Resumo Índices são usados para ajudar na tomada de decisões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar um índice capaz de determinar fontes de perda (ex.: insetos herbívoros) e de solução (ex.: inimigos naturais). Eles serão classificados de acordo com sua importância quanto a habilidade de danificar ou reduzir danos no sistema, quando a produção final é desconhecida. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), uma espécie pioneira não nativa do Brasil com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, usada em programas de restauração, é adequada para avaliar um novo índice. A fórmula foi: Porcentagem de Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-PD) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. As fontes de perda Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e Tettigoniidae, e as fontes de solução Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae) e Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram maiores % I.I.-PD nas folhas das mudas de A. auriculiformis. O número de Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Salticidae; o de A. reticulatum pelo de Uspachus sp.; e o de Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) pelo de P. termitarius em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Entretanto, o número de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e o de A. reticulatum pelo de Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em mudas de A. auriculiformis. O dano de A. reticulatum foi reduzido pelo número de Uspachus sp., mas o dano de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp., totalizando 23,81% de aumento de danos em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Aqui eu apresento e testo o % I.I.-PD. Ele é um novo índice capaz de detectar fontes de perda e de solução no sistema quando não se conhece a produção final. Ele pode ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Abstract Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Resumo A fertilização com lodo de esgoto desidratado pode acelerar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à concentração de nutrientes, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de plantas pioneiras tais como Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) e de seus insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores e seus índices e relações ecológicas em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado, em área degradada, durante 24 meses. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com dois tratamentos (com e sem adubação com lodo de esgoto desidratado) e 24 repetições (uma repetição = uma planta). O maior número de insetos mastigadores Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae) e Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), de desfolha, e do índice ecológico abundância de Coleoptera e de Orthoptera foram maiores em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas do que nas não fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado. Plantas de A. auriculiformis, com maior quantidade de galhos/árvore, apresentaram maiores abundâncias de Coleoptera e Orthoptera, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, desfolha e números de Parasyphraea sp. e T. collaris, e as com maior folhas/galho os de riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera e Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Por tanto, a utilização de A. auriculiformis, adubada com lodo de esgoto desidratado, é promissora na recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao aumento dos índices ecológicos de insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e aranhas na área.

Abstract Fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge can speed up the recovery process of degraded areas due to nutrients concentration, favoring the development of pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) and the emergence of insects. This study aimed the evaluation of chewing, pollinating insects, predators, their ecological indices and relationships on A. auriculiformis plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 repetitions. The prevalence of chewing insects Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae), and Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), defoliation, and ecological indices of abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera were observed on fertilized A. auriculiformis. Acacia auriculiformis plants, with a superior number of branches/tree, revealed greater abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, species richness of pollinating insects, defoliation, numbers of Parasyphraea sp. and T. collaris. The ones with larger leaves/branches displayed greater abundance of species richness of Coleoptera and Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Therefore, the use of A. auriculiformis plants, fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge, is promising in the recovery of degraded areas due to the ecological indices increase of chewing and pollinators insects and spiders in the analyzed area.

Resumen La agricultura en México ha sobrepasado el uso racional de insecticidas químicos, impactando con ello la estructura del suelo y el ecosistema agrícola en general. Una alternativa de control de plagas es el uso de plantas tóxicas, las cuales proporcionan sustancias químicas que modifican el comportamiento de los insectos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficacia de un insecticida biorracional generado con Datura metel Linneo aplicado sobre poblaciones de adultos del gusano de la raíz del maíz Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi durante el ciclo primavera-verano 2019, en Durango. Se evaluaron 1 620 individuos a diferentes dosis 10, 20, 50 y 70 mg L-1 cada 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 y 24 h. Además, se determinaron los valores de DL50 y el intervalo de confianza al 95% para cada tratamiento. Las dosis evaluadas causaron mortalidad del gusano del maíz, la cual varió en función de la dosis y la estructura analizada. La DL50 calculada para la raíz fue de 23.2 mg L-1, para la hoja 34.1 mg L-1 y para el tallo 89.3 mg L-1. Al aumentar la dosis a 70 mg L-1 de raíz fue posible alcanzar una mortalidad de 76%, por lo que se concluye que existe una relación directamente proporcional entre la estructura evaluada y la dosis aplicada a los adultos del gusano del maíz y el tiempo de exposición.

