Resumen: Ante el avance de la delincuencia en el territorio del Mercosur, los países del bloque encararon la necesidad de desarrollar acciones específicas para combatirla. En este contexto, los miembros del Mercosur comenzaron a desarrollar instrumentos, como convenios y acuerdos internacionales firmados multilateral y bilateralmente, con el fin de promover una cooperación policial más efectiva para combatir el crimen organizado transnacional, especialmente en lo que respecta a los delitos de narcotráfico, armas y contrabando.Desde esta perspectiva, utilizamos el método hipotético-deductivo e histórico-comparativo para desarrollar la investigación y, así, buscamos analizar la aplicabilidad de los acuerdos de seguridad regional y cooperación policial elaborados en el ámbito del Mercosur. Para ello, investigamos temas específicos como el tiempo transcurrido entre la redacción y entrada en vigencia de los tratados y el proceso de incorporación de las normas del Mercosur a los ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales de cada país. Concluimos que el gran obstáculo para la cooperación se debe, en primer lugar, al hecho de que la cooperación tiene un carácter represivo y se centra en acciones clásicas de control del delito, factor que no abarca la dimensión y capacidad de actuación de la red del crimen y, en parte, debido a la complejidad del sistema y la falta de armonización entre las legislaciones de cada país, lo que afecta directamente a la aplicación de los acuerdos. Veremos que quizás la adopción de la supranacionalidad sea ideal para profundizar la integración regional y para la coherencia sistémica del bloque, armonizando la legislación y sin tantos obstáculos para la incorporación de las normativas internacionales.

Abstract: Considering the rising wave of criminality in their territories, the Mercosur nations, saw the need to develop specific cooperation mechanisms to combat it. Thereby, Mercosur members began to develop instruments, such as international conventions and agreements signed multilaterally and bilaterally, in order to promote more effective police cooperation to combat transnational organized crime, especially with regard to drug trafficking, weapons and smuggling. In this perspective, we use the hypothetical-deductive and historical-comparative method to develop the research and, thus, we seek to analyze the applicability of the agreements on regional security and police cooperation elaborated within the scope of Mercosur. To this end, we will observe specific issues such as the time elapsed between the drafting and entry into force of the treaties and the process of incorporating Mercosur rules into the national legal systems of each member country. We conclude that the great obstacle to cooperation is, in the first place, to the fact that cooperation has a repressive character and is focused on classic crime control actions, a factor that fails to cover the dimension of the criminal network organization and, in part, due to the complexity of the system and the lack of harmonization between the Political Charters of each country, which directly impairs the applicability of the agreements. We will see that perhaps the study of supranationality can be help to deepen regional integration in Mercosur, harmonizing legislation through the adoption of complete rules.

Resumo: Ante a ascendente onda de criminalidade em seus territórios, os Estados-partes do Mercosul viram-se frente à necessidade de desenvolver ações específicas para combatê-la. Nessa conjuntura, os membros do bloco passaram a desenvolver instrumentos, como convenções internacionais e acordos firmados multilateralmente e bilateralmente, com o fim de promover uma cooperação policial mais efetiva para combater o crime organizado transnacional, em especial no que concerne aos crimes de tráfico de drogas, armas e contrabando. A partir desta perspectiva utilizamos o método hipotético-dedutivo e histórico-comparativo para desenvolver a pesquisa e, assim, buscamos analisar a aplicabilidade dos acordossobre segurança regional e cooperação policial desenvolvidos no âmbito do Mercosul. Para tanto, apuramos questões específicas como o tempo percorrido entre a elaboração e a entrada em vigência dos tratados e o processo de incorporação das normativas do Mercosul nas ordens jurídicas nacionais de cada país. Concluímos que o grande entrave à cooperação se dá, em primeiro lugar, pelo fato de que esta possui um caráter repressor e está focada em ações clássicas de controle ao crime, fator que não abarca a dimensão da organização em rede dos criminosos e, em parte, pela complexidade do sistema e falta de harmonização entre as legislações de cada país, que prejudica diretamente a aplicabilidade dos acordos. Veremos que quiçá o estudo da supranacionalidade seja acertado para o aprofundamento da integração regional e para a coerência sistêmica do bloco, harmonizando as legislações e minimizar os obstáculos para a incorporação das normativas internacionais.

