ABSTRACT: With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. ABSTRACT plants characteristics beans productivity 5 1 cultivars measurements clone (GY interaction drying peeling assessed LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS3220 AS5 AS 2551 25 51 25.51% 1217 12 17 12.17% Conversely BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P N1 P60 1915 19 15 19.15% 1402 14 02 14.02 mean values 194 4 19.4% 627 62 7 62.7% 179 9 17.9 high medium respectively strategies LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS322 255 2 25.51 121 12.17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 P6 191 19.15 140 0 14.0 19.4 6 62.7 17. BRS12 BRS32 25.5 12.1 BG1 19.1 14. 19. 62. BRS1 BRS3 25. 12.

RESUMO: Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados. RESUMO cafeicultura plantas favoráveis processados produtividade 5 1 registradas clone GA. GA . (GA) secagem individualmente outra eles LB30 LB BRS1216 BRS LB12 N7 N LB10 LB20 BRS322 AS 2551 25 51 25,51 1217 12 17 12,17% lado BG180 BG GJ30 GJ GJ20 AS7 AS10 P42 P P6 1915 19 15 19,15 1402 14 02 14,02% valores 194 4 19,4 627 62 7 62, 179 9 17,9 alto baixo (GA LB3 BRS121 LB1 LB2 BRS32 255 2 25,5 121 12,17 BG18 GJ3 GJ2 AS1 P4 191 19,1 140 0 14,02 19, 6 17, BRS12 BRS3 25, 12,1 BG1 14,0 BRS1 12, 14,

Resumen Introducción. El garbanzo se consideró durante muchos años una especie de hospedero restringido para la nodulación, aunque estudios recientes describen una mayor diversidad bacteriana asociada al cultivo que permita incrementar los conocimientos acerca de esta simbiosis para obtener aislados eficientes en su contribución. Objetivo. Caracterizar e identificar un aislado obtenido a partir de nódulos de plantas de garbanzo y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se desarrolló en los laboratorios de dos centros: Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”, Cuba y en el Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, México, así como en condiciones campo en dos campañas durante los años 2018 y 2020, para demostrar su efectividad en la interacción del cultivo en el primer centro. El aislado R3 se identificó a nivel taxonómico mediante la secuenciación de cuatro genes. Para los experimentos en condiciones de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, mientras que los ensayos con plantas se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques al azar. Los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon según el test de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados. El aislado R3 mostró variabilidad en cuanto a sus características morfo-fisiológico y bioquímicas. Además, tuvo respuesta con diferencias significativas con respecto al resto de los tratamientos en los indicadores de crecimiento y rendimiento evaluados en el garbanzo. Conclusión. Se identificó por primera vez en Cuba Rhizobium pusense asociado a nódulos de garbanzo. La cepa mostró un crecimiento positivo a pH entre 5,5 y 9,0 y rangos de temperatura desde 29 ºC hasta 38 ºC, lo que evidencia su tolerancia a estos factores. Su inoculación en garbanzo estimuló la formación de nódulos e incrementó variables del rendimiento.

Abstract Introduction. Chickpea has been considered a restricted host species for nodulation, although recent studies describe a greater bacterial diversity associated with the crop to increase the knowledge about this symbiosis in orden to obtain efficient isolates in its contribution. Objective. To characterize and identify an isolate obtained from chickpea plant nodules and evaluate its effectiveness under field conditions. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the laboratories of two centers: the Institute of Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture “Alejandro de Humboldt,” Cuba, and the National Center for Genetic Resources, Mexico, as well as under field conditions in two campaigns during the years 2018 and 2020 to demonstrate its effectiveness in crop interaction in the first center. The isolate R3 was taxonomically identified through the sequencing of four genes. For laboratory experiments, a completely randomized design was used, while plant trials were conducted under a randomized block design. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test (p<0.05). Results. The isolate R3 showed variability in terms of its morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. Furthermore, it exhibited significant differences compared to the other treatments in the growth and yield indicators evaluated in chickpea. Conclusions. Rhizobium pusense associated with chickpea nodules was identified for the first time in Cuba. The strain demonstrates growth at pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0 and temperature ranges from 29 °C to 38 °C, indicating its tolerance to these factors. Its inoculation in chickpea stimulates nodule formation and increased yield-related variables.

