Abstract Introduction: Amazonian forests with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance in the process of natural regeneration harbour many sympatric primate species. However, studies on their usage by primates are still lacking. Objective: To comprehensively study the spatial and temporal dynamics within the primate community in a regenerating forest within the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Methods: Two sets of historical data from Crees Foundation for Manu were analyzed, comprising records from January 2011 to February 2023 and corresponding to data obtained through incidental data and Terrestrial In-line Transects in three types of forest with different degrees of historical disturbance. Results: Lagothrix lagothricha and Ateles chamek showed a preference for less disturbed forests; Plecturocebus toppini, for more disturbed forests; and the other species did not show a clear preference. Regarding vertical stratification, A. chamek, L. lagothricha and Alouatta sara showed a preference for the upper stratum, P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis and Sapajus macrocephalus showed a preference for the middle and upper strata and Leontocebus weddelli and Aotus nigriceps, for the middle stratum. According to the temporal activity of each species, seven species (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, L. weddelli, and A. sara) were observed during the day, four were similar. Conclusions: The primate community varies according to disturbance gradient due to the preferences of some species. The recorded primates make a differentiated use of the vertical strata and most of them show diurnal activity.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques amazónicos con diferentes grados de perturbación antrópica en proceso de regeneración natural albergan gran cantidad de especies de primates en simpatría. Sin embargo, aún es carente el estudio de su uso por primates. Objetivos: Estudiar la dinámica espacial y temporal dentro de la comunidad de primates en un bosque en regeneración en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu. Métodos: Se analizaron dos sets de datos históricos de Crees Foundation for Manu que comprenden registros desde enero 2011 hasta febrero 2023 y corresponden a datos incidentales y transectos lineales terrestres en tres tipos de bosque con diferente grado de perturbación histórica. Resultados: Lagothrix lagothricha y Ateles chamek mostraron preferencia por bosques menos perturbados; Plecturocebus toppini, por bosques más perturbados; y las demás especies no mostraron una preferencia clara. En cuanto a la estratificación vertical, A. chamek, L. lagothricha y Alouatta sara mostraron preferencia por el estrato alto; P. toppini, Saimiri boliviensis y Sapajus macrocephalus mostraron preferencia por los estratos medio y alto, y Leontocebus weddelli y Aotus nigriceps, por el estrato medio. De acuerdo con la frecuencia horaria de cada especie se observó que siete especies (A. chamek, S. macrocephalus, S. boliviensis, P. toppini, L. lagothricha, Leontocebus weddelli y A. sara) fueron observadas durante el día, cuatro fueron similares. Conclusiones: En el estudio, la comunidad de primates cambió en el gradiente de perturbación debido a las preferencias de algunas especies. Los primates registrados hacen un uso diferenciado de los estratos verticales y la mayoría de ellos mostraron períodos de actividad diurnos.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

Resumo A porção noroeste da ecorregião Floresta Atlântica do Alto Paraná é uma das mais alteradas e fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica, da qual pouco se sabe sobre a avifauna local. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a diversidade e composição da avifauna aquática, bem como analisar os padrões de similaridade quanto a distribuição temporal e espacial destas aves nesta ecorregião. Utilizamos a transecção linear para amostragem em seis áreas úmidas (corpos d’água lênticos e lóticos), nos períodos de seca e chuva entre 2012 e 2013. Registramos 52 espécies de aves aquáticas e as riquezas das áreas mostraram-se distintas, pois apenas Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764) foram comuns às seis áreas, o que indica seleção de habitat. Quando analisada a composição das aves nos dois períodos aliada à distribuição espacial, encontramos dissimilaridades temporais acentuadas entre os ambientes com características lóticas (rio e aterro) e lênticas (lagoas). Isto mostra que, além das diferentes épocas sazonais, é necessário analisar separadamente os diferentes tipos de áreas úmidas. Por fim, apesar da extensão pequena e baixa riqueza total, a área amostrada abrigou 1/3 das aves aquáticas de água doce para o estado de São Paulo, cinco espécies migratórias e 11 novas espécies para o noroeste do estado. A heterogeneidade de ambientes aquáticos locais, forte seleção de habitat aliada à sazonalidade e ausência de outros locais úmidos em seu entorno, explicam a diversidade e distribuição destas aves estreitamente relacionadas aos corpos d’água desta desconhecida ecorregião da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract The northwestern portion of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion is one of the most disturbed and fragmented areas in the Atlantic Forest, and little is known about the local avifauna. In this study, we have described the composition and diversity of the aquatic avifauna of this region and analyzed the patterns of similarity with respect to the seasonal as well as spatial distribution. We used the line transect sampling technique in six distinct humid areas (including lentic and lotic water bodies) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013. A total of 52 species of waterfowl were recorded. The species richness of the studied areas was surprisingly distinct; only seven waterfowl species, namely Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758), Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783), Rosthramus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782), Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766), and Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764), were common to these six studied areas. This indicated that the other bird species that were observed might be habitat selective. Moreover, the analysis of the composition of birds in the two seasons (dry and rainy) combined with their spatial distributions showed significant dissimilarities between the areas with lotic (river and constructed wetland) and lentic (lagoons) characteristics. Nevertheless, despite the small extent and low total richness of the entire study area, it was found to be home to 1/3 of all freshwater aquatic birds documented in the state of São Paulo, with the record of 5 migratory species and 11 new species added to the northwest of the state. The heterogeneity of local aquatic environments, habitat selection combined with seasonality, and the absence of other humid locations in the surroundings can explain the diversity and distribution of these birds in the water bodies of this uninvestigated Atlantic Forest ecoregion.

