibióticos utilizados. Se logró identificar 93 muestras positivas a E. coli BLEE (51 %), el análisis fenotípico reveló que los antibióticos amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, cefepime, ceftazidima, ciprofloxacina, amikacina y tetraciclina presentaron porcentajes de resistencia mayores al 80 %. Además, se observó una baja resistencia a la nitrofurantoína, cefoxitin y ertapenem, mientras que ningún aislado fue resistente a la tigeciclina. El 100 % de los aislados presentaron fenotipos de multirresistencia y el patrón más frecuente estuvo compuesto por 7 familias de antibióticos. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren que E. coli originaria de bovinos lecheros podría ser un reservorio de genes BLEE.

Abstract Introduction: The plants Ficus pumila and Phthirusa stelis are emerging as natural product sources. Objectives: To identify chemical compounds, antibacterial and antifungal activity, and toxicity against Artemia sp. and Aedes aegypti larvae. Methods: We tested methanol and propanol extracts from fruits, leaves, and stems. Results: F. pumila had flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols; P. stelis had flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, triterpenes, and polyphenols. The isopropanol stem and ethanol leaf extracts of F. pumila showed significant antibacterial activity, the former a 10mm zone of inhibition against B. subtilis; the latter, 11 mm against S. aureus. The ethanol leaf and stem extracts of P. stelis had inhibition against S. aureus and B. subtilis: 10mm each the leaf; 11 and 10mm, respectively, the stem. The isopropanol leaf extract of P. stelis was also highly effective against E. coli (15mm). Most extracts were cytotoxic against Artemia sp.; ethanol and propanol leaf extracts of P. stelis had positive LC50 values, particularly the propanol leaf and stem extracts of P. stelis (0,01 and 0,02L/mL); the ethanol leaf extract of P. stelis (0,01L/mL) and the propanol fruit extract of F. pumila. None of the extracts inhibited fungal growth or affected A. aegypti larvae. Conclusion: F. pumila and P. stelis have potential for therapeutic use.

Resumen Introducción: Las plantas Ficus pumila y Phthirusa stelis están emergiendo como fuentes de productos naturales. Objetivos: Identificar compuestos químicos, actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, y toxicidad contra Artemia sp. y larvas de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: Probamos extractos de metanol y propanol de frutas, hojas y tallos. Resultados: F. pumila tenía flavonoides, taninos y polifenoles; P. stelis tenía flavonoides, taninos, antraquinonas, triterpenos y polifenoles. Los extractos de tallo de isopropanol y hoja de etanol de F. pumila mostraron actividad antibacteriana significativa, el primero una zona de inhibición de 10mm contra B. subtilis; el segundo, 11mm contra S. aureus. Los extractos de hoja y tallo de etanol de P. stelis mostraron inhibición contra S. aureus y B. subtilis: 10 mm cada uno en la hoja; 11 y 10mm, respectivamente, en el tallo. El extracto de hoja de isopropanol de P. stelis también fue altamente efectivo contra E. coli (15mm). La mayoría de los extractos fueron citotóxicos contra Artemia sp.; los extractos de hoja de etanol y propanol de P. stelis tuvieron valores CL50 positivos, particularmente los extractos de hoja y tallo de propanol de P. stelis (0,01 y 0,02μL/mL); el extracto de hoja de etanol de P. stelis (0,01μL/mL) y el extracto de fruta de propanol de F. pumila. Ninguno de los extractos inhibió el crecimiento fúngico ni afectó las larvas de A. aegypti. Conclusión: F. pumila y P. stelis tienen potencial para uso terapéutico.

