Abstract This paper is built around two central axes: rhizomatic learning and the post-digital era. Rhizomatic learning bases its principles on the construction of knowledge based on the contributions of students in real time, with the aim of understanding the community as a curriculum. For its part, the post-digital era is understood as the situation in which digital technology is an imposed social necessity. Since education, despite being public, is not free, digitisation increases the socio-economic gap between students with access to digital tools and those who do not. Thus, the possibility of counter-digitisation is proposed: using digital technology as another emancipatory tool. That is, when it is possible, use it competently and equitably; however, when this situation cannot be achieved, we must have a post-digital praxis that understands the world-system with the same or similar possibilities. To this end, rhizomatic learning and post-digital era will be presented as inherent parts for the production of the upcoming pedagogical proposal: the possibility of establishing a post-digital pedagogy. To provide philosophical grounding, a literature review of the two aforementioned axes is presented from the work of Deleuze and Guattari, exposing a distant and rupturist approach to the digitalist positions of current techno-capitalist education.

Resumen El presente trabajo se construye alrededor de dos ejes centrales: el aprendizaje rizomático y la era posdigital. El aprendizaje rizomático asienta sus principios en la construcción del conocimiento a partir de las aportaciones del alumnado en tiempo real, con la finalidad de entender la comunidad como currículo. Por su parte, la era posdigital se entiende como la coyuntura en que la tecnología digital es una necesidad social impuesta. Partiendo de que la educación, pese a ser pública, no es gratuita, la digitalización aumenta la brecha socioeconómica entre el alumnado con acceso a herramientas digitales y el que no. Así, se propone la posibilidad de contradigitalización: usar la tecnología digital como una herramienta emancipadora más. Esto es, cuando sea posible, utilizarla de manera competente y equitativa. Ahora bien, cuando esta situación no pueda darse debemos contar con una práctica posdigital que comprenda el sistema-mundo con las mismas o similares posibilidades. Para ello, aprendizaje rizomático y era posdigital serán presentados como núcleos inherentes a la producción de la propuesta pedagógica viniente: la posibilidad de establecimiento de una pedagogía posdigital. Como sustento filosófico se presenta una revisión de literatura de los dos ejes mencionados desde la obra de Deleuze y Guattari, exponiéndose un acercamiento rupturista con las posiciones digitalistas de la educación tecnocapitalista actual.

Abstract As a result of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, the incorporation of new technologies for face-to-face and distance learning was even more necessary. Technology represents a way to offer cutting-edge education responding to the needs of the current context. The main objective of this investigation, as a case study, is to analyzes the acquisition of learning by students of different courses at the Universidad Iberoamericana Torreón, México in relation to face-to-face and distance education after the health crisis. The research had a quantitative approach with correlational scope. The sampling was probabilistic by conglomerates and was made up of fifth semester students from 15 courses of the university. The results show that after the pandemic, in particularly context, in the face-to-face modality, the students perceive a better planning by the teachers, which has a consequence a better use of time and the possibility of carrying out diverse activities to strengthen the understanding topics; using digital tools and group work techniques as support. On the other hand, distance classes are described as not very useful and interesting with an excessive academic load. Although the face-to-face learning experience continues to be better evaluated, it is considered important to implement strategies to increase the academic quality of distance classes, as it is a modality that will be used in all universities in the near future, using new technologies and instructional design as support, as well as training programs for teachers and students.

Resumen Como resultado de la pandemia por SARS-CoV2, la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías para la impartición de clases en modalidad presencial y a distancia se hizo aún más necesaria. La tecnología representa una manera de ofrecer educación de vanguardia respondiendo a necesidades del contexto actual. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar, a través de un estudio de caso, la adquisición de aprendizajes por parte de estudiantes de diferentes licenciaturas de la Universidad Iberoamericana Torreón, en relación con la educación presencial y a distancia después de la crisis sanitaria. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance correlacional. El muestreo se planteó probabilístico por conglomerados y estuvo conformado por estudiantes de quinto semestre en delante de 15 licenciaturas. Los resultados muestran que después de la pandemia, en el contexto particular, la modalidad presencial es percibida por el estudiantado como mejor en la planeación por parte de los docentes, lo que tiene como consecuencia un mejor aprovechamiento del tiempo y la posibilidad de realizar actividades diversas para fortalecer la comprensión de las temáticas; utilizando como apoyo herramientas digitales y técnicas de trabajo grupal. Por el contrario, las clases a distancia son descritas como poco útiles e interesantes y con una carga académica excesiva. Aunque la experiencia de aprendizaje presencial sigue siendo mejor ponderada, se considera importante implementar estrategias que incrementen la calidad académica en las clases a distancia, al ser una modalidad que será utilizada en todas las universidades en un futuro cercano, utilizando como apoyo las nuevas tecnologías y un diseño instruccional adecuado, así como programas de capacitación a docentes y alumnos.