RESUMEN Desde finales de 2019, la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha traído consigo desafíos globales sin precedentes, afectando profundamente las estructuras socioeconómicas en todo el mundo. América Latina, conocida por su diversidad económica y social, ha sentido estos impactos de manera significativa. En este escenario, la protección social no contributiva se ha revelado como un pilar fundamental para contrarrestar las adversidades económicas y sociales de la crisis sanitaria, en especial para aquellos sectores de la población que quedan fuera del alcance de los sistemas tradicionales de seguridad social basados en contribuciones laborales. El artículo examina las respuestas políticas y sociales implementadas en la región en respuesta a la crisis sanitaria a través de una variedad de estrategias, incluyendo transferencias monetarias directas, programas de protección del empleo, y medidas de asistencia sanitaria. Este análisis proporciona una visión integral de la situación y destaca la relevancia de las medidas de emergencia en tiempos de crisis y su papel en la construcción de un futuro más seguro y justo para la región.

ABSTRACT Since the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented global challenges, deeply affecting socioeconomic structures worldwide. Latin America, known for its economic and social diversity, has significantly felt these impacts. In this scenario, non-contributory social protection has emerged as a fundamental pillar to counteract the economic and social adversities of the health crisis, especially for those sectors of the population that are beyond the reach of traditional social security systems based on labour contributions. The article examines the political and social responses implemented in the region in response to the health crisis through a variety of strategies, including direct monetary transfers, employment protection programs, and health assistance measures. This analysis provides a comprehensive view of the situation, highlighting the importance of emergency measures in times of crisis and their role in building a safer and more just future for the region.

Abstract: The main objective of the article is to analyze the perception of Costa Rican teachers regarding the ethical use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in their educational work. The paper deals with AI in education, its definition, characteristics and how it is perceived by Costa Rican teachers at the elementary, high school and university levels. It also discusses the ethical considerations regarding its use for educational purposes and the diversity of AI tools, their application and the experiences that teachers have had with them. The research was conducted using a concurrent mixed methods approach and relied on descriptive analysis techniques. For data collection, 134 teachers from all educational backgrounds in Costa Rica responded to a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative strategies. The results show that teachers have limited knowledge about the use of Artificial Intelligence for educational purposes. Also, although some of them consider that AI could be useful to support students, they are not aware of the possibilities that AI offers to adapt content for individualized learning. The article concludes that teachers are aware of the importance of the AI approach and the ethical implications of using it in the classroom. Finally, there is a need for better training on how to best use AI tools.

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo centrouse em analisar a percepção que o pessoal docente costarriquenho tem sobre o uso ético da inteligência artificial (IA) em seu trabalho educativo. O documento investiga a inteligência artificial na educação, abordando sua definição, características e como ela é percebida pelo pessoal docente nos níveis primário, secundário e universitário da Costa Rica. Examina também as considerações éticas na sua implementação no ensino e a diversidade das ferramentas de IA, a sua aplicação e a experiência do pessoal docente no seu uso. A investigação foi realizada usando um enfoque misto concorrente e amparada em técnicas de análise descritiva. Além disso, a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário, do qual participaram 134 docentes de toda a área educativa costarriquenha. Para análise dos dados foram utilizadas estratégias qualitativas e quantitativas. Os resultados indicam que a familiaridade do pessoal docente com a inteligência artificial na educação é limitada. Da mesma forma, algumas pessoas desconhecem as capacidades da IA para adaptar o conteúdo para uma aprendizagem individualizada, embora acreditem que poderia ajudar a apoiar os estudantes. Concluise que o pessoal docente revela compreensão da importância em relação à abordagem e às implicações éticas do uso da IA em sala de aula. Por último, é necessária mais formação sobre a utilização otimizada das ferramentas de IA.

