SIGNIFICANCE: A census provides a snapshot of a population at a point in time. In addition to describing the basic demographic and socio-economic characteristics of a population, census data provide denominators for estimating rates; inform resource allocation and policy, development and infrastructural investment; and are used to define sampling frames for other national inquiries. Although the 2022 South African census attempted to correct for a national undercount of over 30%, it was not entirely successful. We identify a number of concerns with the estimates released, which suggest that the data may not be fit for purpose.

ABSTRACT The generation of observation units of reduced dimensions and regular geometry is becoming increasingly important in spatial analysis. Following this line of work, the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia has, for the last decade, developed information integrated into the statistical grid formed by regular cells of 250 x 250 meters, according to Eurostat guidelines. This article shows the results of the use of spatial distribution data of population and housing. Autocorrelation and spatial correlation analyses have been conducted to find out the relationship between the Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratio and certain socioeconomic indicators, as well as certain housing characteristics. The results, along with the advantages of working at a territorial disaggregation level of reduced dimensions and with a homogeneous observation unit, are showing order to obtain a more exhaustive knowledge of the territory.

RESUMEN La generación de unidades de observación de dimensiones reducidas y geometría regular tiene cada vez más peso en el análisis espacial. Siguiendo esta línea de trabajo, el Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía elabora, desde hace diez años, información integrada en la malla estadística formada por celdas regulares de 250 x 250 metros según las directrices de Eurostat. En este artículo se muestran los resultados de la utilización de datos de distribución espacial de la población y de la vivienda. Se han realizado análisis de autocorrelación y de correlación espacial para conocer la relación que existe entre la Razón de Mortalidad Estandarizada Suavizada y determinados indicadores socioeconómicos y de algunas características de las viviendas. Se muestran los resultados y las ventajas de trabajar en un nivel de desagregación territorial de dimensiones reducidas y con una unidad de observación homogénea, para obtener así un conocimiento más exhaustivo del territorio.

ABSTRACT Spatial segregation is a phenomenon closely linked to specific sociodemographic conditions of the population. Based on this premise, the Global Spatial Segregation Index (GSSI) and the Areal Spatial Segregation Index (ASSI) were calculated for Quito. The latter was correlated with sociodemographic variables of employment, health, education, digital availability and ethnic self-identification. The results show that: i) there is a process of socioeconomic spatial segregation in Quito, where low strata are concentrated in the peripheral areas while high strata are concentrated in the center-north and urban-rural parishes of the city; ii) statistically, a strong positive association was found between ASSIs of high strata and variables of digital availability, private education, private health insurance and white ethnic self-identification. It is concluded that there is a process of socioeconomic spatial segregation related to certain socio-demographic profiles of the population of Quito considered as social advantages and disadvantages.

