Resumen: Cada vez con mayor naturalidad reconocemos a niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) como actores sociales capaces de agenciar por sí mismos, según su edad y nivel de desarrollo, aspectos específicos de su vida; espacios en los cuáles correlativamente y de manera gradual vamos otorgándoles mayores márgenes de actuación personal. Este cambio paradigmático en la comprensión de NNA ha estado influenciado por la adopción de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (CDN), en 1989. Ella supuso avanzar desde una mirada hasta entonces asistencialista que observaba a NNA como objetos de protección sometidos, en tanto sujetos pasivos, a la tutela de adultos responsables (doctrina de la protección tutelar), a su consideración como sujetos de derecho, esto es, como titulares y principales agentes en el ejercicio de sus derechos, respecto de los cuales cabe a los adultos deberes de orientación y guía (doctrina de la protección integral). Revisando los términos de la Convención y las adecuaciones experimentadas por el marco jurídico nacional, esta actualidad explora el modo como este nuevo modelo, fundamentado en los derechos humanos, se hace extensible y en qué términos, al espacio sanitario.

Abstract: More and more naturally we recognize children and adolescents (NNA) as social actors capable of managing for themselves, according to their age and level of development, specific aspects of their lives; spaces in which we gradually and correlatively grant them greater scope for personal action. This paradigmatic change in the understanding of children and adolescents has been influenced by the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989. It meant moving forward from a until then welfare perspective that observed children and adolescents as subject objects of protection, as passive subjects, to the guardianship of responsible adults (doctrine of guardianship protection), to their consideration as subjects of law, that is, as holders and main agents in the exercise of their rights, with respect to which adults have duties of protection. orientation and guidance (doctrine of comprehensive protection). Reviewing the terms of the Convention and the adjustments made to the national legal framework, this article explores how this new model, based on human rights, is extended and in what terms, to the healthcare space.

Abstract: The paper points out the reasons for the substitution of the concept of reason’s striving for the concept of will in J.G. Fichte’s later writings, and particularly in his lectures on the Facts of Consciousness of 1813. In this way, it is possible to rethink R. Lauth’s interpretation, according to which Fichtian philosophizing would reconsider the primacy attributed by modernity to theoretical knowledge and would succeed in constructing a “nova method” philosophy, but would fail to overcome a ‘horizontal’ conception of reason with a view to the formation of a “prima methodo” philosophy. The latter would start, not from the striving-affection correlation, but from the self-clarification of reason according to the task it sets for itself. After an overview of the doctrine of striving in the context of a philosophical exposition nova methodo, (§2) we define how Fichte rethinks it in terms of a will capable of coherently ordering constellations of events and how such ordering underlies an understanding of the world as the horizon of coherent human action (§3).

Astratto: L’articolo mette in luce le ragioni della sostituzione del concetto di tendere della ragione con quello di volontà negli ultimi scritti di J. G. Fichte, prendendo in considerazione, in particolare, le lezioni sui Fatti della coscienza del 1813. L’obiettivo è quello di ridimensionare l’interpretazione di R. Lauth, secondo la quale il filosofare fichtiano avrebbe ripensato il primato attribuito dalla modernità al sapere teorico riuscendo a costruire una filosofia ‘nova methodo’, senza tuttavia superare una concezione ‘orizzontale’ della ragione in vista della formazione di una filosofia ‘prima methodo’. Quest’ultima partirebbe, non dalla correlazione tendere-affezione, ma dalla autochiarificazione della ragione in funzione del compito che essa pone a se stessa. Dopo una panoramica della dottrina del tendere nell’ambito di un’esposizione filosofica nova methodo, (§2) l’articolo definisce il modo in cui Fichte lo ripensa nei termini di una volontà capace di ordinare in modo coerente costellazioni di eventi e come tale ordine stia alla base di una comprensione del mondo come orizzonte di un coerente agire umano (§3).

