Abstract Euthanasia and assisted suicide are prohibited by French law. The Citizens’ Convention on the End of Life, created in December 2022, was tasked with evaluating the framework for end-of-life care. Its final report shows that most of the members of the Convention are in favor of evolving of the law towards “active aid in dying”. This conclusion forms the basis of a draft law to be considered before the summer of 2024. This article analyzes the main bioethical dilemmas at stake if the law is adopted.

Resumen La eutanasia y el suicidio asistido están prohibidos por la legislación francesa. La Convención Ciudadana sobre el Final de la Vida, creada en diciembre de 2022, se encargó de evaluar el marco de la asistencia al final de la vida. Su informe final muestra que la mayoría de los miembros de la Convención están a favor de una evolución de la ley hacia la “ayuda activa a morir”. Esta conclusión constituye la base de un proyecto de ley que se estudiará antes del verano de 2024. Este artículo analiza los principales dilemas bioéticos en juego si se aprueba la ley.

Resumen El presente trabajo aborda la reforma curricular de la formación docente inicial en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, a través del análisis del único borrador sobre Lineamientos Curriculares jurisdiccionales para este subcircuito, publicado por el Ministerio de Educación porteño en diciembre de 2022. En primer lugar, brinda un análisis contextual de la política educativa jurisdiccional, que viene trastocando los niveles obligatorios del sistema educativo desde 2007. En segundo lugar, ofrece un examen del documento curricular referido, a partir de tres ejes: 1) la relación directa entre los resultados de la educación y la responsabilización del/de la maestro/a; 2) la dislocación de la organización disciplinar por el enfoque de capacidades socioemocionales; y 3) la virtualización de los contenidos de la formación docente mediante entornos o plataformas digitales. Finalmente, sistematiza las tensiones entre la democratización de la Educación Superior y la consagración de estas prescripciones.

Resumo O presente trabalho aborda a reforma curricular da formação inicial de professores na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, por meio da análise do único projeto de Diretrizes Curriculares jurisdicionais para este subcircuito, publicado pelo Ministério da Educação de Buenos Aires em dezembro de 2022. Primeiramente, oferece uma análise contextual da política educacional jurisdicional, que vem perturbando os níveis obrigatórios do sistema educacional desde 2007. Em segundo lugar, oferece um exame do referido documento curricular, com base em três eixos: 1) a relação direta entre os resultados da educação e a responsabilidade docente, 2) o deslocamento da organização disciplinar pelo foco nas capacidades socioemocionais, e 3) a virtualização dos conteúdos da formação docente por meio de ambientes ou plataformas digitais. Por fim, sistematiza as tensões entre a democratização do Ensino Superior e a consagração destas prescrições.

Abstract This paper addresses the curricular reform of initial teacher training in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina through the analysis of the single draft for curricular guidelines for initial teacher training promulgated by the Ministry of Education of the jurisdiction in December 2022. First, it provides a contextual analysis of the jurisdictional education policy in the framework of which the mandatory levels of the training system have been changed since 2007. Secondly, it offers an examination of the curricular document referred to from three vantage points: 1) the direct relationship between educational outcomes and teacher empowerment, 2) the dislocation of the disciplinary organization by the focus on socio-emotional skills, and 3) the virtualization of teacher training contents through virtual environments or platforms. Finally, it systematizes the tensions between the democratization of Higher Education and the consecration of these prescriptions.