Abstract The study of Mexican law and practice makes it apparent that the regulation of several consular and diplomatic functions within the frame-work of the protection of nationals and dual or multiple nationals abroad, inheritance upon death (successions mortis causa), family law and international judicial assistance, needs to be updated in accordance with the development of private international law, information technologies and ciberspace. Ongoing preparatory work in drafting National Rules on Civil and Family Law Procedure presents an opportunity and framework to that effect, opening space for inter alia: the legal recognition of electronic apostilles (e-APPs); for regulating consular intervention on behalf of minors and persons lacking full capacity; for reasserting the mandatory six-week deadline for the child’s return in international child abduction procedures; as well as for enacting domestic provisions on the transmission and execution of requests of international judicial assistance by electronic means; as well as for digital research into foreign law. Mexico’s leadership would likewise be enhanced through the promotion of multilateral protocols on the subject and the negotiation of international judicial technological interconnection agreements; through the updating of official guidelines on consular protection for dual or multiple nationals; through the statutory definition of Mexican authorities entrusted with executing foreign requests regarding Mexican law; and in particular through the launching of a Presidential Program on International Human Mobility and high level programs connected to The law of the international movement of persons.

Resumen Del análisis de la normatividad y la práctica mexicanas, se desprende que la regulación de diversas funciones consulares y diplomáticas vinculadas con la protección de nacionales tanto como de dobles o múltiples nacionales, las sucesiones y el derecho de familia, así como con la cooperación procesal internacional, amerita impostergables adecuaciones que las pongan en sincronía con el desarrollo del derecho internacional privado, de las tecnologías de la información y del ciber-espacio. La deliberación del proyecto de Código Nacional de Procedimientos Civiles y Familiares presenta la oportunidad y el espacio naturales para ello, mediante por ejemplo el reconocimiento expreso de las apostillas electrónicas; la regulación de la intervención consular a favor de menores e incapaces y la reafirmación del plazo convencional de seis semanas para casos de sustracción internacional de menores; tanto como la transmisión y el desahogo de rogatorias internacionales, así como la constatación del derecho extranjero, por medios electrónicos. La promoción de protocolos internacionales para la obtención de pruebas y la práctica de notificaciones por medios digitales, la celebración de convenios judiciales de interconexión tecnológica internacional, la actualización de guías consulares en materia de protección de dobles o múltiples nacionales y la definición legal de autoridades mexicanas competentes para atender solicitudes extranjeras de información sobre derecho mexicano, pero sobre todo el establecimiento de un Programa presidencial de movilidad humana internacional junto con programas de alto nivel sobre el Derecho de los flujos internacionales de personas, abonarían también al liderazgo de México en este ámbito.

Drafting clear text requires much more than applying syntactic rules and prescriptive formulas, especially when issues arise from the need to express complex ideas or from syntactic (and, therefore, worldview) differences between languages. Eliminating jargon, limiting the number of words per sentence, and applying legibility formulas are inadequate strategies. A methodical reading of the source text, paying attention to the idiosyncratic structures used and information flow of the message, makes it possible to select idiomatic constructions and cohesion and coherence strategies that lead to improved reading comprehension. We will address, among others, differences in the expression of manner and result and in the use of clitics between English and Spanish, the use of nominalization for syntactic recasting, and the use of parallel structures and redistribution of theme and rheme as strategies for reorganizing information