Resumo: O artigo investiga as razões para a substituição do conceito de tender da razão pelo de vontade, nos últimos escritos de J. G. Fichte, e, em particular, em suas lições sobre os Fatos da Consciência, de 1813. Esta investigação torna possível redimensionar a interpretação de R. Lauth, segundo a qual o filosofar de Fichte teria repensado a primazia atribuída pela modernidade ao conhecimento teórico e teria conseguido construir uma filosofia “nova methodo”, mas não teria conseguido superar uma concepção “horizontal” da razão, em vista da formação de uma filosofia “prima methodo”. Esta última partiria, não da correlação tendência-afeição, mas da autoclarificação da razão, de acordo com a tarefa que ela estabelece para si mesma. Após uma panorâmica sobre a doutrina do tender, no contexto de uma exposição filosófica “nova methodo” (§2), define-se a forma em que Fichte a repensa, em termos de uma vontade capaz de ordenar constelações de eventos de maneira coerente (§3) e como essa ordenação fundamenta uma compreensão do mundo como horizonte de ação humana coerente.

Glossolalia has been a major divisive doctrine in the Christendom, as some Pentecostals claim that it is proof of being a real Christian. This article examined the extent to which tongues-speaking in the neo-Pentecostal churches in Nigeria conforms to New Testament (NT) teaching. It employed narrative criticism and the phenomenological approach. The essay found that glossolalia appeared in the NT in both human and unintelligible languages. As the gift caused disorderliness in the Corinthian church, Paul says it is desirable but should not be allowed to disrupt worship. During worship, there should not be more than three people speaking in tongues, and they should do it in turn. Most importantly, if there is not an interpreter, there should be no tongues-speaking at all. The work further discovered that in the Nigerian neo-Pentecostal churches, it is the unintelligible form of glossolalia that is predominantly practised, and usually without interpretation, thereby contradicting Paul's order. Moreover, the gift is being feigned by many to prove that they are born-again. In terms of its nature and conduct, therefore, glossolalia in the neo-Pentecostal churches in Nigeria is more of a deliberate practice than a continuation of the NT practice. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The disciplines of NT theology and Christian ethics are implicated in this article. It argues that the glossolalia being practised in the Nigerian neo-Pentecostal churches is virtually a deliberate practice rather than a spiritual gift

This article attempts to discuss Karl Barth's Trinitarian theology with two Christian theologians of religions, John Hick and Raimundo Panikkar. To acknowledge the presence of other religions, Hick conceived of The Real, a universal God worshiped by all people of all religions. About this concept, Hick considers the Trinity to be nothing more than a penultimate symbol or a conceptual construction for Christians to respond to The Real. Meanwhile, Panikkar abstracts the Trinity into a 'Theandric' structure so that it can be universally accepted by people of other religions. Using the research library method, this article reveals that Barth's Trinitarian theology is still relevant in terms of providing theological inputs to remain faithful to the orthodox trinitarian faith in all the constructive endeavours of Christian theologians of religions. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: For the discipline of systematic theology, especially the doctrine of the Trinity, the conclusion of this article emphasises that any attempt to reconstruct the doctrine of the Trinity in the context of the theology of religions must not abandon the trinitarian grammar, which is in accordance with the testimony of the Bible, as stated by Karl Barth himself

Abstract The purpose of this research work was to analyze whether the registration of the declaration of a building at the expense of the social estate violates the property right of the spouse who owns the land in the Peruvian legal system. A qualitative design of dogmatic analytical type was used, through the review of norms, doctrine, pertinent jurisprudence and analysis of two relevant cases. The results highlight that there is a violation of the property right of the spouse owner of the land, due to an erroneous interpretation of the second paragraph of article 310 of the Civil Code. In conclusion, there is an urgent need for a legislative modification of the corresponding civil and registry regulations, in order to protect the right of ownership, recognized and guaranteed by the constitution and the civil system of a property that is already titled and qualified as one’s own.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo, analizar si la inscripción de la declaratoria de edificación realizada a costa del caudal social vulnera el derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano. Se usó un diseño cualitativo de tipo dogmática analítica, mediante la revisión de normas, doctrina, jurisprudencia pertinente y análisis de dos casos relevantes. Los resultados resaltan que, existe una vulneración al derecho de propiedad del cónyuge propietario del suelo, debido a una errónea interpretación que se realiza en el segundo párrafo del artículo 310 del Código Civil. En conclusión, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una modificación legislativa de la normativa civil y registral correspondiente, a fin de tutelar el derecho de propiedad, reconocido y garantizado por la constitución y el ordenamiento civil de un bien que ya viene titulado y calificado como propio.

