Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, Aedes aegypti is present in 80 % of the country and little is known about the kdr mutations related to pyrethroids (PY) resistance, as well as the influence of different biomes (mainly temperature) and passive ground delivery transport on maintaining and disseminating populations with these mutations. Objective: To model the behavior of genotypic frequencies associated with the kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys mutation in A. aegypti populations, considering vector population movement between Colombian biomes through passive ground delivery transport. Method: We obtained data from the literature regarding population dynamics, mosquito life cycle parameters associated with temperatures for each Colombian biome, and ground cargo transportation, including truck transport. We also evaluated the impact of the evolutionary cost for the kdr Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys mutations on oviposition and death rates. Results: Population behavior is influenced by the evolutionary cost of resistant genotypes and passive cargo transport. Once resistant genotypes arrive in a biome through truck-mediated mosquito transport, they persist. Conclusion: Passive migration through land cargo transport is essential for the dissemination of individual resistance carriers between different regions or biomes. Evolutionary cost plays a critical role in the dynamics of kdr mutations in A. aegypti populations.

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, Aedes aegypti se encuentra presente en el 80 % del país y poco se conoce sobre las mutaciones kdr que están relacionadas con la resistencia a piretroides (PY), así como la influencia de los diferentes biomas (principalmente la temperatura) y el transporte pasivo de carga terrestre, en el mantenimiento y diseminación de poblaciones que presenten estas mutaciones. Objetivo: Modelar el comportamiento de las frecuencias genotípicas asociadas a la mutación kdr Val1016Ile + Phe1534Cys, en poblaciones de A. aegypti, considerando el movimiento de las poblaciones del vector entre biomas colombianos a través del transporte pasivo por carga terrestre. Método: Se obtuvieron datos de la literatura asociados con la dinámica poblacional y los parámetros del ciclo de vida del mosquito asociados con las temperaturas de cada bioma colombiano y el transporte de carga terrestre a través de camiones entre los biomas. Además, se evaluó el impacto del costo evolutivo para las mutaciones kdr Val1016Ile y Phe1534Cys representado en las tasas de ovoposición y muerte. Resultados: El comportamiento de las poblaciones está influenciado tanto por el costo evolutivo de los genotipos resistentes como por el transporte pasivo de carga y, que una vez los genotipos resistentes lleguen a un bioma gracias al transporte de mosquitos mediado por camiones, estos se mantienen allí. Conclusión: La migración pasiva a través del transporte de carga terrestre, como medio de flujo genético de individuos portadores de resistencia a PY entre diferentes regiones o biomas, se revela como un factor esencial para la diseminación, y el costo evolutivo como un factor determinante en la dinámica, de las mutaciones kdr en las poblaciones de A. aegypti.

Abstract Introduction: Hermetia illucens is a fly found worldwide in tropical and temperate regions that feeds on decaying organic matter in its larval stage, which makes them useful to accelerate composing processes. Bacterial component on the larval guts that helps to degrade organic matter is well studied, however fungal communities information is more scarse, specially in tropical regions. Objective: To determine fungal communities in the gut of H. illucens larvae naturally occurring during urban composting processes in a tropical region. Methods: ITS sequencing was employed to characterize fungal communities present in H. illucens larval gut. Results: The analysis of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) unveiled a notable dominance of Saccharomycetales, being yeasts of the genus Pichia the most abundant. Other relatively abundant yeasts were Candida and Galactomyces and the genus Archaeospora from Archaeosporales. The last two groups not being reported in H. illucens before. Conclusions: Yeasts of the genus Pichia are the most abundant group, this result is in concordance with previous studies which suggest a stable insect-yeast relation. The description of previously unreported fungal groups highlights the importance of continuing to explore the mycobiome dynamics of this larva. This study offers insight into the mycobiome of naturally occurring H. illucens larvae in a tropical region.

