RESUMEN En el contexto actual, la transformación digital se ha convertido en un factor fundamental para el cambio de la matriz productiva en Ecuador. Esto se debe a que el mundo está siendo cada vez más digital y las empresas necesitan adaptarse a esta nueva realidad para seguir siendo competitivas en el mercado nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno ecuatoriano por impulsar la transformación digital, todavía existen obstáculos que limitan su implementación de manera eficiente y efectiva. Uno de ellos es el insuficiente conocimiento sobre el tema y sobre sus beneficios para la práctica social. Muchas empresas todavía no han adoptado las tecnologías digitales en sus procesos y actividades. Por otro lado, existen barreras como la falta de acceso a internet en algunas zonas rurales y la falta de capacitación y formación en habilidades digitales. El objetivo de este estudio es ofrecer un análisis de los niveles de interdependencia intersectorial en el contexto de la matriz productiva de Ecuador, identificando los principales desafíos, fortalezas y oportunidades. De esta manera se podrán proponer recomendaciones para la integración efectiva con la transformación digital. La metodología consistió en revisar la literatura sobre la transformación digital y su integración a la matriz productiva de Ecuador. También se recopiló información de estudios y datos estadísticos sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en el país.

ABSTRACT In the current context, digital transformation has become a key factor for changing the productive matrix in Ecuador. This is because the world is becoming increasingly digital and companies need to adapt to this new reality to remain competitive in the domestic and international markets. However, despite the Ecuadorian government's efforts to promote digital transformation, there are still obstacles that limit its efficient and effective implementation. One of those obstacles is the insufficient knowledge about the subject and about its benefits for social practice. Many companies have not yet adopted digital technologies in their processes and activities. On the other hand, there are barriers such as the lack of access to the internet in some rural areas and the lack of training and skills in digital skills. The objective of this study is to offer an analysis of the levels of intersectoral interdependence in the context of Ecuador's productive matrix, identifying the main challenges, strengths and opportunities. In this way, recommendations can be proposed for effective integration with digital transformation. The methodology consisted of reviewing the literature on digital transformation and its integration into Ecuador's productive matrix. Information was also collected from studies and statistical data on the adoption of digital technologies in the country.

Abstract The research analyzed the educational gap in Ecuador, focusing on the lack of knowledge and technological skills that negatively impact the country's digital transformation process. The main objective was to identify how this deficiency affects the implementation of digital technologies and to propose solutions to overcome it. The methodology used was qualitative, based on observation and documentary analysis, which allowed for an understanding of the current situation regarding technological training. The results revealed a widespread lack of digital skills among citizens, limiting their ability to effectively use technological tools. Significant barriers were identified, such as limited access to technology, the digital divide between urban and rural areas, and cultural resistance to adopting new technologies. Furthermore, it was highlighted that this lack of training not only hinders progress in digital transformation but also restricts job opportunities in sectors that demand digital skills. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to invest in education and technological training in Ecuador, suggesting that the government and educational institutions collaborate to design programs that train students and professionals in essential digital competencies. These efforts are fundamental to promoting the socioeconomic development of the country and ensuring that Ecuador does not fall behind in the digital age.

Resumen La investigación analizó la brecha educativa en Ecuador, enfocándose en la falta de conocimientos y habilidades tecnológicas que impactan negativamente el proceso de transformación digital del país. Se estableció como objetivo principal identificar cómo esta carencia afecta la implementación de tecnologías digitales y proponer soluciones para superarla. La metodología utilizada fue de carácter cualitativo, basada en la observación y el análisis documental, lo que permitió comprender la situación actual en términos de formación tecnológica. Los resultados revelaron una falta generalizada de habilidades digitales entre los ciudadanos, lo que limita su capacidad para utilizar herramientas tecnológicas efectivamente. Se identificaron barreras significativas, como el acceso limitado a la tecnología, la brecha digital entre áreas urbanas y rurales, y una resistencia al cambio cultural frente a la adopción de nuevas tecnologías. Además, se destacó que esta falta de formación no solo obstaculiza el avance en la transformación digital, sino que también restringe las oportunidades laborales en sectores que demandan habilidades digitales. Como conclusión, se enfatizó la necesidad urgente de invertir en educación y formación tecnológica en Ecuador, sugiriendo que el gobierno y las instituciones educativas colaboren para diseñar programas que capaciten a estudiantes y profesionales en competencias digitales esenciales. Estos esfuerzos son fundamentales para impulsar el desarrollo socioeconómico del país y garantizar que Ecuador no se quede rezagado en la era digital.