At the University of Pretoria, Historical Theology consists of various sub-disciplines, that is, History of Christianity, History of Doctrine, History of Theology, History of Missions, Church History, and Church Polity. This article is located in History of Missions, as a contribution to the centenary celebration of the Maranatha Reformed Church of Christ (MRCC). The main focus of this contribution is an analysis of Prof. P.S. Dreyer's mission theology as reflected in his publications, and how it shaped the mission policy of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) and the growth of the MRCC. For 35 years (1954-1989), Prof. Dreyer was a member and chairman of the Mission Board of the NHKA. As part-time Superintendent of Mission and chairman of the Board, he not only had many administrative and financial responsibilities, but he also played a role in the establishment of at least 60 congregations in black communities, as well as the theological education of more than 200 MRCC students and ministers. All of this was based on a clear understanding of the nature of the church, as well as the responsibility and calling of the church to proclaim Jesus Christ to all people. CONTRIBUTION: This article addressed the role of theology and individual theologians in the history of the church and mission in South Africa, and how it impacted upon the relationship between different race groups and the development of an indigenous Christianity

Using a religious studies methodology, this paper offers a detailed contextual mapping and a structural configuration of how collective violence is justified in Orthodox Christianity. The research design is explanatory, whereby the functional perspectives of doctrine, ethics and worship are all investigated and probed as phenomena of lived religion and orthopraxy. While predominantly initiatory and pedagogical, the paper also proposes a systematic platform for advanced research on this subject, by flagging contexts, themes and areas of inquiry that a researcher might examine in order to untangle the inner workings of the justification of violence in the mind of the Orthodox. Given the ongoing Russian War on Ukraine, relevant samples are drawn from this case. CONTRIBUTION: This paper outlines the Orthodox Christian justification of violence from the perspectives of doctrine, ethics and ritual and identifies pivotal areas of ambiguity between orthodoxy and orthopraxy.

Christian incarnation, illustrated through the example of Jesus Christ, involves the embodiment of God, the guardian of all creation and the manifestation of Christian beliefs. This divine incarnation operates through boundless love and concern, as demonstrated in God's choice to intimately connect with humanity, as noted in John 3:16. Although global challenges abound, it is evident that sub-Saharan Africa faces unique difficulties, hindering its inhabitants from experiencing the fullness of life intended by God. There is a need to find solutions to the challenges faced by the African continent. In the context of sub-Saharan Africa, the question is: How can practical public theology, informed by the incarnation, be practised in tackling the challenges people face in Africa? The study addresses this inquiry, presenting the implications of the incarnation doctrine as a means to tackle African challenges. It posits incarnation as a foundation for comprehending God's love for Africans and proposes practical ways for resiliently confronting their adversities. The article draws upon existing literature in the field of public practical theology to underpin the core argument of its thesis. CONTRIBUTION: This article contributes to the discussion on how theology should be used to address people's concrete challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. The doctrine of incarnation is a unique example whose implications can help the enhancement of addressing people's challenges in Africa

Christian Religious Education (CRE) studies are often known to neglect the incorporation of local culture, as regulations primarily mandate the inclusion of Christian dogmatics and social issues. In fact, Christian ethics and biblical doctrine receive massive exploration compared to social and cultural discussions. Therefore, this study explored Minahasan celebration practice as an alternative dimension that can be integrated into the CRE curriculum, thereby bridging the gap between social and religious features. A sensitive analysis was used to delve into Minahasan cultural expression, which potentially contributed to the tension. The study used literature, references, articles and books to construct the practice and philosophy of each ritual. In essence, practices such as mapalus, kampetan, mu'kur and foso rummages are alternative values for the CRE curriculum. CONTRIBUTION: The findings contribute to developing the Christian Religious Education curriculum in Indonesia, specifically Minahasa. Local cultures share values relating to social, religious and educational values, potentially enriching and developing the curriculum. Ritual practices could contribute significantly to the Christian Religious Education that provides local cultural elements