La educación ha experimentado cambios significativos debido a la conmoción social, económica y, sobre todo, sanitaria causada por la pandemia de Covid-19. Este evento ha obligado a aquellos con las condiciones adecuadas a realizar una transición temporal hacia una nueva forma de recibir la educación. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo: evaluar cómo respondieron los docentes durante la educación remota y su capacidad para adaptarse a este nuevo modelo, a través de un análisis documental de los últimos cinco años. Se utilizó el método analítico, para conocer el nivel de preparación de los docentes en competencias digitales en el contexto latinoamericano entre los años 2019 y 2023, a través de una recopilación de datos, mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica disponible en repositorios y bibliotecas. El enfoque de este estudio fue cualitativo y descriptivo, basado en artículos especializados. Como resultado principal, se encontró una necesidad urgente de implementar un plan de formación que aborde las necesidades de los docentes en competencias digitales. En conclusión, es esencial que los docentes interactúen y dominen las herramientas tecnológicas para no solo consumir información y recursos, sino también para ser productores de contenido educativo

Education has undergone significant changes due to the social, economic and, above all, health upheaval caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. This event has forced those with the right conditions to make a temporary transition to a new way of receiving education. In this sense, the objective of this article is to: evaluate how teachers responded during remote education and their ability to adapt to this new model, through a documentary analysis of the last five years. The analytical method was used to know the level of preparation of teachers in digital skills in the Latin American context between 2019 and 2023, through a data collection, through an exhaustive review of the scientific literature available in repositories and libraries. The focus of this study was qualitative and descriptive, based on specialized articles. As a main result, an urgent need was found to implement a training plan that addresses the needs of teachers in digital skills. In conclusion, it is essential that teachers interact and master technological tools to not only consume information and resources, but also to be producers of educational content

As competências docentes digitais são definidas como os conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes que possibilitam o desenvolvimento satisfatório do profissional por meio do uso das tecnologias de informação e comunicação. O potencial das ferramentas e recursos digitais no domínio educativo é bastante elevado, razão pela qual o desenvolvimento destas competências nos professores se torna uma prioridade. A pesquisa analisou teoricamente e com base em fontes documentais o impacto educacional gerado pela implementação de competências digitais nos processos educacionais. A metodologia foi transversal e quantitativa, sendo aplicado um inquérito a uma amostra de 86 professores. Os resultados apoiam o impacto positivo da tecnologia para otimizar os processos educacionais, daí a importância do desenvolvimento de competências pedagógicas digitais para alcançar melhores resultados educacionais.

Digital teaching competencies are defined as the knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable a satisfactory development of the professional through the use of information and communication technologies. The potential of digital tools and resources in the educational field is quite high, so the development of these competencies in teachers becomes a priority. The research analyzed theoretically and based on documentary sources the educational impact generated by the implementation of digital competencies in educational processes. The methodology was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a survey applied to a sample of 86 teachers. The results support the positive impact of technology to optimize educational processes, therefore, the importance of developing teachers' digital competencies to achieve better educational results.

Las competencias digitales docentes se definen como los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes que posibilitan un desenvolvimiento satisfactorio del profesional mediante el empleo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación. El potencial de las herramientas y recursos digitales en el campo educativo es bastante alto, por lo cual se vuelve prioritario el desarrollo de estas competencias en los docentes. La investigación analizó de manera teórica y con base en fuentes documentales el impacto educativo que genera la implementación de las competencias digitales en los procesos educativos. La metodología fue de corte transversal y cuantitativa, se utilizó una encuesta aplicada a una muestra de 86 docentes. Los resultados sustentan el impacto positivo de la tecnología para optimizar los procesos educativos, por tanto, la importancia del desarrollo de competencias digitales docentes para el logro de mejores resultados educativos.

Abstract This article examines technological postpandemic trends in Mexico, using the technologies recorded in patent and utility model applications filed with the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property (IMPI). We found that the number of applications decreased by more than 50% in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2018. On the other hand, technologies related to COVID-19 significantly increased in 2020-2021 compared to 2018, but not digital technologies. Interestingly, we found that approximately 90% of utility models have only Mexican inventors and applicants, while in patents, this percentage is halved. This finding suggests that minor inventions related to products or industrial tools are being developed locally, but inventions requiring more significant novelty, including not only objects but also substances or processes, are only half Mexican.