The inescapable reality is that most law school graduates are headed for professional life. This means that law schools have some accountability for the competence of their graduates, and thus an educational responsibility to offer their students instruction in the basic skills of legal representation. The most obvious and direct gain from the university law school offering more training in the generally neglected applied legal skills of trial advocacy, interviewing, counselling, drafting and negotiation, is the benefit to students in helping them bridge the gap between traditional basic legal education and practice. Although I strongly believe that the LLB curriculum should also include courses in legal writing, negotiation, client counselling, and witness interviewing, I emphasise adding a clinical course in trial advocacy to the LLB curriculum for a number of specific reasons. Trial advocacy consists of a set of skills that transcends the walls of the courtroom. It is difficult to conceive of a practising lawyer who does not, in some way and at some time, utilise the skills of advocacy - fact analysis, legal integration and persuasive speech. Even the technical "forensic skills" of trial advocacy, such as courtroom etiquette and demeanour, learning how to phrase a question to elicit a favourable response, and making an effective oral presentation, transfer readily to a wide range of applications within both the legal and business worlds. In addition to learning how to prepare and present a trial from the opening speech through to the closing argument, in a trial advocacy course students would also learn to apply procedural, substantive and ethical rules of law to prove or defend a cause of action. Moreover, if university law schools fail to contribute to establishing a substantial body of competent trial lawyers, our failure will ultimately take its toll on our system of justice. The quality of courtroom advocacy directly affects the rights of litigants, the costs of litigation, the proper functioning of the justice system, and, ultimately, the quality of justice. Also, traditional law school teaching in legal ethics is necessarily abstract and a-contextual. It can be effective at providing instruction in the law of lawyering, but it is seldom as productive when it comes to examining more subtle questions. The university trial advocacy course is the ideal forum in which to raise ambiguous and textured ethical issues. Ethics problems cannot be avoided or rationalised, because the student trial lawyer must always make a personal decision. In the ethics classroom, it is all too easy to say what lawyers should do. In the simulated courtroom, students have to show what they have chosen to do. I argue that a university trial advocacy course should not be antithetical to the university mission. Thus, students should be given the opportunity to learn not only "how" to conduct a trial, but also "why" their newly acquired skills should be used in a certain way, and "what" effect the use of that skill could have. Through properly constructed case files, assignments and class discussions, students should be able to reflect on issues that go beyond the mere mastery of forensic skills. A university course in trial advocacy must be infused with instruction in evidence, legal ethics, procedure, litigation planning, the encouragement of critical thinking about the litigation and trial process, and the lawyer's role in the adversary system. I also suggest, in concrete terms and by way of example, the outlines of both the theoretical and practical components of a university trial advocacy course that would result in a highly practical course of solid academic content.

Resumen La seguridad pública es una precondición necesaria para el desarrollo de un Estado democrático, en la atención del tema intervienen de manera directa los Poderes del Estado, cada uno desde el margen de su competencia. El pre sente análisis se concentra en el actuar del Poder Legislativo del Estado de Nuevo León, que a través de la Comisión de Justicia y Seguridad Pública da tránsito a las iniciativas de ley o reforma del marco jurídico vigente, destacan do por un lado el extenso rezago legislativo que existe a la fecha, los temas de las iniciativas pendientes, así como sus promoventes, quienes en su mayoría son ciudadanos del Estado. Por otro lado, se señala el reto que representa la falta de confianza que tienen los ciudadanos en el marco normativo y el papel que juega el Poder Legislativo.

Abstract In a democratic system, security is a necessary condition for the development of the State, therefore public powers through the existing legal frame work have obligations to compliment to citizenship ensures the enjoyment of their rights, particularly the work discussed holding the Legislature, as respon sible for drafting the rules governing the system of security and justice, focus ing for this purpose in the Congress of the State of Nuevo Leon, which through the Commission of Public Safety and Justice unburdens initiatives in the mat ter of the legal framework, highlighting the backwardness of the legislative work, slopes on bill issues, including their promoters which most of them are citizens of the State. On the other hand, a challenge that has being noted of the regulatory framework which holds a lack of confidence from the citizens and the role that the Congress represents.