ABSTRACT Implementing cybersecurity policies is essential for governments to protect their information, safeguard national security, meet their legal and regulatory obligations, and ensure the safe and continuous delivery of public services. Ecuador's Cybersecurity Policy is designed to protect the country's digital assets and critical infrastructure, however there are multiple manifestations of cybersecurity violations. In this context, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of the policies implemented to guarantee cybersecurity in Ecuador, in line with technological evolution and emerging threats. For the most part, the system is considered ineffective. The lack of coordination between government institutions and organizations in charge of computer security is identified as fundamental gaps. It is necessary to update the legislation and the development of procedural guides that provide practical guidance to judicial operators in the management of cases. The country must continue to strengthen its national cybersecurity policy, promoting public-private collaboration, innovation and the adoption of good cybersecurity practices that facilitate the protection of sensitive information and the mitigation of cyber risks.

RESUMEN La implementación de políticas de ciberseguridad es esencial para que los gobiernos protejan su información, salvaguarden la seguridad nacional, cumplan con sus obligaciones legales y normativas, y garanticen la prestación segura y continua de servicios públicos. La Política de Ciberseguridad de Ecuador está diseñada para proteger los activos digitales y la infraestructura crítica del país, no obstante, existen múltiples manifestaciones de violaciones en cuanto a ciberseguridad. En este contexto, se hace necesario valorar la efectividad de las políticas implementadas para garantizar la seguridad cibernética en Ecuador, en consonancia con la evolución tecnológica y las amenazas emergentes. De forma mayoritaria el sistema es valorado como poco eficaz. Se identifican como brechas fundamentales la falta de coordinación entre instituciones gubernamentales y organismos encargados de la seguridad informática. Se requiere actualizar la legislación y la elaboración de guías de procedimiento que brinden orientación práctica a los operadores judiciales en el manejo de casos. El país debe continuar fortaleciendo su política nacional de ciberseguridad, promoviendo la colaboración público- privada, la innovación y la adopción de buenas prácticas de seguridad cibernética que faciliten la protección de la información sensible y la mitigación de riesgos cibernéticos.

Abstract This article discusses the concept, design, and contracting processes of the first phase of the TOMAK program (acronym for To’os Ba Moris Di’ak, translated as Farming for Prosperity in English, and Agricultura para Prosperidade in Portuguese). The program was funded by the Australian government and implemented in Timor-Leste between 2016 and 2021. We argue that these processes elevate the program to the status of a commodity, accessed in the global market by specific mechanisms of competition and subject to certain fetishes. The program’s management practices reflect the new role that nation-states have played under the dominance of neoliberalism: as catalysts of competition on multiple fronts. We contextualize the phenomena discussed as products of long-term historical processes related to the reconfigurations of international development cooperation practices. Our analyses are based on documental and digital ethnographies and two decades (2000-2020) of observations in the field of international cooperation in Timor-Leste and beyond. concept design acronym Toos To os Diak, Diak Di ak, ak Di’ak English Portuguese. Portuguese . Portuguese) TimorLeste Timor Leste 201 2021 commodity fetishes programs s nationstates nation states neoliberalism fronts longterm long term 20002020 2000 2020 (2000-2020 beyond 20 202 2000202 200 (2000-202 2 200020 (2000-20 20002 (2000-2 (2000- (2000 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo discute os processos de elaboração e contratação da primeira fase do programa TOMAK (acrônimo para To’os Ba Moris Di’ak; em inglês, Farming for Prosperity, e em português, Agricultura para Prosperidade), financiado pelo Estado australiano e implementado em Timor-Leste entre 2016 e 2021. Argumentamos que tais processos alçam o programa à condição de mercadoria, que é acedido, no mercado global, por mecanismos de concorrência específicos e sujeito a certos fetichismos. As formas de manejo do programa expressam o novo papel que os Estados nacionais têm desempenhado sob hegemonia do neoliberalismo: dinamizadores da concorrência, em múltiplas escalas. Situamos os fenômenos abordados como produto de processos históricos de longa duração relacionados às reconfigurações das práticas de cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento. As análises são baseadas em etnografias documental e digital e em experiências de duas décadas (anos 2000 a 2020) de observação do campo da cooperação internacional em Timor-Leste e alhures. acrônimo Toos To Diak Di ak Di’ak inglês Prosperity português Prosperidade, Prosperidade , Prosperidade) TimorLeste Timor Leste 201 2021 mercadoria acedido global fetichismos neoliberalismo escalas desenvolvimento anos 200 2020 alhures 20 202 2