Resumen Este artículo estudia las tendencias tecnológicas en México en el periodo posterior a la pandemia, utilizando las tecnologías registradas en las solicitudes de las patentes y modelos de utilidad del Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial (IMPI). Se encontró que el número de solicitudes disminuyó en más del 50% en 2020 y en 2021, respecto a 2018. Por su parte, las tecnologías relacionadas con el COVID-19 aumentaron significativamente en 2020-2021 respecto a 2018, pero no así las de tecnologías digitales. De manera interesante, aproximadamente el 90% de los modelos de utilidad tienen únicamente inventores y solicitantes mexicanos, mientras que en las patentes este porcentaje se reduce a la mitad. Ello indicaría que las invenciones menores de productos o herramientas industriales están siendo desarrollados localmente, pero las invenciones que requieren mayor novedad y que incluyen no sólo objetos, sino también substancias o procesos, sólo la mitad son mexicanas.

The current business climate has been described as being volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA). This new world paradigm requires new skill sets. Professional bodies are responding to changes created by this new-world paradigm that university graduates will enter with revised competency frameworks that focus on business, digital, relational, and decision-making acumen (SAICA 2021b) and include both professional (i.e., non-technical) and technical skills. Historically, accounting departments that trained chartered accountants focused on developing technical competencies in students and did not have a tradition of research. Accounting departments are investigating various teaching initiatives or tools to help develop nontechnical skills in response to the changing work environment and to comply with the updated Competency Framework. Research projects, where students must formulate and investigate an unstructured question and present their findings, are used globally as a tool to develop professional competencies; however, there is limited application of research projects in the training of aspirant chartered accountants in South Africa. The 2020 cohort of postgraduate accounting students at a South African university provided a unique opportunity to investigate students' perceptions of professional skills competency development through a group research project as very few had prior experience in conducting research. This study documents students' perceptions of the use of the research project as a learning tool to develop specific professional competencies not traditionally taught and assessed. Although students found the research challenging, they believed that it supported the professional competency development required of future graduates that was not previously addressed appropriately.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is anchored in reflections arising from a teacher training course to discuss how education can didactically contextualize powerful knowledge in times of digital culture, considering the influence of current AI in education. Methodologically, the article is based on the structures of Ardoino's multireferential theory and the focus group strategy, with which we elaborate a theoretical update in the face of the technological challenges presented today for education. We consider the question 'which knowledge is necessary to learn?' should be both an epistemological question that constitutes the students' right to learn, and a question of didactic updating of teachers in contemporary times. It is fundamental to think of an education that institutes really powerful knowledge to overcome the established logic that living the digital culture is to use only technological tools uncritically, since thinking about didactic-pedagogical strategies collaborate in the construction and acquisition of powerful knowledge.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo está anclado en reflexiones surgidas de un curso de formación docente para discutir cómo la educación puede contextualizar didácticamente conocimientos poderosos en tiempos de cultura digital, considerando la influencia de la IA en la educación. Metodológicamente, el artículo se fundamenta en las estructuras de la teoría multi-referencial de Ardoino y en la estrategia de grupos focales, con los cuales elaboramos una actualización teórica frente a los desafíos tecnológicos que enfrenta la educación. Consideramos la pregunta ¿qué conocimiento es necesario para aprender? debe ser tanto una cuestión epistemológica que constituya el derecho a aprender, como una cuestión de actualización didáctica para los docentes. Es fundamental pensar una educación que instituya conocimientos realmente potentes para superar la lógica establecida de que vivir la cultura digital es utilizar únicamente herramientas tecnológicas de forma acrítica, ya que pensar estrategias didáctico-pedagógicas colabora en la construcción y adquisición de conocimientos potentes.

RESUMO A proposta deste artigo ancora-se em reflexões advindas de um curso de formação de professores para discorrer sobre como a educação pode contextualizar-se didaticamente de conhecimento poderoso em tempos de cultura digital considerando a influência das atuais IA na educação. Metodologicamente, o artigo fundamenta-se arcabouço da teoria multirreferencial de Ardoino e estratégia de grupo focal, com a qual elaboramos uma atualização teórica frente os desafios tecnológicos apresentados na atualidade para a educação. Consideramos que o questionamento ‘qual conhecimento é necessário aprender?’ deva ser tanto uma questão epistemológica que constitui o direito de aprender dos educandos, quanto uma questão de atualização didática dos docentes na contemporaneidade. Fundamental pensarmos em uma educação instituinte de conhecimento realmente poderoso para ultrapassar a lógica instaurada de que viver a cultura digital é utilizar apenas as ferramentas tecnológicas acriticamente, uma vez que pensar as estratégias didático-pedagógicas colaboram na construção e aquisição do conhecimento poderoso.