Riassunto Il saggio considera il rapporto tra la legislazione e l’attività di confronto, e la sua evoluzione da quando l’era di giuridico dell’Illuminismo - come scienza delle legislazioni a confronto - fino a quando le dinamiche giuridiche contemporanee della globalizzazione. Ancora la globalizzazione non ha influenzato il metodo comparativo che è ancora identificato da analogie e differenze che segnano e valutare la funzione del diritto comparato. Trasformazioni di legislazioni riguardano il profilo della qualità della legislazione, sia attraverso redazione e attraverso analisi e la valutazione dell’impatto della sentenza. In particolare, le tecniche legate alla formula interessante di una migliore regolamentazione sembrano essere troppo legato a logiche economiche e determinata da una interpretazione orientata economica, che rischia di considerare la legge come un buon commerciale da inserire nel “libero mercato” della ordine giuridica globale.

Abstract The essay considers the relationship between legislation and comparative activity, and its evolution since the era of juridical Enlightenment - as science of compared legislations - until the contemporary juridical dynamics of globalization. Still globalization has not influenced the comparative method which is still identified by analogies and differences which mark and appraise the function of comparative law. Transformations of legislations concern the profile of quality of legislation, both through drafting and through analysis and evaluation of the impact of ruling. In particular, techniques connected to the attractive formula of better regulation seem to be too tied to economic logics and determined by an economic oriented interpretation, which risks to consider the law as a commercial good to insert in the “free market” of global juridical order.

Along with transplants of organs from deceased donors, are increasingly important transplants from living donors. The Spanish law, like that of other neighboring countries, provides that the statement of this consent should be formulated under the supervision and with the approval of a Court. Ahead we refer to the rules governing this judicial intervention, intended to substantially ensure the full and free, informed and non-profit donor consent, so contributing to enhance transparency and legal certainty of the donation. Briefly recall legislative developments so as then to analyse the general requirements for such action. Finally, we refer to the procedures followed in the courts for the formalization of Consent; procedures that end with the drafting of the document called assignment. These procedures are set up as an act of so-called Voluntary Jurisdiction, type of judicial action characterized by the absence of conflict between Parties and procedural flexibility.

Junto a los trasplantes de órganos procedentes de donante fallecido, cada vez tienen más importancia los trasplantes procedentes de donante vivo. La legislación española, al igual que la de otros países de nuestro entorno, prevé que el consentimiento para este tipo de donación se formalice en presencia judicial. A continuación nos referimos a la normativa reguladora de esta intervención judicial que pretende sustancialmente garantizar el carácter libre, informado y desinteresado del consentimiento del donante, contribuyendo así a dar transparencia y seguridad al sistema de donación. Recordaremos brevemente la evolución legislativa para después analizar los requisitos generales de este tipo de actuación. Finalmente nos referiremos a los trámites seguidos en sede judicial para la formalización del consentimiento; trámites que concluyen con la redacción del denominado documento de cesión. Estos trámites se configuran como un acto de la denominada jurisdicción voluntaria, tipo de actuación judicial caracterizado por la ausencia de conflicto entre partes y por la flexibilidad procesal.

This article provides a practical guide on how to write a case report and to try to publish it in a medical journal. With a teaching purpose intended for young physicians the author provides thoughts on the importance of communicating case studies for the progress of medicine, how to find out if the clinical case provides novelties and deserves to be published, how to conduct a literature search and how to handle it for drafting the manuscript, tips on how to write a case report, how to choose the journal in which to try to publish the manuscript, and some rules that should be followed to improve the chances of it being accepted and published.

El legislador colombiano ha venido fijando una serie de parámetros para el cómputo de los plazos o términos de que se haga mención legal de manera parcial e inconclusa, generando discusiones doctrinales, pero principalmente jurisprudenciales, respecto de su aplicación por la falta de precisión conceptual y adecuada técnica legislativa. El documento muestra la existencia de una serie de parámetros distribuidos por variadas disposiciones legales en distintos cuerpos normativos cuya articulación se hace necesaria con el propósito de otorgar a las relaciones de derecho sometidas a plazo o término la seguridad y certeza jurídica que debe brindar un Estado social y democrático de derecho. La articulación de todas las disposiciones sobre la materia puede permitir llenar los vacíos legales que son necesarios para el cómputo de los plazos legales en horas, días, meses y años. Finalmente se analizan en cada caso las reglas y principios que guían el adecuado cómputo de cada uno de estos plazos y los límites que existen para su aplicación por los operadores jurídicos.