Among Nigerian Christians, there is a clash of doctrine and reality revolving around the question of the correct Christian attitude towards traditional medicine. The clash resides in the fact that, while most of them consult traditional healers, especially in critical health situations, some still hold that, using traditional medicine, contradicts the Christian faith. Employing the descriptive approach, this article attempted to reconcile the use of African traditional medicine with the Christian faith. This research found that Western missionaries condemned African healing practices, teaching that Christians should find healing only at the hospitals and in Christian prayer. However, African converts continued to rely on native healers, particularly for ailments for which Western medicine was ineffective - a practice which continues till date in Nigeria. Moreover, many Nigerian Christians, especially the Aladura group, still believe that sometimes ailments have supernatural causes, and therefore combine African and Christian methods for healing. This article postulated that this approach to healing is appropriate because it is not offensive to the Christian faith and provides alternatives for Christian patients. CONTRIBUTION: This article is a contribution in Christian ethics. It argues that a solution to the clash between doctrine and reality in Nigerian Christians' attitude to African traditional medicine is to adopt traditional African healing practices that are not offensive to the Christian faith.

Resumo Esse artigo buscou demonstrar de forma sistêmica a construção do Estado de Bem-estar Social, origem do termo moderno da Seguridade Social. Para uma boa compreensão da problemática acerca do tema, foi necessário traçarmos algumas considerações iniciais a respeito da construção histórica dos Seguros Sociais e o nascimento do Estado Social, garantidor e interventor das atividades econômicas e sociais, bem como do processo produtivo. Como conclusão deste estudo, constatou-se que o Estado de Bem-estar Social teve sua origem a partir de uma construção histórica que remontam desde o nascimento da humanidade e que por fim originou a moderna Seguridade Social. A doutrina e a Lei fundamentam e justificam esse trabalho, que adotou a perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos e Sociais, já o artigo científico é de revisão bibliográfica que se utilizou do método dedutivo, pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva. Como referência, recorreu-se à literatura científica e materiais publicados que fossem pertinentes aos propósitos aqui aventados pertinentes aos propósitos aqui aventados.

Abstract This article sought to demonstrate in a systemic way the construction of the Social Welfare State, origin of the modern term of Social Security. For a good understanding of the problem on the subject, it was necessary to outline some initial considerations regarding the historical construction of Social Insurance and the birth of the Social State, guarantor and intervener of economic and social activities, as well as the productive process. As a conclusion of this study, it was found that the Welfare State had its origin from a historical construction that dates back to the birth of humanity and that finally originated the modern Social Security. The doctrine and the Law support and justify this work, which adopted the perspective of Human and Social Rights, while the scientific article is a bibliographical review that used the deductive method, qualitative and descriptive research. As a reference, we used the scientific literature and published materials that were relevant to the purposes proposed here.

Resumen El mecanismo de la segunda oportunidad, que permite la exoneración de algunas de las deudas ante determinadas condiciones, ha sido objeto de diversas modificaciones relevantes por la Ley 16/2022, de reforma del Texto Refundido de la Ley Concursal. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, sobre la base de doctrina autorizada, estas modificaciones, pues se parte de la hipótesis de que algunas de ellas no son los suficientemente claras aunque otras merecen una valoración positiva. Se llega a la conclusión de que la reforma es criticable respecto a la determinación de las condiciones exigibles al deudor para que se pueda acoger a la exoneración. No obstante, consideramos que merecen una valoración positiva la eliminación de la liquidación previa y de la satisfacción de una parte de los créditos como requisitos para acceder a la exoneración del pasivo. Finalmente, se hace una valoración sobre la modificación relativa a las deudas que pueden ser objeto de exoneración. A pesar de que hay una ampliación de las mismas, y puede parecer un avance el hecho de que parte del crédito exonerado corresponda a deuda pública, una lectura atenta del precepto que lo regula nos permite afirmar que una parte importante de este crédito no queda exonerado, lo que puede tener un efecto negativo para el deudor, puesto que el importe de esta deuda suele ser relevante.