Abstract Agriculture in Mexico has surpassed the rational use of chemical insecticides, thereby impacting soil structure and the agricultural ecosystem in general. A pest control alternative is the use of toxic plants, which provide chemicals that modify the behavior of insects. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a biorational insecticide generated with Datura metel Linnaeus applied on adult populations of the corn rootworm Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi during the 2019 spring-summer cycle, in Durango. One thousand six hundred twenty individuals were evaluated at different doses 10, 20, 50 and 70 mg L-1 every 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h. In addition, the values of LD50 and the 95% confidence interval were determined for each treatment. The doses evaluated caused the mortality of corn rootworm, which varied depending on the dose and structure analyzed. The LD50 calculated for the root was 23.2 mg L-1, for the leaf 34.1 mg L-1 and for the stem 89.3 mg L-1. By increasing the dose to 70 mg L-1 of root, it was possible to achieve a mortality of 76%, so it is concluded that there is a directly proportional relationship between the structure evaluated and the dose applied to adults of corn rootworm and the time of exposure.

RESUMO Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho das cultivares de batata em sistema orgânico de produção, visando identificar aquelas com maior potencial produtivo e menos danificadas por Phytophthora infestans e Diabrotica speciosa. O experimento foi conduzido durante as safras de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Avaliou-se as cultivares Ágata, Aracy Ruiva, Vitória, Clara, Eliza, Catucha e Cris, quanto à severidade de P. infestans e área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC), orifícios e galerias nos tubérculos causadas por D. speciosa e produção de tubérculos. ‘Ágata’ foi a cultivar mais suscetível, com severidade de P. infestans próxima dos 100% e AUDPC significativamente mais elevada do que as outras cultivares. Os danos externos das larvas D. speciosa foram mais intensos em ‘Eliza’ do que em ‘Clara’ e ‘Catucha’. ‘Eliza’ foi também uma das cultivares com mais danos internos em ambos os anos, enquanto ‘Catucha e ‘Vitória’ estiveram entre as menos danificadas internamente. Os resultados indicaram ‘Catucha’ e ‘Clara’ como as mais adequadas para o cultivo orgânico entre os materiais estudados.

ABSTRACT In this study we evaluated the performance of potato cultivars in the organic production system, aiming to identify those more productive and less damaged by Phytophthora infestans and Diabrotica speciosa. The experiment was conducted during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Cultivars Ágata, Aracy Ruiva, Vitória, Clara, Eliza, Catucha and Cris were assessed for severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of P. infestans, external holes and internal galleries caused by D. speciosa, and tuber yield. Most cultivars reacted positively to P. infestans and D. speciosa. ‘Ágata’ was the most susceptible cultivar, with P. infestans severity close to 100% and AUDPC significantly higher than the other cultivars. D. speciosa larvae external damages were more intense in ‘Eliza’ than in ‘Clara’ and ‘Catucha’. ‘Eliza’ was also among the most internally damaged cultivars in both years, while ‘Catucha’ and ‘Vitória’ were among the least internally damaged. The results indicate ‘Catucha’ and ‘Clara’ as the most suitable for organic cultivation among the studied materials.

RESUMEN En el cultivo del frijol existen diversas especies de insectos que pueden ocasionar perjuicios a la productividad y enemigos naturales que pueden ayudar a regular sus poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la entomofauna asociada a 20 genotipos de frijol y correlacionar la interacción entre los insectos utilizando análisis multivariado. Las especies más abundantes en el sistema estudiado fueron Sternechus subsignatus (Curculionidae: Sternechini), Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) y Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Las tres especies presentaron correlación directa entre sí. El cultivo del frijol en estudio presentó tres especies de chinches consideradas importantes plagas. Las especies Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) y Edessa meditabunda meditabunda (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) presentaron correlación inversa entre sí.