Resumen. El objetivo del artículo se enfocó en analizar la percepción que tiene el personal docente costarricense con respecto al uso ético de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en su labor educativa. El documento se adentra en la inteligencia artificial en la educación, abordando su definición, características y cómo es percibida por el personal docente de niveles de primaria, secundaria y universitaria de Costa Rica. También examina las consideraciones éticas en su implementación en la enseñanza y la diversidad de herramientas de IA, su aplicación y la experiencia de las personas docentes en su uso. La investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando un enfoque mixto concurrente y se apoyó en técnicas de análisis descriptivos. Además, la recopilación de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario, en el que participaron 134 personas docentes de todo el ámbito educativo costarricense. Para el análisis de datos, se emplearon estrategias cualitativas y cuantitativas. Los resultados indican que la familiaridad del personal docente con la inteligencia artificial en la educación es limitada. Asimismo, algunas personas des- conocen las capacidades de la IA para adaptar el contenido al aprendizaje individualizado, aunque consideran que podría ayudar a apoyar al estudiantado. Se concluye que el personal docente revela una comprensión de la importancia en relación con el abordaje y las implicaciones éticas del uso de la IA en el aula. Finalmente, es necesaria una mayor formación sobre el uso óptimo de las herramientas de IA.

Resumen: La cuenca binacional del río Zarumilla es un lugar con gran diversidad de especies y es de gran importancia para la economía de Perú y Ecuador. Estos factores socioeconómicos pueden traer consigo cambios en la distribución de las coberturas del suelo, los cuales afectan de manera negativa los ecosistemas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios de cobertura y uso de suelo durante el periodo 1992-2022 y construir una proyección al año 2040 siguiendo las tendencias de uso actuales y su patrón histórico. Se usaron mapas de cobertura y uso de suelo de los años 1992 y 2022, así como información georreferenciada que fue usada para encontrar los factores condicionantes para el cambio de suelo. El modelo de prospección se basó en la implementación de cadenas de Markov y autómatas celulares usando factores condicionantes para construir una proyección más precisa. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una pérdida neta de 11378 hectáreas de bosque durante el periodo 1992-2022, ocurriendo el 87.7% de esta pérdida en el lado ecuatoriano de la cuenca. A este ritmo se puede prospectar una pérdida de bosque de 10552 hectáreas para el periodo 2022-2040, de igual manera prevista principalmente en el lado ecuatoriano. El modelo prospectivo también resalta que los principales cambios se producirán en áreas de baja altitud y en proximidad a fuentes hídricas y carreteras. Esta es una pérdida alarmante de bosque nativo, la cual se puede evitar mediante la creación de políticas de desarrollo sostenible y programas de ordenamiento territorial.

Abstract: The binational basin of the Zarumilla River is a place with great species diversity and is particularly important to the economy of Peru and Ecuador. These socioeconomic factors can lead to changes in land cover distribution, which negatively affect ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate changes in land cover and use during the period 1992-2022 and to generate a projection for the year 2040 following current usage trends and historical patterns. Land cover and use maps from 1992 and 2022 were used, along with georeferenced information that was employed to identify the conditioning factors for land change. The prospection model was based on the implementation of Markov chains and cellular automata using conditioning factors to build a more accurate projection. The results obtained reflect a net loss of 11378 hectares of forest during the period 1992-2022, with 87.7% of this loss occurring on the Ecuadorian side of the watershed. At this rate, a forest loss of 10552 hectares can be projected for the period 2022-2040, similarly projected mainly on the Ecuadorian side. The projection model also highlights that the main changes will occur in low-altitude areas and in proximity to water sources and roads. This is an alarming loss of native forest, which can be avoided through the creation of sustainable development policies and land-use planning programs.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

ABSTRACT Discrimination and gender-based violence directed against the LGBTIQ+ population have been structured over the years in a heteronormative, sexist, patriarchal and religious society, thus causing serious violations of human rights related to factors in the commission of crimes such as homicide, feminicide and torture; Something characteristic of the commission of these acts is the systematicity and the factor of sexual and gender diversity by which they are carried out, in order to adapt a conservative thought implemented in society, causing different forms of discrimination, hate speech and intersectionality. that affect the full development and guarantee of a dignified life for the LGBTIQ+ population. Due to the anxiety generated in the LGBTIQ+ population, and added to this the historical feature of this systematic violence, it is necessary and interesting to address the perspective of crimes against humanity from an analysis of sexual diversity as an indisputable factor that gender and sexual diversities must have an intervention and application of the classifications contemplated in the Rome Statute, seeking that these international instruments fully adapt to present social realities and that have caused concern and obligations in the international community for a full guarantee of rights and social equality for the LGBTIQ+ population.

