ABSTRACT: With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. ABSTRACT plants characteristics beans productivity 5 1 cultivars measurements clone (GY interaction drying peeling assessed LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS3220 AS5 AS 2551 25 51 25.51% 1217 12 17 12.17% Conversely BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P N1 P60 1915 19 15 19.15% 1402 14 02 14.02 mean values 194 4 19.4% 627 62 7 62.7% 179 9 17.9 high medium respectively strategies LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS322 255 2 25.51 121 12.17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 P6 191 19.15 140 0 14.0 19.4 6 62.7 17. BRS12 BRS32 25.5 12.1 BG1 19.1 14. 19. 62. BRS1 BRS3 25. 12.

RESUMO: Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados. RESUMO cafeicultura plantas favoráveis processados produtividade 5 1 registradas clone GA. GA . (GA) secagem individualmente outra eles LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS322 AS 2551 25 51 25,51 1217 12 17 12,17% lado BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P P6 1915 19 15 19,15 1402 14 02 14,02% valores 194 4 19,4 627 62 7 62, 179 9 17,9 alto baixo (GA LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS32 255 2 25,5 121 12,17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 191 19,1 140 0 14,02 19, 6 17, BRS12 BRS3 25, 12,1 BG1 14,0 BRS1 12, 14,

RESUMO As pimenteiras ornamentais apresentam variabilidade genética que pode ser acessada por meio de caracteres morfológicos e moleculares. A seleção de genótipos para formação de população base para o melhoramento pode ser realizada por meio de análise conjunta de vários tipos de dados, proporcionando maior precisão na seleção. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade entre acessos de pimenta com base na análise de características fenotípicas e marcadores moleculares e selecionar os melhores para serem utilizados como parentais em programas de melhoramento. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brasil. Foram utilizados 16 genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, e caracterizados quanto a oito caracteres quantitativos, nove qualitativos e 18 pares de iniciadores microssatélites. As análises simultâneas das variáveis foram realizadas usando o método de agrupamento de Tocher, agrupamento do algoritmo de Ward e a matriz de dissimilaridades. Os métodos de agrupamentos foram eficientes na separação dos genótipos, identificando variabilidade genética e precisão na seleção por meio da análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Diferentes grupos foram formados entre os genótipos pelo método de Tocher (seis grupos) e pelo método de Ward (três grupos). Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de pimenteiras ornamentais, considerando análise conjunta de dados quantitativos, qualitativos e moleculares. Características qualitativas são importantes na identificação de divergência genética entre acessos de pimenteira ornamental. Os genótipos UFPB 46, 134, 137, 443 e 449, o mini pimentão Akamu e a cultivar Calypso são indicados para seleção, podem ser utilizados para realizar cruzamentos e dar continuidade ao programa de melhoramento genético. perspectiva Paraíba Brasil 1 quantitativos microssatélites dissimilaridades seis três grupos. . ornamental 46 134 137 44 449 genético 4 13

ABSTRACT Ornamental pepper plants have genetic variability, which can be accessed through morphological and molecular traits. Genotype selection to form the base population for breeding can be performed through the joint analysis of several types of data, providing greater selection accuracy. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity among pepper accessions based on analysis of phenotypic traits and molecular markers and to select the best ones to use as parents in breeding programs. The study was carried out at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil. Sixteen ornamental pepper genotypes were used and characterized for eight quantitative traits, nine qualitative traits, and 18 pairs of microsatellite primers. Simultaneous variable analyses were performed using Tocher’s clustering method, Ward’s clustering algorithm, and the dissimilarity matrix. The clustering methods were efficient in separating the genotypes, identifying genetic variability, and accuracy in the selection through the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Different groups were formed among the genotypes by Tocher’s method (six groups) and Ward’s method (three groups). There is genetic variability among ornamental pepper genotypes considering the joint analysis of quantitative, qualitative, and molecular data. Qualitative traits are important in the identification of genetic divergence among ornamental pepper accessions. The UFPB genotypes 46, 134, 137, 443 and 449, the mini pepper Akamu, and the cultivar Calypso are indicated for selection and can be used to carry out crosses and continue the breeding program. data perspective programs Paraíba Brazil 1 primers Tochers Tocher s Wards Ward algorithm matrix six three groups. . 46 134 137 44 449 Akamu program 4 13

