Abstract Introduction: Vascular and neuropathic complications of diabetes cause diabetic foot, being the main risk factor for non-traumatic amputations. Objective: To analyze the available scientific evidence on lifestyle and self-care of patients at risk of diabetic foot. Methodology: Literature review using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methodology; published in EBSCO host, Google academic, PubMed, Scielo and Elsevier; in English and Spanish from 2016 to 2022. Nursing articles were included, mentioning two or more variables of interest: diabetes mellitus, lifestyle, diabetic foot, and self-care; duplicates, no access, and gray literature were eliminated. From a total of 1,080 articles, 14 were included that met the inclusion criteria. Checklists were used to assess the quality of the manuscripts used. Results: Systematic reviews, observational, experimental and qualitative studies showed evidence that self-care can be influenced by culture, context and knowledge deficit, being this a risk factor for the development of diabetic foot. An association was found between the risk of diabetic foot with years of diagnosis, inadequate self-care of the feet and advanced age. Conclusion: The association between the self-care deficit and the risk of diabetic foot in the elderly was evidenced. It is recommended to broaden the search and include people under 40 years of age in order to establish effective preventive measures and reduce the risk of diabetic foot.

Abstrato Introdução: As complicações vasculares e neuropáticas da diabetes causam o pé diabético, sendo o principal fator de risco para amputações não traumáticas. Objetivo: Analisar a evidência científica disponível sobre o estilo de vida e o autocuidado dos doentes em risco de pé diabético. Metodologia: Revisão da literatura utilizando a metodologia preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; publicada no EBSCO host, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scielo e Elsevier; em inglês e espanhol de 2016 a 2022. Foram incluídos artigos de enfermagem que mencionavam duas ou mais variáveis de interesse: diabetes mellitus, estilo de vida, pé diabético e autocuidado; foram removidos os duplicados, sem acesso e literatura cinzenta. De um total de 1.080 artigos, 14 que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram incluídos. Foram utilizadas listas de verificação para avaliar a qualidade dos manuscritos utilizados. Resultados: Revisões sistemáticas, estudos observacionais, experimentais e qualitativos mostraram evidências de que o autocuidado pode ser influenciado pela cultura, contexto e défices de conhecimento, que são factores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença do pé diabético. Foram encontradas associações entre o risco de pé diabético e os anos de diagnóstico, o autocuidado inadequado dos pés e a idade avançada. Conclusão: Verificou-se a associação entre défices de autocuidado e o risco de doença do pé diabético em idosos. Recomendamos o alargamento da pesquisa a pessoas com menos de 40 anos de idade, de forma a estabelecer medidas preventivas eficazes e reduzir o risco de doença do pé diabético.

Resumen Introducción: Las complicaciones vasculares y neuropáticas de la diabetes causan el pie diabético, siendo el principal factor de riesgo para amputaciones no traumáticas. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre el estilo de vida y autocuidado de los pacientes con riesgo de pie diabético. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura mediante la metodología preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; publicada en EBSCO host, Google académico, PubMed, Scielo y Elsevier; en inglés y español desde 2016 a 2022. Se incluyeron artículos de enfermería, que mencionaran dos o más variables de interés: diabetes mellitus, estilo de vida, pie diabético y autocuidado; se eliminaron duplicados, sin acceso abierto y literatura gris. De un total de 1,080 artículos se incluyeron 14 que reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se emplearon listas de verificación para evaluar la calidad de los manuscritos utilizados. Resultados: Las revisiones sistemáticas, estudios observacionales, experimentales y cualitativos mostraron evidencias de que el autocuidado puede verse influenciado por la cultura, contexto y déficit de conocimientos, siendo este factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de pie diabético. Se encontró asociación entre el riesgo de pie diabético con años de diagnóstico, autocuidado inadecuado de los pies y edad avanzada. Conclusión: Se evidenció asociación entre déficit de autocuidado y riesgo de pie diabético en el adulto mayor. Se recomienda ampliar la búsqueda e incluir personas menores de 40 años para establecer medidas preventivas eficaces y reducir el riesgo de pie diabético.

