Abstract Introduction: Gorse (Ulex europaeus, family Fabaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to Europe and invasive in the Andean high-mountain tropical paramos. Objective: To quantify the extent of a biological invasion within a paramo near Los Nevados National Natural Park in Tolima, Colombia, and evaluate bioeconomic solutions to encourage shrub eradication while promoting the local economy and industry. Methods: An object-based supervised classification approach was conducted using UAS (Uncrewed Aircraft Systems)-based RGB imagery and a Planet-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) layer, both from 2022, to quantify the area invaded. This value, the height obtained from a UAS-derived nDSM (Normalized Digital Surface Model), and a pair of allometric equations found in the literature were employed to estimate the gorse aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground available fuel, also known as fuel load. Then, documented bioethanol production estimations were applied to calculate its potential extraction based on the AGB values. Results: The invaded area was quantified to be 66 465 m2, with an overall accuracy rate of 85.3 %. Furthermore, the fuel load was found to be approximately half of the AGB, which poses a high risk of fire in the ecosystem. The findings also suggest that up to USD 88 933.7 could be generated if all gorse in the study area is exploited to produce bioethanol. Conclusions: This study underscores the urgency of managing the biological invasion of gorse in the Andean paramo and suggests the potential for bioeconomic solutions to mitigate the impact of these invasions.

Resumen Introducción: El retamo espinoso (Ulex europaeus, familia Fabaceae) es un arbusto perenne originario de Europa e invasor en los páramos andino-tropicales de alta montaña. Objetivo: Cuantificar la extensión de una invasión biológica dentro de un páramo cerca del Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados en Tolima, Colombia, y evaluar soluciones bioeconómicas para fomentar la erradicación del arbusto y, al mismo tiempo, promover la economía e industria locales. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una clasificación supervisada basada en objetos utilizando imágenes RGB tomadas con UAS (sistemas de aeronaves no tripulados) y una capa NDVI (índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada) derivada de Planet, ambas de 2022, para cuantificar el área invadida. Este valor, así como la altura obtenida a partir de un nDSM (modelo digital de superficie normalizado) derivado de las imágenes UAS y un par de ecuaciones alométricas halladas en la literatura, se emplearon para estimar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y el combustible disponible superficial, también conocido como carga de combustible. Luego, se utilizaron estimaciones documentadas de producción de bioetanol para calcular su potencial extracción con base en los valores de AGB. Resultados: El área invadida se cuantificó en 66 465 m2, con una exactitud global del 85.3 %. Además, se encontró que la carga de combustible era aproximadamente la mitad del AGB, lo que representa un alto riesgo de incendio en el ecosistema. Los resultados también sugieren que se podrían generar hasta 88 933.7 dólares estadounidenses, si se explotara todo el retamo espinoso de la zona de estudio para producir bioetanol. Conclusiones: Este estudio resalta la urgencia de gestionar la invasión biológica del retamo espinoso en el páramo andino y sugiere potenciales soluciones bioeconómicas para mitigar el impacto de estas invasiones.

Resumo O Índice de Área Foliar (IAF) é a razão da área da superfície do solo coberta por folhas. O IAF desempenha um papel significativo nas características estruturais dos ecossistemas florestais. Portanto, é necessário um processo de estimativa preciso. Um método para estimar o IAF é o uso da Fotografia de Cobertura Digital. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações para processamento do IAF usando fotos digitais não considera a cor marrom das partes das plantas. Pesquisas anteriores, que incluem a cor marrom no cálculo, potencialmente produziram resultados enviesados devido ao aumento na contagem de pixels da foto original. Este estudo tem como objetivo aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF. Os métodos propostos consideram a cor marrom enquanto minimizam erros. O processamento de imagem é realizado em duas etapas para separar os pixels de folhas e não folhas, usando o modelo de cor RGB na primeira etapa e aplicando o modelo de cor CIELAB na segunda etapa. Os métodos propostos e as aplicações existentes são avaliados em relação ao valor real do IAF obtido por meio da Varredura a Laser Terrestre (TLS) como referência. Os resultados demonstram que os métodos propostos identificam efetivamente as partes não foliares e apresentam as menores taxas de erro em comparação com outros métodos. Concluindo, este estudo oferece técnicas alternativas para aprimorar a precisão da estimativa do IAF em ecossistemas florestais . (IAF Portanto preciso Digital entanto plantas anteriores cálculo original erros TLS (TLS referência Concluindo