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del aire es un asunto de interés para la salud pública por su rápido deterioro en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos, y los efectos del aire contaminado en la salud de las poblaciones. Objetivo. Explorar las condiciones de la calidad del aire en las que los repartidores de plataformas digitales desarrollaron su trabajo en las localidades de Kennedy y Usaquén de Bogotá durante el 2021. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio mixto, paralelo y convergente, basado en cuatro fuentes de información: 1) observación etnográfica en cinco ubicaciones comerciales de las dos localidades; 2) monitoreo de PM10 y PM2.5 en 56 rutas de reparto, empleando un equipo de bajo costo; 3) bitácoras diarias de los recorridos que apoyaron la interpretación de los datos del equipo, y 4) entrevista semiestructurada con el rutero para explorar sus percepciones frente a los peligros durante los recorridos. Resultados. Se identificaron diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo, las percepciones y las exposiciones a material particulado de los repartidores entre las dos localidades de estudio que constituyeron fuentes de injusticia ambiental. Los recorridos que realizaron los repartidores en la localidad de Kennedy registraron mayores concentraciones de PM10 y PM2.5. Las fuentes de contaminación atmosférica identificadas por los repartidores mostraron los peores parámetros en Kennedy. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la calidad del aire, el equipamiento urbano, la infraestructura vial, las fuentes móviles y la ubicación geoespacial son elementos que marcan la presencia de injusticia ambiental para los repartidores. Para disminuir esta inequidad, es necesario que las plataformas de reparto digital y el gobierno distrital implementen estrategias que reduzcan la exposición y la emisión de contaminantes del aire con el fin de proteger la salud de los repartidores de plataformas.

Abstract Introduction. Air quality is a matter of interest for public health due to its rapid deterioration in low- and middle-income countries and the effects of polluted air on the health of populations. Objective. To explore the air quality conditions in which digital platform delivery workers carry out their work, evaluating the localities of Kennedy and Usaquén in Bogotá, 2021. Materials and methods. We developed a mixed parallel convergent study based on four sources of information: 1) Ethnographic observation in five commercial locations of the two localities; 2) Monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 in 56 delivery routes using a low-cost sensor; 3) Daily logs of the routes to support the device data interpretation, and 4) A semi-structured interview applied to the drivers to explore their danger perception during the routes. Results. We identified elements causing environmental injustice among digital platform delivery workers between the two study locations. The routes made by the delivery drivers in the locality of Kennedy registered higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, compared to the values observed in Usaquén. The sources of air pollution identified by the delivery drivers through ethnographic observation and the router logbook showed the worst parameters in Kennedy. Conclusions. We evidenced that air quality, urban equipment, road infrastructure, mobile sources, and geospatial location are elements that mark the presence of environmental injustice for the digital platform delivery drivers in the studied localities. To reduce this inequity, it is necessary for digital delivery platforms and the district government to implement strategies that reduce the exposure and emission of air pollutants to protect the health of digital platform delivery workers.

Resumo No presente artigo a intensificação do uso de tecnologias para a estruturação e implementação de políticas sociais ganha centralidade. Nesta direção, os manuscritos estão organizados de maneira a apresentar, num primeiro momento, alguns pressupostos teóricos sobre o conceito de tecnologia que subsidiam a análise apresentada na sequência e que diz respeito aos processos da chamada transformação digital no Brasil, considerada uma estratégia nacional no contexto da “modernização” do Estado. Com vistas a dar maior concretude à análise, numa seção distinta, toma-se como referência empírica a problematização da mediação de recursos tecnológicos para o acesso às políticas de previdência e de assistência social brasileiras, cujas propostas têm alterado completamente as formas de atendimento à população usuária dos serviços nestas áreas e os processos de trabalho dos que atuam nestas políticas. Trata-se de uma síntese baseada em estudos que vêm sendo realizados no âmbito de uma pesquisa que aborda a relação entre tecnologia e política social, implementada por um conjunto de pesquisadores de três universidades públicas federais brasileiras.