RESUMEN La segregación espacial es un fenómeno estrechamente vinculado a condiciones sociodemográficas específicas de la población. Siguiendo esta premisa, se calculó el Índice de Segregación Espacial Global (ISEG) y el Índice de Segregación Espacial Areal (ISEA) para Quito. Este último fue correlacionado con variables sociodemográficas de empleo, salud, educación, disponibilidad digital y autoidentificación étnica. Los resultados muestran que: i) existe un proceso de segregación espacial socioeconómica en Quito, donde estratos bajos se concentran en las periferias mientras que estratos altos lo hacen en el centro-norte y parroquias urbano-rurales de la ciudad; ii) estadísticamente se evidencia una asociación positiva fuerte entre ISEA de estratos altos y variables de disponibilidad digital, educación privada, seguro de salud privado y autoidentificación étnica blanca. Se concluye que existe un proceso de segregación espacial socioeconómica relacionado con ciertos perfiles sociodemográficos de la población quiteña considerados como ventajas y desventajas sociales.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract Urban ecosystems could jeopardize the existence of vascular epiphytes (VE) given that their occurrence is linked to phorophyte availability and particular climatic conditions. Despite reports of VE in cities, nothing is known about their demography. A first step in this direction is to describe their population structures (PS). We established the PS of VE present in urban parks in Oaxaca City (Mexico), addressing the following questions: 1) what is their demographic status? and 2) are there differences in the structure of populations growing in native versus exotic phorophytes? During 2021, we censused all the trees in six urban parks, recording their origin (native or exotic), the epiphytic species found on them and the development stages present in each VE population. Overall, five VE species were documented: Tillandsia ionantha, T. makoyana, T. sp., T. schiedeana and T. recurvata (Bromeliaceae); the first three with only one individual and the latter two with 95 and 5,694, respectively. A MANOVA test indicated significant differences in PS between T. recurvata (type I structure, suggesting a growing population) and T. schiedeana (type III structure, suggesting a senile population) (Wilkes' λ= 0.821, F-Radio= 11.96 P<0.001). PS showed no differences related to tree origin. Our results indicate that it is necessary to conduct demographic studies to have a more accurate idea of the current condition of vascular epiphytes in cities. For instance, even though we found five VS species, only one of them seems to have viable populations in Oaxaca city. (VE conditions cities demography PS. . (PS) Mexico, Mexico , (Mexico) questions 1 status 2 phorophytes 2021 exotic, exotic) Overall documented ionantha T makoyana sp sp. Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae) 9 5694 5 694 5,694 respectively type Wilkes (Wilkes λ 0821 0 821 0.821 FRadio= FRadio F Radio= Radio F-Radio 1196 11 96 11.9 P<0.001. P0001 P P<0.001 001 P<0.001) instance city (PS (Mexico 202 (Bromeliaceae 569 69 5,69 082 82 0.82 119 11. P000 P<0.00 00 20 56 6 5,6 08 8 0.8 P00 P<0.0 5, 0. P0 P<0. P<0 P<

Resumo Ecossistemas urbanos podem comprometer a existência de epífitas vasculares (EV), dado que sua ocorrência está ligada à disponibilidade de forófitos e condições climáticas particulares. Apesar dos relatos de EV nas cidades, nada se sabe sobre sua demografia. Um primeiro passo nessa direção é descrever suas estruturas populacionais (PS). Estabelecemos o PS dos EV presentes nos parques urbanos da cidade de Oaxaca (Mexico), abordando as seguintes questões: 1) qual é a sua situação demográfica? e 2) existem diferenças na estrutura das populações crescendo em forófitos nativos versus exóticos? Durante o ano de 2021, realizamos o censo de todas as árvores em seis parques urbanos, registrando sua origem (nativa ou exótica), as espécies epífitas encontradas nelas e os estágios de desenvolvimento presentes em cada população de EV. Ao todo, cinco espécies de EV foram documentadas: Tillandsia ionantha, T. makoyana, T. sp, T. recurvata e T. schiedeana; as três primeiras com apenas um indivíduo e as duas últimas com 5.694 e 95, respectivamente. Um teste MANOVA indicou diferenças significativas no PS entre T. recurvata (estrutura tipo I, sugerindo uma população crescente) e T. schiedeana (estrutura tipo III, sugerindo uma população senil) (Wilkes' λ= 0,821, F-Radio= 11,96 e P < 0,001). PS não apresentou diferenças relacionadas à origem da árvore. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam a necessidade de se realizar estudos demográficos para se ter uma ideia mais precisa da condição atual das epífitas vasculares nas cidades. Embora tenhamos encontrado cinco espécies de VS, apenas uma delas parece ter populações viáveis na cidade de Oaxaca. EV, , (EV) particulares cidades demografia PS. . (PS) Mexico, Mexico (Mexico) questões 1 demográfica 2 exóticos 2021 nativa exótica, exótica exótica) todo documentadas ionantha T makoyana sp 5694 5 694 5.69 95 respectivamente I crescente III senil Wilkes (Wilkes λ 0821 0 821 0,821 FRadio= FRadio F Radio= Radio F-Radio 1196 11 96 11,9 0,001. 0001 0,001 001 0,001) árvore VS (EV (PS (Mexico 202 569 69 5.6 9 082 82 0,82 119 11, 000 0,00 00 20 56 6 5. 08 8 0,8 0,0 0,