Abstract Soil chemical analysis is a fundamental to achieve optimal cultivation conditions in a productive silvopastoral system, essential for the planning and management of this activity. The objective of this research is to map the spatial distribution of nutrients in the soil in a 5-year-old silvopastoral system composed of brachiaria-brizantha and jacarandá-da-bahia, and to analyze the effect of tree density and canopy on nutrient levels. The study was conducted at the experimental area of the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance, and Rural Extension (INCAPER) in the district of Pacotuba, ES. The delimitation of the work area was done using geographic information systems, to create a regular grid of points to enable systematic soil sampling. A total of 75 disturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.10 m to obtain quantitative soil nutrient data. High-quality images obtained using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) allowed for the overlay of soil nutrient data, pasture data, forest inventory data, and sample plot data to assist in comparative analyses. This enabled identification of the areas with lower canopy development, particularly in the northeast portion. By cross-referencing the spatialized soil nutrient data with the data obtained through RPA, it was possible to correlate them with the lower or higher development of the system. The use of RPA, together with a georeferenced database, proved to be an innovative and powerful tool to support decision-making, allowing for the monitoring of system evolution and serving as a basis for evaluating the relationship between chemical elements and tree canopies. activity 5yearold yearold 5 year old brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá da bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia levels Research Assistance INCAPER (INCAPER Pacotuba ES systems sampling 7 00.10 0010 0 0.10 10 0-0.1 Highquality High quality RPA (RPA analyses portion crossreferencing cross referencing database decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making canopies 00 00.1 001 010 0.1 1 0-0. 00. 01 0. 0-0 0-

Resumo A análise química do solo é uma prática fundamental para obter as condições ideais de cultivo em um sistema silvipastoril produtivo, além de ser essencial para o planejamento e manejo dessa atividade. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mapear a distribuição espacial dos nutrientes no solo em um sistema silvipastoril de 5 anos composto por brachiaria-brizantha e jacarandá-da-bahia, analisar o efeito da densidade das árvores e das copas nos teores de nutrientes e espacializar os dados. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), localizada no distrito de Pacotuba, ES. A delimitação da área de trabalho foi realizada com o uso de sistemas de informações geográficas, abrangendo a área cultivada, para criar uma malha regular de pontos para permitir a amostragem sistemática do solo. Foram coletadas 75 amostras deformadas de solo nas profundidades de 0-0,10 m para obtenção dos teores de nutrientes do solo. As imagens de alta qualidade obtidas pelo uso de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (ARP) permitiram sobrepor os dados de nutrientes do solo, de pastagem, do inventário florestal e das parcelas amostrais para auxiliar nas análises comparativas. Isso possibilitou a identificação de áreas com menor desenvolvimento das copas, principalmente na porção nordeste. Por meio do cruzamento dos dados de espacialização dos nutrientes do solo com os dados obtidos com o uso de ARP, foi possível correlacioná-los quanto ao menor ou maior desenvolvimento do sistema. Assim, a utilização de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas, juntamente com banco de dados georreferenciado, mostrou-se uma ferramenta inovadora e poderosa para apoio na tomada de decisões em sistemas silvipastoris, possibilitando o acompanhamento da evolução do sistema, e servir como base para avaliar a relação entre os elementos químicos e as copas das árvores. produtivo atividade sentido brachiariabrizantha brachiaria brizantha jacarandádabahia, jacarandádabahia jacarandá bahia, bahia jacarandá-da-bahia Pesquisa INCAPER, INCAPER , (INCAPER) Pacotuba ES geográficas cultivada 7 00,10 0010 0 0,10 10 0-0,1 ARP (ARP pastagem comparativas nordeste correlacionálos correlacioná los Assim georreferenciado mostrouse mostrou se silvipastoris (INCAPER 00 00,1 001 010 0,1 1 0-0, 00, 01 0, 0-0 0-