Resumen Introducción: Hermetia illucens se distribuye mundialmente en regiones tropicales y templadas. En su estado larval se alimenta de materia orgánica en descomposición, lo que las hace útiles para acelerar los procesos de compostaje. Se han realizado diversos estudios sobre el componente bacteriano de los intestinos de las larvas que ayuda a degradar la materia orgánica, sin embargo, información sobre las comunidades de microhongos es más escasa, especialmente en regiones tropicales. Objetivo: Determinar el micobioma presente en los intestinos de las larvas de H. illucens que se desarrollaron naturalmente en compostajes urbanos en una región tropical. Métodos: Se realizó secuenciación ITS para caracterizar las comunidades de microhongos presentes en el intestino de las larvas. Resultados: El análisis de variantes de secuencia de amplicones (ASV) reveló una notable dominancia de Saccharomycetales, siendo las levaduras del género Pichia las más abundantes. Otras levaduras relativamente abundantes fueron Candida y Galactomyces y el género Archaeospora de Archaeosporales. Los dos últimos grupos no han sido reportados previamente en H. illucens. Conclusión: Determinamos que las levaduras del género Pichia son el grupo más abundante. Este resultado concuerda con estudios previos, lo que sugiere una relación estable entre estos dos organismos. La descripción de grupos de hongos no reportados previamente resalta la importancia de continuar explorando la dinámica del micobioma de esta larva. Este estudio proporciona información sobre el micobioma de las larvas de H. illucens que se presentan naturalmente en una región tropical.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

Abstract Introduction: The Family Chironomidae is recognized for its great abundance and diversity in freshwater ecosystems around the world. However, taxonomic knowledge of this family is limited, particularly in Colombia. Objectives: To estimate the abundance and diversity at the genus level and its spatiotemporal dynamics in three streams, tributaries of the Combeima River in central Colombia. Methods: This study describes the taxonomic and ecological evaluation of chironomid larvae present in three high Andean streams (Tolima, Colombia), called Las Perlas (PE), La Plata (PL) and Cay (CA). Between 2015-2016, six sampling campaigns were conducted in contrasting climatic periods, at nine sampling points (three per stream: upper, middle, and lower). The collections were made with Surber net on different substrates. Results: 15 594 larvae were recorded, corresponding to three subfamilies and 20 genera. The most abundant subfamily was Orthocladiinae with 13 698 larvae (87.84 %), dominated by Cricotopus spp. (66.19 %), followed by Chironominae with 1 367 individuals (8.77 %) and Polypedilum spp. (5.18 %), and Tanypodinae with 530 organisms (3.40 %) and Pentaneura spp. (2.91 %). The highest abundance was found in PL3 (lower part; 27.84 %), followed by CA2 (middle part; 20.47 %) and PE1 (upper part; 1.93 %). The three streams presented the highest abundance during February 2016 (25.93 %; transition to the rainy season), followed by November 2015 (20.59 %; low rainfall) and October 2015 (3.94 %; high rainfall). Conclusions: The results obtained expands the taxonomic lists of chironomids in high Andean areas (1 419-2 586 m), and the detailed characterization of the 20 genera recorded in the selected streams, which constitute relevant contributions for the recognition of these dipterans and their ecological role in the aquatic systems of the Colombian Andes.