Abstract Introduction. Alternative disinfection processes for fresh and minimally processed vegetables have been studied recently. Methods such as the use of organic acids can reduce microbial loads in foods. Objective. To evaluate the use of citric and lactic acids at different concentrations in reducing Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in shredded cabbage and carrot. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between September and November 2023. Carrots and cabbages were shredded, inoculated with E. coli and L. monocytogenes, and then disinfected using lactic or citric acid at concentrations of 5, 10 y 20 g l-1 for 5 min. After disinfection, logarithmic reductions were determined, and orthogonal contrast and Bonferroni test were applied to evaluate the effect of the acids in comparison to the water control, the differences in the reduction between acids, and effect of the acid concentration. Results. In both carrot and cabbage, logarithmic reductions of E. coli between 2 and 5 log CFU/g were determined. Greater reductions were generally found at 20 g l-1 compared to 5 g l-1, and for lactic acid compared to citric acid. For L. monocytogenes in carrots, no reduction could be determined, however, in cabbage, reductions between 1,2 and 2,4 log CFU/g were determined, with higher reductions at 20 g l-1 compared to 5 g l-1 and for lactic acid compared to citric acid. Conclusions. Under studied concentration and time conditions, lactic and citric acids can be used in disinfection processes for shredded cabbage and carrot, achieving reductions of at least 2 log CFU/g.

Resumen Introducción. En los últimos años se han buscado opciones de desinfección para los vegetales frescos y mínimamente procesados. Alternativas como el uso de ácidos orgánicos, pueden reducir microorganismos en los alimentos. Objetivo. Evaluar el uso de ácido cítrico y láctico en diferentes concentraciones para la reducción microbiológica de Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes en repollo y zanahoria rallados. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se realizó en San José, Costa Rica, durante los meses de setiembre a noviembre de 2023. Se ralló repollo y zanahoria, se inocularon con E. coli y L. monocytogenes y se desinfectaron con ácido láctico y cítrico a concentraciones de 5, 10 y 20 g l-1 durante 5 min. Se determinó la reducción logarítmica posterior a la desinfección y se evaluó con contrastes ortogonales y pruebas de Bonferroni la contribución de los ácidos a la reducción con respecto al control en agua, así como diferencias en las reducciones entre ambos ácidos y el efecto de la concentración. Resultados. Se determinaron en zanahoria y repollo reducciones de E. coli entre 2 y 5 log UFC/g. Las mayores reducciones en general se observaron a 20 g l-1 en comparación con 5 g l-1, para el ácido láctico en comparación con el cítrico. La determinación en zanahoria para L. monocytogenes no fue posible, sin embargo, en repollo se obtuvieron valores entre 1,2 y 2,4 log UFC/g con las mayores reducciones a 20 g l-1 en comparación con 5 g l-1 y para el ácido láctico en comparación con el cítrico. Conclusiones. En las condiciones estudiadas de concentración y tiempo fue posible utilizar ácido láctico y ácido cítrico para implementar procesos de desinfección de repollo y zanahoria rallados y lograr reducciones de al menos 2 log UFC/g.

Abstract Introduction. The consumption of minimally processed vegetables may pose health risks, making it imperative to understand the effectiveness of their disinfection. Objective. To evaluate the effect of peeling, cutting, and shredding on the effectiveness of sodium hypoclorite or chlorine (HClO) and peracetic acid (C2H4O3) in disinfecting cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and green plantain (Musa AAB). Materials and methods. The research was conducted at Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Costa Rica, in 2012. Cabbage and green plantain (unpeeled, peeled, cut, or shredded) were disinfected by immersion in chlorine solutions (200 mg l-1) and peracetic acid (80 mg l-1) to evaluate desinfectant concentration over time, the reduction of Escherichia coli in shredded samples, and their sensory characteristics. Results. Both disinfectants were stable in time except when the shredded vegetables were treated with the concentration decreasing faster for chlorine and shredded green plantain. In shredded cabbage, a greater reduction of E. coli (6,767 log10 UCF/g) was observed when peracetic acid was used compared to chlorine (4 log10 UCF/g), although both equal to the control (4 log10 UCF/g). In shredded plantain, reductions with chlorine (6 ± 1 log10 UCF/g) and peracetic acid (5,7 ± 0,7 log10 UCF/g) were different from those with water (3,17 ± 0,06 log10 UCF/g), but there were no significant differences between the two disinfectants. Sensory differences were detected for shredded cabbage disinfected with chlorine or peracetic acid, however, consumer acceptance must be assessed. Conclusions. The level of vegetable subdivision affected the effeciveness of chlorine and peracetic acid when disinfecting cabbage and green plantain. Peracetic acid provides greater reductions of E. coli than chlorine in the case of shredded cabbage and equivalent reductions in shredded green plantain.