Resumen Costa Rica por las características de su territorio, puede ofrecer en su actividad turística, servicios modernos, creativos e innovadores, basados en el conocimiento, que utilizan alta tecnología y/o cuentan con mano de obra calificada. Datos del BCCR, indican que el porcentaje del aporte en la última década de la actividad turística al PIB, fue de aproximadamente 5%, por ello, se presenta una ruta para un desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo, que posibilite empleos de calidad y favorezca una mejor redistribución de la riqueza entre los habitantes de Costa Rica, enmarcada con el compromiso de los ODS, un adecuado control de las variables macroeconómicas del mercado interno e internacional; y con una modificación de la ley general de turismo, con el propósito de que exista un ente rector de la actividad que posibilite una mejor coordinación y gestión de la actividad y su aporte al desarrollo.

Resumo A Costa Rica, devido às características de seu território, pode oferecer em sua atividade turística serviços modernos, criativos e inovadores, baseados no conhecimento, que utilizam alta tecnologia e/ou contam com mão de obra qualificada. Dados do BCCR indicam que a porcentagem da contribuição da atividade turística para o PIB na última década foi de aproximadamente 5%. Portanto, apresenta-se uma rota para um desenvolvimento sustentável e inclusivo, que possibilite empregos de qualidade e favoreça uma melhor redistribuição da riqueza entre os habitantes da Costa Rica, alinhada com o compromisso dos ODS, um controle adequado das variáveis macroeconômicas do mercado interno e internacional; e com uma modificação da lei geral de turismo, com o propósito de existir uma entidade reitora da atividade que permita um melhor coordenação e gestão da atividade e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento.

Summary Costa Rica, due to the characteristics of its territory, can offer modern, creative and innovative services in its tourism, based on knowledge, that use high technology and/or have qualified labor. Data from the BCCR indicates that, in the last decade, the percentage of tourism contribution to GDP was approximately 5%, therefore, a route is presented for sustainable and inclusive development, which enables quality jobs and promotes better redistribution of wealth among the inhabitants, framed with the commitment to the SDGs, adequate control of the macroeconomic variables of the domestic and international market; and changing the general tourism law, with the aim to have an activity governing body oriented to better coordination and management and its contribution to development.

Abstract COVID-19 led to a reformulation of policies in the tourism sector, as the fall in international flows led to a renewed focus on domestic tourism. Argentina is an example of this phenomenon. During the pandemic, it promoted a local tourism agenda that had not been seen for decades. Foreign promotion and inbound (international) tourism, which used to play a leading role in the sector’s agenda, gave way to the strengthening of domestic tourism. This article analyzes the reformulation of the Argentine tourism agenda during the pandemic and its socio-territorial implications. For this purpose, we use policy analysis as a theoretical-methodological approach, particularly evaluation studies based on quantitative-qualitative methods. The three policies implemented (assistance to the national tourism sector, coordination and adaptation to the new normality, and stimulus to demand) are described and then linked to a context characterized by the lifting of restrictions and the progress of the vaccination process, features that drove tourism recovery rates from the second half of 2021. It is shown that, although in this reactivation there is evidence of a revival of domestic tourism, international tourism remains well below pre-pandemic levels. The text concludes with a series of reflections on the impact of the policies implemented in Argentina.

Resumen La covid-19 provocó una reformulación de las políticas en el sector turístico, pues ante la caída de los flujos internacionales se volvió a apostar por el turismo nacional. Argentina es un ejemplo de este fenómeno: durante la pandemia impulsó una agenda turística local como no sucedía desde hace décadas. La promoción externa y el turismo receptivo (internacional), que ocupaban un lugar protagónico en la agenda del sector, dejaron lugar al fortalecimiento del turismo doméstico. En este artículo se analiza la reformulación de la agenda turística argentina durante la pandemia y sus implicaciones socioterritoriales. Para ello, se utiliza como enfoque teórico-metodológico al análisis de políticas, particularmente los estudios de evaluación que parten de estrategias cuanti-cualitativas. Se describen las tres políticas implementadas (asistencia al sector turístico nacional, coordinación y adaptación a la nueva normalidad y estímulo a la demanda) para luego vincularlas a un contexto caracterizado por el levantamiento de las restricciones y por el avance del proceso de vacunación, rasgos que motorizaron los índices de recuperación turística a partir del segundo semestre de 2021. Se demuestra que, aunque en esta reactivación se evidencia el reimpulso del turismo doméstico, el internacional continúa muy por debajo de los niveles prepandémicos. El texto concluye con una serie de discusiones acerca del impacto de las políticas implementadas en Argentina.