RESUMEN La discriminación y las violencias basadas en género dirigidas en contra de la población LGBTIQ+ se han estructurado a través de los años en una sociedad heteronormativa, machista, patriarcal y religiosa, causando así graves violaciones a derechos humanos relacionada a factores de comisión de delitos como el homicidio, feminicidio y la tortura. Algo característico de la comisión de estos actos es la sistematicidad y el factor de diversidad sexual y de género por el cual se realizan, con el fin de adaptar un pensamiento conservador implementado en la sociedad, causando diferentes formas de discriminación, discursos de odio e interseccionalidad que afectan el pleno desarrollo y la garantía de una vida digna para la población LGBTIQ+. Debido a la zozobra generada en la población LGBTIQ+, y sumado a ello el rasgo histórico de esta violencia sistemática, resulta necesario e interesante abordar la perspectiva de los delitos de lesa humanidad desde un análisis de la diversidad sexual como factor indiscutible de que el género y las diversidades sexuales deben contar con una intervención y aplicación de las tipificaciones contempladas en el Estatuto de Roma, buscando que estos instrumentos internacionales se adapten plenamente a realidades sociales presentes, que han causado en la comunidad internacional preocupación y obligaciones para una plena garantía de derechos e igualdad social para la población LGBTIQ+.

Abstract Introduction Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the peripheral vestibular dysfunction that most affects people worldwide, but its etiopathogenesis is still not fully understood. Considering the etiological diversity, some studies highlight the association between BPPV and thyroid diseases. Objective To investigate the association between thyroid diseases and BPPV. Data Synthesis Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies searched in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. Studies that were fully available and investigated the association between BPPV and thyroid diseases were selected. The articles that composed the meta-analysis were analyzed using the dichotomous model, the Mantel-Haenszel statistical test, odds ratio (OR), and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 67 articles retrieved from the databases, 7 met the eligibility criteria of the systematic review, and 4 had data necessary to perform the meta-analysis. Qualitative analysis revealed that the studies were conducted in the European and Asian continents. The predominant methodological design was the case-control type, and thyroid dysfunctions, hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto thyroiditis occurred more frequently. The meta-analysis showed no association between hypothyroidism and BPPV; however, there was a statistically significant relationship between Hashimoto thyroiditis and BPPV. Conclusion The meta-analysis results suggest a possible association between BPPV and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Nevertheless, we emphasize the need for further studies to elucidate the evidence obtained. (BPPV worldwide understood diversity metaanalysis meta PubMed Science Embase Library databases selected model MantelHaenszel Mantel Haenszel test OR, OR , (OR) 95 CI. CI . (CI) 6 metaanalysis. analysis. continents casecontrol case control type dysfunctions frequently however Nevertheless obtained (OR 9 (CI

Abstract Background: Traditional agroforestry systems (AFS) can maintain native plant diversity through different peasant practices. Questions: How much AFS maintain the composition, diversity and abundance of perennial plants? What variations are there among different types of vegetation? Studied species: Perennial plant species occurring in AFS associated with columnar cacti forests, temperate forests, thorn forests, rosetophyllous forests and tropical deciduous forests. Study site and dates: 13 communities of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, in Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. Revision of works and own data published between 2010 and 2020. Methods: We evaluated the floristic composition, diversity conservation capacity and abundance of individuals by means of a redundancy analysis, the estimation of effective numbers of species and generalized linear models in 30 AFS and 30 samples of the wild vegetation from which they derive. Results: The AFS analyzed can maintain 68 % of the species richness and 34 % of the individuals of perennial plants present in the surrounding wild vegetation. The AFS and wild vegetation are similar in terms of species composition and diversity, although in the case of the thorn forest there is a clear reduction in the number of species and a change in the composition. The abundance of individuals is notoriously lower in the AFS. Conclusions: The AFS are an alternative capable of safeguarding a significant part of the native plant diversity of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. The fair valuation and promotion of agroecological peasant management through AFS should be considered in the policies of biodiversity conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales (SAF) son capaces de mantener la diversidad vegetal nativa mediante diferentes prácticas campesinas. Preguntas: ¿En qué medida los SAF mantienen la composición, diversidad y abundancia de plantas perennes? ¿Qué variaciones hay entre distintos tipos de vegetación? Especies de estudio: Plantas perennes presentes en SAF asociados a bosques de cactáceas columnares, bosques templados, bosques espinosos, matorrales rosetófilos y selvas bajas caducifolias. Sitio y años de estudio: 13 comunidades del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, en Oaxaca y Puebla, México. Revisión de trabajos y datos propios publicados entre 2010 y 2020. Métodos: Evaluamos la composición florística, capacidad de conservación de diversidad y abundancia de individuos mediante un análisis de redundancia, la estimación de números efectivos de especies y modelos lineales generalizados en 30 SAF y 30 muestreos de la vegetación silvestre de la que derivan. Resultados: Los SAF analizados son capaces de mantener 68 % de la riqueza de especies y 34 % de los individuos de plantas perennes presentes en la vegetación silvestre circundante. Los SAF y la vegetación silvestre son semejantes en términos de composición y diversidad de especies, aunque en el caso del bosque espinoso hay una clara reducción del número de especies y un cambio en la composición. La abundancia de individuos es notoriamente menor en los SAF. Conclusiones: Los SAF son una alternativa capaz de resguardar una parte significativa de la diversidad vegetal nativa. La justa valoración y la promoción del manejo campesino agroecológico mediante SAF debe ser considerado en las políticas de conservación.