ABSTRACT: Maintaining a rural-urban balance is absolutely necessary in the context of the challenges related to food security and environmental protection as well as the perspectives of urban agglomeration. This paper highlighted the impact of the main events from the last 30 years on the rural population. This study used the vector autoregressive model (VAR) to investigate the estimates and analyse the dynamic impact of innovations on the system of variables. Key issues that influenced certain periods in the analyzed interval were highlighted, which clearly show the impact on the analyzed variables using variance decomposition. The cost of living in rural areas is increasing, so more and more inhabitants give up growing certain crops or raising certain animals, thus having to search for food to survive, leading to additional wage income to cover these costs. ABSTRACT ruralurban agglomeration 3 population VAR (VAR decomposition increasing animals survive costs

RESUMO: A manutenção do equilíbrio rural-urbano é absolutamente necessária no contexto dos desafios relacionados com a segurança alimentar e proteção ambiental, bem como as perspetivas de aglomeração urbana. O objetivo do trabalho é destacar o impacto dos principais acontecimentos dos últimos 30 anos sobre a população rural. Este estudo utilizou o modelo autoregressivo vetorial (VAR) para investigar as estimativas e analisar o impacto dinâmico das inovações no sistema de variáveis. Foram destacadas as principais questões que influenciaram determinados períodos no intervalo analisado, o que mostra claramente o impacto nas variáveis analisadas usando a decomposição de variância. O custo de vida nas zonas rurais está a aumentar, tanto mais que cada vez mais habitantes desistem de cultivar determinadas culturas ou de criar determinados animais, tendo assim de obter os alimentos necessários à sua sobrevivência, o que obriga a um rendimento salarial adicional para cobrir estas despesas custos. RESUMO ruralurbano rural urbano ambiental urbana 3 VAR (VAR analisado variância aumentar animais sobrevivência custos