Abstract Tourism in Mexico is one of the most important economic activities, however, there isn’t any rigorously and systematically estimated data on the tourism gross domestic product (GDP) at the locality, municipality, or federal entity levels, which does not allow obtaining basic information for the construction of regional indicators and have more real knowledge about subnational tourist activity in the country. Hence, the general objectives that we intend to achieve in this research are: 1) to estimate the tourism GDP (GDPT) by states and municipalities for the year 2018 and its spatial distribution at the subnational level; 2) to calculate the tourism GDP by locality based on municipal and state GDPT estimates. Both estimates are carried out through rigorous econometric analyzes to provide certainty about their measurement and present the spatial distribution of tourist activity in the main towns, municipalities, and federal entities of Mexico. The empirical results obtained consist of data for 2018 of the tourism GDP for 828 localities, which participate with 90% of the national tourism GDP (GDPTN), 644 municipalities with 97% of the GDPTN, and 100% of the GDPTN for the 32 states of Mexico.

Resumen El turismo en México es una de las actividades económicas más importantes, sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos estimados de manera rigurosa y sistemática sobre el producto interno bruto (PIB) turístico (PIBT) en escalas local, municipal y por entidad federativa, lo que no permite obtener información básica para la construcción de indicadores regionales, ni tener un conocimiento más real sobre la actividad turística subnacional en el país. De ahí que los objetivos generales de esta investigación son: 1) estimar el PIB turístico por estados y municipios para 2018 y su distribución espacial a nivel subnacional; 2) calcular el PIB turístico por localidades con base en estimaciones del PIBT municipal y estatal. Ambas estimaciones se realizan mediante análisis econométricos rigurosos a fin de dar certeza sobre su medición y presentar la distribución espacial de la actividad turística en las principales localidades, municipios y entidades federativas de México. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos consisten en datos para 2018 del PIB turístico para 828 localidades, las cuales participan con 90% del PIB turístico nacional (PIBTN), 644 municipios con 97% del PIBTN y 100% del PIBTN para los 32 estados de México.

The study, conducted within the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (MCL), had two aims: (1) to establish the reasons why domestic tourists, in particular descendants, do not view World Heritage Sites as tourism attractions and (2) to advocate for the importance of engaging the descendants at a spiritual, psychological and emotional level. It adopted a qualitative method, whereby observations and interviews were conducted with traditional leaders of the six groups of the Mapungubwe descendants. Purposive sampling, also known as judgemental, selective or subjective sampling, was applied in the form of in-depth interviews and a group discussion with each leader of the six descendant groups. Only one group opted for a group discussion rather than an individual interview with their leader because they wanted a representation of their Tribal Council members since their Chief had passed away and their new leader was yet to be inaugurated. The study established that (1) descendants do not view MCL as a tourist attraction but rather as a solemn place where their ancestors are laid to rest and (2) descendants are in pain because they lost the land of their forefathers, which was demarcated into farms by the colonial government before being declared as protected areas. The stated findings suggest that losing their forefathers' land led to a sense of loss and disconnection from their cultural and spiritual heritage.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the relationship between travel motivations and destination choice are often unidimensional and hierarchical, presenting limited perspectives on traveller groups with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. AIM: This study investigates the variations in travel motives versus destination choices given different income bands. It presents a nuanced profile of income group members based on socio-demographic variables and travel experience. SETTING: South African domestic tourism. METHOD: Threshold regression was applied to determine whether 13 motivations changed toward six destinations given specific income levels. Data from the 2019 South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) were used and the weighted sample represented 42 573 093 South Africans. RESULTS: The threshold regression materialised with between four to six breakpoints for most destinations. Fun dominated as a motive among lower income groups, as opposed to relationship building for higher income groups. Relaxation, as a known core travel motivation, did not lead to varied interest in specific destinations. Apart from motives, race and travel experience produced several significant differences. CONCLUSION: Income thresholds meaningfully explain variations in the relationship between travel motivations and destination choice. More effective marketing strategies should be built around travellers within overlooked markets. CONTRIBUTION: The study provides novel empirical evidence that destination choice is non-linear and multifaceted. It applies threshold regression that has not been used in destination choice studies. Finer nuanced segments are identified and suggest an amendment to the travel career pattern (TCP) to accommodate developing and emergent travellers.