Resumen Introducción: La Familia Chironomidae es reconocida por su gran abundancia y diversidad en los ecosistemas de agua dulce alrededor del mundo. Sin embargo, el conocimiento taxonómico de esta familia es limitado, particularmente en Colombia. Objetivos: Estimar la abundancia y diversidad a nivel de género de la Familia Chironomidae y su dinámica espacio-temporal en tres quebradas, afluentes del Río Combeima en el centro de Colombia. Métodos: Este estudio describe la evaluación taxonómica y ecológica de las larvas de quironómidos presentes en tres quebradas altoandinas (Tolima, Colombia), denominadas Las Perlas (PE), La Plata (PL) y Cay (CA). Entre 2015-2016 se realizaron seis campañas de muestreo en periodos climáticos contrastantes, en nueve puntos de muestreo (tres por quebrada: parte alta, media, y baja). Las recolectas se realizaron con red Surber en diferentes sustratos. Resultados: Se registraron 15 594 larvas, correspondientes a tres subfamilias y 20 géneros. La más abundante fue Orthocladiinae con 13 698 larvas (87.84 %), dominada por Cricotopus spp. (66.19 %), seguida de Chironominae con 1 367 individuos (8.77 %) y Polypedilum spp. (5.18 %), y Tanypodinae con 530 organismos (3.40 %) y Pentaneura spp. (2.91 %). La mayor abundancia se encontró en PL3 (parte baja; 27.84 %), seguido de CA2 (parte media; 20.47 %) y PE1 (parte alta; 1.93 %). Las tres quebradas presentaron la mayor abundancia durante febrero 2016 (25.93 %; transición a la época de lluvias), seguido de noviembre 2015 (20.59 %; precipitaciones bajas) y octubre 2015 (3.94 %; precipitaciones altas). Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos amplían las listas taxonómicas de quironómidos en zonas altoandinas (1 419-2 586 m), y la caracterización detallada de los 20 géneros registrados en las quebradas seleccionadas, que constituyen aportes relevantes para el reconocimiento de estos dípteros y su rol ecológico en los sistemas acuáticos de los Andes colombianos.

Abstract Introduction: The Aedes vittatus mosquito is an important vector of yellow fever in Africa, with vectorial competence for dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Its presence has been reported in some places in Africa, Asia, Europe, and -recently- America. However, information on its distribution is fragmented, with limited descriptions of the specific characteristics of its habitats. Objective: To compile records of its occurrence, describe the ecological characteristics of its habitat and estimate its current and future global potential invasion. Methods: We employed both first-record data and global occurrence records to describe its habitat. Additionally, we used an ecological niche model, specifically the MaxEnt algorithm, with bioclimatic variable layers to estimate potential invasion areas. Since the native range of A. vittatus is unknown, we calibrated accessible areas using two hypotheses, Africa and Asia, based on available genetic information. Results: Regardless of its native area, A. vittatus appears to be distributed in tropical and subtropical areas in all continents with potential to reach even currently colder climates as global climate change. It is found mainly in tropical and urban areas, likely through transcontinental and terrestrial passive transport. Conclusions: The mosquito can be found on all continents, ranging from sea level to 2 500 m.a.s.l., at temperatures between 15 and 30 °C, and has the potential for further expansion.