BACKGROUND. The Health Professions Council of South Africa implemented a compulsory research component for specialist practitioner registration through the Master of Medicine (MMed) degree in 2011, eliciting both commendation and critique. Chief among the concerns is the extended time required for MMed completion. This study explores the duration of each component of the MMed research thesis and discusses the potential problematic areas in terms of its timeous completion, about which there is currently a lack of data, with particular regard to the South African (SA) setting. OBJECTIVES. To quantitatively delineate the various components of the MMed research thesis process, identify potential barriers to its completion, and formulate a recommended evidence-based proposed timeline allowing for successful and timeous completion of the MMed. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review of MMed degrees completed by paediatrics registrars at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA, from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2018, and an electronic survey of former MMed students, detailing the duration of each of the components of the MMed research thesis process. RESULTS. The survey had a 70.5% response rate (n=148 respondents, of whom 141 fully completed the survey). The median (interquartile range) time to complete the MMed research thesis was 30 (21 - 42) months. While 78.0% of respondents deemed 4 years adequate for completion, 15.6% reported durations exceeding 4 years, and 2.1% had not completed the MMed. The components of the research thesis with the longest duration in terms of completion included development of a first draft of the research protocol, data analysis, and development of the first draft of the final report. Factors reportedly associated with successful completion of the thesis were a supportive supervisor and the provision of a research rotation. CONCLUSION. A significant portion of candidates do not complete the MMed research thesis within the 4-year training period, hindering specialist registration. The major contributing factors appear to be related to candidates' inexperience regarding the research process and lack of exposure to it, as well as some of the administrative procedures involved. Utilisation of the recommendations and structured timeline will help identify problematic areas timeously and ensure successful completion of the thesis.

BACKGROUND: Community health workers' knowledge, skills and training seem to affect their contribution to 4th-year health sciences student teams who are following an interprofessional learning programme aimed at improving two South African rural communities' health outcomes related to diabetes OBJECTIVE: To develop a framework for community health workers to contribute to interprofessional learning teams METHODS: The framework development forms part of previous phases of a multi-method study. The theory of change logic model guided the development of the draft framework, informed by data from two ecogram sessions, five nominal group technique discussions and a scoping review. The final framework was validated by experts during a workshop using forward and backward mapping RESULTS: The framework addresses the need for community health workers to gain knowledge, skills and training related to diabetes to effectively contribute to interprofessional learning teams. The theory of change process identified community needs and assets, desired results, influential factors, evidence-based strategies and assumptions required to address the problem CONCLUSION: The framework focuses on a problem within specific interprofessional learning teams. Collaboration with stakeholders contributed to a rigorous research process, and the validation, refinement and future implementation of the framework. The framework eventually led to the development of an evidence-based training programme comprising knowledge, skills and training strategies related to diabetes. It is predicted that once community health workers have completed this training programme, they will be able to contribute effectively to the interprofessional learning teams

INTRODUCTION: No standardised assessment instrument that covers all the components of in-hand manipulation (IHM) with evidence of instrument development and psychometric properties appropriate for South African children is currently available for occupational therapists. The University of the Free State In-Hand Manipulation Assessment Instrument (UFS IHMAI) is in the process of development to gain recognition as a standardised assessment instrument for children in South Africa. This article reports on the first and second stages of the face- and content validation process of the UFS IHMAI. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive study design with a convenient sampling method was used. Participants provided their expert judgment by completing an EvaSys© online questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifty-five occupational therapists with experience in paediatric hand function, and registered with the HPCSA and OTASA participated. The participants agreed (above 80% consensus) that the instrument's content is relevant and representative to assess all components (separately and as a whole) of IHM that it was intended to measure. Participants' comments and practical recommendations will form an important knowledgebase for the instrument developers to use in the third stage of content validity, namely revising and refinement. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the face- and content validity of the UFS IHMAI and supported the further development and psychometric testing of the assessment instrument for children in South Africa. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This article builds upon prior studies in which therapists in South Africa have recognised the necessity for an in -hand-manipulation (IHM) assessment. It offers a concise overview of instrument development theory and delineates the iterative process employed in developing the first draft of the University of the Free State In-Hand Manipulation Assessment Instrument (UFS IHMAI). Additionally, this article furnishes background details regarding the proposed instrument's content, administration, and scoring guidelines. It also incorporates therapists' perspectives as end-users, providing informed perceptions and consensus on the content validity of the proposed instrument. The suggestions provided by the participating therapist working within the South African context can be employed by the researchers to inform the revision, reconstruction, and refinement of the instrument. Subsequently, the revised version will undergo another round of content validity testing (with experts in instrument development, and in the field) and other psychometric testing. As instrument development is an iterative and ongoing refinement process, the implication of this research might only become apparent after further studies.