Abstract Background: Disparities in health outcomes among racial groups warrant investigation, even among elite athletes. Therefore, understanding the impact of race upon post-medal survival in Brazilian Olympians becomes essential. Objective: To compare post-medal survival between white and non-white Brazilian Olympic medalists from 1920 to 1992. Methods: This study used publicly available data for a retrospective cohort study on all Brazilian Olympic medalists from 1920 to 1992 (males only). Athletes were classified into white and non-white groups using structured ethnicity determination. Kaplan–Meier analyses computed the restricted mean survival time (RMST) for each ethnic group. A Cox proportional hazards analysis assessed ethnicity-based survival differences, adjusting for medal-winning age and birth year (p<0.05) Results: Among 123 athletes (73.9% white), the mean age of medal achievement was 25.03±4.8 years. During the study, 18.7% of white and 37.5% of non-white athletes died (p=0.031). White athletes had a mean age at death of 75.10±18.01 years, while non-white athletes had an age of 67.13±14.90 years (p=0.109). The RMST for white athletes was 51.59 (95% CI 49.79-53.39) years, while for non-white athletes, it was 45.026 (95% CI 41.31-48.74) years, resulting in a ΔRMST of 6.56 (95% CI 2.43-10.70; p=0.0018). Multivariate analysis showed that non-white athletes had a higher mortality risk than did white athletes (HR 5.58; 95% CI, 2.18-14.31). Conclusion: Following their first medal, white Brazilian Olympians typically enjoy a six-year longer lifespan than their non-white counterparts, illustrating a marked mortality gap and health disparities among healthy individuals in Brazil. Background investigation Therefore postmedal post essential Objective nonwhite non 192 Methods 199 males only. only . only) determination KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier (RMST group ethnicitybased based differences medalwinning winning p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 Results 12 73.9% 739 73 9 (73.9 white, , white) 250348 25 03 4 8 25.03±4. 187 18 7 18.7 375 37 5 37.5 p=0.031. p0031 p=0.031 031 (p=0.031) 75101801 75 10 01 75.10±18.0 67131490 67 13 14 90 67.13±14.9 p=0.109. p0109 p=0.109 109 (p=0.109) 5159 51 59 51.5 95 (95 49.7953.39 49795339 49.79 53.39 49 79 53 39 49.79-53.39 45026 45 026 45.02 41.3148.74 41314874 41.31 48.74 41 31 48 74 41.31-48.74 656 6 56 6.5 2.4310.70 2431070 2.43 10.70 2 43 70 2.43-10.70 p=0.0018. p00018 p=0.0018 0018 p=0.0018) HR 5.58 558 58 2.1814.31. 2181431 2.18 14.31 2.18-14.31) Conclusion sixyear six counterparts Brazil 19 p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 1 73.9 (73. 25034 25.03±4 18. 3 37. p003 p=0.03 (p=0.031 7510180 75.10±18. 6713149 67.13±14. p010 p=0.10 (p=0.109 515 51. (9 7953 49.7953.3 4979533 4979 49.7 5339 53.3 49.79-53.3 4502 02 45.0 3148 41.3148.7 4131487 4131 41.3 4874 48.7 41.31-48.7 65 6. 4310 2.4310.7 243107 243 2.4 1070 10.7 2.43-10.7 p0001 p=0.001 001 5.5 55 1814 2.1814.31 218143 218 2.1 1431 14.3 2.18-14.31 p<0. p0 (p<0. 73. (73 2503 25.03± p=0.0 (p=0.03 751018 75.10±18 671314 67.13±14 p01 p=0.1 (p=0.10 ( 795 49.7953. 497953 497 49. 533 53. 49.79-53. 450 45. 314 41.3148. 413148 413 41. 487 48. 41.31-48. 431 2.4310. 24310 24 2. 107 10. 2.43-10. p000 p=0.00 00 5. 181 2.1814.3 21814 21 143 14. 2.18-14.3 p<0 (p<0 (7 250 25.03 p=0. (p=0.0 75101 75.10±1 67131 67.13±1 (p=0.1 49.7953 49795 49.79-53 41.3148 41314 41.31-48 2.4310 2431 2.43-10 2.1814. 2181 2.18-14. p< (p< 25.0 p=0 (p=0. 7510 75.10± 6713 67.13± 49.795 49.79-5 41.314 41.31-4 2.431 2.43-1 2.1814 2.18-14 (p 25. p= (p=0 751 75.10 671 67.13 49.79- 41.31- 2.43- 2.181 2.18-1 (p= 75.1 67.1 2.18- 75. 67.