Abstract Leaf Area Index (LAI) is the ratio of ground surface area covered by leaves. LAI plays a significant role in the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, an accurate estimation process is needed. One method for estimating LAI is using Digital Cover Photography. However, most applications for processing LAI using digital photos do not consider the brown color of plant parts. Previous research, which includes brown color as part of the calculation, potentially produced biased results by the increased pixel count from the original photo. This study aims to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation. The proposed methods consider the brown color while minimizing errors. Image processing is carried out in two stages to separate leaves and non-leaf pixels by using the RGB color model for the first stage and applying the CIELAB color model in the second stage. Proposed methods and existing applications are evaluated against the actual LAI value obtained using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as the ground truth. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively identify non-leaf parts and exhibit the lowest error rates compared to other methods. In conclusion, this study provides alternative techniques to enhance the accuracy of LAI estimation in forest ecosystems. (LAI ecosystems Therefore needed Photography However research calculation photo errors nonleaf non leaf TLS (TLS truth conclusion

Abstract In civil engineering, the stability of many structures depends on the physical properties of the contact between the concrete seated on the rocky foundation surface. Usually, they are critical structures of great importance to society, such as: bridges, tunnels and dams. Thus, the shear behavior of rock-concrete joints is a key factor of the structural stability. The method of cohesive zones (CZM) allows to simulate the beginning of the formation of a crack and its propagation, without knowing the crack location or when it will start. Thus, in this work, a numerical model was developed capable of simulating the failure due to interfacial delamination of the contact between a structure formed by mortar seated on a rocky granite leaning surface. The calibration of the numerical model was performed using the experimental test results of simple compression on a block of rock in contact with the mortar by an inclined interface. The test was monitored using a high-resolution digital camera. The data were processed using the digital image correlation method (DIC) to obtain displacement data of the laboratory test. The DIC results were used to calibrate the nonlinear numerical model of the test using the bilinear method of cohesive zone in the rock-mortar interfacial contact elements. By a parametric analysis varying the maximum shear stress parameter of the contact cohesive elements, the bilinear law was adjusted (Maximum tensile stress and critical displacement and damage rate). Indirectly, the rate of release of energy of critical deformation from the rupture of the contact was also estimated. engineering surface Usually society as bridges dams Thus rockconcrete CZM (CZM propagation start work interface highresolution high resolution camera (DIC rockmortar elements Maximum rate. . rate) Indirectly estimated

Resumo Na engenharia civil, a estabilidade de muitas estruturas depende das propriedades físicas do contato entre o concreto assentado na superfície rochosa de fundação. Geralmente são estruturas críticas e de grande importância para a sociedade, tais como: pontes, túneis e barragens. Assim, o comportamento ao cisalhamento das juntas rocha-concreto é um fator chave da estabilidade estrutural. O método das zonas coesivas (MZC) permite simular o início da formação de uma fissura e a sua propagação, sem saber a localização da fissura ou quando esta irá começar. Assim, neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico capaz de simular a ruptura por descolamento interfacial do contato entre uma estrutura formada por argamassa assentada sobre uma superfície inclinada de granito rochoso. A calibração do modelo numérico foi realizada através dos resultados de ensaios experimentais de compressão simples sobre um bloco de rocha em contato com a argamassa por uma interface inclinada. O teste foi monitorado por meio de uma câmera digital de alta resolução. Os dados foram processados utilizando o método de correlação de imagens digitais (CID) para obtenção dos dados de deslocamento do ensaio laboratorial. Os resultados do método CID foram utilizados para calibrar o modelo numérico não linear do ensaio utilizando o método bilinear de zona coesiva nos elementos de contato interfacial rocha-argamassa. Através de uma análise paramétrica variando o parâmetro de tensão cisalhante máxima dos elementos coesivos de contato, determinou-se a lei bilinear ajustada (tensão máxima de tração, deslocamento crítico e taxa de dano). Indiretamente, também foi estimada a taxa de liberação de energia de deformação crítica proveniente da ruptura do contato. civil fundação sociedade como pontes barragens Assim rochaconcreto estrutural MZC (MZC propagação começar rochoso resolução (CID laboratorial rochaargamassa. rochaargamassa argamassa. rocha-argamassa determinouse determinou se tração dano. dano . dano) Indiretamente