RESUMO A conservação e restauração da vegetação nativa no entorno de nascentes são de suma importância para garantir e manter a qualidade e quantidade dos recursos hídricos, possuindo caráter protetivo nas premissas legais do novo Código Florestal Brasileiro. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se neste estudo diagnosticar e propor ações de conservação ou restauração da vegetação nativa nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) de dez nascentes localizadas em ambientes com intensa ação antrópica (urbanização e mineração) na microbacia do Córrego de Fechos em Nova Lima - MG. A partir de análises in loco, foi realizado o diagnóstico ambiental das nascentes e seu entorno, sendo este baseado em diversos parâmetros, tais como: formas de uso do solo, estado de conservação da vegetação arbórea, regeneração natural, serapilheira, ocorrência de invasoras e estado de conservação do solo. A definição das melhores alternativas de restauração florestal foi realizada a partir da aplicação da chave analítica de Brancalion et al. (2015). Dentre as nascentes avaliadas, 07 foram classificadas como pouco perturbadas, 02 como muito perturbadas e apenas 01 como degradada, não sendo registrada nenhuma nascente diagnosticada como conservada. Como estratégias de restauração, são indicados o favorecimento da regeneração natural de espécies nativas e o adensamento para aquelas nascentes classificadas como pouco ou muito perturbadas, sendo o enriquecimento indicado como uma estratégia adicional para as muito perturbadas. Quanto à nascente que se encontra degradada, é indicada a introdução de espécies nativas em área total, com necessidade de uso de elevada riqueza de espécies. hídricos Brasileiro contexto objetivouse objetivou APPs (APPs urbanização mineração MG loco parâmetros solo arbórea serapilheira al 2015. 2015 . (2015) avaliadas 0 degradada conservada total 201 (2015 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT The conservation and restoration of native vegetation around springs is extremely important to guarantee and maintain the quality and quantity of water resources, having a protective nature in the legal premises of the new Brazilian Forest Code. In this context, the objective of this study was to diagnose and propose actions for the conservation or recovery of native vegetation in the Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) of ten springs located in environments with intense anthropic action (urbanization and mining) in the Córrego de Fechos microbasin in Nova Lima - MG. Based on on-site analyses, an environmental diagnosis of the springs and their surroundings was carried out, based on several parameters, such as: forms of land use, conservation status of tree vegetation, natural regeneration, litter, occurrence of invasive species and soil conservation status. The definition of the best forest restoration alternatives was carried out by applying the analytical key by Brancalion et al. (2015). Among the springs evaluated, 07 were classified as little disturbed, 02 as very disturbed and only 01 as degraded, with no spring being diagnosed as preserved. As restoration strategies, favoring the natural regeneration of native species and densification for those springs classified as little or very disturbed are recommended, with enrichment indicated as an additional strategy for those that are very disturbed. As for the spring that is degraded, the introduction of native species in the total area is recommended, with the need to use high species richness. resources Code context APPs (APPs urbanization mining MG onsite site analyses parameters litter al 2015. 2015 . (2015) evaluated 0 degraded preserved strategies recommended richness 201 (2015 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

RESUMO O manejo eficaz de florestas perturbadas requer um conhecimento adequado da dinâmica florestal. Neste estudo, avaliamos a mudança de uma floresta manejada em 18 parcelas permanentes de 1 hectare localizadas na floresta tropical de terra firme no leste da Amazônia (Brasil, Paragominas). Todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 20 cm foram avaliados em duas avaliações separadas realizadas em 2006 e 2016. Os resultados indicam que, dez anos após a exploração, a floresta manejada apresenta um desequilíbrio nas taxas de recrutamento (1,54% ao ano) e mortalidade (2,23% ao ano), sugerindo que a floresta ainda está em processo de recuperação estrutural. No entanto, a biomassa mostrou um aumento após a exploração, atingindo 28,49 toneladas por hectare. As características das mudanças indicam que a floresta está em um processo silvigenético impulsionado pela exploração madeireira. Além disso, observamos que a floresta permanece ativa e possui potencial suficiente para uma nova produção de madeira no final do ciclo de corte, considerando as mesmas espécies e tamanhos de árvores. florestal estudo Brasil, Brasil (Brasil Paragominas. Paragominas . Paragominas) DAP (DAP 2 200 2016 1,54% 154 54 (1,54 ano 2,23% 223 23 (2,23 ano, , estrutural entanto 2849 28 49 28,4 madeireira disso corte árvores 201 1,54 15 5 (1,5 2,23 22 (2,2 284 4 28, 1,5 (1, 2,2 (2, 1, (1 2, (2 (