RESUMEN Introducción: las enfermedades del pie relacionadas a la diabetes mellitus representan una de las causas de mayor morbilidad e incapacidad en las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, siendo la causa más frecuente de ingreso hospitalario en dicho grupo. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con enfermedad del pie relacionadas a la diabetes mellitus del Hospital Nacional 2022-2023. Metodología: se seleccionaron 113 pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con pie diabético mayores de 18 años. Se evaluaron las variables demográficas, medidas antropométricas, características de la enfermedad, comorbilidades y características clínicas del pie. Resultados: de los 113 estudiados 42 pacientes (37 %) correspondieron al sexo femenino y 71 (63 %) al sexo masculino, promedio de edad fue de 65 años DE 12,191. 75 pacientes (66 %) presentaron pie diabético, con lesión Wagner grado 4. El 81 % (92) tenía hipertensión arterial, sedentarismo 65 % (84), en menor frecuencia pacientes con sobrepeso 38 % (43), obesidad 25 % (38), tabaquismo 23 % (26) y dislipidemia 18 % (20). Conclusión: las características clínicas de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con lesión en el pie coinciden con otros trabajos obtenidos a nivel mundial. Es muy importante prestar atención a este grupo de riesgo, mediante medidas preventivas y realizar el tratamiento precoz para disminuir las complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: foot diseases related to diabetes mellitus represent one of the causes of greatest morbidity and disability in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, being the most frequent cause of hospital admission in said group. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with foot disease related to diabetes mellitus at Hospital Nacional 2022-2023. Methodology: 113 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic foot over 18 years of age were selected. Demographic variables, anthropometric measurements, disease characteristics, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics of the foot were evaluated. Results: of the 113 studied, 42 patients (37 %) were female and 71 (63 %) were male, average age was 65 years SD 12,191. 75 patients (66 %) presented diabetic foot, with Wagner grade 4 lesion. 81 % (92) had high blood pressure, sedentary lifestyle 65 % (84), less frequently overweight patients 38 % (43), obesity 25% (38) ), smoking 23 % (26) and dyslipidemia 18 % (20). Conclusion: the clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes with foot injury coincide with other works obtained worldwide. It is very important to pay attention to this risk group, through preventive measures and carry out early treatment to reduce complications.

RESUMEN La cetoacidosis diabética constituye la manifestación extrema del déficit de insulina caracterizada por deshidratación, hiperglicemia, acidosis y cetosis. El tratamiento incluye soporte vital básico, hidratación parenteral para reposición de líquidos y electrolitos, insulinoterapia, con el objetivo de revertir la acidosis, la cetosis y obtener glucemia cercanas a lo normal. Exige un monitoreo estricto clínico y laboratorial siguiendo guías de manejo para evitar complicaciones y obtener una evolución favorable. Se presentan las modificaciones en las directrices publicadas en el Primer Consenso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la Cetoacidosis diabética, en base a las actualizaciones sugeridas por la ISPAD (International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) y el Programa de Diabetes del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPBS).

Abstract Diabetic ketoacidosis is caused by extreme insulin deficiency and is characterized by dehydration, hyperglycemia, acidosis, and ketosis. Treatment includes basic life support, parenteral hydration to replace fluids and electrolytes and insulin therapy to reverse acidosis, ketosis, and normalize blood glucose levels. Management requires following guidelines for strict clinical and laboratory monitoring to avoid complications and obtain a favorable clinical outcome. The guidelines published in our previous Consensus on Diabetic Ketoacidosis diagnosis and treatment are presented, modified according to the latest changes in ISPAD (International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Diabetes Program guidelines.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a public health issue affecting an increasing number of workers, representing a disease exacerbated by work with a high social, economic, and personal cost. The nature of the work performed, coupled with occupational risks in a hospital setting, significantly contribute to the disease's progression. This study aims to address the impact of this disease on work and the role of Occupational Health in the prevention of exposure to occupational risk factors in the hospital environment, which can contribute to the metabolic imbalance of type I diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The methodology included search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors and occupational health”. Filters were applied, considering publications from 2010 to 2024, totaling 463 works. Exclusion criteria focused on non-diabetes-related diseases, exclusive focus on Type II, and non-occupational approaches. Articles on diabetes and occupational health and safety published in Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional were also considered, in a total of five studies. Sources also included Direção Geral de Saúde Clinical Guidance, a national epidemiological study, and a technical manual on workplace diabetes, totaling 30 references in the discussion. Results: The authors report two cases of healthcare professionals from a hospital unit, both diagnosed with Type I Diabetes at the age of five. Case 1: A 35-year-old healthcare assistant with a history of depressive syndrome and recent diabetic retinopathy diagnosis. Case 2: A 57-year-old nurse with diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, undergoing treatment for osteomyelitis of the right big toe, without cardiovascular changes. In both they work or have worked in shifts, including night shifts, engaging in physically demanding tasks. Discussion/Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring continuous medical care and patient education, alongside support in preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of chronic complications. The incidence of new Type I Dm cases is higher between 12-14 years. During the transition to adulthood and entry into the job market, patients face disease stigma, treatment management challenges, and psychosocial workplace-related issues. Implementing preventive measures and monitoring these workers should help reduce work absenteeism, productivity loss, and income loss for the worker.