The Colombian Congress has been adopting different parameters that modified the calculation of statutes of limitations contained in the law, but in a manner which is partial and non conclusive, making room for discussion and debate for academics and generating case law that apply those rules disregarding conceptual ambiguity and improper law drafting technique. This paper shows the existence of several parameters distributed on many legal statutes and the need for interpretation and integration of those parameters in order to grant legal certainty and security for the calculation of statute of limitations and terms under a democratic and social rule of law. The articulation of all dispositions on this field closes loopholes on legislation allowing correct computation of legal terms of hours, days, months and years. Finally, rules and principles for the calculation of time limits and terms are analyzed in a case by case basis in order to provide guidance for lawyers and judges.

La crisis financiera mundial ha vuelto a poner de manifiesto la necesidad de contar con mayores y mejores medidas que actualicen el marco que regula las pautas de elaboración y auditoría de la información financiera publicada por las empresas. De entre esas medidas, el artículo se enfoca en la emisión de la nueva Norma Internacional de Auditoría Revisada y Reeditada sobre materialidad (NIARR 450), que entró en vigor el pasado 15 de diciembre de 2009. En ella, como importante novedad, se establece la necesidad de considerar una serie de factores cualitativos al evaluar la significatividad de aquellas incidencias detectadas en la información financiera que, a pesar de no ser numéricamente significativas, debido a su naturaleza y circunstancias particulares, deben ser corregidas o, por el contrario, reveladas como salvedades en el informe de auditoría. En concreto, se presenta evidencia empírica en torno a la predisposición mostrada por un grupo de auditores de México y España acerca de la utilización efectiva de dichos factores, así como a su opinión sobre las consecuencias que de ello podrían derivarse en ciertos ámbitos de la auditoría. Los resultados obtenidos, aunque en general son positivos de cara a valorar la aceptación de la nueva NIARR 450, en particular muestran diferentes grados de acuerdo con la utilización efectiva de los factores cualitativos de la materialidad entre los auditores de ambos países. De igual forma, estos distintos grados de consenso se manifiestan en su opinión sobre las consecuencias que este hecho produciría sobre el contenido informativo, la utilidad y la comprensibilidad del dictamen de auditoría, así como sobre la fiabilidad, la transparencia y la relevancia de los estados financieros.

A crise financeira mundial voltou a pôr em destaque a necessidade de contar com maiores e melhores medidas que atualizem o marco que regula as pautas de elaboração e auditoria da informação financeira publicada pelas empresas. Dentre essas medidas, o artigo enfoca a emissão da nova Norma Internacional de Auditoria Revista e Reeditada sobre a materialidade (NIARR 450), que entrou em vigor em dia 15 de dezembro de 2009. Nela, como importante novidade, estabelece-se a necessidade de considerar uma série de fatores qualitativos ao avaliar a relevância daquelas incidências detectadas na informação financeira que, apesar de não serem numericamente significativas, devido à sua natureza e circunstâncias particulares, devem ser corrigidas, ou, ao contrário, reveladas como garantias no relatório de auditoria. Em concreto, apresenta-se evidência empírica em torno à utilização efetiva de tais fatores, assim como a sua opinião sobre as consequências que daí poderiam derivar-se em certos âmbitos da auditoria. Os resultados obtidos, ainda que em geral sejam positivos de forma a valorizar a aceitação da nova NIARR 450, em particular mostram diferentes graus de acordo com a utilização efetiva dos fatores qualitativos da materialidade entre os auditores de ambos países. Da mesma forma, estes distintos graus de consenso manifestam-se em sua opinião sobre as consequências que este fato produziria sobre o conteúdo informativo, sobre a vantagem e sobre a compreensão do juízo de auditoria, assim como sobre a fiabilidade, a transparência e a relevância dos estados financeiros.