Abstract Background: Information about temperate communities is insufficient, and this is particularly evident in the state of Michoacán. Questions: How is a temperate ecosystem established in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) organized in terms of its composition, structure, and specific diversity? Study Site and Date: The analysis was conducted in the fall and winter of 2018 in the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park in Uruapan, Michoacán, Mexico. Methods: In 18 plots of 0.1 hectares (20 × 50 m), woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 2.5 cm were recorded. Information was collected on the number of individuals and stems, basal area, canopy cover, height, alpha diversity, and units were grouped using multivariate techniques. Results: In 1.8 hectares, 55 species were recorded, belonging to 42 genera and 32 families. Pinaceae was the most diverse family with 8 species, followed by Asteraceae with 9 species. Density (500-1,330 individuals per hectare), stems (650-3,040 per hectare), canopy cover (10,999-46,390 m2 ha-1), DBH (9.2-18.9 cm), height (6.5-12 m), and species richness (6-17) varied among plots. 75 % of the basal area (20.1 m2 ha-1) was contributed by pines, oaks contributed 14 % (3.6 m2 ha-1), and 11 % came from other species (2.9 m2 ha-1). Conclusions: The forest ecosystems in the park exhibit ecological properties typical of temperate forests in the TMVB. This study serves as a reference point for establishing quantifiable ecological restoration goals in the park.

Resumen Antecedentes: La información sobre las comunidades templadas es insuficiente, y esto se manifiesta de manera particular en el estado de Michoacán. Preguntas: ¿Cómo está constituido un ecosistema templado establecido en el Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano (CVTM) en relación con su composición, estructura y diversidad? Sitio y años de estudio: El análisis se llevó a cabo en el otoño e inverno del 2018 en el Parque Nacional Barranca del Cupatitzio en Uruapan, Michoacán, México. Métodos: En 18 parcelas de 0.1 ha (20 × 50 m) se registraron plantas leñosas con un diámetro a la altura de 1.3 m (DAP) ≥ 2.5 cm y se registró el número de individuos y tallos, área basal, cobertura de copa, altura total, la diversidad alfa y se agruparon las unidades con técnicas multivariadas. Resultados: En 1.8 ha se registraron 55 especies, en 42 géneros y 32 familias. Pinaceae fue la más diversa (8) seguida de Asteraceae (9). La densidad (500-1,330 ind. ha-1), los tallos (650-3,040 ind. ha-1), la cobertura (10,999-46,390 m2ha-1), el DAP (9.2-18.9 cm), la altura (6.5-12 m) y la riqueza (6-17) varían entre parcelas. El 75 % del área basal (20.1 m2 ha-1) fue aportada por los pinos, los encinos contribuyeron con el 14 % (3.6 m2 ha-1) y el 11 % fue de otras especies (2.9 m2 ha-1). Conclusiones: Los ecosistemas forestales del parque mantienen propiedades ecológicas características de los bosques templados del CVTM. Este estudio sirve como punto de referencia para establecer metas de restauración ecológica en el parque explícitamente cuantificables.