Abstract Based on the call for the mandatory vote of young Chileans (+18) to approve or reject the draft of a new constitution for Chile in 2022, this research explored how they informed themselves about this political process and what was their assessment of the news to make their electoral decision. This context constitutes a unique scenario to contribute to the body of knowledge about the relationship between the consumption of news by young people and their involvement in political life, according to the opportunities that news offers to build their opinion. An ad-hoc quantitative survey was designed, applied online in 2023, to which 183 participants between 18 and 24 years old, mostly higher education students, responded. Young people consider it very important to vote in an informed manner, they are interested in current affairs, they value the professional work of journalists and they searched for news about the content of the constitutional text. However, for more than half of them, the news did not respond to their interests, despite the fact that this is for them one of the characteristics of quality news.

Resumo Com base na convocação do voto obrigatório dos jovens chilenos (+18) para aprovar ou rejeitar o projeto de uma nova Constituição em 2022, esta pesquisa explorou como eles se informaram sobre esse processo político e qual foi sua avaliação das notícias para tomar a sua decisão eleitoral. Este contexto constitui um cenário único para contribuir para o corpo de conhecimento sobre a relação que pode ser estabelecida entre o consumo de notícias pelos jovens e o seu envolvimento na vida política de acordo com as oportunidades que as notícias oferecem para construir livremente a sua opinião. Foi concebido um inquérito quantitativo ad-hoc, aplicado online em 2023, ao qual responderam 183 participantes com idades entre os 18 e os 24 anos, na sua maioria estudantes do ensino superior. Os jovens consideram muito importante votar de forma informada, interessam-se por assuntos da atualidade, valorizam o trabalho profissional dos jornalistas e procuraram notícias sobre o conteúdo do texto constitucional. No entanto, para mais de metade deles, as notícias não respondiam aos seus interesses, apesar de esta ser para eles uma das características das notícias de qualidade.

Health claims are considered a means to add value to food and beverages; however, it is not always evident which stakeholders benefit and to what extent they benefit. In this paper, we extend the investigation of value creation and appropriation into the domain of food, specifically food labels. Using a qualitative approach, we aimed to elucidate which forms of value can be created by legislating health claims (including those for bioactive compounds found in South African indigenous plants) on food labels. The findings reveal that health claims have the potential to advance the sustainable development agenda in South Africa, but only if structures can be put in place to appropriate human and intellectual (HI) value, as well as environmental value. Currently, there is strong evidence for economic value creation and appropriation potential, but little clear evidence that HI or environmental value will be appropriated from health claims, especially if these health claims exclude benefits from bioactive compounds found in indigenous South African plants. If we could find a means to measure the HI and environmental value creation potential of health claims, using metrics that people understand, we may be able to develop strategies to ensure that such products can benefit stakeholders beyond economic value alone (i.e. more sustainable value creation). The findings could directly impact food labelling policy formulation, considering current draft regulations to implement health claims in South Africa. SIGNIFICANCE: The medicinal plant biodiversity of South Africa offers opportunities for economic, human and intellectual (HI), and environmental value creation through legislated health claims. Without clear metrics for the HI and environmental components, economic value creation may dominate, but the value created might not be sustainable or appropriated by the desired stakeholders. Furthermore, because the current draft legislation for health claims excludes any bioactives from indigenous South African plants, much of the economic, HI and environmental value creation potential reported as potential outcomes for this research (e.g. funds to communities, knowledge preservation or biodiversity conservation) will not materialise.

Abstract: The Port of Veracruz, Mexico was artificially built at the beginning of the 21st century, dredging the sea floor and removing reefs to allow the entry of large ships, which led to a growth in the traffic of goods and people through it, making it the largest commercial port in all of Mexico. In 1992 the Government of Mexico decreed the area of coastal reefs near the Port of Veracruz as a protected natural area with the name of the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PSNSAV). In 2013, with the demand of international trade, the decision was made to expand the port, generating job growth in the area and an increase in the flow of containers and automobiles, also have a greater capacity to transport cereals, minerals and fuels. In contrast to the disagreements of the society due to the loss of protected space, the Parks polygon had to be modified. This work try to demonstrated that the construction of the port expansion began previous the presentation to the environmental authorities of the Environmental Impact Statement and the change in the protected limits with the disappearance of the Punta Gorda reefs and the dredging of Vergara Bay for the arrival of deep draft vessels. Through a systematic mapping of the scientific literature combined with satellite mapping and visual interpretation of images, and documentary analysis, we determined the damage to the reef system, which has protected species according to Mexican national regulations.