Abstract Building upon existing literature on gay tourism, gay tourist motivation, and homosexuality, this article explores the primary determinants of motivation to travel for gay tourists in a conservative market and their satisfaction with Bali, an Asian and peripheral destination. The study aims to provide valuable insights for destination marketers and stakeholders in Indonesia, enabling them to develop improved marketing strategies tailored to this niche tourism market. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing self-administered questionnaires distributed among gay tourists in Jakarta, Indonesia. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to analyze the experiences of 150 gay domestic tourists in Bali, Indonesia, as a tourist destination. The findings identified escape, experience, and peace as significant factors influencing gay tourists' satisfaction, while friendliness, venue, beach, nightlife, and natural beauty were identified as destination attributes impacting holiday satisfaction. These findings contribute to the existing body of literature on gay tourism, particularly within the Asian context, and provide valuable insights for destination managers and marketers seeking a deeper understanding of this niche market segment.

Resumo Com base na literatura sobre turismo gay, motivação de turistas gays e homossexualidade, este artigo examina os principais determinantes da motivação para viajar de turistas gays num mercado turístico conservador e sua satisfação com o destino de Bali. Os resultados determinaram atributos importantes que podem ser úteis para os profissionais de marketing e stakeholders na Indonésia, a fim de desenvolver estratégias de marketing mais eficientes e obter um melhor conhecimento desse nicho de mercado. Foi utilizada ama abordagem quantitativa a partir de questionários distribuídos entre turistas gays em Jacarta, Indonésia. Análises descritivas e de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizadas para analisar as experiências de 150 turistas gays domésticos na ilha de Bali. Os resultados identificaram escape, experiência e paz como fatores significativos para turistas gays, e amizade, locais, praia, vida noturna e beleza natural como perspectivas de destino que afetam a satisfação com as férias. Os resultados aprimoram o corpo existente de literatura sobre turismo gay, especificamente no contexto asiático, e são úteis para gestores e profissionais de marketing no melhor entendimento desse segmento de mercado de nicho.

Resumo As medidas adotadas para conter a propagação do vírus Covid-19 afetaram a economia mundial e em particular o setor do turismo. A paralisação das atividades levou a uma queda drástica em suas operações, impactando também na percepção que os atores do turismo têm no processo de recuperação econômica. A pesquisa buscou identificar a percepção dos atores da cadeia do setor de turismo sobre os impactos gerados pela Covid-19 nos municípios de Jericó e Jardín, localizados no sudoeste de Medellín-Colômbia, com uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa que tende a compreender, e interpretar a percepção da realidade dos prestadores de serviços turísticos. O delineamento foi transversal, não experimental, e foi utilizado o método fenomenológico. Os efeitos diretos foram evidenciados principalmente na sustentabilidade e permanência das empresas do setor, na fragilidade financeira e da renda, que gerou desemprego na região. Por fim, as empresas do turismo localizadas nestes dois municípios não dispõem de planos de ação e resposta face a estas ameaças externas, o que leva a decisões como redução de pessoal, encerramento e liquidação de empresas no curto prazo e a sensação de não ter a suporte de instituições públicas. JEL: L83; M21; M51; M54; O15

Abstract The measures taken to contain the spread of the Covid-19 virus affected the world economy and in particular the tourism sector. The stoppage of activities resulted in a drastic drop in its operations, also impacting on the perception that tourism actors have in the process of economic recovery. The research sought to identify the perception of the actors in the tourism sector chain about the impacts generated by Covid-19 in the Jericó and Jardín municipalities, located southwest of Medellín-Colombia, with a qualitative and interpretive approach which tends to understand , interpretation and perception of the realities of tourism service providers. The design was cross-sectional, not experimental, and the phenomenological method was used. Direct effects were evident mainly in the sustainability and permanence of the companies in the sector, financial and income weakness, which generated unemployment in the region. Finally, the tourism companies located in these two municipalities do not have action and response plans to these external threats, which leads to decisions such as reducing staff, closing and liquidating the companies in the short term and the feeling of not having the support of public institutions. JEL: L83; M21; M51; M54; O15