ABSTRACT: The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy. ABSTRACT propagation development species applications However subject Therefore researchers organizations (WOS 198 202 9 articles France Corporation Viçosa CIRAD areas diversity nematology stress micropropagation farming significantly risk management irrigation agronomy 19 20 1 2

RESUMO: A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira. RESUMO vegetal espécie Entendese Entende se aplicações Porém assunto sentido (WOS pesquisadores canephora 198 202 VOSviewer 9 artigos França Agropecuária CIRAD áreas genética assexuada nematologia micropropagação porém destacase destaca brasileira integrandoo integrando climático hídrica gotejamento cafeeira 19 20 1 2

Resumen En este artículo se sustenta que el servicio de educación indígena de Baja California, el cual opera desde hace más de 40 años, posee características que lo distinguen de otros similares que se desarrollan en diversos estados de la república mexicana. En este caso, su crecimiento está articulado a los procesos de migración interna, cuya diversidad cultural y lingüística está presente en las aulas. Para lograr una descripción pormenorizada de sus principales rasgos, se realizó un análisis estadístico con información obtenida de las bases de datos de la Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, de la prueba Planea, de la estadística educativa del Formato 911, así como de entrevistas aplicadas a informantes clave. Los resultados permiten identificar el tipo de organización de los centros escolares, los perfiles académico y lingüístico del profesorado y del alumnado, así como sus especificidades y retos para continuar brindando el servicio.

Abstract In this article it is founded that the indigenous education service in Baja California, which has been operating for more than forty years, has acquired characteristics that distinguish it from other similar services that operate in different states of the Mexican Republic. In this case, its growth is linked to internal migration processes. Hence, the cultural and linguistic diversity in the classrooms. In order to achieve a detailed description of their characteristics, a statistical analysis was carried out with information from the databases of the Coordinación Estatal de Educación Indígena, the PLANEA test, and the educational statistics of the Formato 911, as well as interviews with key informants. The results allow to identify the type of organization of the schools and the academic and linguistic profiles of teachers and students, as well as their specificities and challenges to continue providing the service.

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

ABSTRACT The feeding habits of the bonito Euthynnus alletteratus and the albacore Thunnus alalunga were assessed by analyzing the contents of 85 stomachs (50 from bonito and 35 from albacore) collected between March 2018 and April 2019. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the prey found in the stomach contents was conducted, as well as of the trophic spectrum between species and climatic seasons. Climatic information was obtained through satellite images, analyzing variables such as sea surface temperature, salinity, and winds. In terms of abundance, the most representative prey were the fish Sardinella aurita (42.48 %) and Teleostei remains (27.45 %) for E. alletteratus, and Megalopa larvae (56.89 %) and Teleostei remains (10.26 %) for T. alalunga. The relative importance index indicates that the main prey for E. alletteratus were Teleostei remains (IRI = 1460.65) and Sardinella aurita (IRI = 1179.70), while, for T. alalunga they were megalopa larvae (IRI = 1367.19) and Teleostei remains (IRI = 840.94). These large pelagic predators were classified as generalists, with a low prey diversity in their stomach content. No trophic overlap was observed between the two species.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios del bonito Euthynnus alletteratus y la albacora Thunnus alalunga a partir del análisis de los contenidos de 85 estómagos (50 de bonito y 35 de albacora) recolectados entre marzo de 2018 y abril de 2019. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de las presas encontradas en dichos estómagos, así como del espectro trófico entre especies y temporadas climáticas. La información climática se obtuvo a través de imágenes satelitales, analizando variables como la temperatura superficial del mar, la salinidad y los vientos. En términos de abundancia, las presas más representativas fueron el pez Sardinella aurita (42.48 %) y restos de Teleostei (27.45 %) para E. alletteratus, y larvas megalopa (56.89 %) y restos de Teleostei (10.26 %) para T. alalunga. El índice de importancia relativa indica, como presas principales, a restos de Teleostei (IRI = 1460.65) y Sardinella aurita (IRI = 1179.70) para E. alletteratus, y a larvas megalopa (IRI = 1367.19) y restos de Teleostei (IRI = 840.94) para T. alalunga. Estos grandes depredadores pelágicos fueron catalogados como generalistas, con baja diversidad de presas en el contenido estomacal, y no se observó solapamiento trófico entre las dos especies.