The world financial crisis has once again shown the need for more and better measures to update the framework that regulates rules for drafting and auditing of financial information published by companies. Among those measures, the article focuses on issuance of the new Revised and Reedited International Norm on materiality (Norma Internacional de Auditoría Revisada y Reeditada sobre materialidad - NIARR 450), which came into effect on December 15, 2009. It establishes a significant change regarding the need to consider a series of factors when evaluating the significance of incidents detected in the financial information, which, while not numerically significant, due to their particular nature and characteristics, must be corrected, or if not, specified as provisos in the auditing report. The article specifically presents empirical evidence on the tendency shown by a group of auditors in Mexico and Spain regarding effective use of those factors, along with their opinion about the consequences that could arise in certain auditing spheres. While the results are generally positive in terms of evaluating acceptance of the new NIARR 450, there are nonetheless different degrees of agreement among the auditors from both countries about effective use of the qualitative factors of materiality. At the same time, these diverse degrees of consensus can be seen in their opinion on the consequences for informative content, use and understandability of auditing opinions, as well as the reliability, transparency and relevance of financial statements.

La crise financière mondiale a de nouveau signalé la nécessité de recourir à des mesures, meilleures et plus importantes, pour actualiser le cadre de régulation des normes d'élaboration et d'audit de l'information financière publiée par les entreprises. Cet article se centre, parmi ces mesures, sur l'émission de la Nouvelle Norme Internationale d'Auditorat Révisée et Rééditée concernant la matérialité (NIARR 450), qui est entrée en vigueur le 15 décembre 2009. Comme importante nouveauté, cette norme établit la nécessité de considérer une série de facteurs qualitatifs lors de l'évaluation de la significativité des incidences détectées dans l'information financière qui, bien que n'étant pas numériquement significatives, pour leur nature et leurs circonstances particulières, doivent être corrigées, ou au contraire, révélées pour leur précision dans le rapport d'auditorat. Une évidence empirique est concrètement présentée concernant la prédisposition démontrée par un groupe d'auditeurs du Mexique et d'Espagne pour l'utilisation effective de ces facteurs, ainsi que leur opinion sur les conséquences qui pourraient en dériver dans certains cadres de l'auditorat. Bien que les résultats obtenus soient généralement positifs pour valoriser l'acceptation de la nouvelle NIARR 450, ceux-ci indiquent, plus particulièrement, différents degrés d'accord pour l'utilisation effective des facteurs qualitatifs de la matérialité entre les auditeurs des deux pays. De même, ces différents degrés de consensus sont manifestes dans leur opinion sur les conséquences que le fait produirait sur le contenu informatif, l'utilité et la compréhensibilité des rapports d'auditorat, ainsi que sur la fiabilité, la transparence et l'importance des états financiers.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los rasgos estructurales así como la calidad de los textos de escritores competentes y no competentes, analizar los procedimientos gramáticos y retóricos que realizan ambos grupos y determinar factores psicológicos y motivacionales que están presentes en la elaboración de un escrito. Teóricamente se sustentó en la lingüística textual (van Dijk, 1983), las normas de la textualidad y la teoría que sustenta los principios básicos de la retórica romana. El estudio se realizó desde un enfoque cualitativo, bajo la perspectiva de las investigaciones teóricas. Se utilizó el diseño de la teoría fundamentada con el fin de generar una explicación conceptual de cuáles son los factores personales, cognitivos, lingüísticos y retóricos que afectan la producción de textos académicos. Los resultados demostraron que, la enseñanza punitiva de la escritura, así como la idea de que hablar y escribir son procesos muy diferentes han dejado como secuela, que más de una persona, no acuda a su competencia comunicativa y tenga un gran temor a escribir.