Abstract This work investigated the annual variations in dry snow (DSRZ) and wet snow radar zones (WSRZ) in the north of the Antarctic Peninsula between 2015-2023. A specific code for snow zone detection on Sentinel-1 images was created on Google Earth Engine by combining the CryoSat-2 digital elevation model and air temperature data from ERA5. Regions with backscatter coefficients (σ⁰) values exceeding -6.5 dB were considered the extent of surface melt occurrence, and the dry snow line was considered to coincide with the -11 °C isotherm of the average annual air temperature. The annual variation in WSRZ exhibited moderate correlations with annual average air temperature, total precipitation, and the sum of annual degree-days. However, statistical tests indicated low determination coefficients and no significant trend values in DSRZ behavior with atmospheric variables. The results of reducing DSRZ area for 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 compared to 2018/2018 indicated the upward in dry zone line in this AP region. The methodology demonstrated its efficacy for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of data obtained in digital processing environments, allowing for the large-scale spatial and temporal variations monitoring and for the understanding changes in glacier mass loss. (DSRZ (WSRZ 20152023. 20152023 2015 2023. 2023 2015-2023 Sentinel1 Sentinel 1 Sentinel- CryoSat2 CryoSat 2 CryoSat- ERA5 ERA σ⁰ σ (σ⁰ 6.5 65 6 5 -6. occurrence 11 -1 C precipitation degreedays. degreedays degree days. days degree-days However variables 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/202 20182018 2018 2018/201 region environments largescale large scale loss 2015202 201 202 2015-202 (σ 6. -6 - 2019202 2019/20 2020202 2020/20 2018201 2018/20 201520 20 2015-20 201920 2019/2 202020 2020/2 201820 2018/2 20152 2015-2 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/ 20182 2018/ 2015-

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of eight digital elevation models (DEMs), i.e., one digital terrain model (DTM) obtained from airborne P-band radar (BCDCA DTM), one digital surface model (DSM) obtained from airborne X-band radar (BCDCA DSM) and six DSMs from orbital sensors (AW3D30, ASTER GDEM, Copernicus DEM, NASADEM, SRTM, Topodata), for the morphological characterization of the floodplains of Amapá (Brazil). All DEMs were resampled to the same mesh size and compared by visual and statistical analysis in terms of elevation and slope. The comparison demonstrated that the DTM obtained from P-band radar images was the most consistent one in representing the landforms, as it is less sensitive to vegetation. The behavior of the automated hydrographic network extraction was also analyzed, showing that even the DTM was not able to detect drainage lines across flat landscapes with centimeter elevation variations. As the comparisons were made with a common 30 m grid, the conclusions are limited to this scale and the effect of a change of scale is discussed. In view of the difficulty of automatically extracting the network in a plain, the possibility to reduce the modelling to a 2D approach, based on external hydrographic data, is also discussed. Abstract DEMs, , (DEMs) ie i e i.e. (DTM Pband P band BCDCA DTM, DTM) DSM (DSM Xband X AW3D30, AW3D30 AWD AW D (AW3D30 GDEM DEM NASADEM SRTM Topodata, Topodata Topodata) Brazil. Brazil . (Brazil) slope landforms vegetation analyzed variations 3 grid discussed plain approach data (DEMs i.e AW3D3 (AW3D3 (Brazil AW3D (AW3D