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo centrouse em analisar a percepção que o pessoal docente costarriquenho tem sobre o uso ético da inteligência artificial (IA) em seu trabalho educativo. O documento investiga a inteligência artificial na educação, abordando sua definição, características e como ela é percebida pelo pessoal docente nos níveis primário, secundário e universitário da Costa Rica. Examina também as considerações éticas na sua implementação no ensino e a diversidade das ferramentas de IA, a sua aplicação e a experiência do pessoal docente no seu uso. A investigação foi realizada usando um enfoque misto concorrente e amparada em técnicas de análise descritiva. Além disso, a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário, do qual participaram 134 docentes de toda a área educativa costarriquenha. Para análise dos dados foram utilizadas estratégias qualitativas e quantitativas. Os resultados indicam que a familiaridade do pessoal docente com a inteligência artificial na educação é limitada. Da mesma forma, algumas pessoas desconhecem as capacidades da IA para adaptar o conteúdo para uma aprendizagem individualizada, embora acreditem que poderia ajudar a apoiar os estudantes. Concluise que o pessoal docente revela compreensão da importância em relação à abordagem e às implicações éticas do uso da IA em sala de aula. Por último, é necessária mais formação sobre a utilização otimizada das ferramentas de IA.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo se enfocó en analizar la percepción que tiene el personal docente costarricense con respecto al uso ético de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en su labor educativa. El documento se adentra en la inteligencia artificial en la educación, abordando su definición, características y cómo es percibida por el personal docente de niveles de primaria, secundaria y universitaria de Costa Rica. También examina las consideraciones éticas en su implementación en la enseñanza y la diversidad de herramientas de IA, su aplicación y la experiencia de las personas docentes en su uso. La investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando un enfoque mixto concurrente y se apoyó en técnicas de análisis descriptivos. Además, la recopilación de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario, en el que participaron 134 personas docentes de todo el ámbito educativo costarricense. Para el análisis de datos, se emplearon estrategias cualitativas y cuantitativas. Los resultados indican que la familiaridad del personal docente con la inteligencia artificial en la educación es limitada. Asimismo, algunas personas des- conocen las capacidades de la IA para adaptar el contenido al aprendizaje individualizado, aunque consideran que podría ayudar a apoyar al estudiantado. Se concluye que el personal docente revela una comprensión de la importancia en relación con el abordaje y las implicaciones éticas del uso de la IA en el aula. Finalmente, es necesaria una mayor formación sobre el uso óptimo de las herramientas de IA.

Abstract: The main objective of the article is to analyze the perception of Costa Rican teachers regarding the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in their educational work. The paper deals with AI in education, its definition, characteristics and how it is perceived by Costa Rican teachers at the elementary, high school and university levels. It also discusses the ethical considerations regarding its use for educational purposes and the diversity of AI tools, their application and the experiences that teachers have had with them. The research was conducted using a concurrent mixed methods approach and relied on descriptive analysis techniques. For data collection, 134 teachers from all educational backgrounds in Costa Rica responded to a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative strategies. The results show that teachers have limited knowledge about the use of Artificial Intelligence for educational purposes. Also, although some of them consider that AI could be useful to support students, they are not aware of the possibilities that AI offers to adapt content for individualized learning. The article concludes that teachers are aware of the importance of the AI approach and the ethical implications of using it in the classroom. Finally, there is a need for better training on how to best use AI tools.

RESUMEN La discriminación y las violencias basadas en género dirigidas en contra de la población LGBTIQ+ se han estructurado a través de los años en una sociedad heteronormativa, machista, patriarcal y religiosa, causando así graves violaciones a derechos humanos relacionada a factores de comisión de delitos como el homicidio, feminicidio y la tortura. Algo característico de la comisión de estos actos es la sistematicidad y el factor de diversidad sexual y de género por el cual se realizan, con el fin de adaptar un pensamiento conservador implementado en la sociedad, causando diferentes formas de discriminación, discursos de odio e interseccionalidad que afectan el pleno desarrollo y la garantía de una vida digna para la población LGBTIQ+. Debido a la zozobra generada en la población LGBTIQ+, y sumado a ello el rasgo histórico de esta violencia sistemática, resulta necesario e interesante abordar la perspectiva de los delitos de lesa humanidad desde un análisis de la diversidad sexual como factor indiscutible de que el género y las diversidades sexuales deben contar con una intervención y aplicación de las tipificaciones contempladas en el Estatuto de Roma, buscando que estos instrumentos internacionales se adapten plenamente a realidades sociales presentes, que han causado en la comunidad internacional preocupación y obligaciones para una plena garantía de derechos e igualdad social para la población LGBTIQ+.