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de vegetales mínimamente procesados puede representar problemas para la salud, por lo que entender la efectividad de su desinfección es imperante. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del pelado, troceado y rallado sobre la efectividad del hipoclorito de sodio o cloro (HClO) y el ácido peracético (C2H4O3) en la desinfección de repollo (Brassica oleracea) y plátano verde (Musa AAB). Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en el Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Costa Rica, 2012. Se desinfectó por inmersión repollo y plátano verde (sin pelar, pelado, cortado o rallado), en soluciones de cloro (200 mg l-1) y ácido peracético (80 mg l-1), para evaluar la concentración de desinfectante en el tiempo, la reducción de Escherichia coli en la presentación rallada y sus características sensoriales. Resultados. Ambos desinfectantes fueron estables en el tiempo, excepto al desinfectar los vegetales rallados, donde la concentración disminuyó más rápido para el cloro y el plátano verde. En repollo rallado ocurrió una mayor reducción de E. coli cuando se utilizó ácido peracético (6,767 ± 0,007 log10 UCF/g) en comparación con cloro (4 ± 1 log10 UCF/g) aunque iguales al control con agua (4 ± 1 log10 UCF/g). En plátano rallado, las reducciones con cloro (6 ± 1 log10 UCF/g) y ácido peracético (5,7 ± 0,7 log10 UCF/g) fueron distintas de la del agua (3,17 ± 0,06 log10 UCF/g), pero no hubo diferencias significativas entre ellas. Se detectaron diferencias sensoriales para el repollo rallado desinfectado con cloro o ácido peracético, sin embargo, debe estudiarse la aceptación del producto por parte del consumidor. Conclusiones. El nivel de subdivisión del vegetal afectó la efectividad del cloro y el ácido peracético cuando se desinfectó repollo y plátano verde. El ácido peracético proveyó mayores reducciones de E. coli que el cloro en el caso del repollo rallado y reducciones equivalentes en plátano verde rallado.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue clonar, expresar y producir la proteína recombinante tropomiosina isoforma A de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrpA) que mantenga sus propiedades antigénicas e inmunogénicas como posible candidata a vacuna para perros y ovejas. El gen de la proteína tropomiosina de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrp), se clono en dos vectores: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] y Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). Luego, se expresó en E. coli BL21. La identidad de la proteína se determinó mediante electroforesis bidimensional. La inmunogenicidad y la antigenicidad se verificó mediante la inmunización de conejos con cada proteína recombinante y se evaluó mediante Western Blot y ELISA. La electroforesis bidimensional identificó la proteína recombinante EgTrp como isoforma A. Las proteínas recombinantes mostraron reacciones de reconocimiento en el Western Blot y el suero de los conejos inmunizados mostró un aumento de los anticuerpos IgG de Tropo/His-tag similar a Tropo/GST-tag. La proteína recombinante EgTrpA demostró características antigénicas e inmunogénicas en animales de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to clone, express and produce the recombinant Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin isoform A protein (EgTrpA) that maintains its antigenic and immunogenic properties as a potential vaccine candidate for dogs and sheep. The Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin protein (EgTrp) gene was cloned into two vectors: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] and Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). It was then expressed in E. coli BL21. Protein identity was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Immunogenicity and antigenicity were verified by immunizing rabbits with each recombinant protein and assessed by western blot and ELISA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified the recombinant EgTrp protein as isoform A. The recombinant proteins showed recognition reactions on Western Blot and serum from immunized rabbits showed an increase in Tropo/His-tag IgG antibodies similar to Tropo/GST-tag. The recombinant EgTrpA protein showed antigenic and immunogenic characteristics in laboratory animals.