ABSTRACT There are several species of insects that can cause damage to productivity and natural enemies that can help to regulate populations in beans cultivation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the entomofauna associated with 20 bean genotypes and correlate the interaction between insects using multivariate analysis. The most abundant species in the studied system were Sternechus subsignatus Boheman, 1836 (Curculionidae: Sternechini), Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). All three species showed direct correlation with each other. The bean crop under study presented three species of stinkbugs considered important pests. The species Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Edessa meditabunda (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) presented inverse correlation with each other.

RESUMO O valor comercial dos tubérculos de batata é afetado pelos danos causados por Diabrotica speciosa, cujas larvas fazem orifícios na casca dos tubérculos e túneis internos. A estimativa dos danos aos tubérculos de batata é geralmente realizada avaliando os danos externos, em detrimento dos túneis de alimentação causados por larvas. Assim, propomos um método para estimar os danos de D. speciosa, considerando os aspectos externos e internos dos tubérculos separadamente. Para tanto, plantas de batata cv. Ágata foram cultivadas sob diferentes infestações de larvas, medindo-se a área ocupada pelos buracos e o volume dos túneis de alimentação internamente, relacionando esses dados com a área total e o volume do tubérculo. A metodologia utilizada permitiu caracterizar o aumento dos danos nos tubérculos com maior infestação de larvas. A correlação entre os danos internos e externos causados por larvas de D. speciosa não foi significativa, indicando que o dano externo por si só não é um parâmetro adequado para o diagnóstico da qualidade geral do tubérculo. No entanto, o método aqui proposto fornece informações sobre o volume de polpa consumido pelas larvas, a extensão das galerias formadas e o volume relativo de danos em relação ao tubérculo total. Além disso, o método aqui proposto contempla uma análise mais precisa da área externa danificada pela herbivoria em relação à área total do tubérculo, o que não é comumente considerado em estudos de estruturas de plantas subterrâneas.

ABSTRACT The marketable value of potato tubers is affected by damage caused by Diabrotica speciosa, whose larvae create holes on the tubers’ skin and internal feeding tunnels. The estimation of potato tuber damage is usually performed by assessing the external damage to the detriment of feeding tunnels caused by larvae. Thus, we propose a method to estimate the damage caused by D. speciosa larvae, considering the external and internal aspects of the tubers separately. For that, potato plants cv. Agata were grown under different infestations of larvae, measuring the area occupied by the holes and the volume of internal feeding tunnels, relating these data to the total area and volume of the tuber. The methodology used allowed us to characterize an increase in damage in tubers with the highest infestation of larvae. The correlation between internal and external damage caused by D. speciosa larvae was not significant, indicating that external damage alone is not an adequate parameter for the diagnosis of overall tuber quality. However, the method proposed here provides information regarding the volume of pulp consumed by the larvae, the extent of the galleries formed, and the relative volume of damage concerning the total tuber. Moreover, the method proposed here contemplates a more precise analysis of the external area damaged by herbivory relative to the total area of the tuber, which is not commonly considered in studies of underground plant structures.

Abstract The fluctuation of insect pests in 16 corn genotypes was evaluated, the relationship between the number of insects and grain yield was analyzed, and the most important pests for the conditions of the Campo Verde district in Pucallpa, Ucayali region were identified. 16 genotypes of hard yellow corn were evaluated under a randomized complete block design with three replications; each plot had 72 plants planted at a density of 62,500 plants per hectare. The experiment was carried out in the Campo Verde district, Coronel Portillo province, Ucayali department, Peru. Through the systematic sampling of pests, 15 plants were randomly taken per genotype in which the insects present in them were counted. In total, 12 evaluations were carried out at 10, 18, 26, 34, 41, 48, 54, 62, 69, 75, 84 and 96 days after sowing (dds). Six pests out of a total of seven were the most frequently obtained during the crop cycle, which were identified as: Dalbulus maidis (De Long and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Diabrotica viridula (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Empoasca kraemeri (Ross and Moore) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Oliarus spp. (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). On average, of the 12 evaluations carried out on the 16 genotypes, four were the moments in which the highest number of insects per plant was recorded (26, 34, 54 and 96 dds). The regression lines turned out to be not significant; however, the negative relationship between the number of insects and grain yield is evident. Apparently, the three most important pests would be: S. frugiperda, followed by D. maidis and D. viridula, since without these pests the average yield of the 16 genotypes would rise from 2.16 t / ha to 3.1; 2.98 and 2.81 t / ha, respectively.