Resumo Fundamento: As disparidades nos resultados de saúde entre grupos raciais merecem investigação, mesmo em atletas de elite. Portanto, compreender o impacto da raça na sobrevida pós-medalha em atletas olímpicos brasileiros torna-se essencial. Objetivo: Comparar a sobrevida pós-medalha entre medalhistas olímpicos brasileiros brancos e não brancos de 1920 a 1992. Métodos: Utilizamos dados disponíveis publicamente para um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de todos os medalhistas olímpicos brasileiros de 1920 a 1992 (somente homens). Os atletas foram classificados nos grupos brancos e não brancos usando determinação estruturada de etnia. As análises de Kaplan-Meier calcularam o tempo médio de sobrevida restrito (TMSR) para cada grupo étnico. Uma análise de riscos proporcionais de Cox avaliou as diferenças de sobrevida baseadas na etnia, ajustando para a idade da conquista da medalha e ano de nascimento (p<0,05). Resultados: Entre 123 atletas (73,9% brancos), a idade média da conquista de medalhas foi de 25,03 ± 4,8 anos. Durante o estudo, 18,7% dos atletas brancos e 37,5% dos atletas não brancos morreram (p=0,031). Os atletas brancos tiveram média de idade ao óbito de 75,10 ± 18,01 anos, enquanto os atletas não brancos tiveram idade média de 67,13 ± 14,90 anos (p=0,109). O TMSR para atletas brancos foi de 51,59 (IC 95%, 49,79 - 53,39) anos, e para atletas não brancos foi de 45,026 (IC 95%, 41,31 - 48,74) anos, resultando em um ΔTMSR de 6,56 (IC 95%, 2,43 - 10,70; p=0,0018). A análise multivariada mostrou que atletas não brancos apresentavam maior risco de mortalidade do que atletas brancos (RC 5,58; IC 95%, 2,18 - 14,31). Conclusão: Após a primeira medalha, os atletas olímpicos brasileiros brancos normalmente desfrutam de uma expectativa de vida seis anos mais longa do que seus colegas não brancos, ilustrando uma acentuada diferença de mortalidade e disparidades de saúde entre indivíduos saudáveis no Brasil. Fundamento investigação elite Portanto pósmedalha pós tornase torna se essencial Objetivo 192 Métodos 199 somente homens. homens . homens) etnia KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier (TMSR étnico p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados 12 73,9% 739 73 9 (73,9 , brancos) 2503 25 03 25,0 48 4 8 4, 187 18 7 18,7 375 37 5 37,5 p=0,031. p0031 p=0,031 031 (p=0,031) 7510 75 10 75,1 1801 01 18,0 6713 67 13 67,1 1490 14 90 14,9 p=0,109. p0109 p=0,109 109 (p=0,109) 5159 51 59 51,5 95 95% 4979 49 79 49,7 53,39 5339 53 39 45026 45 026 45,02 4131 41 31 41,3 48,74 4874 74 656 6 56 6,5 243 2 43 2,4 10,70 1070 70 p=0,0018. p00018 p=0,0018 0018 p=0,0018) RC 5,58 558 58 218 2,1 14,31. 1431 14,31 14,31) Conclusão Brasil 19 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 1 73,9 (73, 250 25, 18, 3 37, p003 p=0,03 (p=0,031 751 75, 180 671 67, 149 14, p010 p=0,10 (p=0,109 515 51, 497 49, 53,3 533 4502 02 45,0 413 41, 48,7 487 65 6, 24 2, 10,7 107 p0001 p=0,001 001 5,5 55 21 143 14,3 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 73, (73 p=0,0 (p=0,03 p01 p=0,1 (p=0,10 53, 450 45, 48, 10, p000 p=0,00 00 5, p<0 (p<0, (7 p=0, (p=0,0 (p=0,1 p< (p<0 ( p=0 (p=0, (p< p= (p=0 (p (p=

ABSTRACT In this study, we conducted a survey of researchers studying flies in Brazil, with the aim of acquiring up-to-date information about them, across multiple aspects, i.e., demographics, opinions, needs, and the main challenges they face. We developed an online questionnaire and collected the responses between September and November 2019; 126 responses were received. Most of them held a Ph.D. and identified themselves as males. Nearly all respondents worked exclusively in public institutions, and most were financially reliant on scholarships provided by public agencies. All of them studied at least one of the 81 dipteran families known to occur in Brazil, with most respondents working on families that included taxa of public health importance. Additionally, most work conducted by these researchers was rooted in systematics/taxonomy. A specific portion of the respondents (i.e., students) felt less integrated into the research community and found it challenging to publish high-impact research. However, some concerns were shared across all respondent subgroups, such as the need for increased funding and a more seamless integration within the research community. Academic professionals highlighted limited funding and inadequate infrastructure as barriers to research. Nevertheless, some subgroups expressed concerns about their career prospects. Although there may be limitations in the sampling process underpinning this study, our survey provides valuable insights into the demographic characteristics of Brazilian dipterist community, thus facilitating the development of policy strategies. study Brazil uptodate up date aspects ie i e i.e. demographics opinions needs face 2019 12 received PhD Ph D Ph.D males institutions agencies 8 importance Additionally systematicstaxonomy systematics taxonomy systematics/taxonomy (i.e. students highimpact high impact However Nevertheless prospects strategies i.e 201 1 (i.e 20 2