ABSTRACT Discrimination and gender-based violence directed against the LGBTIQ+ population have been structured over the years in a heteronormative, sexist, patriarchal and religious society, thus causing serious violations of human rights related to factors in the commission of crimes such as homicide, feminicide and torture; Something characteristic of the commission of these acts is the systematicity and the factor of sexual and gender diversity by which they are carried out, in order to adapt a conservative thought implemented in society, causing different forms of discrimination, hate speech and intersectionality. that affect the full development and guarantee of a dignified life for the LGBTIQ+ population. Due to the anxiety generated in the LGBTIQ+ population, and added to this the historical feature of this systematic violence, it is necessary and interesting to address the perspective of crimes against humanity from an analysis of sexual diversity as an indisputable factor that gender and sexual diversities must have an intervention and application of the classifications contemplated in the Rome Statute, seeking that these international instruments fully adapt to present social realities and that have caused concern and obligations in the international community for a full guarantee of rights and social equality for the LGBTIQ+ population.

RESUMEN Desde finales de 2019, la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha traído consigo desafíos globales sin precedentes, afectando profundamente las estructuras socioeconómicas en todo el mundo. América Latina, conocida por su diversidad económica y social, ha sentido estos impactos de manera significativa. En este escenario, la protección social no contributiva se ha revelado como un pilar fundamental para contrarrestar las adversidades económicas y sociales de la crisis sanitaria, en especial para aquellos sectores de la población que quedan fuera del alcance de los sistemas tradicionales de seguridad social basados en contribuciones laborales. El artículo examina las respuestas políticas y sociales implementadas en la región en respuesta a la crisis sanitaria a través de una variedad de estrategias, incluyendo transferencias monetarias directas, programas de protección del empleo, y medidas de asistencia sanitaria. Este análisis proporciona una visión integral de la situación y destaca la relevancia de las medidas de emergencia en tiempos de crisis y su papel en la construcción de un futuro más seguro y justo para la región.

ABSTRACT Since the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented global challenges, deeply affecting socioeconomic structures worldwide. Latin America, known for its economic and social diversity, has significantly felt these impacts. In this scenario, non-contributory social protection has emerged as a fundamental pillar to counteract the economic and social adversities of the health crisis, especially for those sectors of the population that are beyond the reach of traditional social security systems based on labour contributions. The article examines the political and social responses implemented in the region in response to the health crisis through a variety of strategies, including direct monetary transfers, employment protection programs, and health assistance measures. This analysis provides a comprehensive view of the situation, highlighting the importance of emergency measures in times of crisis and their role in building a safer and more just future for the region.