Resumen Se evaluó la fluctuación de insectos plagas en 16 genotipos de maiz, se analizó la relación entre el número de insectos y el rendimiento de grano, y se identificaron las plagas más importantes para las condiciones del distrito de Campo Verde en Pucallpa, región Ucayali. 16 genotipos de maiz amarillo duro fueron evaluados bajo el diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones; cada parcela tuvo 72 plantas sembradas a una densidad de 62.500 plantas por hectárea. El experimento se realizó en el distrito de Campo Verde, provincia de Coronel Portillo, departamento de Ucayali, Perú. Mediante el muestreo sistemático de plagas, se tomaron 15 plantas por genotipo al azar en las que se contaron los insectos presentes en ellas. En total, se realizaron 12 evaluaciones a los 10, 18, 26, 34, 41, 48, 54, 62, 69, 75, 84 y 96 dias después de la siembra (dds). Seis plagas de un total de siete fueron obtenidas con más frecuencia durante el ciclo del cultivo, las que se identificaron como: Dalbulus maidis (De Long y Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Diabrotica viridula (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Empoasca kraemeri (Ross y Moore) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Oliarus spp. (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) y Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). En promedio, de las 12 evaluaciones realizadas sobre los 16 genotipos, cuatro fueron los momentos en los que se registró el mayor número de insectos por planta (26, 34, 54 y 96 dds). Las lineas de regresión resultaron no ser significativas; sin embargo, es evidente la relación negativa entre el número de insectos y el rendimiento de grano. Aparentemente, las tres plagas más importantes serian: S. frugiperda, seguida de D. maidis y D. viridula, ya que sin estas plagas el rendimiento promedio de los 16 genotipos subiría de 2,16 t/ha a 3,1; 2,98 y 2,81 t/ha, respectivamente.

RESUMEN Algunas especies del género Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) son afectados por hongos fitopatógenos e insectos en páramos de los Andes del Norte, amenazando su permanencia y la prestación de servicios que se les atribuye, como la regulación del ciclo hídrico. La escaza información sobre la afectación en el páramo de Paja Blanca (Nariño, Colombia), dificulta la comprensión de la dinámica del fenómeno y la formulación de estrategias de manejo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar cambios en la composición de las comunidades de insectos asociados a E. pycnophylla durante el declive de las poblaciones de frailejones y evaluar si reflejan modificaciones en los hongos, asociados a dichos insectos. Para ello, se colectaron insectos en plantas de E. pycnophylla sanas y afectadas, a los que se aplicó índices ecológicos, para identificar posibles modificaciones en la diversidad y la composición; además, se aislaron e identificaron morfológica y molecularmente hongos, a partir de estructuras corporales de los insectos. Como resultado, se identificó una diversidad de insectos considerable y que no hay modificación en su composición de insectos entre los dos estados de frailejón analizados. Se logró aislar hongos, como Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp., a partir de estructuras de los géneros de insectos Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. y Dyscolus sp. Este estudio aporta información sobre la entomofauna presente en E. pycnopylla del páramo de Paja Blanca y hongos asociados a estructuras corporales, como el canal alimentario y aparato bucal de los insectos.

ABSTRACT Some species of the genus Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) are affected by phytopathogenic fungi and insects in the paramos of the Northern Andes, threatening their permanence and the provision of services attributed to them such as the regulation of the water cycle. The scarce information about the impact on the Paja Blanca páramo (Nariño, Colombia) makes it difficult to understand the dynamics of the phenomenon and the formulation of management strategies. The goal of this research was to identify changes in the composition of the insect communities associated to E. pycnophylla during the decline of the frailejon populations and to evaluate if these reflect modifications in the fungi associated with those insects. For this, insects were collected in healthy and affected E. pycnophylla plants to which ecological indices were applied to identify possible changes in diversity and composition, Also fungi were isolated and identified morphologically and molecularly from body structures of insects. As result, a considerable diversity of insects was identified and no modification in their composition of insects between the two states of frailejón were found. It was possible to isolate fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp. from structures of the insect genera Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. and Dyscolus sp. This study provides information about the entomofauna present in E. pycnopylla from the Paja Blanca páramo and fungi associated with body structures such as the alimentary canal and the oral system of insects.