RESUMO Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus é um problema de Saúde Pública que afeta um número crescente de trabalhadores. Pode ser considerada uma doença agravada pelo trabalho com um elevado custo social, económico e pessoal. O tipo de trabalho realizado e as exposições a riscos laborais em contexto hospitalar, podem contribuir para a sua progressão, segundo alguns autores. Este trabalho pretende abordar o impacto desta patologia no trabalho e o papel da Saúde Ocupacional na evicção da exposição a fatores de risco laborais, em ambiente hospitalar, que contribuem para o descontrolo metabólico da Diabetes Melitus tipo I. Pretende-se identificar as exposições laborais que podem constituir fatores de risco modificáveis, interferem com a aptidão para o trabalho, podem aumentar a frequência de acidentes laborais e acelerar a progressão crónica da doença. Metodologia: Na metodologia de pesquisa e seleção de estudos utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave “diabetes mellitus, occupational medicine, risk factors, occupational health”. Aplicaram-se filtros de revisão e revisão sistemática, considerando publicações de 2010 a 2024, totalizando 463 trabalhos. Critérios de exclusão incidiram em doenças não relacionadas à diabetes, exclusividade na tipo II e abordagens não ocupacionais. Foram ainda considerados os artigos sobre diabetes e saúde e segurança no trabalho publicados na Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional, num total de cinco estudos. Incluíram-se a Norma de Orientação Clínica da DGS, um estudo epidemiológico nacional e um caderno técnico sobre diabetes no local de trabalho, totalizando 30 fontes na discussão. Descrição dos casos: Os autores reportam dois casos de profissionais de saúde de uma unidade hospitalar, ambos com diagnóstico de Diabetes tipo I aos cinco anos de idade. Caso 1: Uma auxiliar de ação médica de 35 anos, com antecedentes pessoais de síndrome depressivo e diagnóstico recente de retinopatia diabética. Caso 2: Uma enfermeira de 57 anos com retinopatia e nefropatia diabética, neuropatia, em tratamento para uma osteomielite do 1º dedo do pé direito, sem alterações cardiovasculares. Ambas trabalham ou trabalharam por turnos, com trabalho noturno e com tarefas fisicamente exigentes. Discussão/Conclusão: A diabetes é uma doença crónica que requer cuidados médicos contínuos e educação do doente, juntamente com apoio na prevenção de complicações agudas e redução do risco de complicações crónicas. A incidência de novos casos de Dm tipo I é maior entre os 12-14 anos. Na transição para a idade adulta e entrada no mercado laboral, os doentes podem ser sujeitos ao estigma da doença, ter dificuldade na gestão do tratamento e/ou desafios psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. A instituição de medidas preventivas e monitorização destes trabalhadores deverá ajudar a reduzir o absentismo laboral, a perda de produtividade e a perda de rendimento para o trabalhador.

Abstract Objective: To determine the impact of diabetes on cardiovascular risk in patients with dyslipidemia. Method: Observational, cross-sectional and comparative study in which cardiovascular risk was determined at 10 years in 100 patients with dyslipidemia, of these, 50 non-diabetic patients and 50 diabetic patients. Results: Both groups had similar characteristics in terms of age, blood pressure figures, average body mass index, and HDL and LDL levels. It was observed that the diabetic group has almost double the risk compared to the dyslipidemia group, 13.7 vs. 7.9 (p = 0.014), and the calculated heart age is also higher in patients with diabetes, 80 vs. 66 years (p = 0.003). Even in patients with diabetes there is a greater difference between the real age and the age of the heart, 24 years vs. 15 years of patients without diabetes (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Having diabetes and dyslipidemia doubles the cardiovascular risk of patients. Little metabolic control was found in the population studied, which significantly increases complications at an early age and the economic burden on the health system and the families of patients, so it is necessary to rethink treatment strategies to improve metabolic control and with it the prognosis for the patient in the long term.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la diabetes en el riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con dislipidemia. Método: Estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo, en el que se determinó el riesgo cardiovascular en 100 pacientes con dislipidemia, de los cuales 50 eran diabéticos, sin complicaciones crónicas. Resultados: Ambos grupos tenían características similares en cuanto a edad, presión arterial, índice de masa corporal, niveles de c-HDL y c-LDL. Sin embargo, al comparar el porcentaje de riesgo cardiovascular, observamos que el grupo de diabéticos tenía casi el doble de riesgo cardiovascular, 13.7 contra 7.9 (p = 0.014), y la edad del corazón calculada también fue mayor en los pacientes con diabetes, 80 contra 66 años (p = 0.003). Incluso, en los pacientes diabéticos la diferencia entre la edad real y la edad del corazón fue mayor, 24 años contra 15 años (p = 0.000). Conclusión: Padecer diabetes y dislipidemia duplica el riesgo cardiovascular. En la población estudiada se encontró poco control metabólico, lo que aumenta significativamente las complicaciones en edades tempranas y la carga económica al sistema de salud y a las familias de los pacientes; por tanto, es necesario replantear las estrategias de tratamiento para mejorar el control metabólico y el pronóstico del paciente a largo plazo.

RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que, al no ser controlada, puede desencadenar en complicaciones macro y microvasculares. Uno de los indicadores de un adecuado control glucémico es la hemoglobina glicosilada. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de complicaciones macro y microvasculares en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con hemoglobina glicosilada alterada internados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá periodo 2022 - 2023 Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 170 pacientes adultos internados en el servicio de clínica médica del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) durante los años 2022 y 2023. Resultados: la edad media fue de 58 ± 12 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (51 %). La complicación más frecuentemente diagnosticada fue la enfermedad del pie relacionada a la diabetes con 83 pacientes (49 %), seguido por retinopatía diabética 23 (14 %). El valor promedio de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 10 ± 2 %. Solamente 6 (4 %) del total de pacientes presentó un valor de HbA1C≥ 7,1 %. La comorbilidad asociada más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial 87 (51 %). El 91 % de los pacientes conocía ser portador de la enfermedad, el 80 % recibía algún tipo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: el pie diabético fue la complicación vascular diagnosticada con mayor ,frecuencia, especialmente en pacientes con HbA1C≥ 7,1 %.