Abstract This article examines the growing use of technologies in the structuring and implementation of social policies. In this sense, the manuscripts are structured to present, initially, some theoretical assumptions about the concept of technology that underpin the subsequent analysis. This analysis focuses on the processes of the so-called digital transformation in Brazil, which is considered a national strategy within the context of the "modernization" of the State. In order to provide a more concrete basis for analysis, a separate section is dedicated to the problematization of the mediation of technological resources for access to Brazilian social security and social assistance policies, which serves as an empirical reference. The proposals have fundamentally transformed the manner in which services are provided to the user population and the work processes of those engaged in these policies. This synthesis is based on studies conducted as part of a research project examining the relationship between technology and social policy. The research was carried out by a group of researchers from three Brazilian federal public universities.

Abstract The institutionalization of digital governments initially depended on the political will of states and economic forecasts to have the necessary resources in communications, currently one of the pivotal elements at national and international levels, and improve the quality of services and functions. Now, it lies in the sphere of inclusion: the capacity for social penetration, trust building among users, governance incentives, and civil empowerment in virtual environments. This work acknowledges that although progress has been made in Latin American countries in the creation of a social, political, and legal framework for following the digital agenda, the computerization of processes, and the search for solutions from an intergovernmental perspective, there are still considerable doubts around the notion of accessibility, which demands the development of instruments to measure the strengths and weaknesses of public policies, especially their application.

Resumen En un principio, la institucionalización de los gobiernos digitales dependió de la voluntad política de los Estados y de previsiones económicas tendientes a disponer de los recursos necesarios en el campo de las comunicaciones. Hoy, uno de sus ejes, no solo nacional sino también internacional, aparte del mejoramiento de la calidad de los servicios y funciones, pertenece a la esfera de la inclusión, es decir, a la capacidad de penetración social, la generación de confianza entre los usuarios, los incentivos a favor de la gobernanza y el empoderamiento civil en ambientes virtuales. Este trabajo reconoce que, si bien en los países latinoamericanos se ha avanzado en la creación de un marco social, político y jurídico para el cumplimiento de la agenda digital, en la informatización de procesos y en la búsqueda de soluciones desde una perspectiva intergubernamental, todavía existen dudas en torno a la noción de accesibilidad, que demandan la construcción de instrumentos para medir la fortalezas y debilidades de las políticas públicas y, en especial, de su aplicación.

Resumo No presente artigo é realizada uma análise dos principais aspectos que envolvem a privacidade no âmbito digital e dos normativos que tratam do tema e sua evolução, tanto no Brasil como em outros países e blocos, destacando a proteção de dados. Em relação à Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados no Brasil é apresentado um estudo detalhado da evolução da temática no país e a repercussão que a lei ocasionou, em particular quanto à visualização pela necessidade de ampliação da segurança da informação e da governança cibernética no país. São revisitados também fatos ocorridos, tais como o episódio das denúncias de Edward Snowden, que levaram, em conjunto com o advento da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, a uma necessidade de ampliar a regulação brasileira que trata da segurança cibernética, trazendo, assim, os aspectos que levaram à elaboração e publicação de uma Política Nacional de Segurança Cibernética no Brasil. São abordados ainda os aspectos relacionados aos levantamentos e auditorias realizados pelo Tribunal de Contas da União, órgão de controle externo do país, visando avaliar as ações e riscos envolvidos quanto àproteção de dados pessoais, no que se refere às ações governamentais, que vêm suscitando a necessidade de que novas regulações sejam editadas e, após postas em vigor, conhecer dados sobre sua implementação.

Abstract This article presents an analysis of the main aspects related to privacy in the digital environment and the regulations that deal with the subject and its evolution, highlighting the issue of data protection both in Brazil and in other countries and blocs. In relation to the General Data Protection Law in Brazil, a detailed study has been carried out on the evolution of the issue in the country and the repercussions that the law has caused, especially in relation to the need to expand information security and cyber governance. Also reviewed are events that occurred, such as the episode of Edward Snowden’s accusations, which, together with the advent of the General Data Protection Law, led to the need to expand the Brazilian regulation that deals with cybersecurity, thus bringing the aspects that led to the elaboration and publication of a National Cybersecurity Policy in Brazil. Aspects related to surveys and audits carried out by the Federal Audit Court, the country’s external control body, are also covered, with the aim of evaluating the actions and risks related to the protection of personal data, in terms of government actions, which raises the need to issue new regulations and, once they are in force, to know data on their implementation.