ABSTRACT The use of digital technologies in teaching determines the development of new intellectual skills in students, which facilitates the application of investigation strategies, improves their capabilities in an integral way, helps them face the difficulties and demands of the current world and allows them to acquire more significant learning to have a good performance in the socio-educational environment. With a view to fulfilling the above, an institutional repository of open educational resources was developed for the Virtual Health University, based on the use of free and open-source technology tools that allow the standardization and interoperability among each of the repositories established in the National Health System, which will guarantee logic of academic organization.

RESUMEN La utilización de herramientas tecnológicas en la docencia condiciona el desarrollo de nuevas destrezas intelectuales en los estudiantes, lo que les facilita la aplicación de estrategias de investigación, mejora sus capacidades de una forma integral, les ayuda a enfrentar las dificultades y exigencias del mundo y les permite adquirir un aprendizaje más significativo para poder desenvolverse en el ámbito socioeducativo. Con vistas a cumplir lo anterior, se desarrolló un repositorio institucional de recursos educativos abiertos para la Universidad Virtual de Salud, a partir del empleo de herramientas tecnológicas libres y de código abierto que permiten la estandarización e interoperabilidad entre cada uno de los repositorios establecidos en el Sistema Nacional de Salud, con lo cual se garantizará una lógica de organización académica.

ABSTRACT How to train medical students with relevance and quality in the contemporary context so that they have the tools and skills to learn for themselves and improve their professional performance throughout life? The aim of this article is to assess the significance of knowledge management in the training of contemporary medical students. Basic ideas are presented to encourage debate and reflection related to the substantive functions of the university which, in turn, are seen as training scenarios. Authors systematize a partial theoretical result of an ongoing investigation about knowledge management in the training of students of the Human Medicine studies at the Technical University of Manabí, Republic of Ecuador.

RESUMEN ¿Cómo formar con pertinencia y calidad al estudiante de Medicina en el contexto contemporáneo, de modo que posea las herramientas y competencias para aprender por sí y mejorar su desempeño profesional durante su vida? El objetivo de este artículo es valorar la significación de la gestión del conocimiento en la formación de los estudiantes de Medicina. Se exponen ideas básicas para propiciar el debate y la reflexión relacionados con las funciones sustantivas de la universidad, que, a su vez, son vistas como escenarios de formación. Se sistematiza un resultado parcial de carácter teórico de una investigación en curso acerca de la gestión del conocimiento en la formación de los estudiantes de la carrera Medicina Humana, de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, en la República del Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: In contemporary public governance, transparent, accountable, and citizen-centric practices are paramount. Citizen-based monitoring (CBM) of government projects is a promising avenue to uphold these principles. However, there is a pressing need for a more effective, structured, and technologically driven approach to CBM. OBJECTIVES: This research aims to present a tailored model for the South African government. Utilising social media, the model seeks to transform CBM practices, enhancing governance and ensuring project success. The limitations of current CBM tools necessitate such a model in South Africa. METHOD: Rooted in rigorous mixed-methodology research, the model's development and validation involve in-depth interviews with government officials, local media, and civic organisations, along with a citizen survey and literature review. International best practices in CBM and social media analytics inform its design. RESULTS: The study uncovers that current CBM tools have a dual nature, empowering citizens yet facing context-specific challenges like elite capture and inclusivity issues. Social media emerges as a preferred tool among citizens for monitoring government projects, showcasing its transformative potential in fostering transparency and citizen engagement. CONCLUSION: By leveraging social media's dynamic capabilities, this model can enhance transparency, accountability, and project success in South Africa's governance landscape, marking a significant advancement in the digital era. CONTRIBUTION: This research introduces a novel CBM model for South Africa, tailored to leverage social media's transformative potential. Addressing existing limitations in CBM tools provides insights into the challenges and opportunities of utilising social media for government project monitoring.