Resumen: Esta investigación aborda la diversidad de rasgos en el mercado minorista mexicano, buscando identificar atributos comunes fundamentales entre los consumidores de tiendas de retail. El objetivo es analizar las variaciones en las preferencias de distintos tipos de consumidores con respecto a las estrategias de precios implementadas por un supermercado y cómo estas contribuyen a una experiencia transformadora. Se destacan cinco segmentos de consumidores prósperos: i) myopic switcher light, ii) strategic switchers light, iii) myopic switchers heavy, iv) strategic loyal heavy, y v) myopic loyal light. La aplicación del enfoque de segmentación permite a los tomadores de decisiones discernir estrategias más aceptadas en cada segmento, facilitando la comprensión de cómo abordar efectivamente las características distintivas de los consumidores. Este enfoque informado proporciona un marco valioso para especialistas y tomadores de decisiones de marketing, permitiéndoles adaptar estrategias específicas según las preferencias diferenciadas de los consumidores en el mercado minorista mexicano. La investigación destaca la viabilidad de adoptar estrategias de precios basadas en la segmentación de mercado en distintas regiones, ofreciendo hitos prácticos para eficientizar la implementación de tácticas de precios en el contexto retail en México.

Abstract: The present research addresses the diversity of traits in the Mexican retail market, aiming to find fundamental common attributes among consumers in retail stores. Aim: To examine differences in preferences among various consumer segments regarding pricing strategies implemented by a supermarket and their role in fostering a transformative experience. Five prosperous consumer segments are highlighted: i) myopic switcher light, ii) strategic switchers light, iii) myopic switchers heavy, iv) strategic loyal heavy, and v) myopic loyal light. The application of the segmentation approach allows decision-makers to discern more accepted strategies in each segment, easing an understanding of how to effectively address the distinctive characteristics of consumers. This informed approach supplies a valuable framework for specialists and marketing decision-makers, enabling them to adapt specific strategies grounded regarding the diverse preferences exhibited by consumers in the Mexican retail sector. The research highlights the feasibility of adopting market segmentation-based pricing strategies in various regions, providing practical milestones to streamline the implementation of pricing tactics in the Mexican retail context.

RESUMEN En la Iglesia Católica, los Movimientos Eclesiales y las Nuevas Comunidades son una realidad plural. Constituyen un mosaico de carismas, con énfasis distintos y complementarios: conversión y fraternidad, obras de misericordia y promoción humana, renovación carismática y sacramental, espiritualidad ecuménica y unidad cristiana. El propósito de este artículo es analizar la comprensión conciliar del carisma laico y los énfasis del tema en el magisterio posterior, considerando los Movimientos y las Comunidades en la perspectiva de la vocación bautismal a la santidad y el apostolado. Los elementos teológicos y eclesiales subrayados afirman la misión de los laicos en la Iglesia-comunión (Vaticano II), con sus carismas abiertos a los signos de los tiempos (Pablo VI), con base en una espiritualidad y disciplina propias en vista del apostolado (Papas Juan Pablo II y Benedicto XVI), por fin con el llamamiento a la misión en salida (Papa Francisco). El análisis concluye que hombres y mujeres laicos (o seglares) evangelizan en virtud del bautismo, según el carácter secular de su vocación en el mundo; y evalúa la contribución de cada pontífice para el liderazgo laico, en tiempos de reforma misionera de la Iglesia. Católica plural complementarios fraternidad humana sacramental cristiana posterior Iglesiacomunión comunión Vaticano II, , II) VI, VI VI) Papas XVI, XVI XVI) Papa Francisco. Francisco . Francisco) o seglares bautismo mundo

ABSTRACT In the Catholic Church, the Ecclesial Movements and the New Communities are a plural reality. They form a mosaic of charisms, with distinct and complementary emphases: conversion and fraternity, works of mercy and human promotion, charismatic and sacramental renewal, ecumenical spirituality, and unity of Christians. The purpose of this article is to analyze the II Vatican Council’s understanding of the lay charism and its emphasis in the later magisterium, considering the Movements and the Communities from the perspective of the baptismal vocation to holiness and apostolate. The theological and ecclesial elements underlined affirm the mission of the laity in the Church-communion (II Vatican Council), with their charisms open to the signs of the times (Paul VI), based on their own spirituality and discipline in view of the apostolate (John Paul II and Benedict XVI), and the recent call to the outgoing mission (Pope Francis). The analysis concludes that lay men and women (or laity) evangelize by virtue of baptism, according to the secular character of their vocation in the world; and assesses each pontiff’s emphasis on lay leadership in times of missionary reform of the Church. Church reality emphases fraternity promotion renewal Christians Councils Council s magisterium Churchcommunion communion Council, , Council) VI, VI VI) John XVI, XVI XVI) Pope Francis. Francis . Francis) or baptism world pontiffs pontiff