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that, if not controlled, can lead to macro- and microvascular complications. One of the indicators of adequate glycemic control is glycosylated hemoglobin. Objectives: to determine the frequency of macro and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients with altered glycosylated hemoglobin admitted to the Hospital Nacional from 2022 to 2023 Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 170 adult patients admitted to the Internal Medicine service of the Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) during the years 2022 and 2023. Results: the mean age was 58 ± 12 years, with a predominance of the female sex (51 %). The most frequently diagnosed complication was foot disease related to diabetes with 83 patients (49 %), followed by diabetic retinopathy 23 (14 %). The average value of glycosylated hemoglobin was 10 ± 2 %. Only 6 (4 %) of the total patients had an HbA1C value ≤7 %. The most frequent associated comorbidity was arterial hypertension 87 (51 %). 91 % of the patients knew they were carriers of the disease, 80 % received some type of treatment. Conclusions: diabetic foot was the most frequently diagnosed vascular complication, especially in patients with HbA1C ≥7.1 %.

RESUMEN Introducción: las crisis hiperglicémicas agudas son las emergencias endocrinológicas más frecuentes en la práctica clínica y junto a la hipoglucemia se las describe como las complicaciones metabólicas agudas graves del paciente diabético. Objetivo: identificar las causas precipitantes de crisis hiperglicémicas agudas en pacientes internados en el Centro Médico - Hospital Nacional. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal de pacientes internados en el Centro Médico Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo de mayo 2021 a octubre del 2023. Los datos fueron obtenidos con la revisión de las fichas clínicas. Resultados: de los 100 pacientes evaluados, la crisis hiperglicémica aguda más frecuente fue la Cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) 53 %, seguida del Estado hiperosmolar hiperglicémico (EHH) 25 % y el estado mixto 22 %. Los desencadenantes más frecuentes fueron el abandono del tratamiento, debut de la enfermedad e infecciones. La mortalidad global fue del 12 %. Conclusión: la causa más frecuente de descompensación fueron el abandono del tratamiento, la diabetes de novo y procesos infecciosos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: hyperglycemic crises are the most frequent endocrinological emergencies in clinical practice and, along with hypoglycemia, are described as serious acute metabolic complications in diabetic patients. Objective: to identify the precipiting causes of acute hyperglycemic crisis in hospitalized patients in the Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital National. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive, cross -sectional study of patients hospitalized at the Centro Médico Nacional - Hospital National, from May 2021 to October 2023. The data were obtained from a review of the clinical records. Results: Of the 100 patients evaluated, the most frequent acute hyperglycemic crisis was diabetic ketoacidosis (CAD) 53 %, followed by the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (EHH) 25 % and the mixed state 22 %. The most frequent triggers were the abandonment of treatment, disease debut and infections. Global mortality was 12 %. Conclusion: the most frequent causes of decompensations were abandoning treatment, novo diabetes and infectious processes.

Abstract: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Its treatment requires fluid and electrolyte replacement and insulin. Hypophosphatemia as a complication of treatment has been scarcely evaluated. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of hypophosphatemia in children with DKA, treated with subcutaneous regular insulin (IRS), and to explore factors associated with this complication. Patients and Method: Prospective, observational study. Patients diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in the general care ward were included. Data on phosphatemia, glycemia, acid-base status, and IRS amount (U/kg) received were recorded at baseline and after 24 h of treatment. Hypophosphatemia was defined as values below 2.5 mg/dl. The correlation between initial phosphate and at 24 h of treatment was evaluated; the incidence of hypophosphatemia at 24 h was expressed as a percentage of the total number of patients. Results: 30 patients were included, 15 were female, mean age 11.4 ± 3.2 years. At 24 h of treatment with IRS, 36.7% (95%CI 22-55%) presented hypophosphatemia, mean value 1.9 ± 1.5 mg/dl. Initial bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L acted as a predictor of hypophosphatemia (OR 7.5; 95%CI 1.4-39.8%; p = 0.01). No patient required intravenous phosphate correction, and no associated clinical complications were observed. Conclusion: In the group studied, the incidence of hypophosphatemia reached 36.7% at 24 hours of treatment. Initial bicarbonate lower than 10 mmol/L was significantly associated with hypophosphatemia. No complications associated with hypophosphatemia were observed.