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue clonar, expresar y producir la proteína recombinante tropomiosina isoforma A de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrpA) que mantenga sus propiedades antigénicas e inmunogénicas como posible candidata a vacuna para perros y ovejas. El gen de la proteína tropomiosina de Echinococcus granulosus (EgTrp), se clono en dos vectores: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] y Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). Luego, se expresó en E. coli BL21. La identidad de la proteína se determinó mediante electroforesis bidimensional. La inmunogenicidad y la antigenicidad se verificó mediante la inmunización de conejos con cada proteína recombinante y se evaluó mediante Western Blot y ELISA. La electroforesis bidimensional identificó la proteína recombinante EgTrp como isoforma A. Las proteínas recombinantes mostraron reacciones de reconocimiento en el Western Blot y el suero de los conejos inmunizados mostró un aumento de los anticuerpos IgG de Tropo/His-tag similar a Tropo/GST-tag. La proteína recombinante EgTrpA demostró características antigénicas e inmunogénicas en animales de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to clone, express and produce the recombinant Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin isoform A protein (EgTrpA) that maintains its antigenic and immunogenic properties as a potential vaccine candidate for dogs and sheep. The Echinococcus granulosus tropomyosin protein (EgTrp) gene was cloned into two vectors: Tropo/His-tag [pET28a (+)] and Tropo/GST-tag (pGEX6P-1). It was then expressed in E. coli BL21. Protein identity was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Immunogenicity and antigenicity were verified by immunizing rabbits with each recombinant protein and assessed by western blot and ELISA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified the recombinant EgTrp protein as isoform A. The recombinant proteins showed recognition reactions on Western Blot and serum from immunized rabbits showed an increase in Tropo/His-tag IgG antibodies similar to Tropo/GST-tag. The recombinant EgTrpA protein showed antigenic and immunogenic characteristics in laboratory animals.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar aislados de Escherichia coli para comprobar la presencia o ausencia de los genes f18 y stx2e. Se estudiaron 186 aislados obtenidos de cerdos menores de 50 días de edad que no tenían diarrea al momento de la toma de muestra. Los animales eran originarios de cuatro granjas de crianza tecnificada situadas en la región Lima. El muestreo fue hecho en 2019 como parte de un estudio preliminar empleando hisopados rectales. Se utilizó un kit de purificación comercial para la extracción del ADN y un protocolo de PCR convencional para la detección de los genes. En ninguno de los E. coli aislados de estos lechones pudo detectarse producto de PCR para stx2e ni f18.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate Escherichia coli isolates for the presence or absence of the f18 and stx2e genes. In total, 186 isolates obtained from piglets under 50 days of age that did not have diarrhoea at the time of sampling were studied. The animals were from four high-tech breeding farms located in the Lima region. Sampling was done in 2019 as part of a preliminary study using rectal swabs. A commercial purification kit was used for DNA extraction and a conventional PCR protocol was used for gene detection. No PCR product for stx2e or f18 could be detected in any of the E. coli isolated from these piglets.

Resumen Esta investigación permitió conocer la calidad físico - química y microbiológica del agua lluvia recolectada en la Zona Centro y barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó. Esta población presenta una alta tasa de precipitación la cual oscila entre 1500mm/año y 8500mm/año, tanto en la actualidad como en el futuro, aunque esta situación contraste con la baja cobertura de agua potable que tan solo es del 28,5%. Para realizar dicho estudio se identificaron 5 puntos de muestreo, en cada punto se recolectaron 4 muestras con una periodicidad de 1 muestreo semanal durante 4 semanas, para un total de 20 muestras representativas; las cubiertas seleccionadas fueron de zinc, asbesto cemento y manto; además, están ubicadas en zonas de alta actividad vehicular y peatonal. Las muestras recolectadas fueron analizadas en un laboratorio acreditado para tal fin. Los parámetros evaluados de la calidad del agua lluvia fueron; color aparente, color real, conductividad, pH, alcalinidad total, nitritos, nitratos, Coliformes totales y Escherichia Coli. El resultado de los análisis microbiológicos fue negativo en el 100% de los casos, mientras que el 15% de los análisis físicos y el 34% de los análisis químicos también arrojaron resultados negativos. Debido a la presencia principalmente de unidades formadoras de colonia de Escherichia Coli y Coliformes totales, se concluyó que el agua lluvia en la zona centro y el barrio Medrano de la ciudad de Quibdó - Chocó, no cumple con los estándares establecidos en los parámetros evaluados y requeridos por la norma, lo que significa que no es segura para el consumo humano debido al nivel de contaminación que presenta.