ABSTRACT Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) and Diabrotica viridula F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are the two most abundant species of the genus in South America, and belong to the fucata and virgifera groups, respectively. Here, we characterize the dimorphism of the setae present on the basitarsi of males and females of these species. Dimorphism was confirmed in both species, and it was related to the presence of adhesive setae exclusively in males, which possess these structures on the basal tarsomeres of the pro- and mesothoracic legs.

Resumen El okra no es cultivado y crece como maleza en la región del trópico del departamento de La Paz, los productores no lo conocen, pero los adultos mayores utilizan la semilla como sustituto del grano del café y en estado de vaina es preparado en ensaladas y guisos por su agradable sabor. El trabajo de investigación tiene el fin de brindar información mediante la evaluación del comportamiento agronómico del cultivo de okra. El estudio fue realizado en la Estación Experimental Sapecho dependiente de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, la semilla fue recolectada de la localidad de Colorado del departamento de Cochabamba. Las variables de respuesta evaluadas fueron el porcentaje de viabilidad, días a la emergencia, primer par de hojas; días a la floración, fructificación y cosecha; altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo principal, número de ramas y cápsulas por planta, peso de la cápsula por planta; diámetro y longitud de la cápsula, número de semillas por cápsula, peso de la semilla por planta, diámetro de la semilla e identificación de plagas y enfermedades, la evaluación estadística fue descriptiva calculando el promedio, máxima, mínima, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación. Los resultados muestran que la viabilidad de la semilla fue del 92%, promedio de emergencia de 7 días, primeras hojas a los 17 días, floración a los 103 días, fructificación a los 105 días y cosecha a los 173 días desde su almacigo. El cultivo llegó a medir 243.98 cm de altura, con un diámetro de 5.14 cm en el tallo principal con cinco ramas en promedio. El número de cápsulas por planta; peso, diámetro, longitud y número de semillas por cápsula fue mayor en la segunda cosecha. Se observó la presencia del insecto del género Diabrotica pero no afectó en la producción, no se encontró enfermedades que causen daño al cultivo, concluyéndose que este cultivo tiene un potencial productivo y puede ser ampliamente difundido en la región tropical.

Abstract The okra is not cultivated and grows as a weed in the tropical region of the department of La Paz, the producers do not know it, but older adults use the seed as a substitute forthe coffee bean and in a pod state it is prepared in salads and stews for its pleasant flavor. The research work aims to provide information by evaluating the agronomic behavior of the okra crop. The study was carried out atthe Sapecho Experimental Station underthe Faculty of Agronomy of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, the seed was collected from the Colorado town of the department of Cochabamba. The answer variables evaluated were the viability percentage, days after emergence, first pair of leaves; days to flowering, fruiting and harvesting; height of the plant, diameterof the main stem, numberof branches and capsules per plant, weight of the capsule per plant; diameter and length of the capsule, number of seeds per capsule, weight of the seed per plant, diameter of the seed and identification of pests and diseases, the statistical evaluation was descriptive, calculating the average, maximum, minimum, standard deviation and coefficient of variation . The results show that the viability of the seed was 92%, average of emergence of 7 days, first leaves at 17 days, flowering at 103 days, fruiting at 105 days and harvest at 173 days from its storage. The crop reached 243.98 cm in height, with a diameter of 5.14 cm in the main stem with five branches on average. The number of capsules per plant; weight, diameter, length and numberof seeds per capsule was higher in thesecond harvest. The presence of the insect of the Diabrotica genus was observed but it did not affect the production, there were no diseases that cause damage to the crop, concluding that this crop has a productive potential and can be widely disseminated in the tropical region.