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to detect native trees from different flight configurations and smoothing techniques in Canopy Height Models (CHMs) in a native remnant in the municipality of Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. To do so, eight flights were carried out with a Phantom 4, with two flight planning applications (Litchi and Pix4Dcapture) and two flight arrangements (single and double), totaling four flights for each application. All flights were processed using the Pix4Dmapper program. The LiDAR database was obtained with a DJI Matrice 300 system and from this data, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area was extracted. From the UAV data, the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of each flight was obtained. Subtracting each DSM from the DTM resulted in the CHMs for each UAV flight flown. The CHMs were smoothed with the CHMsmoothing function and three search window sizes were tested (6.5 x 6.5, 8 x 8, and 10 x 10). Results: The results of the ITD approach revealed that in unsmoothed and smoothed CHMs, the search window of size 8 resulted in the best precision metrics, with the highest recall, precision, and F-score values. In the smallest window size, there was the highest number of false positives while in the largest window size, the omitted trees were more representative. Conclusion: The best combination between flight parameters and smoothing techniques was with the Litchi application, with a single flight and 80% lateral and longitudinal overlap, resulting in individuals detected with an F-score of 0.94. Background (CHMs Curitiba Paraná Brazil so 4 Pix4Dcapture PixDcapture Pix Dcapture double, double , double) application PixDmapper Dmapper program 30 data (DTM extracted (DSM flown 6.5 65 6 5 (6. 1 10. . 10) Results metrics recall Fscore F score values representative Conclusion 80 overlap 094 0 94 0.94 3 6. (6 09 9 0.9 ( 0.

Abstract In February 2023, anomalously heavy rainfall caused widespread landslides in the coastal city of São Sebastião (Southeastern Brazil). This report describes the first version of a landslide inventory dataset for this event. The inventory is primarily based on the analysis of aerial images with 10 cm spatial resolution acquired immediately after the event, as well as archive images from Google Earth and PlanetScope. Delimitation of the landslides relied on a comparison of the images along with the area’s Digital Surface Model (DSM) and hydrography. The spatial vector dataset (shapefile and geopackage) contains points representing the landslide’s crowns and polygons indicating the affected area and is openly available in Zenodo. 2023 Southeastern Brazil. Brazil . Brazil) event 1 PlanetScope areas s DSM (DSM hydrography shapefile geopackage Zenodo 202 20 2

Abstract Spatial modeling of precipitation is fundamental to understand the distribution of natural vegetation, plant growth, and the consequences of climate change. Here we compare for mainland Mexico the estimates of high annual precipitation (≥ 1 500 mm on average) from seven digital climate layers, which are available from the Internet. Is it relevant with which layer the areas with high precipitation are identified? Is it advisable to use a precipitation layer elaborated with satellite data, instead of ground-based rain gauges? It turned out that there are huge differences among the estimates of the seven digital layers: The area with average annual precipitation ≥ 1 500 mm varies according to the selected layer between 143 964 km2 (“Cuervo”) and 232 439 km2 (“Satelital”), or 7.4% to 11.9% of Mexico’s land area. The latter area is 1.6 times the former. The total area, where at least one of the seven layers estimates an average annual precipitation ≥ 1 500 mm, is 287 042 km2 (14.7% of Mexico’s land area). The coefficient of variation for the estimated annual precipitation among the seven layers varies from 1.8 to 60.9%. The category with a relatively low coefficient of variation covers 74.7% of the 287 042 km2, the intermediate category 24.1%, and the one with the highest variation 1.2%. All layers, except “Satellite”, are based on data from Mexico’s National Water Commission (CONAGUA). For no layer is it possible to trace which climatological stations were used for its elaboration, and only for some layers the number of used stations is indicated. Other limitations for the analysis of the layers were that we could not find the following information: What statistical corrections were made to the raw data? How were missing precipitation data (which are common in the data from the CONAGUA) handled? What are the precise specifications for the methodology used for spatial interpolation? What environmental factors were taken into account? What parameters of statistical accuracy can be reported? On the other hand, we used 504 climatological stations from CONAGUA, where for the years 1951 to 2010 (or two 30-year periods of climatological normals) an average of ≥ 1 500 mm had been measured. Taking into account the missing data, the 504 climatological stations covered on average only 32.7 years of this 60-year interval. For the data from the climatological stations, we also did not find adequate methodological information: Which measuring instruments were used, and how accurate were they? What is the reason for the large number of missing data? Was there any process of correction and improvement of the data? We analyzed the differences between the precipitation measured at the 504 climatological stations and that estimated by the layer, determining the average (“relative bias”) and the interval between the 10% and 90% quantiles of the differences (“dispersion 1”). The “Satellite” layer had the largest bias (−481 mm) and the largest dispersion (1 707 mm), while “Garcia” had the smallest elative bias (−23 mm) and “UNIATMOS” had the smallest dispersion (781 mm). The averages of the absolute differences (“dispersion 2”), according to the layer from 226 to 630 mm, were also high. The situation of large inconsistencies among layers was similar at 110 525 sites located equidistant between pairs of stations. At these sites, the precipitation estimates of the layers resulted from interpolating data between climatological stations. The extreme was at a site, where one layer estimated 886 mm and the other 4 929 mm of precipitation, 5.6 times the first value. The large variation in precipitation estimated by the layers was considerably explained by the topographic heterogeneity in a circle of 1 km diameter around the 504 stations. As supplementary information, we provide two Excel files with the annual precipitation data from the CONAGUA, and the layer estimates at the station sites. In conclusion, it is relevant which of the seven layers are used to identify areas with high precipitation, and a layer based exclusively on satellite data is not (yet) recommended. The “UNIATMOS” layer stood out here with the comparatively best parameters. In any case, the spatial estimation of high annual precipitation in Mexico still presents major accuracy problems, which results in three recommendations: First, it would be important to improve the scientific basis of empirical data of precipitation and other climate variables for Mexico, with less missing data in the future, with description of methods and quality indicators, and if possible with a larger number of climate stations in regions with high precipitation; second, reproducible methods should be included in the description of climate layers; and third, it would be advisable to model a specific layer for high precipitation for the corresponding surface, estimated here at 14.7% of the Mexico’s surface, where topography is taken into account in detail.