Abstract ICTs have the potential to positively transform the educational system worldwide, Latin America and in Ecuador. However, to take full advantage of its benefits, it is essential to address the challenges related to the digital divide, educational quality and teacher training. The objective of the research is to carry out a bibliographic analysis on the impact of the use of ICT in the educational system, with emphasis on the Ecuadorian educational system at the university level. The applied methodology is based on a retrospective qualitative approach. The PRISMA methodology was used to carry out the systematic analysis of the literature. The results obtained indicate that a comprehensive and coordinated approach between the government, educational institutions and civil society is essential to guarantee that ICT contributes significantly to improving the quality and equity of education globally, in Latin America and in Ecuador. Particularly in Ecuador, the impact of ICT on the educational system has been significant and has generated a series of changes and challenges. However, although there is progress in the incorporation of ICT in the country's schools and universities. As conclusions, it is proposed that ICTs have profoundly transformed the educational system by expanding access to information, introducing new educational methodologies and posing ethical and social challenges. Despite the obvious benefits, it is essential to address the digital divide and ensure equitable and ethical implementation of ICT in education.

Resumen Las TIC tienen el potencial de transformar positivamente el sistema educativo a nivel mundial, latinoamericano y en Ecuador. Sin embargo, para aprovechar al máximo sus beneficios, es fundamental abordar los desafíos relacionados con la brecha digital, la calidad educativa y la capacitación docente. El objetivo de la investigación es realizar un análisis bibliográfico sobre el impacto del empleo de las TIC en el sistema educativo, con énfasis en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano en el nivel universitario. La metodología aplicada se basa en un enfoque cualitativo de tipo retrospectivo. Se empleó la metodología PRISMA para la realización del análisis sistemático de la literatura. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan que un enfoque integral y coordinado entre el gobierno, las instituciones educativas y la sociedad civil es esencial para garantizar que las TIC contribuyan de manera significativa a mejorar la calidad y equidad de la educación a nivel mundial, en Latinoamérica y en el Ecuador. Particularmente en el Ecuador el impacto de las TIC en el sistema educativo ha sido significativo y ha generado una serie de cambios y desafíos. Sin embargo, aunque existen avances en la incorporación de las TIC en las escuelas y universidades del país. Como conclusiones, se plantea que las TIC han transformado profundamente el sistema educativo al ampliar el acceso a la información, introducir nuevas metodologías educativas y plantear desafíos éticos y sociales. A pesar de los beneficios evidentes, es esencial abordar la brecha digital y garantizar una implementación equitativa y ética de las TIC en la educación.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a content analysis of articles published in five Argentine generalist digital media outlets that discuss Artificial Intelligence, robotization, and process automation. The corpus underwent a data mining approach, and a representative sample was then selected for content analysis based on variables such as the area of news impact (health, education, government, etc.), geographical origin, sources, and the appeal to fears or expectations. The main findings focus on the similarity of approaches among the five media outlets, which otherwise have very different editorial stances regarding the broader public discussion agenda. The analysis reveals a predominantly favorable or positive approach to these innovations, a business bias in the sources used, and a prevalence of the comfort-obsolescence axis as the referenced expectations and fears.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados de uma análise de conteúdo de artigos publicados em cinco meios digitais generalistas argentinos que abordam Inteligência Artificial, robotização e automação de processos. O corpus foi submetido a uma abordagem de mineração de dados e, em seguida, uma amostra representativa foi selecionada para uma análise de conteúdo, com base em variáveis como a área de incidência da notícia (saúde, educação, governo, etc.), origem geográfica, fontes e apelo a medos ou expectativas. Os principais achados concentram-se na semelhança de abordagens dos cinco meios de comunicação (que, aliás, apresentam orientações editoriais muito diferentes em relação à agenda de discussão pública mais geral), na abordagem predominantemente favorável ou positiva dessas inovações, no viés empresarial nas fontes utilizadas e no predomínio, como expectativas e temores referidos, do eixo comodidade-obsolescência