ABSTRACT The effective management of disturbed forests requires adequate knowledge of forest dynamics. In this study, we assessed the changes in a managed forest using 18 permanent 1 ha plots located in a ‘terra firme’ tropical rainforest in the Eastern Amazon (Paragominas, Brazil). All individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 20 cm were evaluated in two separate assessments conducted in 2006 and 2016. The results show that, ten years after logging, the managed forest exhibits an imbalance between recruitment (1.54% per year) and mortality (2.23% per year) rates, indicating that it is still in the process of recovering its structure. Nevertheless, biomass tended to increase after logging (28.49 tons per hectare). The characteristics of these changes suggest that the forest is undergoing a silvigenetic process driven by the effects of logging. Furthermore, our observations indicate that the forest remains active and has sufficient potential for new timber production at the end of the cutting cycle, considering the same species and tree sizes. dynamics study terra firme Paragominas, Paragominas (Paragominas Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) DBH (DBH 2 200 2016 1.54% 154 54 (1.54 year 2.23% 223 23 (2.23 rates structure Nevertheless 28.49 2849 28 49 (28.4 hectare. hectare hectare) Furthermore cycle sizes 201 1.54 15 5 (1.5 2.23 22 (2.2 28.4 284 4 (28. 1.5 (1. 2.2 (2. 28. (28 1. (1 2. (2 (

ABSTRACT Detecting and monitoring selectively logged forests can improve the scientific knowledge related to the effects of forest degradation in tropical forests and support the environmental law enforcement of controlling and monitoring those forest activities in the Amazon region. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of forests disturbed by selective logging in Pará state, Brazil, using a time series (1992 to 2018) of Landsat images and remote sensing techniques. Forests affected by those activities were mapped using visual interpretation and semi-automatic remote sensing techniques. The results of this study showed that approximately 20% of the forests selectively logged for timber purposes were deforested in the studied area and period. We observed that the total area of forests altered by selective logging exceeded the deforested area in some years of this analysis. There was an increase in selectively logged forests within protected areas (Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands) between 1992 and 2018. Most of the selectively logged forests were spatially located in the region known as the arc of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. More recently, forests impacted by those activities have been detected in the new deforestation frontiers in western Pará. state Brazil (199 2018 techniques semiautomatic semi automatic 20 period analysis Conservation Lands 199 recently (19 201 2 19 (1 1 (

RESUMO A detecção e monitoramento de florestas exploradas seletivamente pode melhorar o conhecimento científico relacionado aos efeitos da degradação florestal em florestas tropicais e apoiar a aplicação da lei ambiental de controle e monitoramento dessas atividades florestais na região Amazônica. Neste estudo, foram analisadas a dinâmica espacial e temporal das florestas perturbadas pela exploração seletiva de madeiras no estado do Pará, utilizando uma série temporal (1992 a 2018) de imagens Landsat e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Foram mapeadas as florestas afetadas por atividades de exploração seletiva aplicando interpretação visual e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto semiautomática. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que aproximadamente 20% das florestas exploradas seletivamente para fins madeireiros foram desmatadas na área e período de estudo. Observamos que a área total de florestas alterada pela exploração seletiva de madeiras superou a área desmatada em alguns anos desta análise. Houve aumento de florestas exploradas seletivamente dentro de áreas protegidas (Unidades de Conservação e Terras Indígenas) entre 1992 e 2018. A maioria das florestas exploradas seletivamente estava localizada na região conhecida como arco do desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. Nos anos mais recentes desta análise, as florestas impactadas por atividades madeireiras foram detectadas nas novas fronteiras de desmatamento localizadas na região oeste do estado do Pará. Amazônica Pará (199 2018 semiautomática 20 análise Unidades Indígenas 199 brasileira (19 201 2 19 (1 1 (