Resumen Introducción: El mosquito Aedes vittatus es un importante vector de la fiebre amarilla en África, con competencia vectorial para el dengue, la chikungunya y el Zika. Se ha informado de su presencia en algunas áreas de África, Asia, Europa y, recientemente, América. Sin embargo, la información sobre su distribución es fragmentada, con descripciones limitadas de las características específicas de sus hábitats. Objetivo: Recopilar registros de su presencia, describir las características ecológicas de su hábitat y estimar su potencial de invasión actual y futuro a nivel mundial. Métodos: Utilizamos datos de primeros registros y registros de presencia a nivel global para describir su hábitat. Además, empleamos un modelo de nicho ecológico, específicamente el algoritmo MaxEnt, con capas de variables bioclimáticas para estimar las áreas de potencial invasión. Dado que se desconoce el área nativa de A. vittatus, calibramos áreas accesibles bajo dos hipótesis, África y Asia, basadas en la información genética disponible. Resultados: Independientemente de su área nativa, A. vittatus parece distribuirse en regiones tropicales y subtropicales en todos los continentes, con el potencial de expandirse incluso hacia climas actualmente más fríos debido al cambio climático global. Se encuentra principalmente en áreas tropicales y urbanas, posiblemente a través del transporte pasivo transcontinental y terrestre. Conclusiones: El mosquito se puede encontrar en todos los continentes, desde el nivel del mar hasta altitudes de 2 500 m.s.n.m., a temperaturas que oscilan entre 15 y 30 °C, y presenta el potencial para una mayor expansión geográfica.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the coexistence and food sources of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a rural health center in Piura, Peru by using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Entomological techniques were used to capture and identify mosquitoes, and molecular biotechnology techniques were used to identify food sources. A total of 793 specimens of the Culex and Aedes genera were found coexisting, 789 (99.5%) were Culex quinquefasciatus, 607 (76.9%) were males and 182 (23.1%) were females. Likewise, 4 (100%) corresponded to Aedes aegypti females. The food sources of Aedes aegypti were Homo sapiens sapiens, and Homo sapiens sapiens and Canis familiaris were the food sources of Culex quinquefasciatus. This study provides evidence that rural health centers could be acting as foci of arbovirosis, with the risk that people who come for different ailments could contract diseases transmitted by C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la coexistencia y fuentes de alimentación de mosquitos adultos (Diptera: Culicidae) en un centro de salud rural de Piura en Perú, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se usaron técnicas entomológicas para capturar e identificar mosquitos, y técnicas de biotecnología molecular para identificar las fuentes de alimentación. Un total de 793 ejemplares de los géneros Culex y Aedes se encontraron coexistiendo, 789 (99,5%) corresponden a Culex quinquefasciatus, 607 (76,9%) fueron machos y 182 (23,1%) hembras. Así mismo, 4 (100%) corresponden a Aedes aegypti hembras. Las fuentes de alimentación de Aedes aegypti fueron Homo sapiens sapiens, y de Culex quinquefasciatus fueron Homo sapiens sapiens y Canis familiaris. Este estudio proporciona evidencia de que los centros de salud rurales estarían actuando como focos de arbovirosis, existiendo el riesgo de que personas que acuden por distintas dolencias, puedan contraer enfermedades transmitidas por C. quinquefasciatus y A. aegypti.

RESUMEN En proyectos hidroeléctricos se han realizado pocas investigaciones para determinar la composición taxonómica de dípteros de la familia Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae. En este trabajo se realizó un inventario taxonómico de flebótomos en el área de influencia de la central hidroeléctrica de Ituango, departamento de Antioquia con el fin de actualizar su distribución y resaltar su importancia médica como vectores del protozoo del género Leishmania. Para esto, se realizaron monitoreos entomológicos con trampas CDC y trampas Shannon, en diez municipios de la subregión occidente (Santa Fe de Antioquia, Peque, Olaya, Liborina y Sabanalarga) y de la subregión norte (municipios de Ituango, Briceño, Valdivia, Toledo y San Andrés de Cuerquia). Para la identificación taxonómica se utilizaron las claves de Young y Duncan y Galati. En total se recolectaron 7993 flebótomos, distribuidos en 39 especies según Galati, destacándose seis especies consideradas vectores de especies de Leishmania, que causan la leishmaniasis cutánea. Estas especies fueron Lutzomyia (Trl.) gomezi, Lu. (Hel.) hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Pintomyia (Pif.) columbiana, Nyssomyia trapidoi y Ny. yuilli yuilli. Los datos indican que la zona de muestreo es endémica para la leishmaniasis debido a la presencia de vectores transmisores de este parásito. El inventario sobre la distribución de flebótomos servirá de base para estudios posteriores que permitan la implementación de estrategias de vigilancia y control.