Resumen: La cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es una de las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Su tratamiento requiere reposición hidroelectrolítica e insulina. La hipofosfatemia como complicación del tratamiento ha sido escasamente evaluada. Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia de hipofosfatemia en niños con cetoacidosis diabética, tratados con insulina regular Subcutánea (IRS), y explorar factores asociados con esta complicación. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de CAD hospitalizados en sala de cuidados generales. Se registraron, al inicio y después de 24 h de tratamiento, fosfatemia, glucemia, estado ácido base y cantidad de IRS (U/kg) recibido. Se definió hipofosfatemia a valores inferiores a 2,5 mg/dl. Se evaluó la correlación entre fósforo inicial y a las 24 h de tratamiento; la incidencia de hipofosfatemia a las 24h se expresó en porcentaje del total de pacientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, 15 sexo femenino, edad promedio 11,4 ± 3,2 años. A las 24 h de tratamiento con IRS el 36,7%; IC95% (2255%) presentó hipofosfatemia, valor promedio 1,9 ± 1,5 mg/dl. El bicarbonato inicial < 10 mmol/L se comportó como predictor de hipofosfatemia (OR 7,5 IC95% 1,4-39,8% p = 0,01). Ningún paciente requirió corrección endovenosa de fosfato, ni se observaron complicaciones clínicas asociadas. Conclusión: En el grupo estudiado, la incidencia de hipofosfatemia alcanzó un 36,7% a las 24 h de tratamiento. El bicarbonato inicial menor a 10 mmol/L se asoció significativamente a hipofosfatemia. No se observaron complicaciones asociadas a hipofosfatemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the risk factors based on clinical, echocardiographic and therapeutic parameters which predict the development of cardiac complications among patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials and methods: An observational, analytical, case-control study was conducted at Centro de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular de Santiago de Cuba, attached to Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, from 2019 to 2021. The sample consisted of 266 patients, chosen by simple random sampling 1:2. The study included demographic, clinical- echocardiographic and therapeutic variables. A multivariate analysis was performed with all the variables considered as risk factors; one-way analysis of variance and binary logistic regression were used. Results: The most frequent cardiac complications were atrial fibrillation and heart failure (approximately 12 %). A metabolic control analysis on admission yielded altered results (OR = 6.92; LI: 2.61; LS: 18.32; p = 0.001). The univariate analysis showed that ten factors increased the risk of complications, including the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus ≥ 10 years (OR = 2.50; LI: 1.14; LS: 5.45; p = 0.020). On the other hand, the multivariate analysis revealed six factors that predict the development of cardiac complications: age ≥ 60 years (OR = 5.624; CI = 1.607-19.686; p = 0.007), altered metabolic control on admission (OR = 5.245; CI = 1.491-18.447; p = 0.010), lack of use of thrombolytic therapy (OR = 5.74; CI = 1.46-22.586; p = 0.012), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40 % (OR = 5.245; CI = 1.17-23.433; p = 0.030), left atrial pressure ≥ 15 mmHg (OR = 12.335; CI = 3.45-44.08; p = 0.001) and motility ≥ 1.5 points (OR = 4.702; CI = 1.258-17.575; p = 0.021). Conclusions: The study demonstrated the value of six risk factors of cardiac complications among patients with diabetes and AMI, where glycemic control on admission, decreased LVEF, increased left atrial pressure and no reperfusion therapy stand out.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo, basados en los parámetros clínicos, ecocardiográficos y terapéuticos, para predecir complicaciones cardiacas en pacientes diabéticos con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles en el Centro de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología Santiago de Cuba, adjunto al Hospital Provincial Saturnino Lora, durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2019 y 2021. La muestra quedó constituida por 266 pacientes, elegidos por muestreo aleatorio simple 1:2. Las variables de estudio se agruparon en demográficas, clínico-ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas. Se realizó el análisis multivariado con todas las variables que constituyeron factores de riesgo; se empleó el análisis de la varianza unidireccional y la regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la fibrilación auricular y la insuficiencia cardiaca en un 12 %, aproximadamente. Las cifras de control metabólico mostraron alteración al ingreso (OR = 6,92; LI: 2,61; LS: 18,32; p = 0,001). El análisis univariado demostró que diez factores incrementaron el riesgo de presentar complicaciones, entre ellos, el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus ≥10 años (OR = 2,50; LI: 1,14; LS: 5,45; p = 0,020); además, el análisis multivariado reveló que la edad ≥60 años (OR = 5,624; IC = 1,607-19,686; p = 0,007), el control metabólico al ingreso alterado (OR = 5,245; IC = 1,491-18,447; p = 0,010), la no aplicación de terapia trombolítica (OR = 5,74; IC = 1,46-22,586; p = 0,012), la FEVI ≤ 40 % (OR = 5,245; IC = 1,17-23,433; p = 0,030), la presión de la aurícula izquierda ≥15 mmHg (OR = 12,335; IC = 3,45-44,08; p = 0,001) y la motilidad ≥1,5 puntos (OR = 4,702; IC = 1,258-17,575; p = 0,021) incrementaron el riesgo de forma independiente. Conclusiones: El estudio demostró el valor de seis factores de riesgo de complicaciones cardiacas en el paciente diabético con IAM, donde sobresale el control glucémico al ingreso, la fracción de eyección disminuida del ventrículo izquierdo, la presión de la aurícula izquierda aumentada y la no terapia de reperfusión coronaria.