Resumen Las medidas tomadas para contener la propagación del virus Covid-19 afectaron la economía mundial y de manera particular al sector turístico. La paralización de las actividades se tradujo en una caída drástica de sus operaciones, impactando además sobre la percepción que tienen los actores turísticos en el proceso de recuperación económica. La investigación buscó identificar la percepción de los actores de la cadena del sector turismo sobre los impactos generados por el Covid-19 en los municipios Jericó y Jardín, ubicados al suroeste de Medellín-Colombia, con enfoque cualitativo e interpretativo el cual propende por la comprensión, interpretación y percepción de las realidades de los prestadores de servicios turísticos. El diseño fue de tipo transversal, no experimental y se utilizó el método fenomenológico. Se evidenciaron efectos directos principalmente en la sostenibilidad y permanencia de las empresas del sector, debilidad financiera y de ingresos, lo que generó desempleo en la región. Finalmente, las empresas turísticas ubicadas en estos dos municipios no cuentan con planes de acción y de respuesta a estas amenazas externas, lo que lleva tomar decisiones como disminuir el personal, cerrar y liquidar las empresas en un corto plazo y la sensación de no contar con el apoyo de instituciones públicas. JEL: L83; M21; M51; M54; O15

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Considering the COVID-19 outbreak as the first post-digital era pandemic, the influence of tourism marketing on the travel motivation of the contemporary tourist may invariably be susceptible to the crisis-induced subjective safety perceptions of tourists. A discernible gap exists in empirical evidence of the paradigm shift in tourist behaviour due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study explores the influence of South Africa's marketing profile on the intrinsic travel motives of domestic tourists as mediated by the perceived safety of travel and tourism activities during the pandemic DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A cross-sectional deductive study was conducted. Data were generated via a novel self-administered online survey conducted by iFeedback. Data from the final valid sample of 427 domestic tourists were analysed primarily utilising exploratory and confirmatory factor, as well as mediation analyses FINDINGS: The empirical evidence extends the behavioural economic theory within tourism marketing by establishing a positive partial mediating effect of safety perceptions in the domestic destination marketing-travel motives nexus during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also corroborate the value of information symmetry via various marketing and non-marketing media in mitigating risk perceptions and promoting the safety of travel and tourism activities in South Africa RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: Key recommendations emanating from the study include maximising marketing spending on an integrated, multi-channel marketing strategy - prioritising mass crisis communications and recovery-oriented marketing while promoting a tourism value proposition that instils trust and confidence in the tourist that domestic travel and tourism activity is safe. To promote domestic tourism, it is also recommended that tourism practitioners develop bespoke domestic tourism products that innovate contact services, such as booking and check-in procedures, to adhere to contemporary health and safety protocols beyond the era of COVID-19 MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study's findings have significant managerial implications for tourism marketing. First, there is a need to repair or re-imagine the image of South Africa as a domestic tourism destination. Second, there is an urgent need to socially re-engineer tourist behaviour via social marketing-oriented crisis and post-crisis communications. These managerial interventions will mitigate the perceived risk associated with domestic travel and tourism and safeguard tourists from the actual health-related risk JEL CLASSIFICATION: M31, D91, Z33, Z38

BACKGROUND: Air travel restrictions to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) impacted air travel to and from and within South Africa significantly. The duration of the pandemic was more protracted than initially expected as new variants of the pandemic (in 'waves') resulted in additional restrictions. OBJECTIVES: To determine the nature of COVID-19-related air travel restrictions, their impact on annual passenger demand, the number of flights operated (supply of services), the related average passenger loads carried as well as on tourism indicators of the direct contribution of travel and tourism, the total contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. METHOD: The study identifies the number of passengers carried and flights operated and calculates the average passenger load per flight and trends. The impact on tourism indicators is based on the unit values of metrics published by the World Travel and Tourism Council for the 2019 calendar year, adapted for the reduction in passengers in the first and second years following the COVID-19 lockdown. RESULTS: Significant decreases in the annual number of passengers carried, flights operated (in the three geographic areas), and their impact on tourism and employment indicators were identified. CONCLUSION: The decline in passengers exceeded the decrease in flights operated, which resulted in a decline in the average load of passengers carried per flight. The significance of COVID-19 restrictions on tourism indicators and employment was also calculated. CONTRIBUTION: The study identifies the impact of COVID-19 air travel restrictions on both air transport and tourism indicators for South Africa.