ABSTRACT In hydroelectric projects, few investigations have been carried out to determine the taxonomic composition of diptera of the family Psychodidae, subfamily Phlebotominae. In this work, a taxonomic inventory of phlebotomine sandflies was conducted in the area of influence of the Ituango hydroelectric power plant, in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. We highlight their medical importance as vectors of the protozoan of the genus Leishmania and update their distribution. Entomological monitoring was carried out in ten municipalities from the western subregion (Santa Fe de Antioquia, Peque, Olaya, Liborina and Sabanalarga) and the northern subregion (the municipalities of Ituango, Briceño, Valdivia, Toledo and San Andrés de Cuerquia). CDC traps and Shannon traps were used for monitoring. For taxonomic identification, the keys of Young and Duncan and Galati were used. A total of 7993 phlebotomine sandflies were collected, distributed in 39 species according to Galati, highlighting six species considered vectors of Leishmania spp. that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, which are: Lutzomyia (Trl.) gomezi, Lu. (Hel.) hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Pintomyia (Pif.) columbiana, Nyssomyia trapidoi and Ny. yuilli yuilli. We conclude that the sampling area is endemic for leishmaniasis due to the presence of vectors transmitting this parasite. The inventory on the distribution of phlebotomine sandflies will serve as a basis for further studies that allow the implementation of surveillance and control strategies.

Insects are one of the most species-rich groups on Earth. They comprise much of animal diversity and play vital roles in ecosystems, including pollination, pest control, and decomposition. However, only a fraction of this diversity has been formally described. South Africa is recognised as one of the most biologically diverse countries globally, with an estimated 44 000 insect species. Many crops rely on insect pollinators, including canola, apples, oranges, and sunflowers. A shortage of wild pollinators currently threatens crop yields, yet our knowledge of insect diversity within South Africa is sparse. There are few taxonomic specialists relative to South Africa's biodiversity, and the methods used for insect identification can be time-consuming and expensive. DNA barcoding provides an important research tool to accelerate insect biodiversity research. In this review, we queried the public DNA barcoding BOLD (Barcode of Life Data System) database for records of "Insecta" within South Africa, and 416 211 published records assigned to 28 239 unique BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) were returned. We identified five taxonomic orders with more BINs than known species in southern Africa (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Plecoptera, and Strepsiptera). Most of the barcoded records were derived from Malaise trap sampling in Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the rest of South Africa remains poorly sampled. We suggest that there is a need for a comprehensive national sampling effort alongside increased investment in taxonomic expertise to generate critical baseline data on insect biodiversity before species are lost to extinction. SIGNIFICANCE: Insects provide critical ecosystem services, but our knowledge of insect biodiversity is limited. DNA barcoding can help fill biodiversity knowledge gaps; however, within South Africa, sampling has been uneven. Well-sampled provinces include Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, North-West and Western Cape remain under-sampled. We argue for a broad national Malaise trapping effort to generate crucial baseline data on insect biodiversity. Without urgent investment in taxonomic expertise and biomonitoring, we risk losing much of our biodiversity before it is even described.

Abstract The presence of Eristalis tenax in a dairy farm in the province of Salta is described. Larvae of E. tenax, known as "rat-tailed maggots", were found in large quantities on the premises, specifically in the feeding trough and waste pit. Taxonomic identification revealed distinctive morphological characteristics of the species. This finding expands the known geographical distribution of E. tenax in Argentina. Although the medical significance of these syrphids is relative, their ability to act as mechanical vectors of certain pathogens, such as mycobacteria, suggests the need to control their populations in anthropized environments. The importance of hygiene measures to prevent accidental ingestion of larvae is stressed, and monitoring of water tanks and pits is suggested. In conclusion, the relevance of recognizing the facultative nature of infestations is highlighted, along with the potential contribution of E. tenax control in sanitation measures of affected herds.

Resumen Este trabajo documenta la presencia de Eristalis tenax en un establecimiento lechero de la provincia de Salta. Las larvas de E. tenax, conocidas como "gusanos de cola de rata", se encontraron específicamente en el comedero y la fosa de desechos. La observación de las características morfológicas de la especie permitió su identificación taxonómica. Este hallazgo amplía la distribución geográfica conocida de E. tenax en Argentina. Aunque la importancia médica de estos sírfidos es relativa, se destaca su capacidad de actuar como vectores mecánicos de micobacterias, lo que sugiere la necesidad de controlar sus poblaciones en entornos antropizados. Se enfatiza la importancia de medidas de higiene para prevenir la ingestión accidental de larvas y se sugiere incorporar supervisión en depósitos de agua y piletones de decantación. En conclusión, se subraya la relevancia de reconocer la naturaleza facultativa de esta especie como posible vector y la contribución de su control en las medidas de saneamiento en rodeos afectados.