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Resumo O método de espectrometria de raios gama é uma alternativa para medir rapidamente a intensidade da radiação emitida pelos elementos U (urânio), K (potássio) e Th (tório) da superfície do solo, podendo dar suporte ao mapeamento tradicional de solos. O excesso de potássio pode ser prejudicial à videira, fato que ocorre frequentemente em regiões tropicais e a manutenção da matéria orgânica é mais difícil em solos arenosos. O mapeamento desses aspectos pode subsidiar o manejo agrícola e, quando aplicado à viticultura, pode incentivar a produção de vinhos diferenciados para um mercado competitivo no mundo. A área de estudo localiza-se em Santana do Livramento, Brasil, onde foram avaliadas as distribuições dos teores de radio-elementos, em diferentes tipos de solo e relevo, bem como o seu mapeamento dentro dos vinhedos. Os dados de radio-elementos e o modelo digital de elevação foram interpolados pelo método de krigagem, gerando mapas com resolução de 5 metros. Os resultados geraram mapas de altimetria e níveis de U, Th e K, bem como a classificação para cada elemento de rádio: alto teor, médio teor e baixo teor. Perfis de solo também foram feitos ao redor da fazenda, a fim de observar a variação vertical dos radio-elementos. O zoneamento de U, Th e K no solo apresentou a espectrometria gama como uma alternativa rápida para medir as variações desses elementos e assim, indicar áreas a serem monitoradas quanto ao teor de potássio e matéria orgânica, evitando doenças ou deficiências de outros elementos do solo. solo, relacionadas com anomalias ou com o conteúdo de radio-elementos.

Abstract The gamma-ray spectrometry method is an alternative for quickly measuring the intensity of the radiation emitted by the elements U (uranium), K (potassium) and Th (thorium) from the soil surface, being able to support the traditional soil mapping. The excess of potassium can be harmful to vines, a fact that often occurs in tropical regions and the maintenance of organic matter is more difficult in sandy soils. The mapping of these aspects can support agricultural management and, when applied to viticulture, can encourage the production of differentiated wines for a competitive market in the world. The studied area is located in “Santana do Livramento”, Brazil, where the distributions of radio-elements contents were evaluated, in different types of soil and relief, as well as their mapping within the vineyards. The radio-element data and the digital elevation model were interpolated by the kriging method, generating maps with a resolution of 5 meters. The results generated maps of altimetry and levels of U, Th and K, as well as the classification for each radio-element: high content, medium content and low content. Soil profiles were also made around the farm, in order to observe the vertical variation of radio-elements. The zoning of U, Th and K in the soil presented the gamma-spectrometry as a quick alternative to measure the variations of these elements and thus, indicating areas to be monitored for the content of potassium and organic matter, avoiding diseases or deficiencies of other elements of the soil. soil, related to anomalies or the content of radio-elements.