Resumen Las larvas de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) son una de las principales plagas subterráneas de varios cultivos y su principal hospedero es el maíz (Zea mays). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de extracto de nim formulado en aceite y extracto de nim en micro encapsulación para el control de larvas de D. speciosa, así como el efecto de la aplicación de las distintas formulaciones en el desarrollo de las plantas de maíz. En el primer experimento, las dosis 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; y 4,0 mL de extracto de nim formulado en aceite fueron aplicadas por 25 g de suelo y comparadas con el insecticida fipronil WG y agua desionizada (control). En el segundo experimento, las dosis 160, 80, 40, 20 y 10 mg de extracto de nim en formulación micro encapsulada fueron aplicadas por 25 g de suelo, y comparadas con los controles. Ambas formulaciones de nim fueron tan eficientes como el insecticida fipronil WG en el control de larvas de D. speciosa. Las dosis evaluadas de las formulaciones de nim no interfieren negativamente en el desarrollo de las plantas de maíz. Se concluye que, a partir de los resultados de esta investigación y bajo condiciones de laboratorio, las formulaciones extracto de nim formulado en aceite y extracto de nim en micro encapsulación son promisoras para el control de larvas de D. speciosa en maíz, beneficiando el manejo sustentable de plagas.

Abstract Diabrotica speciosa larvae have been considered to be one of the major subterranean pests of several crops, and its most susceptible host is maize (Zea mays). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oil-formulated neem extract and lignin-microencapsulated neem extract for D. speciosa larvae control. Effects of applications of neem formulations on the growth of maize plants were also assessed. In the first assay, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mL of oil-formulated neem extract were applied per 25 g soil and were compared with the insecticide fipronil WG and deionized water. In the second assay, lignin-microencapsulated neem extract was applied at 160, 80, 40, 20 and 10 mg per 25 g soil, and compared with the same controls. Both neem formulations were as efficient as the insecticide fipronil WG in the control of D. speciosa larvae. The evaluated doses of neem formulations did not interfere on maize plants growth. Results of this study permit concluded that, under laboratory conditions, oil-formulated neem extract and lignin-microencapsulated neem extract formulations are promising for controlling D. speciosa larvae in maize, and might benefit sustainable pest management.

The main purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of the direct seeding and conventional tillage of soybean on the incidence of plagues and natural enemies. The study was carried out on the farm “Día y Noche” of the Basic Unit of Cooperative Production “28 de Octubre” (UBPC, for its Spanish acronym), and in the Laboratories of the Agricultural Research Center of Central University of Las Villas. Field experiments were conducted on an Inceptisol, since November 2013 to May 2014. The soybean cultivar Incasoy - 27 was used. The insects in relation to the development stages of the plant were identified and quantified. In both systems 10 species of phytophagous insects and one of entomophagous insects were quantified; Hedylepta indicata L. stands out with more presence in the direct seeding, while Diabrotica balteata LeConte and the species belong to the family Pentatomidae caused most damage to the plants in conventional tillage.

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la siembra directa y convencional de soya sobre la incidencia de plagas y enemigos naturales, se realizó el presente trabajo en la Finca “Día y Noche” de la Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa (UBPC) “28 de Octubre” y en los Laboratorios del Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de la Universidad Central de Las Villas. Los experimentos de campo se desarrollaron en un suelo Pardo Mullido medianamente lavado en el periodo comprendido de noviembre 2013 a mayo 2014, el cultivar de soya utilizado fue Incasoy - 27. Se determinó la incidencia de los insectos y su relación con la fenología de la planta. En ambos sistemas se cuantificaron 10 especies de insectos fitófagos y una de entomófagos; se destacan Hedylepta indicata L. con mayor presencia en la siembra directa; Diabrotica balteata LeConte, y el complejo de pentatómidos, afectando en mayor grado a la siembra convencional.