Resumen: En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un análisis de contenido de artículos publicados en cinco medios digitales generalistas argentinos en los que se tematiza la inteligencia artificial, la robotización y la automatización de procesos. El corpus se sometió a un abordaje de minería de datos y luego se seleccionó una muestra representativa que fue abordada con un análisis de contenido, a partir de variables como el área de incidencia de la noticia (salud, educación, gobierno), el origen geográfico, las fuentes y la apelación a temores o expectativas. Los principales hallazgos se centran en la similitud de enfoques de los cinco medios (los que, por lo demás, presentan líneas editoriales muy diferentes respecto a la agenda de discusión pública más general), el abordaje mayormente favorable o positivo de estas innovaciones, el sesgo empresarial en las fuentes utilizadas y el predominio, como expectativas y temores aludidos, del eje comodidad-obsolescencia

Digital information and data are crucial drivers of progress in various industries, including mining, where data-driven decision making optimizes resource extraction, enhances safety, and ensures sustainability. The adoption of digital technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things has amplified the importance of digital information. However, the integrity and security of this information are paramount, leading to the exploration of blockchain technology as a potential solution for secure digital value exchange in mining. This research examines blockchain's capabilities, drawing insights from its applications in sectors like banking, government, healthcare, and entertainment, and evaluates their relevance to mining's core value chain processes. The study identifies blockchain's distributed ledger technology, cryptographic security, and decentralization as unique advantages that can revolutionize mining by enhancing transaction speed, reducing costs, and improving supply chain transparency and compliance with sustainability standards. Blockchain's transparent and auditable records can enhance business transparency, fostering trust among stakeholders, including investors and regulatory bodies. The technology's consensus mechanisms and smart contracts further promote trust in collaborative ventures. This research provides a foundational understanding for decision-makers in the mining industry to evaluate blockchain's feasibility and potential return on investment, guiding strategic planning and resource allocation for blockchain applications. By leveraging blockchain, mining companies can optimize operations, improve sustainability practices, and establish a robust foundation for future growth, positioning blockchain as a transformative technology in the sector.

Resumen Introducción: En 1995, en el marco de la IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer, representantes de gobiernos de todo el mundo acordaron la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. Los medios de comunicación aparecen, por primera vez, como una de las esferas de especial preocupación para lograr la igualdad de género en el mundo. Objetivo: Realizar un monitoreo crítico sobre las políticas de comunicación y género desarrolladas por el Estado argentino en torno al cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos planteados en el capítulo J: participación de las mujeres en la estructura laboral de los medios; y erradicación de contenido mediático sexista y estereotipado. Método y técnicas: Se desarrolló una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo y se utilizó la técnica del análisis de contenido. A partir de esto, especialmente para la elaboración de conclusiones y recomendaciones, se tomó como referencia una metodología para el análisis de género del fenómeno legal. Resultados: La mayoría de las políticas impulsadas por el Estado argentino cumplen con el segundo objetivo estratégico de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. En el año 2021 se sancionó una ley de equidad de géneros en los medios que responde al primer objetivo estratégico, sin embargo, todavía no fue reglamentada. Conclusiones: Existen desafíos pendientes en relación con posibles reformas en la normativa vigente sobre violencia contra las mujeres; las tensiones entre regulación y libertad de expresión; el acceso a la justicia en casos de violencia mediática; y la necesidad de avanzar en el cumplimiento del objetivo estratégico uno.

Abstract Introduction: In 1995, at the Fourth World Conference on Women, government representatives from all over the world agreed on the Beijing Platform for Action. The media appeared, for the first time, as one of the areas of special concern for achieving gender equality in the world. Objective: To carry out a critical monitoring of the communication and gender policies developed by the Argentine State regarding the fulfillment of the strategic objectives set forth in Chapter J: women's participation in the labor structure of the media; and the eradication of sexist and stereotyped media content. Method and technique: A documentary research with a qualitative approach was developed and the technique of content analysis was used. From this, especially for the elaboration of conclusions and recommendations, a methodology for the gender analysis of the legal phenomenon was used as a reference. Results: Most of the policies promoted by the Argentine State comply with the second strategic objective of the Beijing Platform for Action. In the year 2021, a law on gender equity in the media was passed, which responds to the first strategic objective; however, it has not yet been regulated. Conclusions: There are pending challenges in relation to possible reforms in the current legislation on violence against women; the tensions between regulation and freedom of expression; access to justice in cases of media violence; and the need to advance in the fulfillment of strategic objective one.