Abstract This research allowed us to understand the physical-chemical and microbiological quality of rainwater collected in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó. This population has a high precipitation rate which ranges from 1500mm/year and 8500mm/year, both currently and in the future, although this situation contrasts with the low drinking water coverage, which is only 28.5%. To carry out this study, 5 sampling points were identified, and 4 samples were collected at each point with a periodicity of 1 weekly sampling for 4 weeks, for a total of 20 representative samples. The selected roof tops coverings were made of zinc, asbestos cement, and mantle, and are located in areas of high vehicular and pedestrian activity. The collected samples were analyzed in an accredited laboratory for this purpose. The parameters evaluated for rainwater quality were: apparent color, real color, conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, nitrites, nitrates, total coliforms, and Escherichia Coli. The result of the microbiological analyzes was POSITIVE in 100% of the cases, while 15% of the physical analyses and 34% of the chemical analyses also yielded negative results. Due to the presence mainly of colony-forming units of Escherichia Coli and total coliforms, it was concluded that rainwater in the downtown area and Medrano neighborhood of the city of Quibdó - Chocó, does 5not meet the standards established in the evaluated parameters and required by the regulations, which means that it is not safe for human consumption due to its level of contamination.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in silico antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of two oleoresins; Myrrh and Pine resin used in the Algerian traditional pharmacopoeia. The antibacterial effect of oleoresins was evaluated by the agar diffusion test against three bacterial strains; E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and P. aeuroginosa (ATCC 27853). The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH method and the protein inhibition denaturation test was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy. Resins main compounds were docked in silico against the bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase using the Autodock Tools 1.5.7 software. This study was carried out to determine their modes of binding with the active residues of this molecular target enzyme of antimicrobial agents. Molinspiration Cheminformatics and SwissADME online tools were used to predict physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters while OSIRIS Property Explorer online tools were used to predict toxicity risks. The results show that the Myrrh was effective against E. coli and S. aureus (17 mm) and that the Pine resin was similarly effective against E. coli (11 mm) and S. aureus (10 mm), but P. aeruginosa was completely resistant. The antioxidant test showed that both oleoresins had considerable ability to reduce the DPPH, with good IC50 of 0.49 ± 0.13 and 0.53 ± 0.06 mg/ml, respectively, compared to the BHT (0.89 ± 0.45 mg/ml). Both oleoresins had a remarkable anti-denaturation effects. The data of in silico studies revealed that all phytocompounds fit into the active pocket of the target enzyme and the binding energies ranged between −10.06 (Dehydroabietic acid) and −4.3 kcal/mol (D-glucuronic acid). The toxic and pharmacokinetic characteristics are, mostly, satisfying except for some compounds which have shown toxic effects, in particular Limonene, 4-allylanisole and Vanillin. We conclude that the extracts and their primary phytocompounds can enhance the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory existing drugs without side effects.