ABSTRACT Diabetic hand syndrome is a rare and underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus. This term is used to describe a potentially dangerous infection of the hand, characterized by debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Although the diagnosis is commonly made in tropical regions, cases have also been reported in non-tropical and in marginal urban areas. The pathophysiology of this syndrome remains unclear because, unlike diabetic foot, peripheral neuropathy and vascular disease do not seem to a play major role. Evidence suggests that it may be associated with the duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control and microvascular complications. In this article, we present the cases of two patients with diabetic hand syndrome. The first case involves a 52-year-old female patient from a rural area, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus six years ago, currently in poor metabolic control. She underwent amputation of the fourth finger with a favorable postoperative course. The second case involves a 60-year-old male patient from a marginal urban area in Lima, also diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. He underwent amputation of the left second finger with a surgical diagnosis of necrosis and tenosynovitis. Diabetic hand syndrome can have a significant clinical impact and may lead to permanent disability. Early diagnosis improves prognosis, thus the importance of performing thorough physical examinations of the hands in patients with diabetes mellitus.

RESUMEN El síndrome de la mano diabética es una complicación poco frecuente e infradiagnosticada de la diabetes mellitus. Esta denominación se ha utilizado para describir una infección potencialmente peligrosa en la mano, la cual se caracteriza por la presencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos debilitantes. Su diagnóstico generalmente se realiza en áreas de los trópicos; sin embargo, se han visto casos en áreas no tropicales y urbano-marginales. La fisiopatología de este síndrome aún no está clara, pues, a diferencia del pie diabético, la neuropatía periférica y la enfermedad vascular no parecen desempeñar un papel importante. Existe evidencia de que puede estar asociado a la duración de la diabetes, a un mal control metabólico y a la presencia de complicaciones microvasculares. En este artículo presentamos los casos de dos pacientes con síndrome de mano diabética. El primero se trata de una paciente de 52 años, de zona rural, con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 diagnosticada hace seis años (en mal control metabólico), a quien se le realizó la amputación del cuarto dedo con evolución posoperatoria favorable. El segundo caso es sobre un paciente varón de 60 años, proveniente de una zona urbano-marginal de Lima, con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, quien fue amputado del segundo dedo izquierdo con diagnóstico quirúrgico de necrosis más tenosinovitis. El síndrome de la mano diabética puede tener una importante repercusión clínica y producir una discapacidad permanente. Un diagnóstico precoz mejora el pronóstico, por lo que es importante realizar un examen físico minucioso de las manos en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Background: Malnutrition is more common in diabetic patients, and this can influence the severity of the diabetic foot due to impaired healing. Objective: To describe the characteristics of hospitalized patients due to diabetic foot, their nutritional status, their stage, and look for correlations between them. Method: Retrospective and analytical study of the Dr. Carlos Macgregor Sánchez Navarro Regional General Hospital from April to July 2023. Sample of 23 patients with diabetic foot with medical records and complete procedures. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and evaluated with the CONUT and WIFI scales. Results: Average of 61.5 years and an average duration of diabetes of 9.1 years, advanced lesions in the foot, with absent pulses, deformities and claudication. All with anemia and suboptimal glycemic control. Protein ratio suggests inflammation, metabolic stress and malnutrition. WIFI and CONUT scales: advanced injuries and malnutrition. No statistically significant association was found between nutritional status and injury severity. Conclusions: In older patients with long-term diabetes, the diabetic foot is complex. Optimal glucose control and multidisciplinary care are essential. Nutritional status should be evaluated and improved for better clinical outcomes and quality of life.

Resumen Antecedentes: La desnutrición es más común en pacientes diabéticos y esto puede influir en la severidad del pie diabético debido a la alteración en la cicatrización Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes hospitalizados por pie diabético, su estado nutricional, su estadio y buscar correlaciones entre ellas. Método: Estudio retrospectivo y analítico del Hospital General Regional Dr. Carlos Macgregor Sánchez Navarro de abril a julio de 2023. Muestra de 23 pacientes con pie diabético con registros médicos y de los procedimientos completos. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, clínicos y laboratoriales, se evaluaron con las escalas CONUT y WIFI. Resultados: Promedio de 61.5 años y una duración promedio de diabetes de 9.1 años, lesiones avanzadas en el pie, con pulsos ausentes, deformidades y claudicación. Todos con anemia y control glucémico subóptimo. La relación proteica sugiere inflamación, estrés metabólico y desnutrición. Escalas WIFI y CONUT: lesiones avanzadas y desnutrición. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estado nutricional y la gravedad de las lesiones. Conclusiones: En pacientes mayores con diabetes de larga duración, el pie diabético es complejo. Es esencial un buen control de glucosa y atención multidisciplinaria. Se debe evaluar y mejorar el estado nutricional para mejores resultados clínicos y calidad de vida.