ABSTRACT After centuries of fractures, the 20th century became known as the century of ecumenism. The confessionalization of the second half of the 16th century, leading to the Thirty Years’ War, deepened the distance between the churches in the West. The efforts of Protestant Pietism and the Enlightenment sought to break down confessional boundaries, but it wasn’t until the 19th century onwards did concrete ecumenical ties occur. In the 20th century, the Second Vatican Council represented and fostered a new revival of ecumenism. The aim of this article is not to properly analyze the ecumenical dimension of the Second Vatican Council, but, based on its ecclesiological conception, to identify similarities with Protestant ecclesiology, in particular, Lutheran ecclesiology. We will begin with an analysis of the Lutheran Reformation’s conception, to identify approximations to the Roman Catholic ecclesiology of Vatican II. Finally, we will bring some Roman Catholic and Protestant theologians into dialogue, seeking to identify ecumenical possibilities from the perspective of unity in reconciled diversity. fractures th ecumenism Years War West boundaries wasnt wasn t occur conception particular Reformations Reformation s II Finally dialogue diversity

RESUMO Após séculos de fraturas, o século XX se tornou conhecido como o século do ecumenismo. A confessionalização da segunda metade do século XVI, levando à Guerra dos Trinta Anos, aprofundou o distanciamento entre as igrejas no Ocidente. Os esforços do Pietismo protestante e do Iluminismo buscaram romper com as fronteiras confessionais, mas somente a partir do século XIX, ocorrem laços ecumênicos concretos. Já no século XX, o Concílio Vaticano II fomentou novo reavivamento do ecumenismo. O objetivo deste artigo não é analisar propriamente a dimensão ecumênica do Concílio Vaticano II, mas, a partir de sua concepção eclesiológica, identificar aproximações com a eclesiologia protestante, em particular, a luterana. Iniciaremos com uma análise da concepção de Igreja pela Reforma Luterana, depois buscaremos aproximações à eclesiologia católico-romana do Vaticano II. Finalmente, colocaremos alguns teólogos católico-romanos e protestantes em diálogo, buscando identificar possibilidades ecumênicas na perspectiva da unidade na diversidade reconciliada. fraturas ecumenismo XVI Anos Ocidente confessionais XIX concretos eclesiológica particular luterana Luterana católicoromana católico romana Finalmente católicoromanos romanos diálogo reconciliada

Resumo A primeira parte deste dossiê refletiu sobre a dinâmica da vergonha e do orgulho como eixo articulador do universo LGTB no contexto espanhol. Esta segunda parte retoma esse eixo de análise, mas se concentra em quatro países latino-americanos: México, Porto Rico, Cuba e Argentina. As histórias de vida, autobiografias, poemas, cartas e material de imprensa estudados nos diferentes artigos confirmam a hipótese de que o orgulho não é a experiência dominante a partir da década de 1970, nem a vergonha reina de forma homogênea no período anterior. Há, no entanto, uma especificidade própria da América Latina –além de sua diversidade lógica– na maneira como a vergonha e o orgulho se configuram entre os sujeitos dissidentes devido às circunstâncias políticas e socioeconômicas específicas da região. Assim, a vergonha não está vinculada apenas ao gênero e à sexualidade, mas também à classe social, à raça ou ao status socioeconômico, enquanto o orgulho também assume formas muito heterogêneas, nem sempre de natureza pública, devido à pressão de regimes autoritários ou de sociedades mais conservadoras em decorrência do machismo e da influência determinante da religião católica.