Abstract To understand the ecoepidemiology of fleas and their interactions with domestic and wild animals, it is necessary to decode the cycles of flea abundance in relation to host species and environmental factors. The province of Misiones, known for its biodiversity and land use changes, provides an excellent study location. We assessed the diversity, prevalence, abundance, and parasitic intensity of fleas collected from 1153 rodents and opossums in various environments in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest of Argentina, considering phytogeography and land use. Our findings were consistent with previous studies conducted in humid regions of Argentina and the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Hosts with high population density exhibited greater flea prevalence and abundance, and widely distributed hosts showed higher flea species richness and diversity. Significant similarities in flea similarity indices among phytogeographic areas, especially in forest. Environments with an anthropogenic gradient exhibited marked dissimilarities, with higher species richness and diversity in less disturbed sites. These parameters may be influenced by the presence of polyxenous Ctenocephalides, Polygenis, and Adoratopsylla fleas co-infesting opossum in urban areas. These findings provide valuable insights into the ecoepidemiology of fleas, their relationships with host species, and the impact of environmental factors in a strategic Atlantic forest ecoregion. animals Misiones changes location 115 Brazil areas dissimilarities sites Ctenocephalides Polygenis coinfesting co infesting ecoregion 11 1

ABSTRACT The mangrove ecosystems are characterized by being one of the most productive, despite their poor soils, finding a great faunal richness. Meanwhile, pseudoscorpions are arachnids that inhabit all terrestrial ecosystems, and diverse in the tropics and subtropics. We evaluated the relationship of pseudoscorpions composition in mangrove forest fragments in the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo, using different metrics related to vegetation and land use. A total of 1063 individuals were collected, distributed in four families and eight species. Three indicator species of good conservation status were identified, Pachyolpium isolatum (Beier, 1931) a good indicator (A = 1.0; B = 0.93; p <0.001), and four detecting species of disturbed mangroves. The proximity to urban and tourist areas influences the composition of the community of the pseudoscorpion. The indicator capacity and the sensitivity demonstrated by the species make them a valuable argument and are considered as a tool that can indicate promptly the negative effects of certain management practices in the different mangrove forest fragments in the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo. productive soils richness Meanwhile subtropics Morrosquillo use 106 collected identified Beier, Beier (Beier 1931 1.0 10 1 0 0.93 093 93 <0.001, 0001 <0.001 , 001 <0.001) mangroves pseudoscorpion 193 1. 0.9 09 9 000 <0.00 00 19 0. <0.0 <0. <0 <

RESUMEN Los ecosistemas de manglar se caracterizan por ser uno de los más productivos, a pesar de sus suelos pobres, encontrando una gran riqueza faunística. Por su parte, los pseudoescorpiones son arácnidos que habitan en todos los ecosistemas terrestres, y diversos en los trópicos y subtrópicos. Se evaluó la relación de la composición de la comunidad de pseudoescorpiones en fragmentos de bosque de manglar en el sur del Golfo de Morrosquillo, utilizando diferentes métricas relacionadas con la vegetación y el uso del suelo. Se colectaron 1063 individuos distribuidos en cuatro familias y ocho especies. Se identificaron tres especies indicadoras de buen estado de conservación, Pachyolpium isolatum (Beier, 1931) un bueno indicador (A = 1.0; B = 0.93; p <0.001) y cuatro especies detectoras de manglares perturbados. La proximidad a zonas urbanas y turísticas influye en la composición de la comunidad del pseudoescorpiones. La capacidad indicadora y la sensibilidad demostrada por las especies las convierten en un argumento valioso y son consideradas como una herramienta que puede indicar puntualmente los efectos negativos de ciertas prácticas de manejo en los diferentes fragmentos de bosque de manglar en el sur del Golfo de Morrosquillo. productivos pobres faunística parte terrestres subtrópicos Morrosquillo suelo 106 conservación Beier, Beier (Beier 1931 A 1.0 10 1 0 0.93 093 93 <0.001 0001 001 perturbados 193 1. 0.9 09 9 <0.00 000 00 19 0. <0.0 <0. <0 <

Resumen Antecedentes: En la región de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, la apicultura es una alternativa de producción sostenible. Su manejo, requiere conocer la riqueza, distribución y fenología de la flora melífera. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies melíferas del paisaje aledaño a la Reserva? ¿Cuál es su origen, forma de crecimiento, fenología y distribución? ¿Cómo es la riqueza en áreas naturales y perturbadas? Sitio y periodo de estudio: Área de influencia a la Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, San Luis Potosí, México, agosto 2020 - marzo 2022. Métodos: Se recolectaron especies melíferas mensualmente en radios de pecoreo de seis apiarios, en diferentes tipos de vegetación. Se registró su forma de crecimiento, origen, recurso floral y fenología. Se comparó riqueza y composición de especies entre tipos de vegetación de áreas naturales y perturbadas. Resultados: Se registraron 191 especies melíferas; 91 nectaríferas, 16 poliníferas y 84 néctar-poliníferas. Fabaceae es la familia más representativa. La floración abunda en junio y septiembre, disminuye en enero y abril. El 49 % de especies habitan exclusivamente áreas perturbadas, 29 % áreas naturales, 22 % ambas. En áreas naturales 100 % son nativas, en áreas perturbadas 86 % son nativas y 14 % introducidas; en áreas naturales 70 % son árboles y en áreas perturbadas 57 % son hierbas. Conclusiones: La región presenta una gran riqueza de flora melífera nativa. La información generada permitirá a los apicultores mejorar el manejo de sus colmenas y valorar las áreas naturales de pecoreo.