Abstract: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the most serious complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Its treatment requires fluid and electrolyte replacement and insulin. Hypophosphatemia as a complication of treatment has been scarcely evaluated. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of hypophosphatemia in children with DKA, treated with subcutaneous regular insulin (IRS), and to explore factors associated with this complication. Patients and Method: Prospective, observational study. Patients diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in the general care ward were included. Data on phosphatemia, glycemia, acid-base status, and IRS amount (U/kg) received were recorded at baseline and after 24 h of treatment. Hypophosphatemia was defined as values below 2.5 mg/dl. The correlation between initial phosphate and at 24 h of treatment was evaluated; the incidence of hypophosphatemia at 24 h was expressed as a percentage of the total number of patients. Results: 30 patients were included, 15 were female, mean age 11.4 ± 3.2 years. At 24 h of treatment with IRS, 36.7% (95%CI 22-55%) presented hypophosphatemia, mean value 1.9 ± 1.5 mg/dl. Initial bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L acted as a predictor of hypophosphatemia (OR 7.5; 95%CI 1.4-39.8%; p = 0.01). No patient required intravenous phosphate correction, and no associated clinical complications were observed. Conclusion: In the group studied, the incidence of hypophosphatemia reached 36.7% at 24 hours of treatment. Initial bicarbonate lower than 10 mmol/L was significantly associated with hypophosphatemia. No complications associated with hypophosphatemia were observed.

Resumen: La cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es una de las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Su tratamiento requiere reposición hidroelectrolítica e insulina. La hipofosfatemia como complicación del tratamiento ha sido escasamente evaluada. Objetivos: Estimar la incidencia de hipofosfatemia en niños con cetoacidosis diabética, tratados con insulina regular Subcutánea (IRS), y explorar factores asociados con esta complicación. Pacientes y Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de CAD hospitalizados en sala de cuidados generales. Se registraron, al inicio y después de 24 h de tratamiento, fosfatemia, glucemia, estado ácido base y cantidad de IRS (U/kg) recibido. Se definió hipofosfatemia a valores inferiores a 2,5 mg/dl. Se evaluó la correlación entre fósforo inicial y a las 24 h de tratamiento; la incidencia de hipofosfatemia a las 24h se expresó en porcentaje del total de pacientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes, 15 sexo femenino, edad promedio 11,4 ± 3,2 años. A las 24 h de tratamiento con IRS el 36,7%; IC95% (2255%) presentó hipofosfatemia, valor promedio 1,9 ± 1,5 mg/dl. El bicarbonato inicial < 10 mmol/L se comportó como predictor de hipofosfatemia (OR 7,5 IC95% 1,4-39,8% p = 0,01). Ningún paciente requirió corrección endovenosa de fosfato, ni se observaron complicaciones clínicas asociadas. Conclusión: En el grupo estudiado, la incidencia de hipofosfatemia alcanzó un 36,7% a las 24 h de tratamiento. El bicarbonato inicial menor a 10 mmol/L se asoció significativamente a hipofosfatemia. No se observaron complicaciones asociadas a hipofosfatemia.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Buprenorphine is a partial agonist semi-synthetic opioid used as an option in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe pain. The only presentation of buprenorphine available in Brazil is for transdermal use. This is an important route of drug administration, especially for the treatment of chronic pain, as it has several advantages, however it is not free from complications. The objective of this study was to present a serious adverse skin reaction after the use of transdermal buprenorphine, requiring surgical intervention. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 63 years old, hypertensive and diabetic, diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia syndrome and lumbar disc herniation, with severe chronic pain, advised to use transdermal buprenorphine 10 mg to help control algic. After 24 hours of use, the patient developed erythema and local itching, requiring removal of the adhesive, but the lesion progressively worsened with the formation of an abscess and the need for surgical drainage. CONCLUSION: Transdermal buprenorphine has a favorable safety and tolerability profile, as it reduces the risk of unwanted effects such as respiratory depression, constipation and suicidal ideation. However, its use in senior patients with comorbidities, such as the immunosuppression described in this case, requires greater vigilance, due to the possibility of developing more serious adverse reactions. OBJECTIVES semisynthetic semi synthetic pain administration advantages complications intervention REPORT 6 old diabetic arthritis herniation 1 algic 2 itching adhesive drainage CONCLUSION profile depression ideation However comorbidities case vigilance reactions