Resumo Analisaram-se indicadores de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano no Amazonas, de 2016 a 2020, utilizando 185.528 amostras provenientes de 11 microrregiões. Das amostras analisadas, 93,20% são da área urbana, 66,65% provinham do sistema público (SAA), 31,02% da Solução Alternativa Coletiva (SAC) e 2,33% da Solução de Alternativa Individual (SAI). Observou-se aumento do número de registros pelo SAA, com tendência de queda e oscilações de registros para a SAC e a SAI. Os indicadores de qualidade dos parâmetros químicos e físicos da área urbana foram superiores aos das áreas rurais e de comunidades tradicionais. A maior parte das amostras apresentou valores de pH abaixo do recomendado. Na quantificação dos parâmetros microbiológicos, identificou-se maior presença de coliformes totais e E.coli na área rural e em comunidades tradicionais. Em conclusão, verificaram-se inadequações nos parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos, assim como problemas relativos ao abastecimento, armazenamento e à vigilância da água distribuída para consumo humano. Tais achados indicam a necessidade de construir uma agenda, pela gestão pública, para o enfrentamento da insegurança hídrica e seus prováveis efeitos sobre a insegurança alimentar existente na região. Analisaramse Analisaram se Amazonas 201 2020 185528 185 528 185.52 1 microrregiões analisadas 9320 93 20 93,20 6665 66 65 66,65 SAA , (SAA) 3102 31 02 31,02 (SAC 233 2 33 2,33 SAI . (SAI) Observouse Observou tradicionais recomendado microbiológicos identificouse identificou Ecoli E coli conclusão verificaramse verificaram abastecimento agenda pública região 202 18552 18 52 185.5 932 9 93,2 666 6 66,6 (SAA 310 3 0 31,0 23 2,3 (SAI 1855 5 185. 93, 66, 31, 2,

Abstract Surveillance indicators of the quality of water for human consumption in the Amazon were analysed from 2016 to 2020 using 185,528 samples from 11 microregions. Of the samples analysed, 93.20% were from urban areas, 66.65% were from the public water supply system (WSS), 31.02% were from the Collective Alternative Solution-CAS, and 2.33% from the Individual Alternative Solution-IAS. There was an increase in the number of records by the WSS, with a downwards trend and fluctuations in records for the CAS and the IAS. The quality indicators of chemical and physical parameters for urban areas were higher than those for rural areas and traditional communities. Most of the samples presented pH values below the recommended level. In the quantification of microbiological parameters, a higher presence of total coliforms and E. coli was identified in samples from rural areas and in traditional communities. In conclusion, there were inadequacies in the chemical, physical and microbiological parameters as well as problems related to the supply, storage and surveillance of water distributed for human consumption. These findings indicate the need to build an agenda for public management to address water insecurity and its likely effects on food insecurity in the region. 201 202 185528 185 528 185,52 1 microregions 9320 93 20 93.20 6665 66 65 66.65 WSS , (WSS) 3102 31 02 31.02 SolutionCAS, SolutionCAS Solution CAS, Solution-CAS 233 2 33 2.33 SolutionIAS. SolutionIAS IAS Solution-IAS communities level E conclusion region 18552 18 52 185,5 932 9 93.2 666 6 66.6 (WSS 310 3 0 31.0 23 2.3 1855 5 185, 93. 66. 31. 2.

ABSTRACT El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los microorganismos asociados a la prevalencia de mastitis subclínica en cabras lecheras de Boyacá. Se realizó un estudio transversal con muestreo por conveniencia y se incluyeron 256 individuos. Las muestras de leche se tomaron en forma aséptica, directamente de la glándula mamaria y se transportaron al laboratorio a una temperatura de 4 °C. En el laboratorio, las muestras fueron sometidas al California Mastitis Test (CMT), y solo aquellas con un valor de CMT 2 y 3 fueron seleccionadas para cultivo microbiano en agares y posteriormente identificadas con pruebas bioquímicas. La prevalencia general de mastitis subclínica fue del 26.56%, lo que corresponde a 136 mitades mamarias. De esta prevalencia, el 73% de las muestras presentaron crecimiento microbiano asociado a la enfermedad. Los principales agentes microbianos asociados a la mastitis subclínica fueron los estafilococos coagulasa negativos y estafilococos coagulasa positivos con 24 y 26%, respectivamente. Asimismo, otro hallazgo importante fue la presencia de bacterias gramnegativas como E. coli y algunos hongos en 4 y 2%, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to determine the microorganisms associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitisindairygoatsfromBoyacá.Across-sectionalstudywithconvenience sampling was performed, and 256 individuals were included for analysis. Milk samples were taken aseptically directly from the mammary gland and transported to the laboratory at a temperature of 4 °C. In the laboratory, the samples were submitted for the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and only those with a value of CMT 2 and 3 were selected for microbial culture in agars and subsequently identified with biochemical tests. The general prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 26.56%, which corresponds to 136 mammary halves. From this prevalence, 73% of the samples presented microbial growth associated with the disease. The main microbial agents associated with subclinical mastitis were coagulase-negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci with 24 and 26% respectively, likewise, another important finding was the presence of gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and some fungi in 4 and 2% respectively.