Resumen: El Puerto de Veracruz, México fue construido de manera artificial a principios del siglo XXI, dragando el suelo marino y removiendo arrecifes para permitir la entrada de buques de gran tamaño, lo que conllevó a un crecimiento en el tráfico de mercancías y personas a través de él y convirtiéndolo en el mayor puerto comercial de todo México. En 1992 el Gobierno de México decretó en la zona de arrecifes litorales cercanos al Puerto de Veracruz como un área natural protegida con el nombre de Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PSNSAV). En 2013, con la demanda del comercio internacional, se tomó la decisión de ampliar el puerto, generando un incremento de empleo en la zona y un aumento del flujo de contenedores y automóviles, además de tener una mayor capacidad para transportar cereales, minerales y combustibles. Frente a las disconformidades de la sociedad por la pérdida de espacio protegido, el polígono de Parques tuvo que ser modificado. Con este trabajo se demuestra que la construcción de la ampliación del puerto se inició previa autorización de las autoridades ambientales de la Manifestación de Impacto Ambiental y el cambio en los límites protegidos, lo dicho tuvo inicio con la desaparición de los arrecifes de Punta Gorda y el dragado de la Bahía de Vergara para el arribo de buques de gran calado. A través de un mapeo sistemático de la literatura científica combinado con mapeo satelital e interpretación visual de imágenes, así como el análisis documental, se determinó el daño al sistema de arrecife, el cual cuenta con especies protegidas de acuerdo a la normatividad nacional mexicana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In unplanned surgery, stoma site marking is unusual, increasing the risk of complications. Data on stoma site marking in a hospital in the northern region of Portugal and guidance in emergency situations are unavailable. Objective: To increase bowel elimination stoma site marking for patients undergoing unplanned surgery. Methods: A protocol for a best practice implementation project based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle and consists of 4 phases: identification of the problem; analysis of the causes and the definition of the specific objectives; planning and implementing the intervention, checking the results, proposing corrective measures, standardizing procedures, and training the team. Data will be gathered using questionnaires for nurses, analysis of existing information systems, and the implementation of an audit grid. Results: The first two phases allowed the identification of the main shortcomings and draft of a multimodal intervention that will comprise educational strategies, implementation of a decision-making algorithm, and audit. A decrease in skin complications is expected. Increased confidence, independence in stoma self-care, and awareness of stoma living are also anticipated. Implementing this project may lead to a reduction in healthcare costs and an overall improvement in the quality of life of the person with a stoma. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that stoma site marking is paramount to improve patient’s health outcomes. Results from this project may offer new strategies to cope with management shortcomings in health systems.

Resumen Introducción: En la cirugía no planificada, el marcaje del estoma es inusual, aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones. Objetivo: Aumentar el marcaje del sitio del estoma de eliminación intestinal en pacientes sometidos a cirugía no planificada. Métodos: Protocolo para un proyecto de implementación de buenas prácticas se basa en el ciclo plan, do, check y act/ajust, y consta de 4 fases; identificación del problema; análisis de las causas y definición de los objetivos específicos; planificación e implementación de la intervención y; comprobación de los resultados. Los datos se recopilarán mediante cuestionarios dirigidos al personal de enfermería, el análisis de los sistemas de información existentes y la aplicación de una parrilla de auditoría. Resultados: Las dos primeras fases permitieron identificar las principales deficiencias y elaborar una intervención multimodal que comprenderá estrategias educativas, implantación de algoritmo de toma de decisiones y auditoría. Se espera una disminución de las complicaciones cutáneas. También se prevé un aumento de la confianza, la independencia en el autocuidado del estoma y la concienciación sobre la vida con estoma. La puesta en práctica de este proyecto puede conducir a una reducción de los costes sanitarios y a una mejora general de la calidad de vida de la persona con un estoma. Conclusión: Las pruebas sugieren que la señalización de la zona del estoma es de suma importancia para mejorar los resultados de salud del paciente. Los resultados de este proyecto pueden ofrecer nuevas estrategias para hacer frente a las deficiencias de gestión en los sistemas sanitarios.