ORIENTATION: This article drew from an interpretivist research orientation. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study aimed at contextualising domestic tourism as a strategic tool with which the tourism sector can recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Africa. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The impact of COVID-19 on the economy, and tourism in particular, has been devastating in South Africa. Given the historical overreliance on international tourism receipts, the importance of domestic tourism was highlighted during the reduced lockdown levels. This study was therefore motivated by the potential of this market to offset some of the losses to international tourism in times of uncertainty. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: This study involved a qualitative research design where in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with purposefully selected key resource stakeholders (n = 20) in domestic tourism. These interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. MAIN FINDINGS: The study found that the stakeholders were satisfied with how the government initially dealt with the pandemic, although they were very critical of the lack of communication. Additionally, they noted that domestic tourism is an important springboard for recovery in the country but only if effective collaboration between the private and public sectors is enhanced. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Recommendations are made for more communication amongst stakeholders, which in turn will result in better collaborations and ultimately achieving effective use of domestic tourism as a cornerstone for further development and recovery. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This study makes a modest contribution to tourism research, especially in the face of external shocks such as that of the COVID-19 pandemic.

ORIENTATION: The South African Tourism Act of 2014 on improving the level of tourist attraction for sustainable development in South Africa has been promulgated to ensure quality tourism products and improve the growth and development of the tourism sector and ensure sustainable revenue generation. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This article investigates the dynamic impact of institutional quality, foreign direct investment and international trade on tourism inflows in South Africa from 1996 to 2019. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: The study examines the impact of institutional quality, foreign direct investment and international trade on tourism inflow in South Africa. Investigations on the relationship between institutional quality and tourism are limited and filled with disparities. The study also adopted different measures to view institutional quality. South Africa is to benefit from this empirical investigation. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: World Bank Indicators were used as the main data source. Variables used for the analysis of the multivariate framework include international tourism receipts as a percentage of total exports, foreign direct investment, as a percentage of GDP, net inflow of investment, international trade, a combination of imports and exports gross domestic product, and political stability. MAIN FINDINGS: The bound testing approach found cointegration among these variables. This study found a positive relationship between tourism inflow and international trade and between tourism inflows and regulatory quality, both in the short- and long-term. Unidirectional causality running from regulatory quality to tourism inflow in South Africa was also established. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Government should ensure good institutional qualities that will attract tourism to enhance international trade and economic growth in the long term. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The result indicated that good regulatory quality improves attracting of tourists in South Africa. The volume of tourism inflows will assist in economic growth and increase foreign direct investments and other forms of international trade.

RESUMEN En este artículo se describen los caminos que ha transitado México para consolidarse como foco turístico a nivel mundial, toda vez que el turismo de interior se ha beneficiado de este flujo. El objetivo principal es mostrar aquellos momentos clave que instaron para que el turismo de interior se perfile como el de mayor crecimiento hacia 2020. De esta manera, fue necesario posicionarse por una teoría que explicase este fenómeno, a partir del proceso de globalización y mercantilización de áreas rurales. La metodología utilizada fue la revisión exhaustiva de dosieres y datos cuantitativos extraídos de la Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR). Los resultados arrojaron que este tipo de turismo ha crecido gracias al programa de Pueblos Mágicos; sin embargo, han surgido otras propuestas de turismo rural financiadas por el Estado y la inversión privada, así como por las comunidades que abonan a la experiencia de esta subrama del sector de los servicios. También están los efectos colaterales del turismo en los territorios rurales, como el encarecimiento de los terrenos, la alienación cultural y la llegada de turistas residentes.