Abstract This review article presents the theoretical basis of contributions, lines of research and approaches that exist from the Ibero-American point of view, with the aim of showing quantitatively the main Ibero-American exponents on Media and Information Literacy [MIL], the results are the product of a search in the WoS, in the category Arts & Humanities Citation Index [AHCI], using Media Literacy and Media and Information Literacy filters; the results are stored in a database that is debugged and then analyzed in the VOSviewer bibliometric software; the types of analysis are co-authored, with the Association Strengh and Ling/Long Modularity methods; the information is presented in tables and bibliometric networks; visualizing the level of association and density given by author and country. The results show Spain with the largest number of researchers with publications in high-impact journals, showing different approaches to MIL and its impact on contemporary society from the educational, political, economic and technological fields; its contribution combines criteria on the need to implement teaching-learning processes supported in ICT to innovate the educational field since digital media do not cause changes by themselves is necessary government collaboration in Latin America; the Ibero-American referents of the MIL are Ignacio Aguaded, Luis Miguel Romero Rodríguez, Rosa García Ruiz, Amor Pérez Rodríguez.

Resumen Este artículo de revisión muestra el fundamento teórico de aportes, líneas de investigación y enfoques que existen desde el punto de vista Iberoamericano, con el objetivo de mostrar cuantitativamente los principales exponentes iberoamericanos sobre Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional [AMI], los resultados son producto de una búsqueda en la WoS, en la categoría Arts & Humanities Citation Index [AHCI], con el uso de filtros Media Literacy y Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional, los resultados se almacenan en una base de datos que se depura y luego se analiza en el software bibliométrico VOSviewer. Los tipos de análisis son coautoría, con los métodos Association Strengh y Ling/Long Modularity, la información se presenta en tablas y redes bibliométricas; y se visualiza el nivel de asociación y densidad que existe por autor y país. Los resultados muestran a España con el mayor número de investigadores con publicaciones en revistas de alto impacto con diferentes enfoques sobre la AMI y la incidencia en la sociedad contemporánea desde el ámbito educativo, político, económico y tecnológico; su contribución aúna criterios sobre la necesidad de implementar procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje con soporte en TIC para innovar el ámbito educativo, ya que los medios digitales no suscitan cambios por sí mismos, es necesaria la colaboración gubernamental en América Latina; los referentes iberoamericanos de la AMI son Ignacio Aguaded, Luis Miguel Romero Rodríguez, Rosa García Ruiz, Amor Pérez Rodríguez.

RESUMEN La brecha digital hace referencia a la forma de exclusión social que afecta el uso de la tecnología e impacta en mayor medida a los pueblos originarios. En Oaxaca, por su alta densidad de población indígena, se observa un continuum histórico de desigualdad que se expresa en la pobreza, la marginación, la baja escolaridad y el bajo poder adquisitivo, barreras para el acceso a las tecnologías digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los factores sociodemográficos, económicos, culturales y geográficos que inciden en el acceso a Internet por parte de la población indígena, así como una revisión de las políticas de inclusión digital emprendidas para la reducción de la brecha digital. Tal abordaje supuso el uso del modelo estadístico probit, utilizando datos del Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Las estadísticas arrojaron que la educación, el poder adquisitivo, el acceso a servicios básicos y el hecho de residir en lugares de mayor concentración poblacional son condicionantes para fomentar el acceso a Internet. Asimismo, se vislumbró la necesidad de diseñar y aplicar políticas digitales con la participación de los tres niveles gubernamentales (federal, estatal y municipal) y agentes sociales locales, bajo un marco del reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural; políticas que vayan más allá de lo instrumental y que promuevan la inversión pública-privada en telecomunicaciones, además de seguir avanzando en mejorar el bienestar de la población indígena.

ABSTRACT The digital divide refers to the form of social exclusion that affects the use of technology and has a greater impact on indigenous peoples. In Oaxaca, due to its high density of indigenous population, there is a historical continuum of inequality that is expressed in poverty, marginalisation, low schooling and low purchasing power, which are barriers to access to digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to analyse the socio-demographic, economic, cultural and geographic factors that affect access to the Internet by the indigenous population, as well as a review of the digital inclusion policies undertaken to reduce the digital divide. This approach involved the use of the probit statistical model, using data from the 2020 Population and Housing Census. The statistics showed that education, purchasing power, access to basic services and residing in places with a higher population concentration are conditioning factors for promoting access to the Internet. Likewise, the need to design and implement digital policies with the participation of the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal) and local social agents, within a framework of recognition of cultural diversity; policies that go beyond the instrumental and that promote public-private investment in telecommunications, in addition to continuing to make progress in improving the well-being of the indigenous population.