Abstract Background: Beekeeping is an alternative for sustainable production in Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve region. Knowing richness of melliferous flora, its distribution and flowering season, improves its management. Questions: Which are the species of melliferous flora in the surrounding landscape of the Reserve? Which is its origin, growth form, floral resource, phenology and distribution? How is species richness in natural areas and disturbed areas? Study site and period: Influence area of Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, between August 2020 to March 2022. Methods: Melliferous flora species were collected monthly in bee foraging radius of six apiaries, in different types of vegetation. Data was taken from growth form, origin, floral resource offered, and phenology. Species richness and composition were compared between vegetation types from natural and disturbed areas. Results: 191 melliferous species were recorded; 91 nectariferous, 16 polliniferous and 84 nectar-polliniferous. Fabaceae is the most representative family. Flowering increases in June and September, decreases in January and April. Forty nine percent of species exclusively inhabit disturbed areas, 29 % natural areas and 22 % both. In natural areas 100 % are native while in disturbed areas 14 % are introduced and 86 % native. In natural areas 70 % are trees while in disturbed areas 57 % are herbs. Conclusions: The region has a great richness of native melliferous flora. The information generated will allow beekeepers to have a better management of their hives and to value the natural areas of foraging.

ABSTRACT The biological importance of rhizosphere sediment-associated fungi in mangroves is poorly understood, especially when they are affected by high salinity and anaerobiosis in disturbed areas. This study evaluated the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere sediments of three mangrove species associated with three conservation conditions of mangrove forests in preserved, semi-preserved, and deteriorated areas. In addition, fungal bioactivity was correlated to the fungal diversity found in mangrove species from each area. We isolated 50 fungal strains belonging to three phyla, seven classes, and 10 orders. The fungal diversity was higher in the preserved area (H’ = 2.22) than in the semi-preserved (H’ = 1.73) and deteriorated areas (H’ = 1.68); the redundancy analysis showed a tendency of fungal accumulation towards the rhizosphere of Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans in the preserved and semi-preserved areas. In addition, the redundancy analysis showed that 10 bioactive fungi genera tended to accumulate on the rhizosphere of R. mangle and A. germinans in the preserved and semi-preserved areas. The preserved area is related to the semi-preserved area, with a 28% Jaccard similarity coefficient. The diversity and bioactivity of the isolated fungi encourage the need to conserve and restore mangrove ecosystems considering their current and potential services, such as bioprospecting new pharmacological compounds.

Resumen El Bosque seco Tropical (BsT) es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados del planeta dada la pérdida de cobertura vegetal causada por actividades antropogénicas. Entender cómo se dan las interacciones planta-animal en este tipo de ecosistemas es particularmente importante porque promueven su mantenimiento y funcionamiento. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar las interacciones entre murciélagos frugívoros y plantas a través de redes de interacción mutualistas en diez remanentes de BsT del Valle del Cauca. Para esto se caracterizó el ensamblaje de murciélagos y las semillas encontradas en sus heces y se evaluaron las propiedades estructurales de redes (anidamiento, modularidad y robustez). Se encontraron 36 especies de murciélagos y 1142 individuos; adicionalmente, se identificaron 19 669 semillas y 85 interacciones entre 18 especies de murciélagos y 19 especies de plantas. La red de interacción resultante presentó una estructura anidada, modular y robusta a la pérdida de especies especialistas pero susceptible a la pérdida de especies generalistas. Estos resultados dejan en evidencia la importancia de los murciélagos para el análisis de las interacciones planta-animal y a su vez los propone como un grupo clave para ser incluidos en planes de conservación y restauración de ecosistemas altamente perturbados como el BsT del Valle del Cauca.