Resumen La primera parte del presente dossier reflexionaba sobre las dinámicas de la vergüenza y el orgullo como eje articulador del universo LGTB en el contexto español. Esta segunda parte retoma ese eje de análisis, pero pone el foco en cuatro países de Latinoamérica: México, Puerto Rico, Cuba y Argentina. Las historias de vida, autobiografías, poemarios, epistolarios y material de prensa que estudian los diferentes artículos permiten confirmar la hipótesis de que ni el orgullo es la experiencia dominante a partir de los años de 1970, ni la vergüenza rige de manera homogénea en el período precedente. Hay, sin embargo, una especificidad propia de Latinoamérica –más allá de su lógica diversidad– en el modo en que la vergüenza y el orgullo se configuran entre los sujetos disidentes debido a las circunstancias políticas y socioeconómicas propias de la región. Así, la vergüenza no se vincula únicamente al género y a la sexualidad, sino también a la clase social, la raza o el estatus socioeconómico, mientras que el orgullo asume también formas muy heterogéneas, no siempre de carácter público, debido a la presión de regímenes autoritarios o de sociedades más conservadoras a consecuencia del machismo y de la influencia determinante de la religión católica.

Abstract The first part of this dossier reflected on the dynamics of shame and pride as the articulating axis of the LGTB universe in the Spanish context. This second part takes up that axis of analysis but focuses on four Latin American countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Argentina. The life stories, autobiographies, poems, letters and press material studied in the different articles confirm the hypothesis that pride is not the dominant experience from the 1970s onwards, nor does shame rule homogeneously in the preceding period. There is, however, a specificity to Latin America –beyond its logical diversity– in the way in which shame and pride are configured among dissident subjects due to the political and socioeconomic circumstances specific to the region. Thus, shame is not only linked to gender and sexuality, but also to social class, race or socio-economic status, while pride also assumes very heterogeneous forms, not always of a public nature, due to the pressure of authoritarian regimes or more conservative societies as a result of machismo and the determining influence of the Catholic religion.

Abstract Understanding forest structure and diversity allows the development and analysis of strategies for the sustainable management of natural resources. The objective of the research was to contribute to the knowledge of tree structure, as well as its regeneration capacity in an altitudinal gradient in a Natural Protected Area in Madera, Chihuahua. The study included three altitudinal intervals: lower (2 307 to 2 466 m), middle (2 466 to 2 625 m) and upper (2 625 - 2 785 m), in which 30 circular sites of 500 m2 were distributed where the diameter and height of the upper trees were measured, as well as the density of regeneration. The vertical structure was obtained with the Pretzsch index (A), in addition, the importance value index (IVI), diversity with the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and richness with Margalef (D mg ) were evaluated, as well as the renewal capacity and damage present. The values of A show the greatest structural homogeneity in interval 2; the Pinaceae family registered the highest ecological weight in the IVI; the values of H' and Dmg were higher in stratum II, however, all are considered of low diversity and richness; the species Abies concolor and Pseudotsuga menziesii, showed the highest proportion of regeneration in the community, in which suppression is the frequent damage, however, 95% of the individuals were not affected. This information is useful for the conservation of these ecologically important communities in temperate forests.

Resumen Comprender la estructura y diversidad forestal permite elaborar y analizar estrategias para el manejo sustentable de los recursos naturales. El objetivo de la investigación fue contribuir al conocimiento de la estructura arbórea, así como su capacidad de regeneración en un gradiente altitudinal en un Área Natural Protegida, en Madera, Chihuahua. El estudio comprendió tres intervalos altitudinales: inferior (2 307 a 2 466 m), medio (2 466 a 2 625 m) y superior (2 625 - 2 785 m), en los que se distribuyeron 30 sitios circulares de 500 m2 donde se midió el diámetro y altura del arbolado superior, así como la densidad de la regeneración. La estructura vertical se obtuvo con el índice de Pretzsch (A), además, se evaluó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), la diversidad con el índice de Shannon-Wiener (H’) y riqueza con Margalef (D mg ), asimismo, se estimó la capacidad de renuevo y los daños presentes. Los valores de A muestran la mayor homogeneidad estructural en el intervalo 2; la familia Pinaceae registró el peso ecológico superior en el IVI; los valores de H’ y D mg fueron superiores en el estrato II, sin embargo, todos se consideran de baja diversidad y riqueza; las especies Abies concolor y Pseudotsuga menziesii, mostraron la mayor proporción de regeneración en la comunidad, en la que la supresión es el daño frecuente, no obstante, el 95% de los individuos no presentaron afectaciones. Esta información es de utilidad para la conservación de estas comunidades de importancia ecológica en bosques templados.