Resumo Introdução: A marcação do local do estoma em cirurgia não planeada não é usual. Não existem dados sobre a marcação do estoma num hospital na região norte de Portugal, assim como orientações para situações de urgência. Objetivo: Aumentar a marcação do local do estoma em doentes submetidos a cirurgia não programada. Métodos: Projeto de melhoria contínua da qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem de acordo com o ciclo planear, fazer, verificar e atuar, e consiste em 4 fases: identificação do problema; análise das causas e definição dos objetivos específicos; planeamento e implementação da intervenção e verificação dos resultados, propondo medidas corretivas, normalizando procedimentos e formando a equipa. Os dados serão recolhidos através de questionários dirigidos aos enfermeiros, da análise dos sistemas de informação existentes e da implementação de uma grelha de auditoria. Resultados: As duas primeiras fases permitiram identificar as principais lacunas e elaborar uma intervenção multimodal que incluirá estratégias educativas, implementação de algoritmo de tomada de decisão e auditoria. Espera-se uma diminuição das complicações cutâneas. Prevê-se também um aumento da confiança, da independência no autocuidado do estoma e da consciencialização sobre a vida no estoma. A implementação deste projeto pode levar a uma redução dos custos dos cuidados de saúde e a uma melhoria global da qualidade de vida da pessoa com um estoma. Conclusão: A evidência sugere que a marcação do local do estoma é da maior importância para melhorar os resultados de saúde do doente. Os resultados deste projeto podem oferecer novas estratégias para fazer face às lacunas de gestão nos sistemas de saúde.

The draft Code of Conduct for Research is an important initiative towards assisting the scientific community in complying with the provisions of the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (POPIA). However, its approach towards cross-border data sharing should be reconsidered to clarify the ambiguities inherent in the legal requirements for the cross-border sharing of health data in the POPIA. These ambiguities include the concept of 'transfer of information', the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer, the nature of consent for cross-border sharing and the scope of the recipient third party. We suggest that the draft Code of Conduct for Research can be improved by: • Explaining or defining the concept of 'transfer of information' and when it applies to cross-border sharing in research • Clarifying the application of adequacy as a legal mechanism for transfer vis-à-vis the other alternatives • Expanding on the interpretation and application of consent as a legal mechanism for cross-border transfers • Expanding the category of persons who may be recipients of personal information in a third country

Resumo A partir de uma perspectiva sociocultural que considera o diálogo como meio para a construção do conhecimento, os grupos de escrita podem facilitar a aprendizagem de práticas de letramento. No entanto, há poucas pesquisas sobre os diálogos nesses grupos, especialmente aqueles dedicados a teses de doutorado. Este estudo examina as interações em dois grupos virtuais de escrita doutoral, focando nas trocas orais entre os participantes para determinar se essas favoreceram a construção de conhecimento relacionado a práticas de letramento. Constatamos que ambos os grupos concentram-se principalmente na revisão, sugerindo que a tarefa proposta é relevante para eles. Identificamos diferenças na quantidade, extensão e qualidade dos diálogos centrados na construção de conhecimento, possivelmente devido a experiências prévias de feedback dos participantes, duração das reuniões e dos rascunhos, coordenação e a importância atribuída ao feedback oral. Essas descobertas podem orientar futuras iniciativas para apoiar práticas de letramento na pós-graduação.

Resumen Desde una perspectiva sociocultural que considera el diálogo como un medio para la construcción del conocimiento, los grupos de escritura pueden facilitar el aprendizaje de prácticas letradas. Sin embargo, hay pocas investigaciones sobre los diálogos en estos grupos, especialmente en los dedicados a las tesis doctorales. Este estudio examina las interacciones en dos grupos virtuales de escritura doctoral, centrándose en los intercambios orales entre participantes para determinar si estos favorecieron la construcción de conocimiento relacionado con prácticas letradas. Encontramos que ambos grupos se centran principalmente en la revisión, sugiriendo que la tarea propuesta es relevante para ellos. Encontramos diferencias en cantidad, extensión y calidad de diálogos centrados en la construcción de conocimiento, posiblemente debido a experiencias previas de retroalimentación de los participantes, duración de las reuniones y los borradores, coordinación y la importancia dada a la retroalimentación oral. Estos hallazgos pueden orientar futuras iniciativas para apoyar prácticas letradas en posgrado.