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Female genital mutilation/cutting impacts over 200 million women globally and is linked to obstetric complications as well as long-term urogynecological and psychosexual issues that are frequently overlooked and inadequately addressed. This study aimed to assess the impact of female genital mutilation/cutting on urinary incontinence. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the gynecology department of the Research Hospital located in the Nyala rural region of Sudan. The participants were interviewed to gather socio-demographic and background information. In addition, they received a thorough gynecological examination to evaluate the presence and type of female genital mutilation/cutting. The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory were applied to the group with female genital mutilation/cutting and the control group without female genital mutilation/cutting to evaluate urinary incontinence and related discomfort. Subsequently, the scores of both participant groups were compared. RESULTS: The study compared age, weight, height, BMI, gravida, parity, and sexual intercourse averages between groups. The mean Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 scores of individuals who underwent mutilation were higher than those of individuals who did not undergo mutilation (p<0.001). Notably, participants subjected to infibulation exhibited significantly higher average scores on both measures in contrast with the other groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: A higher proportion of mutilated participants, specifically those with infibulation, are afflicted with symptoms of incontinence. OBJECTIVE mutilationcutting cutting 20 longterm long term addressed METHODS crosssectional cross sectional Sudan sociodemographic socio demographic information addition discomfort Subsequently RESULTS age weight height BMI gravida parity Inventory6 6 Inventory- Questionnaire7 7 Questionnaire- p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 . 0 001 (p<0.001) Notably CONCLUSION 2 p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

Abstract Background Cerebellar ataxias comprise sporadic and genetic etiologies. Ataxia may also be a presenting feature in hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). Objective To report a descriptive analysis of the frequency of different forms of cerebellar ataxia evaluated over 17 years in the Ataxia Unit of Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Charts of patients who were being followed from January 2007 to December 2023 were reviewed. We used descriptive statistics to present our results as frequencies and percentages of the overall analysis. Diagnosed patients were classified according to the following 9 groups: sporadic ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), other autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs), mitochondrial ataxias, congenital ataxias, X-linked ataxias, HSPs, and others. Results There were 1,332 patients with ataxias or spastic paraplegias. Overall, 744 (55.85%) of all cases were successfully diagnosed: 101 sporadic ataxia, 326 SCAs, 20 of other autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, 186 ARCAs, 6 X-linked ataxias, 2 mitochondrial ataxias, 4 congenital ataxias, and 51 HSPs. Conclusion This study describes the frequency of cerebellar ataxias in a large group of patients followed for the past 17 years, of whom 55% obtained a definitive clinical or molecular diagnosis. Future demographic surveys in Brazil or Latin American remain necessary. etiologies HSPs . (HSPs) 1 Paulo 200 202 reviewed groups SCAs , (SCAs) ARCAs (ARCAs) Xlinked X linked others 1332 332 1,33 Overall 74 55.85% 5585 55 85 (55.85% diagnosed 10 32 18 5 diagnosis necessary (HSPs (SCAs (ARCAs 133 33 1,3 7 55.85 558 8 (55.85 3 13 1, 55.8 (55.8 55. (55. (55 (5 (