ABSTRACT: The Amazonian manatee (Trichechusinunguis) is an aquatic mammal threatened with extinction. However, few studies have investigated the pathogens in this species, which may affect both animal and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichiacoli colonizing the nasal and rectal cavities of Amazonian manatees kept in captivity at the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Rectal and nasal swabs from 44 manatees of different ages were used in this study. The genus Staphylococcus was isolated from the nasal swabs of 32 (72.7%) animals, with two individuals harboring more than one species of Staphylococcus. S. sciuri was the most commonly isolated species. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 13 (40.6%) isolates, more frequent than the other antimicrobials tested (P = 0.01). E. coli was isolated from the rectal swabs of all animals, with phylogroup B1 being the most frequent among the strains obtained (P = 0.0008). Four isolates (6.8%) were positive for virulence factors, three of which were classified as enterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) and one as enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC). To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in Amazonian manatee samples. This study revealed nasal colonization by Staphylococcus spp., mainly S. sciuri, and diarrheagenicE. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. ABSTRACT Trichechusinunguis (Trichechusinunguis extinction However health frequency distribution spp INPA (INPA Amazonas Brazil 4 3 72.7% 727 72 7 (72.7% animals S 1 40.6% 406 40 6 (40.6% P 0.01. 001 0.01 . 0 01 0.01) E B 0.0008. 00008 0.0008 0008 0.0008) 6.8% 68 8 (6.8% factors enterotoxigenicE ETEC (ETEC enteropathogenicE EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) knowledge samples diarrheagenicE antimicrobialresistant resistant 72.7 (72.7 40.6 (40.6 00 0.0 0000 0.000 000 6.8 (6.8 (EPEC 72. (72. 40. (40. 0. 0.00 6. (6. (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (

RESUMO: O peixe-boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis) é um mamífero aquático ameaçado de extinção. Apesar disso, poucos estudos investigaram patógenos nessa espécie que podem impactar a saúde animal e humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência, distribuição e padrões de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus sp. e Escherichia coli pertencentes à microbiota nasal e retal de peixes-bois da Amazônia mantidos em cativeiro no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram utilizados suabes retais e nasais de 44 peixes-boi de diferentes idades. O gênero Staphylococcus foi isolado do swab nasal de 32 (72,7%) animais, sendo que dois indivíduos apresentaram mais de uma espécie de Staphylococcus. S. sciuri foi a espécie mais comumente isolada. A resistência à penicilina foi observada em 13 (40,6%) isolados, sendo mais frequente do que os outros antimicrobianos testados (P = 0,01). Escherichia coli foi isolada dos suabes retais de todos os animais, sendo o filogrupo B1 o mais frequente entre as cepas obtidas (P = 0,0008). Quatro isolados (6,8%) foram positivos para fatores de virulência, três dos quais foram classificados como E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) e um isolado como E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar Staphylococcus spp. e E. coli de amostras de peixe-boi da Amazônia. O estudo revelou colonização nasal por Staphylococcus sp., principalmente S. sciuri, e por isolados diarreiogênicos de E. coli, incluindo cepas resistentes a antimicrobianos. RESUMO peixeboi peixe boi Trichechus inunguis extinção disso humana frequência sp peixesbois peixes bois INPA (INPA Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Brasil. Brasil . Brasil) 4 peixesboi idades 3 72,7% 727 72 7 (72,7% animais S 1 40,6% 406 40 6 (40,6% P 0,01. 001 0,01 0 01 0,01) B 0,0008. 00008 0,0008 0008 0,0008) 6,8% 68 8 (6,8% virulência E ETEC (ETEC EPEC. EPEC (EPEC) spp 72,7 (72,7 40,6 (40,6 00 0,0 0000 0,000 000 6,8 (6,8 (EPEC 72, (72, 40, (40, 0, 0,00 6, (6, (72 (40 (6 (7 (4 (