Abstract The Tropical Dry Forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems due to the loss of vegetation cover caused by anthropogenic activities. Understanding how plant-animal interactions occur in this type of ecosystem is particularly important because these interactions promote the maintenance and functioning of the ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify interactions between fruit bats and plants through mutualistic interaction networks in ten tropical dry forest fragments in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. For this purpose, we characterized the bat community, as well as the seeds found in their feces; with the data obtained, the structural properties of the network (nestedness, modularity and robustness) were evaluated. Our results show 36 species and 1142 individuals of bats, where we identified 19 669 seeds grouped in 85 interactions between 18 bat species and 19 plant species. Moreover, the resulting interaction network presented a nestedness, modular structure, robust to the loss of specialist species but susceptible to the loss of generalist species. These results demonstrate the importance of bats for the analysis of plant-animal interactions and highlight them as a key group to be considered in conservation and restoration plans in highly disturbed ecosystems such as the Tropical Dry Forest of Valle del Cauca.

Abstract The dry forests sections of the Caribbean region in Colombia have been disturbed due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, among other anthropic activities, generating pressure on native plant species of this ecosystem and biodiversity loss threat. Information of the plant species biological processes guides management for their conservation. Therefore, this study evaluated phenological process of the Caesalpinia ebano (H. Karst) in dry forest of the Caribbean Region in Colombia. Scattered trees were selected and phenological records were collected for one year. Five stages or phenophases were evaluated: flowering buds, green fruits (at initial stages and fully developed), ripe fruits (reddish), leaf buds and mature leaves. It was found that during the sampling time the species showed two reproductive peaks, being the second peak where flowering buds, fully developed green fruits, and ripe fruits reached their maximum values with 53.3 %, 80 % and 65 % respectively. Regarding the vegetative phases (mature leaves and leaf flush), highest records of mature leaves were observed in the first quarter of the year, which corresponded to driest months. In May, we observed the highest percentage of leaf flush (i.e., 86.7 %) and this corresponds to the peak of rainfall throughout the year. The phenological phases were influenced mainly by the climatic variables, precipitation, and temperature.

Resumen En el Caribe Colombiano, las áreas de bosque seco han sido vulneradas por ampliación de la frontera agrícola, entre otras actividades antrópicas, generando presión sobre especies vegetales nativas de este ecosistema, con el consecuente peligro de pérdida de biodiversidad. El conocimiento de los procesos biológicos de especies vegetales orienta el manejo para la conservación de estas. Por lo anterior, este estudio evaluó el proceso fenológico de la especie Caesalpinia ebano (H. Karst) en condiciones de bosque seco ubicados en la Región Caribe Colombiana. Se seleccionaron árboles dispersos en la región y se llevaron registros fenológicos durante un año. Se evaluaron cinco etapas o fenofases: floración en botón, frutos verdes (en inicio y pleno desarrollo), frutos maduros (color marrón) brote de hojas y hojas adultas. Se encontró que durante el tiempo de muestreo la especie expreso dos momentos en etapa reproductiva, siendo el segundo periodo donde la floración en botón, frutos verdes en pleno desarrollo y frutos maduros alcanzaron sus máximos valores con un 53,3 %, 80 % y 65 % respectivamente. Para el caso de las fases vegetativas evaluadas (hojas adultas y brotación de hojas nuevas), los mayores registros de hojas adultas se evidenciaron en el primer trimestre del año, que correspondieron a los meses con menor precipitación, durante el mes de mayo se registró el mayor porcentaje de brotación de hojas de nuevas con un 86,7 % siendo este uno de los meses con mayor precipitación. El comportamiento de las fases fenológicas estuvo condicionado por las variables climáticas precipitación y temperatura, principalmente.

Resumen Antecedentes: En el sureste mexicano, la conversión de bosques hacia usos de suelo agrícola y de pastizales experimentada en las últimas décadas puede afectar el funcionamiento de ríos y arroyos. Objetivo: Estudiar la influencia del cambio de uso de suelo a diferentes escalas espaciales (cuenca y zona ribereña) sobre la calidad del agua y la clorofila bentónica en arroyos de la sierra de Chiapas y Tabasco. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante 13 meses para medir las variables fisicoquímicas y recolectar muestras para determinar las concentraciones de nutrientes, sólidos suspendidos y clorofila bentónica en ocho arroyos con diferentes tipos de uso de suelo (bosque, pasto, uso mixto) en la cuenca baja del río Grijalva. Se compararon estadísticamente las variables estudiadas entre categorías de uso de suelo y épocas del año, y se analizó la relación entre calidad de agua y el uso del suelo a diferentes escalas. Resultados: Los arroyos de bosque presentaron menor temperatura, pH, conductividad y concentraciones de fósforo y clorofila, así como mayor concentración de oxígeno y porcentaje de materia orgánica suspendida que los arroyos de pasto y uso mixto. También se observó menor dispersión temporal en los valores de las variables de los arroyos de bosque a lo largo del año. Se encontró que las variaciones en calidad de agua se asocian a variables a escala de cuenca (bosque, pasto y vegetación secundaria) y zona ribereña (pasto y vegetación secundaria). Conclusiones: Cambios en el uso del suelo a escala de cuenca y ribereña pueden afectar la calidad del agua y el funcionamiento de los arroyos en la sierra de Tabasco y Chiapas, por lo que acciones de conservación y restauración, incluyendo reforestación, deben considerar ambas escalas.