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Abstract: Background: Oaxaca is a Mexican region with a high richness of pine trees. However, the specific location where it occurs and the influence of the environment on it is deficient. Questions: Where the greatest richness, diversity and endemism of Pinus species is located in Oaxaca? How does the environment influence the richness, diversity, and endemism of Pinus species in Oaxaca? Studied species: Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus chiapensis, Pinus devoniana, Pinus douglasiana, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus herrerae, Pinus lawsonii, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus montezumae, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus pringlei, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus tecunumanii and Pinus teocote. Study site: Oaxaca Methods: Occurrences of pine species were collected. From these, spatial cells were delimited, and species and environmental matrices were constructed, with which canonical correspondence analysis was carried out. The richness, diversity, and endemism of pines per cell was calculated, correlating them with physical-environmental parameters. Results: 15 cells with high richness and 17 with high endemism were identified, located in the Sierra Sur, Sierra Norte and La Mixteca regions. Richness, diversity, and endemism were negatively influenced by temperature and compaction soil (r = -0.48, P < 0.01) and positively by topographic (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and soil parameters (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Sierra Norte, Sierra Sur and La Mixteca contain the greatest richness and endemism of pine species in Oaxaca. Richness is positively and negatively related to topographic and temperature variables, respectively.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Oaxaca es una región mexicana con alta riqueza de pinos. Sin embargo, la ubicación concreta donde esta se presenta y la influencia del ambiente sobre la misma es deficiente. Preguntas: ¿Dónde se ubica la mayor riqueza, diversidad y endemismo de especies de Pinus en Oaxaca?, ¿Cómo influye el ambiente sobre la riqueza, diversidad y endemismo de especies de Pinus en Oaxaca? Especies de estudio: Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus chiapensis, Pinus devoniana, Pinus douglasiana, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus herrerae, Pinus lawsonii, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus montezumae, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus pringlei, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus tecunumanii, Pinus teocote. Sitio de estudio: Oaxaca. Métodos: Se colectaron ocurrencias de especies de pino. A partir de estas se delimitaron celdas espaciales y se construyeron matrices de especies y ambientales, con las que se realizó análisis de correspondencia canónica. Se calculó la riqueza, diversidad y endemismo de pinos por celda, correlacionándolas con parámetros físico-ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 15 celdas con alta riqueza y 17 con alto endemismo, ubicadas en las regiones Sierra Sur, Sierra Norte y La Mixteca. La riqueza, diversidad y endemismo fueron influenciados negativamente por la temperatura y compactación del suelo (r = -0.48, P < 0.01) y positivamente por parámetros topográficos (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) y de suelo (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Conclusiones: La Sierra Norte, Sierra Sur y La Mixteca contienen la mayor riqueza y endemismo de especies de pino en Oaxaca. La riqueza se relaciona positiva y negativamente con variables topográficas y de temperatura, respectivamente.

Abstract Background: Altas Cumbres is a protected natural area located in the center of the state of Tamaulipas, which has not been sufficiently studied. Although legumes are a family well represented in the area, until now, no studies had been carried out to reveal their richness and distribution. Questions: How many and which legume species are found in the study area and how are they distributed along an environmental gradient? Species study: Fabaceae family. Study site and dates: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, Mexico, during 2022 and 2023. Methods: Botanical material was collected and identified using specialized bibliography; Herbarium specimens and online databases were reviewed. An analysis of similarity was carried out with the sites studied, using the Jaccard index to obtain β diversity and observe its distribution. Results: A total of 132 species were obtained, belonging to 57 genera and three subfamilies. The greatest diversity of legumes belonged to the subfamily Papilionoideae (86 species / 37 genera), followed by Caesalpinoideae (41/18) and finally Cercidoideae (5/2). Herbaceous plants were dominant with respect to woody plants. Most species were recorded in an elevation range between 300 and 499 m asl, in submontane scrub and pine-oak forest communities. Conclusions: Altas Cumbres is an important reservoir for legumes from Tamaulipas and Sierra Madre Oriental considering its high richness and endemism (33 species restricted to Mexico).

Resumen Antecedentes: Altas Cumbres es un área natural protegida ubicada en el centro del estado de Tamaulipas, la cual no ha sido suficientemente estudiada. A pesar de que las leguminosas son una familia bien representada en la zona, hasta ahora, no se habían realizado estudios que dieran a conocer su riqueza y distribución. Preguntas: ¿Cuántas y cuáles especies de leguminosas se encuentran en el área de estudio y cómo se distribuyen en un gradiente ambiental? Especies de estudio: Familia Fabaceae. Sitio y años de estudio: Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México, de 2022 a 2023. Métodos: Se colectó material botánico y se identificó taxonómicamente utilizando bibliografía especializada; además de revisar ejemplares de herbario y bases de datos en línea. Se realizó un análisis de similitud con los sitios estudiados, utilizando el índice de Jaccard para obtener la diversidad β y observar su distribución en un gradiente ambiental. Resultados: Se registró un total de 132 especies, pertenecientes a 57 géneros y tres subfamilias de Fabaceae. La subfamilia Papilionoideae presentó la mayor diversidad (86 especies / 37 géneros), seguidas por las Caesalpinoideae (41/18) y por último las Cercidoideae (5/2). Las plantas herbáceas fueron dominantes con respecto a las leñosas. La mayoría de las especies se registraron en un rango de altitud entre los 300 a 499 m snm, en matorral submontano y bosque de pino-encino. Conclusiones: Altas Cumbres es un reservorio importante para las leguminosas de Tamaulipas y de la Sierra Madre Oriental, considerando su alta riqueza y endemismo (33 especies restringidas para México).