Summary: The Mixteco River basin is located in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico and comprises a total area of 6 559.20 km2, which shows a strong degradation of its natural resources, derived mainly from anthropic actions associated with poor management of its natural resources. Thus, the goal of this research is to evaluate the runoff behavior with the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model in the Mixteco River basin using the soil spatial distribution from INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) and that obtained through technique of DSM (Digital Soil Mapping) technique. The modeling with INEGI (ModINEGI) corresponds to the soil map of the series II scale 1:250 000, and the modeling with DSM (ModDSM) was obtained from the environmental covariates. The SWAT model performance evaluation indicators during the calibration phase were R2 = 0.88 and NSE = 0.87 for ModDSM and R2 = 0.85 and NSE = 0.85 for ModINEGI. However, during the validation period, the ModDSM results (R2 = 0.83 and NSE = 0.81) were better than those of ModINEGI (R2 = 0.83 and NSE = 0.61). Therefore, the results indicate that the spatial variation of the soil types obtained through the DSM technique in combination with the vegetation cover and the distribution of slopes at the basin level, allow the SWAT model to simulate the adequate surface runoff behavior.

Resumen: La cuenca del río Mixteco se ubica en el estado de Oaxaca, México y comprende una superficie total de 6 559.20 km2; esta presenta fuerte degradación de sus recursos naturales, derivado principalmente de las acciones antrópicas asociadas a una mala administración de sus recursos naturales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento del escurrimiento superficial mediante el modelo SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) en la cuenca del río Mixteco utilizando tanto la distribución espacial de suelo del INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) como la obtenida a través de la técnica de DSM (Mapeo Digital de Suelos). La modelación con INEGI (ModINEGI) correspondió al mapa edafológico de la Serie II escala 1:250,000 y la modelación con DSM (ModDSM) se obtuvo a partir de covariables ambientales. Los indicadores de evaluación del desempeño del modelo SWAT durante la fase de calibración fueron R2 = 0.88 y NSE = 0.87 para ModDSM y R2 = 0.85 y NSE = 0.85 para ModINEGI; sin embargo, durante el periodo de validación, los resultados de ModDSM (R2 = 0.83 y NSE = 0.81) fueron mejores que los de ModINEGI (R2 = 0.83 y NSE = 0.61). Por lo tanto, los resultados indican que la variación espacial de los tipos de suelo obtenida a través de la técnica de DSM, en combinación con la cobertura vegetal y la distribución de las pendientes a nivel cuenca, permiten al modelo SWAT simular de forma adecuada el comportamiento del escurrimiento superficial.

RESUMEN En este studio se evaluó estadísticamente la precisión vertical de los modelos digitales de elevación de la Misión Topográfica Shuttle Radar 2.0 (SRTM30), del sistema radiométrico de emisión y reflexión térmica espacial Terra Advanced 2.0 (ASTER GDEM2), y del Satélite de Observación Terrestre Mundial 3D 2.1 (ALOS AW3D30). El Valle de Fergana, en Asia Central, fue elegido como la región de estudio porque la superficie terrestre puede reflejar los procesos tectónicos. Para este trabajo se determinaron los valores de alturas elipsoidales de 27 puntos de la red regional GPS como valores de referencia. Para el ajuste geoidal de la superficie de estudio se aplicó la aproximación geométrica con los datos de nivelación GPS y el modelo geopotencial global EGM96, basado en ondulaciones geoidales. El rango de corrección de la altura geoidal se establece entre -0.66 m y 0.87 m. Con los modelos SRTM30, ASTER GDEM2 y ALOS AW3D30 se obtuvieron los errores de raíz cuadrada media de ~10.0 m, ~16.4 m, and ~6.6 m, respectivamente. Al compararse con el modelo de referencia se encontró que todos los modelos digitales de elevación en las áreas montañosas por lo general sobreestimaban la elevación y el valor de precisión vertical de un 90 % de exactitud excedía entre 3 y 6 metros el margen declarado por los distribuidores. Sin embargo, el modelo ALOS AW3D30 fue el modelo digital de elevación más preciso y que mejor representa la topografía de la superficie terrestre y que, por lo tanto, podría ser usado para algunas aplicaciones ingenieriles en el Valle de Fergana.