Abstract Background: Forest conversion to agriculture and pasture that has occurred in the last decades in southern Mexico can affect the ecological functioning of rivers and streams. Objective: to investigate how land use change at different scales (catchment and riparian zone) influences water quality and benthic chlorophyll in streams of the Chiapas and Tabasco mountains. Methods: Over a period of 13 months, water physicochemical variables were measured, and samples were collected for the determination of nutrients, suspended solids, and benthic chlorophyll in eight streams encompassing different land use and cover in the Puyacatengo, Pichucalco, and Teapa sub-basins of the Grijalva watershed. The study variables were statistically compared among land use categories and seasons and the relationship with land use at different scales was analyzed. Results: Streams draining forested areas showed lower water temperature, conductivity, pH, and phosphorus and benthic chlorophyll concentrations than streams in pasture and mixed land use categories. Forest streams also showed a greater proportion of suspended organic matter and dissolved oxygen concentration than the more disturbed streams. Temporal dispersion of values for stream variables at the forest sites was lower than at pasture and mixed-land use streams. Variation in water quality was related to land use variables at the catchment (forest, pasture, and secondary vegetation) and riparian (pasture and secondary vegetation) scales. Conclusions: Land use changes at the catchment and riparian scales can affect water quality and the functioning of streams in the mountains of Tabasco and Chiapas, and thus conservation and restoration actions, including reforestation, must be implemented at both scales.

ABSTRACT The Tropical Dry Forest is a highly threatened ecosystem, the anthropic alterations have produced a fragmentation of its habitats and degradation of its ecological interactions and diversity. Despite the abundant literature on the diversity of butterflies and their changes in intervened ecosystems, little is known about changes in butterfly-plant interaction networks. In this study, we compared the ecological networks of Papilionoidea and Hesperoidea, and Angiosperms between preserved and intervened forests in the rainy and dry seasons. Four strips of 50 meters by 4 meters were sampled in each zone and season, visiting each strip three times per season, recording the visiting floral butterflies for 90 minutes on each occasion, for a total of 72 hours of observations per unit of study. The estimated parameters of the networks were nesting, connectivity, diversity, generality, and robustness. In the conserved area, the nesting value shows a greater number of specialists, while the connection shows a lower average of possible interactions. The generality showed in this area a higher average of links per floral visitor and the diversity of Shannon showed a greater diversity of interactions. The rainy season obtained higher connection, diversity, nesting, generality, and robustness compared to the dry season. The results highlight the importance of analyzing not only the diversity of butterflies, but also their interactions, since these are important factors that allow us to have a better understanding of the state of the ecosystems, and the different effects that they can have depending on different anthropic alterations.

RESUMEN El Bosque Seco Tropical es un ecosistema altamente amenazado, las alteraciones antrópicas han producido fragmentación de sus hábitat y degradación de sus interacciones ecológicas y diversidad. A pesar de la abundante literatura sobre diversidad de mariposas y sus cambios en ecosistemas intervenidos, poco se conoce sobre cambios en las redes de interacción mariposa-planta. En este estudio se compararon las redes ecológicas de Papilionoidea y Hesperoidea y Angiospermas entre bosque seco conservado e intervenido en época de lluvia y sequía. Se muestrearon cuatro franjas de 50 metros por 4 metros en cada zona y época, visitando cada franja en tres ocasiones por época, registrando las mariposas visitantes florales durante 90 minutos en cada ocasión, para un total de 72 horas de observaciones por unidad de muestreo. Los parámetros estimados de las redes fueron anidamiento, conectancia, diversidad, generalidad y robustez. En la zona conservada el valor de anidamiento evidenció mayor cantidad de especialistas, mientras que la conectancia evidenció menor promedio de posibles interacciones. La generalidad mostró en esta zona mayor promedio de enlaces por visitante floral y la diversidad de Shannon mostró mayor diversidad de interacciones. La época de lluvia obtuvo mayor conectancia, diversidad, anidamiento, generalidad y robustez en comparación con la época seca. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de analizar no solo la diversidad de mariposas sino también sus interacciones, pues son un factor importante ya que permiten conocer mejor el estado de los ecosistemas, además de comprender las diferentes afectaciones que pueden experimentar en función de las alteraciones antrópicas.