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A buprenorfina é um opioide agonista parcial semissintético utilizado como opção no tratamento de pacientes com dor de moderada a intensa. A única apresentação disponível da buprenorfina no Brasil é para uso por via transdérmica. Esta é uma via importante de administração de fármacos, principalmente para o tratamento de dor crônica, já que apresenta diversas vantagens, no entanto não é isenta de complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma reação cutânea adversa grave após o uso de buprenorfina transdérmica, com necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 63 anos, hipertensa e diabética, com diagnósticos de artrite reumatoide, síndrome fibromiálgica e hérnia de disco lombar, portadora de dor crônica intensa, com orientação de utilizar buprenorfina transdérmica 10 mg para auxiliar o controle álgico. Após 24 h de uso, a paciente evoluiu com eritema e prurido local, sendo indicada a remoção do adesivo, porém a lesão piorou progressivamente com formação de abscesso e necessidade de drenagem cirúrgica. CONCLUSÃO: A buprenorfina transdérmica apresenta um perfil favorável de segurança e tolerabilidade, pois reduz o risco de efeitos indesejados, como depressão respiratória, constipação e ideação suicida. No entanto, seu uso em pacientes idosos portadores de comorbidades, como a imunossupressão descrita no caso, exige maior vigilância, devido à possibilidade de desenvolvimento de reações adversas mais graves. OBJETIVOS intensa fármacos vantagens complicações cirúrgica CASO feminino 6 anos diabética reumatoide lombar 1 álgico 2 local adesivo CONCLUSÃO tolerabilidade indesejados respiratória suicida comorbidades caso vigilância graves

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the clinical benefits of the co-application of bevacizumab and tissue plasminogen activator as adjuncts in the surgical treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Patients who underwent vitrectomy for proliferative dia-betic retinopathy complications were preoperatively given in-travitreal injection with either bevacizumab and tissue plasminogen activator (Group 1) or bevacizumab alone (Group 2). Primary outcomes were surgery time and number of intraoperative iatrogenic retinal breaks. Secondary outcomes included changes in the best-corrected visual acuity and postoperative complications at 3 months postoperatively. Results: The mean surgery time in Group 1 (52.95 ± 5.90 min) was significantly shorter than that in Group 2 (79.61 ± 12.63 min) (p<0.001). The mean number of iatrogenic retinal breaks was 0.50 ± 0.59 (0-2) in Group 1 and 2.00 ± 0.83 (0-3) in Group 2 (p<0.001). The best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved in both groups (p<0.001). One eye in each group developed retinal detachment. Conclusion: Preoperative co-application of bevacizumab and tissue plasminogen activator as adjuncts in the surgical treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy shortens the surgery time and reduces the number of intraoperative iatrogenic retinal breaks. Purpose coapplication co application Methods dia betic intravitreal travitreal 2. . 2) bestcorrected best corrected postoperatively Results 52.95 5295 52 95 (52.9 590 5 90 5.9 min 79.61 7961 79 61 (79.6 1263 12 63 12.6 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 050 50 0.5 059 59 02 (0-2 200 00 2.0 083 83 0.8 03 (0-3 detachment Conclusion 52.9 529 9 (52. 5. 79.6 796 7 6 (79. 126 12. p000 p<0.00 (p<0.001 05 0. (0- 20 08 8 52. (52 79. (79 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 (0 (5 (7 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 ( p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and clinical outcomes of a one-way fluid-air exchange procedure for the treatment of postvitrectomy diabetic vitreous hemorrhage in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This retrospective study included 233 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, who underwent vitrectomy. A one-way fluid-air exchange procedure was performed in 24 eyes of 24 (10.30%) patients with persistent vitreous cavity rebleeding after the operation. Preprocedural and postprocedural best-corrected visual acuity values were achieved. Complications occurring during and after the procedure were analyzed. Results: Significant visual improvement was observed 1 month after the one-way fluid-air exchange procedure (2.62 ± 0.60 LogMAR at baseline vs. 0.85 ± 0.94 LogMAR at postprocedure, p<0.0001). Moreover, 19 (79.17%) eyes needed the procedure once, and 5 (20.83%) eyed had the procedure more than twice. In 3 (12.50%) eyes, reoperation was eventually required because of persistent rebleeding despite several fluid-air exchanges. No complication was observed during the follow-up. Conclusions: The one-way fluid-air exchange procedure can be an excellent alternative to re-vitrectomy for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy suffering from postvitrectomy diabetic vitreous hemorrhage by removing the hemorrhagic contents directly and achieving fast recovery of visual function without apparent complications. Purpose oneway one way fluidair fluid air Methods 23 vitrectomy 2 10.30% 1030 10 30 (10.30% operation bestcorrected best corrected achieved analyzed Results 2.62 262 62 (2.6 060 0 60 0.6 vs 085 85 0.8 094 94 0.9 postprocedure p<0.0001. p00001 p p<0.0001 . 0001 p<0.0001) Moreover 79.17% 7917 79 17 (79.17% once 20.83% 2083 20 83 (20.83% twice 12.50% 1250 12 50 (12.50% exchanges followup. followup follow up. up follow-up Conclusions revitrectomy re complications 10.30 103 (10.30 2.6 26 6 (2. 06 0. 08 8 09 9 p0000 p<0.000 000 79.17 791 7 (79.17 20.83 208 (20.83 12.50 125 (12.50 10.3 (10.3 2. (2 p000 p<0.00 00 79.1 (79.1 20.8 (20.8 12.5 (12.5 10. (10. ( p00 p<0.0 79. (79. 20. (20. 12. (12. (10 p0 p<0. (79 (20 (12 (1 p<0 (7 p<