Resumen La entomotoxicología forense, que analiza insectos necrófagos para detectar sustancias tóxicas, es crucial en la determinación de causas de muerte y la estimación del intervalo post-mortem. Este estudio se centró en Peckia intermutans (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) como marcador para la detección de metanol, un alcohol potencialmente letal presente como adulterante en bebidas alcohólicas debido a su bajo costo y parecido con el etanol. Se desarrolló un método de cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (HS-GC-MS) para detectar metanol y se estudió su efecto sobre el tiempo de desarrollo, supervivencia y morfología de las moscas de la carne. Las larvas se criaron en sustratos de hígado enriquecidos con metanol (300, 500 y 1000 mg/kg). Los resultados mostraron: el método desarrollado detectó metanol en todos los estadios; el metanol afectó el tiempo de desarrollo de las moscas; la supervivencia aumentó con una mayor concentración de metanol; y los cambios morfológicos fueron evidentes en el peso. Este estudio ofrece valiosa información sobre la investigación entomotoxicológica del Ecuador, por lo que se debe considerar los cambios morfológicos de P. intermutans para evitar estimaciones inexactas de los intervalos post-mortem.

Abstract Forensic entomotoxicology, which analyzes necrophagous insects to detect toxic substances, is crucial in determining causes of death and estimating the post-mortem interval. This study focused on Peckia intermutans (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) as a marker for detecting methanol, a potentially lethal alcohol often added as an adulterant in alcoholic beverages due to its low cost and similarity to ethanol. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method was developed to detect methanol, and its effects on the development time, survival, and morphology of flesh flies were investigated. Larvae were reared on liver substrates enriched with methanol (300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). Results showed: the developed method detected methanol in all instars; methanol affected the developmental time of the flies; survival increased with higher methanol concentration; and morphological changes were evident in weight. This study provides valuable information on entomotoxicological research in Ecuador, emphasizing the need to consider morphological changes in P. intermutans to avoid inaccurate estimations of post-mortem intervals.

Resumen Una especie nueva del género Amerohelea Grogan & Wirth (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Amerohelea robusta sp. nov., recolectada a la luz en un área del Amazonas de Perú, es descripta y fotografiada. Esta nueva especie, conocida sólo por machos, es comparada con Amerohelea xerophila Gaddi, Spinelli & Grogan de zonas áridas de Argentina. Esta última especie difiere principalmente por la porción distal de los parameros más corta, el edeago en forma de Y con el brazo basal recurvado más de 90°, y los ojos anchamente separados. Además, Amerohelea fasciata Grogan & Wirth y Amerohelea galindoi Grogan & Wirth se citan por primera vez para Perú.

Abstract A new species of the genus Amerohelea Grogan & Wirth (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Amerohelea robusta sp. nov., collected at light in the Amazon area of Peru is described and photographed. This new species, known only by males, is compared with Amerohelea xerophila Gaddi, Spinelli & Grogan from arid zones of Argentina. The later species mainly differs by the distinctly shorter distal portion of parameres, the Y-shaped aedeagus with basal arm recurved more than 90°, and the eyes broadly separated. Besides, Amerohelea fasciata Grogan & Wirth and Amerohelea galindoi Grogan & Wirth are firstly recorded from Peru.