The present work was carried out at the Agricultural Cooperative Jesús Menéndez in the municipality of Encrucijada, Villa Clara, Cuba, and at the Entomophagous and Entomopathogen Reproductive Center of the sugar cane company «Abel Santamaria», of the same municipality; from November 2012 to February 2013. The aim was to determine the ethology of Diabrotica balteata (Leconte) and Cerotoma ruficornis (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on the black, red, and white-seeded cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cubacueto 25-9 sown in an intermediate cropping period. A random plot design with four replicas was used in both the field and laboratory experiments. The fluctuation of the leaf beetle population density was determined taking into account the crop growth stages, the maximum and minimum temperatures and the precipitations. The pest infestation intensity was evaluated by the number and size of the perforations present in 288 trifoliate leaves of 48 plants taken during the experiment. Adults were first seen during the growth stage of cotyledon joint (Vc), while the higher population levels of these leaf beetles were recorded in the growth stage V1 (first trifoliate leaf). Then, a certain stability of the leaf beetle incidence of in the crop was evidenced throughout the vegetative stages. The most affected cultivars were the white and red-seeded cultivars with over 10% of infestation, while the cultivar with black seed coat was the most tolerant to the attack of these insect pests.

El presente trabajo se realizó en la Cooperativa de Producción Agropecuaria «Jesús Menéndez» del Municipio Encrucijada, Villa Clara, Cuba y en el Centro de Reproducción de Entomófagos y Entomopatógenos de la Empresa Azucarera «Abel Santamaría» del mismo municipio, entre los meses de noviembre de 2012 a febrero de 2013. Su propósito fue determinar la etología de Diabrotica balteata (Leconte) y Cerotoma ruficornis (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) sobre los cultivares de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cubacueto 25-9 negra, Cubacueto 25-9 roja y Cubacueto 25-9 blanca, durante la época de siembra intermedia. En los experimentos de campo se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con 4 réplicas, al igual que en el de laboratorio. Para la realización de estos estudios se describió la fluctuación poblacional de los crisomélidos en la que se tuvo en cuenta la fenología del cultivo, las temperaturas máxima y mínima, así como las precipitaciones. Se evaluó, además, la intensidad de ataque de las plagas; para ello se tuvieron en cuenta el número y las dimensiones de las perforaciones presentes en 288 hojas trifoliadas que se midieron en 48 plantas durante el periodo de duración del experimento. La entrada de los primeros adultos ocurrió durante la fase fenológica de nudo cotiledonal (Vc), mientras que los mayores niveles poblacionales de estos coleópteros se registraron en la fenofase V1 (primer trifolio). A partir de este momento se evidenció una cierta estabilidad de la incidencia de los crisomélidos en el cultivo durante toda la fase vegetativa. La cultivares más afectados resultaron ser Cubacueto 25-9 (testa blanca y roja) con más del 10% de infestación, mientras que el cultivar de testa negra fue el más tolerante al ataque de estos insectos plagas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi catalogar insetos que promovam injúrias em cultivos de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius, família Asteraceae), visando identificar aqueles que possam ter potencial para causar danos à cultura. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Alegre-ES. O cultivo teve inicio no mês de maio de 2013 e a colheita foi feita aos 180 dias após plantio. Foram registradas atacando a cultura três espécies da ordem Coleoptera: Lagria villosa (família Lagriidae), Cerotoma arcuata e Diabrotica speciosa (família Chrysomelidae) e duas da ordem Lepidoptera: Spodoptera eridania (família Noctuidae) e Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (família Nymphalidae). Conhecida como lagarta-do-girassol, a lagarta C. lacinia saundersii foi o inseto mais frequente, sendo observada durante todo o ciclo de yacon.

This research aimed to catalog insects that cause injury to the yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius, família Asteraceae) crop, in order to identify those who may cause damage. The study was carried out in Alegre, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Cultivation began in May 2013 and the harvest was done 180 days later. Three species from the Coleoptera order: Lagria villosa (Coleoptera: Lagriidae); Cerotoma arcuata and Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and two species from the Lepidoptera order: Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chlosyne lacinia saundersii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) were observed causing damage to the yacon crop. The caterpillar C. lacinia saundersii, known as sunflower caterpillar, was the most important species, being observed throughout the yacon cycle.