RESUMO A brecha digital refere-se à forma de exclusão social que afeta o uso da tecnologia e impacta em maior medida os povos indígenas. Em Oaxaca, devido à sua alta densidade de população indígena, observa-se um continuum histórico de desigualdade que se expressa na pobreza, na marginalização, na baixa escolaridade e no baixo poder de compra, barreiras ao acesso às tecnologias digitais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os fatores sociodemográficos, econômicos, culturais e geográficos que afetam o acesso à Internet da população indígena, bem como uma revisão das políticas de inclusão digital empreendidas para reduzir a brecha digital. Esta abordagem envolveu o uso do modelo estatístico probit, utilizando dados do Censo Demográfico e Habitacional de 2020. As estatísticas mostraram que a escolaridade, o poder de compra, o acesso a serviços básicos e o fato de residir em locais com maior concentração populacional são fatores condicionantes para promover o acesso à internet. Da mesma forma, percebeu-se a necessidade de desenhar e aplicar políticas digitais com a participação dos três níveis de governo (federal, estadual e municipal) e dos agentes sociais locais, num quadro de reconhecimento da diversidade cultural; políticas que vão além do instrumental e promovam o investimento público-privado em telecomunicações, além de continuar avançando na melhoria do bem-estar da população indígena.

Abstract This evolutionary analysis is aimed at understanding the processes to comply with the institutionalization of fundamental rights, given which it is necessary to understand the digital conception that has been presented in the Mexican case from public institutions and to be able to recognize the areas of opportunity that can be generated with regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in general, and fundamentally in relation to cybersecurity and information security in particular, these as public policy from the approach of national planning applied to the recognition of the fundamental right of access to ICT. This entails the hypothesis of determining whether, in terms of national planning, the Mexican Federal Executive has contributed to establishing the conditions to ensure the right of access to ICTs for the Mexican population. The methodology used is evolutionary diachronic and institutional analysis from the perspective of performance evaluation. The results provide us with a general idea of how the evolution and current situation of the National Digital Strategy is situated to develop the potential of ICT in digital government, as well as in compliance with the fundamental right of access to information and communication technologies. (TIC) on behalf of the Mexican state. Although the determination is not very conclusive, what it does provide us with a panoramic vision of the evolution of the fundamental right established in relation to national planning and the results obtained. This confirms the need to recognize in the Rule of Law the institutional transit that becomes cybersecurity and information security, from the programmatic, budgetary and performance evaluation perspective, to base new comparative analyzes in the world and the Latin American region, in accordance with international commitments regarding sustainable development.

Resumo Esta análise evolutiva é dirigida a entender os processos para cumprir com a institucionalização de direitos fundamentais, dado que é preciso compreender a concepção digital que se apresentou no caso mexicano desde as instituições públicas e poder reconhecer as áreas de oportunidade que se podem gerar com respeito às Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no geral, e fundamentalmente no que diz respeito à cibersegurança e segurança da informação em particular, isso é como política pública desde o enfoque da planificação nacional aplicada ao reconhecimento do direito fundamental de acesso a las TIC. Isso conlleva la hipótesis de determinar se em cuanto a la planeación nacional, o Executivo Federal mexicano tem contribuído para estabelecer as condições para assegurar o direito de acesso a las TIC a la población mexicana. A metodologia utilizada é a diacrônica evolutiva e a análise institucional desde a ótica da avaliação do desempenho. Os resultados nos fornecem uma ideia geral de como se situa a evolução e atualização da Estratégia Digital Nacional para desenvolver o potencial das TIC no governo digital, bem como no cumprimento do direito fundamental de acesso às tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) de parte do estado mexicano. Embora a determinação não seja totalmente conclusiva, o que sim é que nos brindam com uma visão panorâmica da evolução do direito fundamental estabelecido em relação ao planejamento nacional e aos resultados obtidos. Com isso se confirma a necessidade de reconhecer no Estado de Direito o trânsito institucional que se deve à cibersegurança e a segurança da informação, desde a ótica programática, pressuposta e de avaliação do design, para fundamentar novas análises comparativas no mundo e no región latinoamericana, conform a los compromisos internacionales acaecidos en cuanto a desarrollo sostenible.