Resumo Antecedentes Ataxias cerebelares compreendem as etiologias esporádicas e genéticas. Ataxia também pode ser uma característica das paraplegias espásticas hereditárias (HSPs). Objetivo Relatar uma análise descritiva da frequência das diferentes formas de ataxias cerebelares avaliadas ao longo de 17 anos no Setor da Ataxias da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos Prontuários de pacientes acompanhados de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2023 foram revisados. Usamos análise descritiva para apresentar nossos resultados como frequências e percentuais. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com os 9 grupos seguintes: ataxias esporádicas, ataxias espinocerebelares (SCA), outras ataxias cerebelares autossômicas dominantes, ataxias cerebelares autossômicas recessivas (ARCA), ataxias mitocondriais, ataxias congênitas, ataxias ligadas ao X, PEH e outros. Resultados Foram avaliados 1.332 pacientes. Desse total, 744 tiveram um diagnóstico definitivo: 101 ataxias esporádicas, 326 SCA, 20 outras ataxias cerebelares autossômicas dominantes, 186 (ARCA), 6 ataxias ligadas ao X, 2 ataxias mitocondriais, 4 ataxias congênitas e 51 HSP. Conclusão Esse estudo descreve a frequência e a etiologia das ataxias em um grande grupo de pacientes acompanhados nos últimos 17 anos, dos quais 55% obtiveram diagnóstico clínico ou molecular definitivos. Estudos demográficos futuros do Brasil ou da América Latina continuam sendo necessários. genéticas HSPs. HSPs . (HSPs) 1 Paulo 200 202 revisados percentuais seguintes SCA , (SCA) dominantes ARCA, ARCA (ARCA) mitocondriais X outros 1332 332 1.33 total 74 definitivo 10 32 18 5 HSP 55 definitivos necessários (HSPs (SCA (ARCA 133 33 1.3 7 3 13 1.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor survival rates. Timeously introduced palliative care (PC) improves the quality of life (QoL) for patients with terminal diseases. In 2020, an in-patient PC-quality improvement (QI) programme was implemented for PDAC patients. This study compared PC outcomes before and after the introduction of the PC-QI programme. METHODS: A focus group identified five critical intervention areas that could improve care. These were in-patient PC referral, pain and symptom control, shared decision-making, interdisciplinary collaborative care, and continuity of care. A hospital record audit of PDAC patients was conducted in pre- and post-implementation cohorts, and the results were compared. RESULTS: A total of 68 (2017 pre-PC-QI) and 39 (2022 post-PC-QI) patient records were audited. Demography, symptom duration, referral delay, and clinical findings were similar in both cohorts. In-patient PC referrals improved significantly from 54.4% in 2017 to 82.1% in 2022 (p = 0.0059). Significant improvements were also recorded in shared decision-making, collaboration, and continuity of care, while the reassessment of pain and symptoms after treatment improved. Fewer invasive procedures were done in the 2022 cohort (p = 0.0056). The delay from admission to an invasive diagnostic procedure decreased from a mean of 8.7 to 1.5 days (p = 0.0001). The duration of hospital admission, overall survival (OS), and readmissions during the final 30 days of life were similar. CONCLUSION: The QI programme resulted in improved use of the in-hospital PC service and made better use of scarce resources. Increasing patient and family participation and feedback will further inform the development of the quality of PC services.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (HIMTs) are rare and poorly described in the literature. Most publications are single patient case reports and lack detailed reporting on characteristics, management, and outcomes. This systematic review aimed to assess the demography, clinical presentation, typical imaging features, histopathology, treatment, and outcomes of patients presenting with HIMTs. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), JSTOR, Cochrane CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), and the databases included in the Web of Science for studies published between 1940 and 2023 on HIMTs, including its reported synonyms. Case series or cohort studies that reported on the management and outcomes of at least four patients with histologically confirmed HIMTs were included in the analysis. RESULTS: After screening 4553 publications, 22 articles including a total of 440 patients with confirmed HIMTs were eligible for inclusion. The average age was 53.4 years (range 42.0-65.0) with a male to female ratio of 1.7:1. Abdominal pain, discomfort, fever, and loss of weight were the most common presenting symptoms. Surgical resection is the standard of care for HIMTs and is associated with low mortality of 3.4% and low disease recurrence. CONCLUSION: HIMT is a disease more often affecting middle-aged males. The lesions are typically solitary with low recurrence after treatment. The relative roles of surgical versus medical treatment remain unclear. Differences in clinical presentation, histopathology, and treatment of HIMTs compared to inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) at extrahepatic sites could challenge the current view of IMT as a single pathological entity.