ABSTRACT Purpose: As digital devices are increasingly used at work, valid and reliable tools are needed to assess their effect on visual health. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q©) into Portuguese. Methods: A 5-phase process was followed: direct translation, synthesis of translation, back-translation, consolidation by an expert committee, and pretest. To run the pretest, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted with 26 participants who completed the prefinal Portuguese version of the CVS-Q© and were asked about difficulties, comprehensibility, and suggestions to improve the questionnaire. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the CVS-Q©, a cross-sectional validation study was performed in a different sample (280 workers). Results: In the pretest, 96.2% had no difficulty in completing it, and 84.0% valued it as clear and understandable. CVS-Q© in Portuguese (Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador, CVS-Q PT©) was then obtained. Validation revealed the scale’s good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.793), good temporal stability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.847; 95% CI 0.764-0.902, kappa=0.839), adequate sensitivity and specificity (78.5% and 70.7%, respectively), good discriminant capacity (area under the curve=0.832; 95% CI 0.784-0.879), and adequate convergent validity with the ocular surface disease index (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.728, p<0.001). The factor analysis provided a single factor accounting for 37.7% of the explained common variance. A worker who scored ≥7 points would have computer vision syndrome. Conclusions: CVS-Q PT© can be considered an intuitive and easy-to-understand tool with good psychometric properties to measure computer vision syndrome in Portuguese workers exposed to digital devices. This questionnaire will assist in making decisions on preventive measures, interventions, and treatment and comparing exposed populations in different Portuguese-speaking countries.

RESUMO Objetivos: À medida que a utilização de equipamentos digitais no emprego aumenta, a avaliação do seu efeito na saúde visual necessita de ferramentas válidas e robustas. Este estudo teve como objetivo traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar para português o Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador (CVS-Q©). Métodos: O procedimento foi realizado em 5 fases: tradução direta, síntese da tradução, tradução inversa, consolidação por um painel de especialistas, e pré-teste. Para fazer o pré-teste foi realizado um estudo piloto transversal aplicado a uma amostra de 26 participantes que completaram a versão pré-final da versão portuguesa do CVS-Q©, questionando por dificuldades, compreensão e sugestões de melhoria do questionário. Para avaliar a confiança e validade da versão portuguesa do CVS-Q© foi realizado um estudo transversal de validação em uma amostra diferente (280 funcionários). Resultados: No préteste, 96.2% dos participantes não apresentaram dificuldades no preenchimento do questionário, enquanto 84.0% indicaram que era claro e compreensível. Obteve-se, então, o CVS-Q© em português (Questionário da Síndrome Visual do Computador, CVS-Q PT©). A sua validação revelou uma boa consistência interna da sua escala (Cronbach’s alpha=0.793), boa estabilidade tem poral (coeficiente de correlação interclasse=0.847; 95% CI 0.764-0.902, kappa=0.839), sensibilidades e especificidades adequadas (78.5% e 70.7%, respetivamente), boa capacidade de discriminação (área abaixo da curva=0.832; 95% CI 0.784-0.879), e uma adequada validade da convergência com o índice de doença da superfície ocular (ocular surface disease index - OSDI; coeficiente de correlação de Spearman=0.728, p<0.001). A análise fatorial revelou um único fator responsável por explicar a variância comum em 37.7%. Um funcionário com uma pontuação ≥7 pontos sofria de síndrome visual do computador. Conclusão: O CVS-Q PT© pode ser considerada uma ferramenta intuitiva, de fácil interpretação e com boas pro priedades psicométricas para avaliar a síndrome visual do computador em funcionários portugueses expostos a ecrãs digitais. Este questionário facilitará as decisões sobre medidas preventivas, intervenções e tratamento, e a comparação entre as populações expostas em diferentes países de língua portuguesa.

Indigenous languages in South Africa must be preserved to ensure that they do not lose their identity and become extinct. The four indigenous languages with the fewest speakers among South Africa's 12 official languages are: Xitsonga, Siswati, Tshivenḓa and isiNdebele. The preservation of these languages in South Africa has been a long-standing challenge because of various social and economic factors. With the advancement of technology, opportunities have arisen to preserve and promote the use of these languages. Therefore, this study explores various technological strategies that can be used to preserve the South African indigenous languages. These languages can be preserved by making them widely accessible to users through various strategies such as localisation of daily used technology, translation through crowdsourcing, digitisation and archiving. Digital learning tools such as machine translation (MT) and creating online dictionaries can also contribute to preserving these languages. Each of these strategies offers benefits on how technology could be employed effectively and facilitate the preservation of indigenous languages. This study demonstrates the significance of technology in preserving indigenous languages and promoting their use around the world. CONTRIBUTION: This study fills the practical gap in the use of technology to adequately preserve minority indigenous languages of South Africa, namely, Xitsonga, Siswati, Tshivenḓa and isiNdebele. These languages do not receive much attention in terms of preservation using technology in South Africa. Therefore, the study provides practical technological strategies that need to be implemented to preserve the indigenous minority languages. The insight of this study into the use of technology to preserve South African languages fits well within the scope of Literator, which is to publish studies in linguistics and literature with a special focus on South African languages. This publication will bring solutions to how minority languages could be preserved in the context of South Africa