ABSTRACT In this study, the vertical accuracy of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model Versión 2.0 (SRTM30), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM Version 2.0 (ASTER GDEM2), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D Digital Surface Model Version 2.1 (ALOS AW3D30) was statistically assessed using GPS data. The Fergana Valley area was chosen as a study region, where the land surface can reflect tectonic processes. The values of ellipsoidal heights of 27 points of the regional GPS network were chosen as reference data. The geometric approach using GPS/leveling data and EGM96 global geopotential model-based geoid undulations was applied for geoid surface fitting. The geoid height corrections range ranged from -0.66 m to 0.87 m. Root-Mean-Square errors of ~10.0 m, ~16.4 m, and ~6.6 m was obtained for SRTM30, ASTER GDEM2, and ALOS AW3D30, respectively. It was found that compared with the reference model, all the global DEMs in mountainous areas generally overestimated elevation and the value of vertical ac-curacy at a 90% confidence level by 3-6 meters exceeded the declared by distributors. But ALOS AW3D30 proved to be the most accurate DEM that best represents the topography of the earth's surface and could be used for some engineering applications in Fergana Valley.

Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a preventable condition caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The FAS facial phenotype is an important factor for diagnosis, alongside central nervous system impairments and growth abnormalities. Current methods for analysing the FAS facial phenotype rely on 3D facial image data, obtained from costly and complex surface scanning devices. An alternative is to use 2D images, which are easy to acquire with a digital camera or smart phone. However, 2D images lack the geometric accuracy required for accurate facial shape analysis. Our research offers a solution through the reconstruction of 3D human faces from single or multiple 2D images. We have developed a framework for evaluating 3D human face reconstruction from a single-input 2D image using a 3D face model for potential use in FAS assessment. We first built a generative morphable model of the face from a database of registered 3D face scans with diverse skin tones. Then we applied this model to reconstruct 3D face surfaces from single frontal images using a model-driven sampling algorithm. The accuracy of the predicted 3D face shapes was evaluated in terms of surface reconstruction error and the accuracy of FAS-relevant landmark locations and distances. Results show an average root mean square error of 2.62 mm. Our framework has the potential to estimate 3D landmark positions for parts of the face associated with the FAS facial phenotype. Future work aims to improve on the accuracy and adapt the approach for use in clinical settings. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study presents a framework for constructing and evaluating a 3D face model from 2D face scans and evaluating the accuracy of 3D face shape predictions from single images. The results indicate low generalisation error and comparability to other studies. The reconstructions also provide insight into specific regions of the face relevant to FAS diagnosis. The proposed approach presents a potential cost-effective and easily accessible imaging tool for FAS screening, yet its clinical application needs further research

ABSTRACT A methodology based on the processing of the digital terrain model in saga-gis is presented to determine flood scenarios in case of intense or prolonged rains in the cunas river sub-basin, junín, peru. The variables calculated from the alos palsar dtm were: closed depressions (cd), vertical distance to the drainage network (vd), modified catchment area (mca), surface runoff - land runoff flow d8, and the topographic humidity index (tw1). Flood susceptibility is obtained as cd + mca + d8 + tw1-vd. The resulting map validated in the field shows different degrees of susceptibility to flooding, highlighting three sectors where a significant group of population centers are exposed to potential medium to high grade flooding.