Abstract The second chance mechanism, which allows the exoneration of some of the debts under certain conditions, has been subject to various relevant modifications by Law 16/2022, reforming the Consolidated Text of the Bankruptcy Law. The objective of this work is to analyze, based on authorized doctrine these modifications, since it is based on the hypothesis that some of them are not clear enough, although some others deserve a positive assessment. It is concluded that the reform is open to criticism regarding the determination of the conditions required of the debtor in order to qualify for the discharge. However, we consider that the elimination of the previous liquidation and the satisfaction of a part of the credits as requirements to access the discharge of debt deserve a positive assessment. Finally, an assessment is made on the modification related to the debts that can be subject to exoneration. Despite the fact that there is an expansion of the same, and the fact that part of the exonerated credit corresponds to public debt may seem like progress, a careful reading of the precept that regulates it allows us to affirm that an important part of this credit is not exonerated, which can have a negative effect for the debtor, since the amount of this debt is usually relevant.

Abstract This study analyzes the limits of judicial control over political acts. In a limited way, it examines, based on the political questions doctrine, the judicial decisions of the Federal Supreme Court that suspended appointments of Minister of State, in the period between 1988 and 2020. Thus, it seeks to answer the following problem: from the perspective of the political questions doctrine, at what point are the limits of the Supreme Court's judicial decisions that suspend Minister of State appointments? This research is divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the main jurisprudential and doctrinal understandings about the doctrine of political questions in both the American and Brazilian legal systems. In the second part, the appointment of Minister of State in the Brazilian constitutional order of 1988 is addressed, with emphasis on the dogmatics of Brazilian Administrative Law and the jurisprudence of the STF. The hypothesis raised, which was confirmed as a conclusion, is that appointments of Ministers of State, being of a strictly political nature, are judicially unreviewable acts, except with regard to the formal requirements provided for in the legal system. The dialectical method is used plus bibliographical and jurisprudential research carried out with support in the Brazilian legal system and in foreign legal systems, in an interdisciplinary dialogue.

Resumo O presente estudo analisa os limites do controle judicial sobre os atos políticos. De modo delimitado, examina, com fundamento na political questions doctrine, as decisões judiciais do Supremo Tribunal Federal que suspenderam nomeações de Ministro de Estado, no período compreendido entre 1988 e 2020. Assim, busca-se responder ao seguinte problema: sob a perspectiva da doutrina das questões políticas, em que ponto se situam os limites às decisões judiciais do Supremo Tribunal Federal que suspendem nomeações de Ministro de Estado? Esta pesquisa é dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, sintetizam-se as principais compreensões jurisprudenciais e doutrinárias sobre a doutrina das questões políticas tanto no ordenamento jurídico norte-americano quanto no brasileiro. Na segunda, aborda-se a nomeação de Ministro de Estado na ordem constitucional brasileira de 1988, com ênfase para a dogmática do Direito Administrativo brasileiro e para a jurisprudência do STF. A hipótese levantada, que foi confirmada como conclusão, é de que a nomeação de Ministro de Estado, sendo de natureza estritamente política, configura ato judicialmente insindicável, salvo quanto aos requisitos formais previstos no ordenamento jurídico. Utiliza-se o método dialético acrescido de pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial realizadas com suporte no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e em ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, em um diálogo interdisciplinar.

Abstract This article aims to bring a simple contribution to the recent debate in international doctrine whether the law produced by the State and, therefore, its legal norms, manages to regulate the universe of cyberspace, due to the refractory posture of global players in accepting any interference in this environment. The investigative effort will reside, based on the analysis of the thought of several international authors who are dedicated to this problem, if, in the technological, information and digital world society, there is currently some space reserved for state law in cyberspace and if there would be any future for it. It seeks to assess how the law must protect the man who doesn´t want this legal protection, preferring the rules established by cyberspace itself. The present investigation initially flies over the terrain of the characteristics of state legal norms and the function of law itself, embarking on the study to analyze how the production of rules in cyberspace by the Code has been revealed. It aims to know, in the light of the hypothetical-deductive method, if it is possible to construct a legal norma that is the result of the interpretative interaction between the rules of the Code and the norms of human rights. The result, in turn, achieved in this scientific research reveals that the most effective application-normative method to the cyberspace regulation process consists of producing interactives, developed from the limitation of the Code's rules by human rights norms.