Teachers in the current digital era are required to integrate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in their daily teaching and must replace their traditional methods with modern tools and facilities. This is because ICT provides a dynamic and proactive teaching and learning environment. Consequently, the current study sought to establish how English First Additional Language (EFAL) Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college first-year students understood face-to-face instruction and blended learning (BL) environments for academic writing. The study was qualitative in nature and a case study design was followed. Twelve purposively selected first-year students were involved in semi-structured interviews as part of data collection. In this study constructivism was used as theoretical framework with reference to BL and academic writing. The findings of the study revealed that most students were in favour of the face-to-face learning mode because of its advantages in their learning context. Those who were not in favour of BL posited that it had the potential to facilitate inequality among students as it was likely to benefit only those who could afford to buy data. The findings further revealed that participants believed that the combination of both face-to-face and online learning modes may be conducive to the context of learning academic writing. They contend that the two types of learning are inextricably linked. CONTRIBUTION: The study may contribute to knowledge on the measures that TVET institutions and other tertiary institutions can develop and implement academic writing practices and BL practices to aid the success of EFAL first-year students. The study was an attempt to provide feedback to academia on the current perspectives and experiences of first-year ESL students at TVET colleges to distinguish areas of limitations with reference to valuable teaching and learning, academic writing and BL practices that compromise quality.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Abstract The democratization of mass communication brought by the internet has brought many benefits, but also many challenges, among them disinformation. As a way to combat it, many social media have tightened the rules for using their platforms, with the aim of preventing their tools from being used to spread fake news. Although moderation by social media is not new, some court decisions and legislative initiatives have put these instruments in check. The aim of this article is to investigate whether Brazilian legislation, by assigning the removal of content to the judiciary, would also have excluded application providers from this function, especially in the face of online disinformation. Starting from the following problematization: In the face of online disinformation, have providers had their powers restricted and would they depend on a court order to remove third-party content? Some of the hypotheses are that the legislation, in the name of freedom of expression and prohibition of censorship, would have really limited the performance of digital platforms, or if the legislation refers only to interventions external to the platforms, and could be understood as complementary to the policies of the providers, leaving both to moderate this content. From deductive methodology and using literature review procedures and jurisprudential analysis, the hypotheses will be tested resulting in their confirmation, refutation or reconstruction. After the present research, the results point to a compatibility between art. 19 of the Marco Civil da Internet and the practice of content moderation by application providers.

Resumo A democratização da comunicação de massa trazida pela internet trouxe muitos benefícios, mas também muitos desafios, dentre eles a desinformação. Como forma de combatê-la, muitas mídias sociais recrudesceram as regras de utilização de suas plataformas, com o objetivo de impedir que suas ferramentas fossem utilizadas para divulgação de notícias falsas. Embora a moderação realizada pelas mídias sociais não seja algo novo, algumas decisões judiciais e iniciativas legislativas vêm colocando em xeque esses instrumentos. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar se a legislação brasileira, ao destinar ao Judiciário a remoção de conteúdo, teria também excluído desta função os provedores de aplicação, em especial diante da desinformação online. Partindo da seguinte problematização: Diante da desinformação online os provedores tiveram seus poderes restringidos e dependeriam de ordem judicial para a remoção de conteúdo de terceiro? Algumas das hipóteses é que a legislação, em nome da liberdade de expressão e proibição de censura, teria realmente limitado a atuação das plataformas digitais, ou se a legislação se refere apenas a intervenções externas às plataformas, e poderia ser compreendida como complementar às políticas dos provedores restando a ambos a moderação deste conteúdo. A partir de metodologia dedutiva e se utilizando de procedimentos de revisão de literatura e análise jurisprudencial, as hipóteses serão testadas resultando em sua confirmação, refutação ou reconstrução. Após a presente pesquisa os resultados apontam para uma compatibilidade entre o art. 19 do Marco Civil da Internet e a prática de moderação de conteúdo por parte dos provedores de aplicação.