Abstract Background: Lobelia villaregalis is an endemic and endangered species in Jalisco, Mexico. Knowing the structure and genetic diversity of populations of species at risk can contribute to improving strategies for their conservation. This information has not been generated for L. villaregalis. Questions: 1) Does L. villaregalis present low levels of genetic diversity?, 2) Are there genetic differences between its populations?. Studied species: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbaceous perennial. Study site and dates: During 2018-2020, field work was carried out in El Bosque La Primavera Natural Protected Area, in Zapopan, Jalisco, in order to locate new populations of the species and collect leaf material. Methods: The diversity and genetic structure of 87 individuals in five populations were evaluated using ISSR molecular markers. Results: The average genetic diversity of L. villaregalis is low (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) as well as the total diversity (HT = 0.069). Molecular analysis of variance showed that most of the genetic variation (92 %) occurred within populations. The Mantel test indicates that there is no correlation between the genetic distances and the geographical distances for the five populations of the species (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). With the genetic assignment analysis, 4 groups were identified, however there is no genetic structure (GST = 0.060). Conclusions: Lobelia villaregalis requires urgent actions of conservation to maintain the genetic diversity present in all its populations, giving the highest priority to three of them.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lobelia villaregalis es una especie endémica y en peligro de extinción en Jalisco, México. Conocer la estructura y diversidad genética de las poblaciones de especies en riesgo puede contribuir a mejorar las estrategias para su conservación. Esta información no se ha generado para L. villaregalis. Preguntas: 1) ¿Presenta L. villaregalis niveles bajos de diversidad genética?, 2) ¿Existen diferencias genéticas entre sus poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Lobelia villaregalis T.J. Ayers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae), herbácea perenne. Sitio y años de estudio: Durante 2018-2020 se realizó trabajo de campo en el Área Natural Protegida Bosque La Primavera, Zapopan, Jalisco, para localizar nuevas poblaciones de la especie y recolectar material foliar. Métodos: Se evaluó la diversidad y estructura genética de 87 individuos en cinco poblaciones utilizando marcadores moleculares ISSR. Resultados: La diversidad genética promedio de L. villaregalis es baja (He = 0.057, P = 48.17 %, I = 0.110) así como la diversidad total (HT = 0.069). El análisis de varianza molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación genética (92 %) ocurrió dentro de las poblaciones. La prueba de Mantel indica que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias geográficas para las cinco poblaciones estudiadas (R = 0.64, P = 0.18). Con el análisis de asignación genética se identificaron 4 grupos, sin embargo, no existe estructura genética (GST = 0.060). Conclusiones: Lobelia villaregalis requiere acciones urgentes de conservación para mantener la diversidad genética de todas sus poblaciones, dando máxima prioridad a tres de ellas.

Abstract The article proposes an approach to the Federal Participatory Forums, instances created by the Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity of the Argentine Nation, between 2020 and 2022, as spaces for participation, listening and dialogue with different organizations and movements of women and diversities. We make a first approach to these spaces based on the analysis of the documents and reports generated by the Ministry regarding the National Action Plan against Gender-Based Violence (2020-2022/2022-2024) and the National Equality Plan Diversity (2021-2023), within the framework of research that reflects on the processes of institutionalization of gender demands and problems based on the link between movements and the State(s). The work proposes, in the first instance, to problematize the notion of institutionalization by thinking about its symbolic dimension (Cortés, 2008) as a way to make the approaches to these processes more complex. To this end, contributions from decolonial feminisms are incorporated (Lugones, 2008; Espinosa Miñoso, 2007), which in addition to recognizing the constitutively gendered character of the State (Vianna and Lowenkron, 2017b), incorporate criticism of its coloniality. At the same time, we focus on the contributions of Fraser (1993) and decolonial feminisms, to stress the entry into public spaces in order to provide some questions to analyze the Forums as spaces of participation. Towards the end, we focus on raising some dimensions that enable us to continue the research in pursuit of this central node to feminisms: the knots and possible tasks with the State (Anzorena, 2019).