Abstract Objective To calculate and analyze the mortality rates from breast cancer in women under 50 years of age in Colombia and to compare them with those of other countries in the region. Methods Based on data from the registry of deaths in 2018 and the results of the National Population and Housing Census of Colombia for the same year, specific mortality rates in women with breast cancer, specific mortality according to age group, standardized by age, proportional mortality, potential years of life lost, and years of life expectancy lost in women under 50 years of age who died from breast cancer were calculated. The mortality rate of regional countries was consulted on the Global Cancer Observatory webpage. Results In the group from 20 to 49 years, the specific mortality rate was higher in the age range from 45 to 49 years, with a rate of 23.42 × 100,000, a value that was above the specific mortality rate due to breast cancer in women in Colombia, 15.17 × 100.000. In the age range of 45 to 49 years, the potential years of life lost were 42.16. Of the 0.275 years of life expectancy lost by the population due to this neoplasia, women under 50 years of age represented 0.091 (33%). Colombia is the fifth in the rank of mortality in Latin American countries in this age group. Conclusion Breast cancer in patients from 30 to 59 years is the number one cause for the decrease in life expectancy of women in Colombia. Women under 50 years of age represent one third of this decrease. This neoplasm is also the leading cause of mortality in women younger than 50 years in South America. 5 region 201 year calculated webpage 2 4 2342 23 42 23.4 100000 100 000 100,000 1517 15 17 15.1 100.000 4216 16 42.16 0275 0 275 0.27 neoplasia 0091 091 0.09 33%. 33 33% . (33%) 3 America 234 23. 10000 10 00 100,00 151 1 15. 100.00 421 42.1 027 27 0.2 009 09 0.0 (33% 1000 100,0 100.0 42. 02 0. (33 100, 100. (3 (

Resumen El texto revisa el uso que se ha hecho de las tasaciones y tributos para la reconstrucción de los grandes agregados de población de Nueva España en el primer siglo de la dominación española, con miras a determinar si realmente es posible seguir dando por válidas las cifras casi canónicas de Sherburne F. Cook y Woodrow W. Borah. Asimismo, se trata de entender las dinámicas no demográficas que fueron influyendo en la configuración de la fiscalidad del tributo durante el siglo XVI novohispano.

Résumé Le texte analyse l’utilisation qui a été faite des taxations et des tributs pour la reconstruction des grands agrégats de population de la Nouvelle-Espagne au premier siècle de la domination espagnole, en vue de déterminer s’il est vraiment possible de continuer à accepter comme valables les chiffres presque canoniques de Sherburne F. Cook et Woodrow W. Borah. En outre, il s’agit de comprendre les dynamiques non démographiques qui influençaient la configuration de la taxation du tribut au XVIe siècle de la Nouvelle-Espagne.

Summary The text reviews the use that has been made of the appraisals and taxes for the reconstruction of the great population aggregates of New Spain in the first century of Spanish domination, with a view to determining if it is really possible to continue accepting as valid the almost canonicals figures presented by Sherburne F. Cook and Woodrow W. Borah. Likewise, it is about understanding the nondemographic dynamics that influenced the configuration of the taxation of the tribute during the 16th century of New Spain.

Abstract The paper analyzes the population growth in Tijuana during the 1920s when the town had the highest growth rates in its history. We draw a demographic, territorial, and migratory profile using censuses and ecclesiastical sources, although both have limitations: the censuses, due to the changes in the municipal organization and the ecclesiastical because they do not cover the entire decade. However, both allow us to observe that this phenomenon was the result of migratory processes, explained by the border condition and Prohibition established in the United States. The census sources show that the phenomenon was not widespread along the border and that a working- age male population predominated in Tijuana’s service sector. The parish records show that the main places of origin of the migration to Tijuana were the entities of the Mexican Northwest and West.

Resumen En el artículo se analiza el poblamiento en Tijuana durante la década de 1920, cuando la localidad tuvo las tasas de crecimiento más elevadas de su historia. Se traza un perfil demográfico, territorial y migratorio recurriendo a fuentes censales y eclesiásticas, aunque ambas poseen limitantes: las censales por los cambios en la organización municipal, y las eclesiásticas porque no cubren la totalidad de la década. Sin embargo, ambas permiten observar que este fenómeno fue resultado de procesos migratorios explicables por la condición fronteriza de la ciudad y por la Prohibición establecida en Estados Unidos. Los censos muestran que el fenómeno no fue generalizado a lo largo de la frontera y que en Tijuana predominó una población masculina en edad laboral ocupada en el sector servicios. Los registros parroquiales señalan que los principales lugares de origen de la migración hacia Tijuana pertenecen a entidades del noroeste y del occidente mexicano.