ABSTRACT In this article we describe the progress that Mexico has made to consolidate as a tourist focus world class, not least domestic tourism has benefited from this inertia moment. The main objective is to show those key moments that prompted inland tourism to emerge as the fastest growing in 2020. In this way, it was necessary to position in a theory that would explain this phenomenon, based on the process of globalization and commodification of the rural area. The methodology used was the exhaustive review of files and quantitative data extracted from the Ministry of Tourism (SECTUR). The results showed that this type of tourism has grown as a result to Pueblos Mágicos program; however, other rural tourism proposals have emerged, financed by the State and private investment, as well as by the local communities that support the experience of this service sector. There are also collateral effects of tourism in rural territories, such as territorial valorization, cultural alienation, and the arrival of resident tourists.

RESUMO Neste artigo descrevemos os caminhos que o México percorreu para se consolidar como foco turístico mundial, já que o turismo doméstico se beneficiou desse fluxo. O objetivo principal é mostrar os momentos-chave que levaram o turismo interior a despontar como o que mais cresce em 2020. Dessa forma, era necessário nos posicionarmos em uma teoria que explicasse esse fenômeno, com base no processo de globalização e mercantilização do meio rural. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão exaustiva de arquivos e dados quantitativos extraídos do Ministério do Turismo (SECTUR). Os resultados mostraram que esse tipo de turismo cresceu graças ao programa Pueblos Mágicos; no entanto, surgiram outras propostas de turismo rural, financiadas pelo Estado e investimento privado, bem como pelas comunidades que apoiam a experiência deste subramo do sector dos serviços. Há também efeitos colaterais do turismo nos territórios rurais, como a valorização territorial, a alienação cultural e a chegada de turistas residentes.

Abstract Introduction/objective: With the proliferation of technologies as a determining factor within the activities of society and with the rise of social networks, content manage ment emerges strongly as a strategic means to increase the visibility and positioning of commercial organizations, The main intent of the study was: analyze the influence of Content Marketing (CM) in the purchase decision (DDC) of internal tourists who visited tourist sites in Ecuador. Methodology: I conducted an empirical, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study. Qualitative tools such as interview and observation were used, in addition to using the survey as a quantitative research tool, which was applied to 455 tourists. Results: Spearman’s rho confirmation coefficient (0.552) demonstrates the existence of positive media confirmation of this aspect of marketing on the decision of internal tou rists from Ecuador. Strategic content management implies that the content is informati ve, educational, clear, interesting, entertaining and shared in different formats (images, audio, video, text). Conclusions: There is a direct relationship between the correct management of the con tent shared by travel agencies and the DDC of tourists, this means that the CM is a factor that can influence at any time during the DDC of tourists, also see a valuable support during the use of the acquired service, since the results indicated that the tourists con sider that the agencies clearly communicate all the benefits that they can obtain during the trip.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: con la proliferación de las tecnologías como factor determinante dentro de las actividades de la sociedad y con el surgimiento de las redes sociales emerge fuertemente la gestión del contenido como medio estratégico para aumentar la visibili dad y posicionamiento de las organizaciones comerciales, la principal intención del es tudio fue analizar la influencia del marketing de contenidos (CM) en la decisión de compra (DDC) de los turistas internos que visitaron sitios turísticos en Ecuador. Metodología: se realizó un estudio empírico, descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. Se utilizaron herramientas cualitativas como la entrevista y la observación, además de usar la encuesta como herramienta de investigación cuantitativa, la cual fue aplicada a 455 turistas. Resultados: el coeficiente de correlación rho de Spearman (0.552) demuestra la existencia de una correlación positiva media de esta vertiente del marketing sobre la decisión de los turistas internos de Ecuador. La gestión de un contenido estratégico implica que el conte nido sea informativo, educativo, claro, interesante, divertido y compartido en diferentes formatos (imágenes, audio, video, texto). Conclusiones: existe una relación directa entre la correcta gestión del contenido compar tido por las agencias de viajes y la DDC de los turistas, esto quiere decir que el CM es un factor que puede ejercer influencia en cualquier momento durante la DDC de los turistas, además de ser un valioso soporte durante el uso del servicio adquirido, pues los resulta dos indicaron que los turistas ponderan que las agencias comuniquen claramente todos los beneficios que pueden obtener durante el viaje.