The aim of this study was to analyze the structural characteristics and the quality of the texts of competent and incompetent writers, as well as to analyze the grammatical and rhetorical processes carried out by both groups in order to determine the psychological and motivational factors involved in the drafting of a text. The theory was based on textual linguistics (van Dijk, 1983), textuality rules and the theory that supports the basic principles of roman rhetoric. The study was carried out from a qualitative approach and from a theoretical research perspective. The design of the theories on which it was based was used to bring forth a conceptual explanation of the personal, cognitive, linguistic and rhetorical factors that influence the production of academic texts. The results showed that the aftermath of the punitive teaching of writing, as well as the idea that speaking and writing are very different processes is that many individuals have a great fear of writing and are not resorting to their communication skills.

Research means to look for information to answering a question aimed at solving a problem. This activity requires a method, which can be defined as a form of saying or doing something with order. In law, it will normally be necessary to state a reasoned proposition or thesis, destined to make an original contribution. It is essential to define the object of the thesis in order to establish the accessibility and handling of the sources, both primary and secondary. Once the subject of the thesis is chosen, a tentative bibliography and table of contents should be made. The work plan includes a provisional title, which transformed in a question will guide the research. Its answer should be articulated around a central argument, following four possible models: descriptive; analytic; argumentative; and matrix patterns. Drafting an effective answer to a research question requires respecting certain rules that regulate its macro and/ or micro-structures. A fundamental aspect of this process is the satisfaction of the reader's expectations.

Investigar es buscar información para responder una pregunta destinada a resolver un problema. Esta actividad requiere un método, que puede definirse como un modo de decir o de hacer algo con orden. En derecho, normalmente, será necesario plantear una proposición razonada o tesis, orientada a hacer una contribución original. Es indispensable definir el objeto de la tesis a fin de determinar la accesibilidad y manejo de las fuentes, tanto primarias como secundarias. Elegido el tema de la tesis, se debe hacer una bibliografía e índice tentativos. El plan de trabajo incluye un título provisorio, que transformado en pregunta guiará la investigación. Su respuesta se debe articular en torno a un argumento central, siguiendo cuatro modelos posibles: descriptivo; analítico; argumentativo, y mixto. Redactar una respuesta efectiva a una pregunta de investigación requiere respetar ciertas reglas que rigen su macro y/o micro-estructuras. Un aspecto fundamental en este proceso es la satisfacción de las expectativas del lector.

O processo decisório e de implementação de políticas ambientais tende a adotar práticas que obedecem a critérios que se consagram internacionalmente como condições de possibilidade e de suficiência para que os fins desejados sejam atingidos. É como se existisse uma cartilha que estabelecesse as regras gerais da busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Na atualidade, uma espécie de manual (virtual) da boa governança serve de guia e pré-requisito na elaboração de programas e projetos socioambientais. Porém, a reprodução indiscriminada e a ampliação interminável, ao longo do tempo, da lista de quesitos considerados como ingredientes necessários, podem ter efeito contrário ao esperado e constituir obstáculo para que as políticas ambientais e de desenvolvimento sejam eficientes. A preocupação em cumprir formalmente com critérios gerais pode obscurecer a sua expressão substantiva. Com isso, há espaço para "caronas" do discurso ambientalista e para um fosso entre o discurso e a prática na gestão ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar como os quesitos considerados necessários para uma boa governança são produzidos e reproduzidos ao longo do tempo. Esta dinâmica, sob a égide do manual, favorece a banalização e a volatilidade dos quesitos mencionados. Ao banalizar a sustentabilidade, amplia-se cada vez mais a distância entre o discurso politicamente correto e a eficácia prática de políticas ambientais e de desenvolvimento. Para reduzir essa distância, é proposta a utilização do conceito de governança suficientemente boa. Esse conceito pode representar uma alternativa às falhas do manual, ao focar aspectos essenciais, separando o desejado do possível e do indispensável.