Abstract From a sociocultural perspective that regards dialogue as a means for knowledge construction, writing groups can facilitate the learning of literacy practices. However, there is limited research on dialogues within these groups, particularly those dedicated to doctoral theses. This study examines interactions in two virtual doctoral writing groups, focusing on oral exchanges among participants to determine if they favored the construction of knowledge related to literacy practices. We found that both groups primarily emphasize revision, suggesting the proposed task's relevance. Differences in the quantity, extent, and quality of dialogues centered on knowledge construction were identified, possibly due to participants' prior feedback experiences, meeting and draft durations, coordination, and the importance assigned to oral feedback. These findings may guide future initiatives to support literacy practices in postgraduate education.

We share our consolidated views, long-term experiences, and best tips for effective scientific writing. After writing hundreds of manuscripts and thus having battled and succeeded in this “mine-field”, and knowing the importance of guidance for successful science communication, particularly for beginners, we have tried to introduce readers to the art of scientific writing, from A to Ω. To help less experienced scientific writers to learn quickly and overcome some initial barriers, avoiding common mistakes that we ourselves have also made, we discuss the most important techniques we have used in trying to write clear, comprehensible, and concise manuscripts that are as attractive and impacting as possible. This guide therefore offers crucial tips and concepts - from the very first words, initial draft, and on to submission, “battles” with reviewers and finally to acceptance and publication. The ethical use of artificial intelligence tools, along with some best practice suggestions for their application, is also presented and discussed. In the end, readers should have a comprehensive picture to help them understand basic manuscript structures and major features, habits and tips that help ensure excellence in scientific writing. views longterm long term experiences minefield, minefield mine field , “mine-field” communication beginners Ω barriers made clear comprehensible possible words draft submission battles “battles publication tools application discussed end features “mine-field

Resumo O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão.

Abstract Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.

Artificial Intelligence also abbreviated as "AI" has been the subject of much legal debate and legal writing. This article seeks to identify internationally accepted AI principles and norms that are contained in the South African Constitution. This article also seeks to identify policy such as the PC4IR Report and legislation that regulates and accommodates the use of AI in South Africa. What emerges clearly is that there has never been a deliberate attempt to legislate AI, and that the legislation referred to is applicable by coincidence not intention. The article goes on to highlight African and BRICS policies and best practices on AI, European best practices and legal norms and values on AI, and the draft EU AI Act. The article concludes with a recommendation that South Africa introduce AI legislation as a matter of urgency.

RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza críticamente la técnica legislativa de los tipos falsarios establecidos en el Parágrafo 1° del Título XVII de la Ley Nº 18.290. Este estudio tiene como fundamento la existencia de ciertos principios formulados por la doctrina especializada en Ciencia de la Legislación. Entre ellos, existen algunos que se consideran más significativamente afectados por la regulación penal objeto de examen. En especial, a partir de tres características de la normativa falsaria de la Ley de Tránsito (casuismo, uso de remisiones y regulación en una ley especial descodificada) se estima que ella podría originar problemas relacionados con los requerimientos impuestos por los principios de capacidad comunicativa, economía legislativa, sistematicidad y seguridad jurídica.

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes critically the legislative drafting of the forgery cases established in Paragraph 1 of Title XVII of Law No. 18,290. This study is based on the existence of a set of principles formulated by the specialized doctrine in the Science of Legislation. Among them, there are some that are considered more significantly violated by the criminal regulation under examination. In particular, based on three characteristics of the forgery regulation of the Traffic Law (casuism, use of referrals and regulation in a special decoded law), it is estimated that it could cause problems related to the requirements imposed by the principles of communicative capacity, legislative economy, systematicity and legal certainty.