RESUMEN Se presenta una metodología basada en el procesamiento del modelo digital del terreno en SAGA-GIS para determinar los escenarios de inundaciones en caso de lluvias intensas o prolongadas en la subcuenca del río Cunas, Junín, Perú. Las variables calculadas a partir del DTM ALOS PALSAR fueron: Depresiones cerradas (CD), Distancia vertical a la red de drenaje (VD), Área de captación modificada (MCA), Escorrentía superficial - Escorrentía terrestre flujo D8, y el índice de humedad topográfico (TW1). La susceptibilidad a las inundaciones se obtiene como CD + MCA + D8 + TW1- VD. El mapa resultante validado en el campo, muestra diferentes grados de susceptibilidad a inundaciones, destacando tres sectores donde un grupo significativo de núcleos de población se encuentran expuestos a potenciales inundaciones de grado medio a alto.

Digital modelling of a surface is crucial for Earth science and mining applications for many reasons. These days, high-tech digital representations are used to produce a high-fidelity topographic surface in the form of a digital terrain model (DTM). DTMs are created from 2D data-points collected by a variety of techniques such as traditional ground surveying, image processing, LiDAR, radar, and global positioning systems. At the points for which data is not available, the heights need to be interpolated or extrapolated from the points with measured elevations. There are several interpolation/extrapolation techniques available, which may be categorized based on criteria such as area size, accuracy or exactness of the surface, smoothness, continuity, and preciseness. In this paper we examine these DTM production methods and highlight their distinctive characteristics. Real data from a mine site is used, as a case study, to create DTMs using various interpolation techniques in Surfer® software. The significant variation in the resulting DTMs demonstrates that developing a DTM is not straightforward and it is important to choose the method carefully because the outcomes depend on the interpolation techniques used. In mining instances, where volume estimations are based on the produced DTM, this can have a significant impact. For our data-set, the natural neighbour interpolation method made the best predictions (R² = 0.969, β = 0.98, P < 0.0001).

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the agreement of images in white light (WL), fluorescence (FL), and digital radiographs (DR), on the diagnosis and treatment decisions for occlusal caries lesions against a micro-CT gold standard. Material and Methods: Ten extracted third molars, with enamel and/or dentin caries (ICDAS 2-4), were included. Occlusal surface images were acquired with an intraoral camera (SoproLife®) in WL and FL modes. DR was obtained using an intraoral X-ray and a semi-direct digital system. A total of 780 images were needed, organized in a template, to be later examined by twenty-six dentists invited to compose the study. The Generalized Estimation Equations model was used to compare the proportions of the correct answers between the three methods and the gold standard. When significant, Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to identify differences (α=5%). Results: Most of the examiners were specialists (76.9%) with 14.5 years of experience. All diagnostic methods were similar and showed low agreement (DR 12.7%, WL 16.5%, and FL 16.5%) compared with gold standard caries diagnostic scores. Regarding treatment decisions, mean agreement for all diagnostic methods was higher (43.2%; p<0.001), and among all methods, WL (48.1%) and FL (51.2%) modes performed better than DR (30.4%, p<0.001). Conclusion: SoproLife® images could help clinicians to propose rational, minimally invasive treatments for occlusal caries lesions. Objective WL, , (WL) FL, (FL) DR, (DR) microCT micro CT Methods molars andor or ICDAS 24, 24 2 4 2-4) included SoproLife (SoproLife® Xray X ray semidirect semi direct system 78 needed template twentysix twenty six study significant posthoc post hoc α=5%. α5 α α=5% . 5 (α=5%) Results 76.9% 769 76 9 (76.9% 145 14 14. experience 127 12 7 12.7% 165 16 16.5% scores 43.2% 432 43 (43.2% p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 p<0.001) 48.1% 481 48 1 (48.1% 51.2% 512 51 (51.2% 30.4%, 304 30 (30.4% p<0.001. Conclusion rational (WL (FL 2-4 (SoproLife α=5 (α=5% 76.9 (76.9 12.7 16.5 43.2 (43.2 p000 p<0.00 00 48.1 (48.1 51.2 (51.2 30.4% 3 (30.4 2- α= (α=5 76. (76. 12. 16. 43. (43. p00 p<0.0 48. (48. 51. (51. 30.4 (30. (α= (76 (43 p0 p<0. (48 (51 30. (30 (α (7 (4 p<0 (5 (3 ( p<