Resumo Este ensaio almeja trazer singelo contributo ao recente debate na doutrina internacional se o direito produzido pelo Estado e, por conseguinte, as suas normas jurídicas, consegue regular o universo do cyberspace, em razão da postura refratária dos global players em aceitar qualquer interferência nesse ambiente. O esforço investigativo residirá, com base na análise do pensamento de vários autores internacionais que se dedicam a essa problemática, se, na sociedade tecnológica, da informação e do mundo digital, existe atualmente algum espaço reservado ao direito estatal no cyberspace e se haveria algum futuro a ele. Busca-se aquilatar como o direito há de proteger o homem que não quer essa proteção jurídica, preferindo as regras instituídas pelo próprio cyberspace. A presente investigação sobrevoa, inicialmente, sobre o terreno das características das normas jurídicas estatais e a função do próprio direito, enveredando o estudo para analisar como tem se revelado a produção de regras no ciberespaço pelo Code. Objetiva saber, à luz do método hipotético-dedutivo, se é possível construir possível norma jurídica que seja resultado da interação interpretativa entre as regras do Code e as normas de direitos humanos. O resultado, por sua vez, alcançado nesta pesquisa científica revela que o método aplicativo-normativo mais eficaz ao processo de regulação do cyberspace consiste em produzir interpretações interativas, desenvolvidas a partir da limitação das regras do Code pelas normas de direitos humanos.

Abstract Autonomy is guaranteed to political parties in contemporary democracies so that acronyms can perform the functions assigned to them in each legal system and manage the resources available to them in accordance with the values enshrined in the statutes and programs. parties and in accordance with the electoral strategies adopted to achieve their political goals. In this perspective, party autonomy is aimed at promoting political pluralism in the political context outlined in the 21st century. The theme of party autonomy, although it is a very relevant matter, receives little attention from Brazilian legal doctrine, which generates a deficit in the bibliographic collection specialized in the subject and, when analyzed, party autonomy is defined in the light of the Brazilian legislation and jurisprudence. Faced with this, the question is how party autonomy is conceptualized by foreign experts? To answer the question, this article presents the concepts stipulated by Giovanni Sartori, Ângelo Panebianco and Karl-Heinz Nassmacher on party autonomy. Furthermore, it defines what political parties are in contemporary democracies with a view to delineating the political context in which party autonomy is inserted. Finally, the party functions are exposed with the purpose of illustrating the range of choices that autonomy makes possible to the associations. The methodology used is bibliographic and dialectical. As a result, there is the introduction of new doctrinal concepts about party autonomy in the Brazilian legal system.

Resumo A autonomia é assegurada aos partidos políticos nas democracias contemporâneas para que as siglas possam desempenhar as funções que lhes são atribuídas em cada ordenamento jurídico e manejar os recursos que lhes são disponíveis de acordo com os valores consagrados nos estatutos e programas partidários, como também em conformidade com as estratégias eleitorais adotadas para alcançar as suas metas políticas. Nesta perpectiva, a autonomia partidária volta-se para a promoção do pluralismo político no contexto político delineado no século XXI. A temática da autonomia partidária, embora seja uma matéria bastante relevante, recebe pouca atenção da doutrina jurídica brasileira, o que gera um déficit do acervo bibliográfico especializado no assunto e, quando é analisada, a autonomia partidária é definida à luz da legislação e da jurisprudência brasileira. Frente a isso, questiona-se como a autonomia partidária é conceituada pelos especialistas estrangeiros? Para responder à pergunta, o presente artigo apresenta os conceitos estipulados por Giovanni Sartori, Ângelo Panebianco e Karl-Heinz Nassmacher sobre a autonomia partidária. Ainda, define-se o que são os partidos políticos nas democracias contemporânes com vistas a delinear o contexto político no qual a autonomia partidária se insere. Por fim, expõe-se quais são as funções partidárias com o propósito de ilustrar o leque de escolhas que autonomia viabiliza às agremiações. A metodologia utilizada é bibliogrática e dialética. Como resultado, há a introdução de novos conceitos doutrinários sobre a autonomia partidária no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.