Resumen Los márgenes de las rutas que contienen vegetación natural brindan condiciones biológicas estables y promueven la biodiversidad. Estas áreas son importantes para mejorar los servicios ecosistémicos en los paisajes agrícolas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron i) evaluar la diversidad de insectos como visitantes florales (excluyendo apiformes), y la riqueza de especies de plantas en los márgenes de las rutas, ii) determinar los Grupos Funcionales de insectos registrados como visitantes florales en los márgenes de rutas, y iii) analizar el rol ecológico de los insectos presentes en ocho márgenes de rutas ubicados en la región centro-este de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. El estudio se realizó a lo largo de cuatro rutas provinciales (N°. 6, 10, 62 y 64) y la ruta nacional N°. 19; de noviembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se registraron un total de 1614 insectos, Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) y Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), fueron las especies más abundantes. Las familias Brassicaceae, Apiaceae y Asteraceae recibieron el mayor número de visitas de insectos. Se registraron un total de 225 interacciones planta-insecto. Se discute la importancia de los márgenes de ruta con vegetación natural para proporcionar alimento y refugio a insectos polinizadores, depredadores, parasitoides, herbívoros y descomponedores.

Abstract The roadside margins that contain natural vegetation provides biological stable conditions and promote biodiversity. These areas are important to enhance ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. The aims of this study were i) to assess the diversity of insects as floral visitors (excluding apiformes), and plant species richness in roadside margins, ii) to determine the Functional Groups of insects recorded as floral visitors of roadside margins, and iii) to analyze the ecological role of insects presents in eight roadside margins located in the central-eastern region of the Santa Fe province. The study was conducted along four provincial roads (No. 6, 10, 62, and 64) and the national road No. 19, on November 2013 to September 2015. A total of 1614 insects were recorded. Oxysarcodexia varia (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were the most abundant species. The families Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae received the highest number of insect visits. A total of 225 plant-insect interactions were recorded. The importance of roadside margin with natural vegetation to provide food and shelters for pollinators, predators, parasitoids, herbivores, and decomposers insects is discussed.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

Abstract Species of the genus Anastrepha cause injuries to several fruits and vegetables in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Among these species, many are present in Brazil. In this study, we surveyed the existing Anastrepha species in the Brazilian Chaco Biome. We evaluated possible influences of climate and vegetation on the occurrence of Anastrepha spp. For this, we used traps and hydrolyzed protein as bait. Collections were carried out in three distinct floristic compositions in the Chaco biome, from permanently dry areas to flooded sites. We identified Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. undosa Stone 1942, and A. daciformis Bezzi 1909. The dry and flooded environment did not influence the occurrence of Anastrepha species. The presence of multiple hosts increases the number of species. The richness and abundance of Anastrepha species are lower in the Brazilian Chaco than in other native environments. regions Brazil study Biome spp bait biome sites Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1830, 1830 , 1830) A 1979 1942 1909 environments 183 197 194 190 18 19 1

Resumo Espécies do gênero Anastrepha causam prejuízos em diversas frutas e hortaliças nas regiões Neártica e Neotropical. Dentre essas espécies, muitas estão presentes no Brasil. Neste estudo, pesquisamos as espécies de Anastrepha existentes no Bioma Chaco brasileiro. Avaliamos possíveis influências do clima e da vegetação na ocorrência de Anastrepha spp. Para isso foram utilizadas armadilhas e proteína de milho hidrolisada como isca. As coletas foram realizadas em três composições florísticas distintas no bioma Chaco, desde áreas permanentemente secas até áreas inundadas. Identificamos Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. undosa Stone 1942 e A. daciformis Bezzi 1909. O ambiente seco e inundado não influenciou a ocorrência de espécies de Anastrepha. A presença de múltiplos hospedeiros aumenta o número de espécies. A riqueza e abundância de espécies de Anastrepha são baixas no Chaco brasileiro quando comparadas a outros ambientes nativos. Neotropical Brasil estudo spp isca inundadas Wiedemann, Wiedemann (Wiedemann 1830, 1830 , 1830) 1979 194 1909 nativos 183 197 19 190 18 1