The process of making decisions and implementing environmental policies tends to adopt internationally accepted criteria as requisites of viability and sufficiency to attain aimed ends. It is as if there was a handbook of general rules for the attainment of sustainable development. Currently there is a kind of a (virtual) "good governance manual" or "handbook", wich serves as a guide and a requisite for the drafting of socioenviromental programs and projects. However, the indiscriminate reproduction and the endless expansion of the list of requirements may have an effect that is contrary to what is expected of them, helping to create obstacles to the efficient implementation of environmental and development policies. The concern about the formal compliance with general criteria may hinder their substantive expression. This allows space for free-riders of the environmental discourse and for the creation of a void between discourse and practice in the field of environmental management. This article examines how these requisites for good governance are produced and reproduced. The dynamics of this process, governed by the aformentioned handbook, help make those requisites trite and volatile. If sustainability is transformed into a trite matter, there is a growing distance between the politically correct discourse and the practical effectiveness of environmental and developmental policies. In order to reduce this distance, this text proposes the use of the concept of sufficiently good governance. This concept may represent an alternative to the failings of the handbook, as it helps focus on the essential aspects and separate the intended from the possible and from the indispensable.

Objective: to make recommendations on the approach to nutritional problems (malnutrition, cachexia, micronutrient deficiency, obesity, lipodystrophy) affecting HIV-infected patients. Methods: these recommendations have been agreed upon by a group of expertes in the nutrition and care of HIV-infected patients, on behalf of the different groups involved in drafting them. Therefore, the latest advances in pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical care presented in studies published in medical journals or at scientific meetings were evaluated. Results: there is no single method of evaluating nutrition, and diferent techniques -CT, MRI, and DXA-must be combined. The energy requirements of symptomatic patients increase by 20-30%. There is no evidence to support the increase in protein or fat intake. Micronutrient supplementation in only necessary in special circumstances (vitamin A in children and pregnant woman). Aerobic and resistance excercise is beneficial both for cardiovascular health and for improving lean mass and muscular strength. It is important to follow the rules of food safety at every stage in the chain. Therapeutic intervention in anorexia and cachexia must be tailored, by combining nutritional and pharmacological support (appetite stimulants, anabolic steroids, and, in some cases, testosterone). Artificial nutrition (oral supplementation, enteral or parenteral nutrition) is safe and efficacious, and improves nutritional status and response to therapy. In children, nutritional recommendations must be made early, and are a necessary component of therapy. Conclusion: appropriate nutritional evaluation and relevant therapeutic action are an essential part of the care of HIV-infected patients.

Objetivo: realizar recomendaciones sobre el abordaje de los problemas nutricionales (malnutrición, caquexia, déficit de micronutrientes, obesidad, lipodistrofia) presentes en la infección VIH. Métodos: estas recomendaciones se han consensuado por un grupo de expertos en nutrición y en atención al enfermo VIH, en representación de las distintas sociedades firmantes. Para ello se han revisado los últimos avances fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos y clínicos recogidos en estudios publicados en revistas médicas o presentados en congresos. Resultados: no existe un único método de valoración nutricional, debiendo combinarse cuestionarios y técnicas como TAC, RNM y DEXA. Los requerimientos energéticos en enfermos sintomáticos aumentan en un 20-30%. No existe evidencia que respalde el incremento del aporte proteico o graso. La suplementación de micronutrientes sólo es necesaria en circunstancias especiales (Vitamina A en niños y embarazadas). El ejercicio aeróbico de resistencia es beneficioso tanto para la salud cardiovascular como para mejorar la masa magra y la fuerza muscular. Es importante seguir normas de seguridad en toda la cadena alimentaria. La intervención terapéutica en la anorexia y caquexia debe ser individualizada, combinando soporte nutricional y farmacológico (estimulantes del apetito, agentes anabolizantes y testosterona en algún caso). La nutrición artificial (suplementación oral, nutrición enteral o parenteral) es segura y eficaz, mejorando el estado nutricional y la respuesta al tratamiento. En niños, las recomendaciones nutricionales deben ser muy precoces, formando necesariamente parte del tratamiento. Conclusión: La adecuada valoración nutricional y la pertinente actuación terapéutica son parte esencial de la asistencia del enfermo VIH.