Resumen El artículo propone una aproximación a los Foros Federales Participativos, instancias creadas por el Ministerio de las Mujeres, Géneros y Diversidad de la Nación Argentina, entre el 2020 y el 2022, como espacios de participación, escucha y diálogo con diferentes organizaciones y movimientos de mujeres y diversidades. Hacemos una primera aproximación a estos espacios a partir del análisis de los documentos e informes generados por el Ministerio en torno al Plan Nacional de Acción contra las Violencias por Motivos de Género (2020-2022/2022-2024) y el Plan Nacional de Igualdad en la Diversidad (2021-2023), en el marco de investigaciones que reflexionan en torno a los procesos de institucionalización de las demandas y problemáticas de género a partir del vínculo entre los movimientos y el/los Estado(s). El trabajo propone, en primera instancia, problematizar la noción de institucionalización a partir de pensar su dimensión simbólica (Cortés, 2008) como una forma de complejizar los abordajes de estos procesos. Para ello se incorporan aportes de los feminismos decoloniales (Lugones, 2008; Espinosa Miñoso, 2007), que además de reconocer el carácter constitutivamente generizado del Estado (Vianna y Lowenkron, 2017b), incorporan la crítica sobre la colonialidad del mismo. A su vez, nos centramos en los aportes de Fraser (1993) y los feminismos decoloniales, para tensionar el ingreso a los espacios públicos en pos de aportar algunos interrogantes para analizar los Foros como espacios de participación. Hacia el final, nos centramos en plantear algunas dimensiones que nos habiliten a continuar la investigación en pos de este nudo central a los feminismos: los anudamientos y quehaceres posibles con el Estado (Anzorena, 2019).

Abstract Background: Epiphytic mosses are one of the most common groups in forest environments but among the most neglected by researchers in Mexico. Questions: What is the epiphytic mosses diversity, measured in richness, turnover, and community composition in Mexican forests? Species of study: Epiphytic mosses. Study site and years: Humid mountain forest, pine-oak and tropical evergreen forests. Study period: 2015 to 2021. Methods: Through a literature review and field work we compiled data on epiphytic mosses in three forest types in Mexico. We assessed the data using alpha and beta diversity analysis, indicator species, and community composition. Additionally, we explored the influence of elevation and forest type on the observed diversity patterns. Results: We report a richness of 147 species of epiphytic mosses across three types of Mexican forests. The humid mountain forest was the best sampled forest with the highest moss species richness. Although species richness is different for the forests studied, species turnover is similar among them. We demonstrated that elevation and forest type are highly correlated with species richness of epiphytic mosses. Conclusions: The epiphytic mosses studied here collectively represent over 15 % of the moss richness of Mexico. Forest type and elevation seem to be the drivers of this widely distributed richness. Finally, we call for more in-depth studies of the forests presented here, as well as those in other latitudes including variables such as humidity and host traits, to provide a more complete picture of an overlooked Mexican flora.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los musgos epífitos son uno de los grupos más comunes en ambientes forestales, pero de los más desatendidos de México. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la riqueza, recambio y composición de la comunidad de musgos epífitos en los bosques de México? Especies de estudio: Musgos epífitos. Sitios y años de estudio: Bosque húmedo de montaña, de pino-encino y tropical perennifolio. Periodo de estudio: 2015-2021. Métodos: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo recopilamos datos de musgos epífitos en tres tipos de bosques de México. Evaluamos los datos mediante análisis de diversidad alfa y beta, especies indicadoras y composición de la comunidad. Además, exploramos la influencia de la altitud y el tipo de bosque en los patrones de diversidad observados. Resultados: Reportamos una riqueza de 147 especies de musgos epífitos para tres tipos de bosques de México. El bosque húmedo de montaña es el mejor muestreado y con la mayor riqueza de musgos. El recambio de especies es similar entre los bosques estudiados. Constatamos que la elevación y el tipo de bosque están relacionados con la riqueza de musgos epífitos. Conclusiones: Los musgos epífitos estudiados aquí representan más del 15 % de la riqueza de musgos de México. El tipo de bosque y la elevación parecen ser los impulsores de esta riqueza ampliamente distribuida. Finalmente, continuar la exploración de los bosques estudiados aquí, así como de aquellos en otras latitudes incluyendo variables como la humedad y rasgos de los árboles hospederos, es urgente para mejorar el conocimiento de esta flora mexicana.