Abstract This study aims to verify- whether managers in the agricultural, transport and storage, and tourism and food sectors of Colombia follow a hierarchy of preferences or Pecking Order when defining the capital structure of their companies. Based on Bloomberg and EMIS, the financial statements of 1,548 firms from 2017 to 2020 were used to build three panel data analysis models with fixed effects, one per sector. The findings show a negative relationship between profitability and retained earnings with level of indebtedness in the agricultural and tourism and food sectors. They also indicate that the level of indebtedness of the tourism and food sector increased with the economic crisis generated by COVID-19, while it decreased in the agricultural sector. The conclusions suggest that in these two sectors there is a hierarchy of preferences, but not so in the transport and storage sector, where only a negative relationship with profitability is observed.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio es verificar si los gerentes de los sectores agropecuario, transporte y almacenamiento, turismo y alimentación de Colombia siguen una jerarquía de preferencias o Peeking Order al definir la estructura de capital de sus empresas. Mediante Bloomberg y EMIS se obtienen estados financieros de 154S firmas entre 2017 y 2020 y se construyen tres modelos de análisis de datos de panel con efectos fijos, uno por sector. Se evidencia una relación negativa entre rentabilidad y utilidades acumuladas con el nivel de endeudamiento en los sectores agropecuario y turismo y alimentación. También se encuentra que el nivel de endeudamiento del sector turismo y alimentación aumentó con la crisis económica generada por el COVID-19, mientras el del sector agropecuario disminuyó. Se concluye que en estos s£ existe una jerarquía de preferencias, no así en el sector transporte y almacenamiento, donde se observa únicamente tina relación negativa con la rentabilidad. JEL Classification: C23, G00, G31, F43, 016, R4, R48.

Resumo A concentração do turismo no litoral brasileiro é amplamente reconhecida, porém seu desenvolvimento não ocorre de forma homogênea ao longo de toda costa. Assim, o objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a difusão espacial da atividade turística no litoral brasileiro, procurando identificar as localidades onde assume maior expressividade e os fatores que contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento desigual. Os procedimentos adotados incluíram a exploração de informações sobre os destinos turísticos de duas principais fontes: o Guia Quatro Rodas, da Editora Abril; e o Mapa do Turismo Brasileiro, do Ministério do Turismo, edição 2019. O mapeamento e a análise dos dados permitiram concluir que a espacialidade do turismo litorâneo foi condicionada pela estrutura urbana preexistente, concentrando-se nas grandes cidades. Entretanto, municípios de pequeno e médio porte, após intervenções seletivas do poder público, tornaram-se destinos de destaque no mercado turístico regional, nacional e internacional.

Abstract The concentration of tourism on the Brazilian coast is widely recognised, despite the fact that its development does not take place in an even manner along the entirety of the coast. As a result, the goal of this article is to examine the spatial diffusion of tourism-related activities on the Brazilian shore and seek to identify the places where it gains more prominence, along with the factors that contributed to its uneven growth. The procedures adopted included the study of tourism-related data as contained in two sources: the Guia Quatro Rodas [‘Quatro Rodas’ Motoring Guide] of the Abril Publishing House and the Brazilian Tourism Map, as published by the Brazilian Department of Tourism in its 2019 edition. The mapping and the analysis of the data allowed us to conclude that the spatial character of coastal tourism was conditioned by the pre-existing urban structure, and concentrated on the major cities. It should be noted that small and mid-sized cities, following specific interventions from the Government, became relevant destinations in the regional, domestic and foreign markets.

Resumen La concentración del turismo en la costa brasileña es ampliamente reconocida, pero su desarrollo no es homogéneo a lo largo de toda la costa. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar la difusión espacial de la actividad turística en la costa brasileña, buscando identificar los lugares donde asume mayor expresión y los factores que contribuyeron a su desigual desarrollo. Los procedimientos adoptados incluyeron la exploración de información sobre destinos turísticos de dos fuentes principales: Guía Quatro Rodas, de Editora Abril; y el Mapa de Turismo de Brasil, del Ministerio de Turismo, edición 2019. El mapeo y análisis de datos permitió concluir que la espacialidad del turismo costero estaba condicionada por la estructura urbana preexistente, concentrándose en las grandes ciudades. Sin embargo, los municipios pequeños y medianos, luego de intervenciones selectivas por parte del gobierno, se han convertido en destinos destacados en el mercado turístico regional, nacional e internacional