Two poly(acrylic acid-b-acrylamide) copolymers, and a poly(acrylic acid) homopolymer were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and tested for nickel removal from aqueous media. RAFT was used for better interchain composition homogeneity and to facilitate the synthesis of the block copolymers. Liquid-phase polymer-based retention (LPR) was used to compare the nickel binding capacity. Uptake tests were carried out at pH 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0. Nickel adsorption isotherms in the range of 1 to 7 mmol L−1 were achieved and the Langmuir adsorption model was applied. Maximum binding capacity (Qm) of Ni2+ at 298 K depended on the composition of the copolymers and pH. The polyacid block (PAA) was the major structural feature responsible for high values of nickel binding. All materials presented better uptake at higher pH, probably due to polyacid deprotonation and the increase in the electrostatic interactions. Up to approximately 100 mg of nickel per gram of homopolymer could be retained at pH = 5.0. Even though the presence of a poly(acrylamide) block decreases the binding capacity compared to PAA, that block has a specific contribution to nickel binding and can also provide better features to the material as better solubilization, and others. polyacrylic poly acrylic acidbacrylamide acid b acrylamide acid-b-acrylamide additionfragmentation addition fragmentation (RAFT media Liquidphase Liquid phase polymerbased polymer based LPR (LPR 30 3 0 3.0 40 4 4.0 50 5 5.0 L1 L L− applied Qm (Qm Ni2 Ni 29 PAA (PAA interactions 10 polyacrylamide poly(acrylamide solubilization others 3. 4. 5. 2

ABSTRACT Soil contamination with toxic metals brings along severe environmental issues. Among these metals, copper (Cu) is harmful to plant development when it reaches high contamination levels in the soil. Thus, identifying species capable of resisting this contamination type helps these sites’ revegetation and decontamination processes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the tolerance of Cedrela fissilis plants to excess Cu through morphophysiological and biochemical variables. C. fissilis seedlings were subjected to five concentrations of Cu (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four repetitions. Morphophysiological (number of leaves, shoot height, root length, dry weight, morphological variables of the root system, and leaf area) and biochemical (antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and photosynthetic pigments) traits and Cu accumulated in roots and shoot were evaluated. High concentrations of Cu had a negative effect on the shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Overall, Cu increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, Cu incidence in the nutrient solution has negatively influenced the biochemical and physiological traits of C. fissilis seedlings to the detriment of their growth. Thus, it was possible to identify sensitive behavior by the investigated species. Because of these features, C. fissilis seedlings can be used as markers for copper-contaminated areas. issues (Cu soil Thus sites processes Therefore C 0, 0 (0 2 4 6 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) randomized repetitions number leaves height length weight system area peroxidation concentration pigments evaluated rate conductance Overall growth features coppercontaminated contaminated areas ( L-1 L-

RESUMO A contaminação do solo com metais tóxicos traz consigo graves problemas ambientais. Dentre esses metais, o cobre (Cu) é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das plantas quando atinge elevados níveis de contaminação no solo. Assim, identificar espécies capazes de resistir a esse tipo de contaminação auxilia nos processos de revegetação e descontaminação desses locais. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância de plantas de Cedrela fissilis ao excesso de Cu através de variáveis morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas. Mudas de C. fissilis foram submetidas a cinco concentrações de Cu (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Características morfofisiológicas (número de folhas, altura da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, massa seca, variáveis morfológicas do sistema radicular e área foliar) e bioquímicas (enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e pigmentos fotossintéticos) e Cu acumulado nas raízes e folhas foram avaliados. Altas concentrações de Cu tiveram efeito negativo no peso seco da parte aérea e das raízes, na taxa fotossintética, na condutância estomática e na taxa transpiratória. No geral, o Cu aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a peroxidação lipídica. Portanto, a incidência de Cu na solução nutritiva influenciou negativamente as características bioquímicas e fisiológicas das mudas de C. fissilis em detrimento do seu crescimento. Assim, foi possível identificar o comportamento sensível da espécie investigada. Devido a essas características, mudas de C. fissilis podem ser utilizadas como bioindicadoras de áreas contaminadas por cobre. ambientais (Cu Assim locais Portanto C 0, 0 (0 2 4 L1. L1 L 1 . L-1) casualizado repetições número raiz seca foliar lipídica fotossintéticos avaliados fotossintética transpiratória geral crescimento investigada ( L-1 L-

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

Resumen Introducción: El lavado gástrico implica la eliminación de sustancias potencialmente tóxicas del estómago antes de que sean absorbidas sistémicamente. Apesar de su uso generalizado, el lavado gástrico aún carece de consenso entre la comunidad clínica y científica. Objetivo: Identificar y mapear la evidencia científica disponible sobre el lavado gástrico en personas que sufren intoxicación aguda. Métodos: La revisión siguió la metodología JBI para revisiones de alcance y se llevó a cabo según la lista de verificación PRISMA-ScR. Consideramos estudios que involucraban a individuos adultos, víctimas de intoxicación, sometidos a lavado gástrico en entornos intra o extrahospitalarios. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, francés, español y portugués. La selección de estudios fue realizada por dos revisores independientes, con un tercer revisor en caso de desacuerdo. Resultados: Después del proceso de selección, se incluyeron 10 artículos. El lavado gástrico se realiza instilando 300 ml de solución salina/agua a través de un catéter nasogástrico con la posterior eliminación de todo el contenido gástrico. El lavado gástrico debe realizarse dentro de la primera hora después de la intoxicación; más allá de este límite temporal, no es beneficioso, excepto en casos de intoxicación por antidepresivos tricíclicos. Existes otros métodos de descontaminación, como el carbón activado (mayor eficacia) y el jarabe de ipecacuana (eficacia similar). Conclusión: Se ha demostrado que el lavado gástrico es un procedimiento que debe aplicarse en circunstancias muy concretas y que debe tener en cuenta aspectos como el momento de la contaminación, la persona y su estado clínico. También deben considerarse otros procedimientos, que pueden ser más eficaces y menos arriesgados para la persona intoxicada.

Resumo Introdução: A lavagem gástrica consiste na remoção de substâncias potencialmente tóxicas do estômago antes que sejam absorvidas sistemicamente. Apesar da sua larga utilização, a lavagem gástrica continua a não reunir consenso junto da comunidade clínica e científica. Objetivo: Identificar e mapear a evidência científica disponível acerca da lavagem gástrica à pessoa vítima de intoxicação aguda. Métodos: A revisão regeu-se pela JBI methodology for scoping reviews e foi elaborada segundo a checklist PRISMA-ScR. Consideramos estudos que incluíssem indivíduos em idade adulta, vítimas de intoxicação, submetidos a lavagem gástrica em contextos intra ou extra-hospitalares. Abrangemos estudos em inglês, francês, espanhol e português. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada por dois revisores independentes, utilizando um terceiro revisor em caso de discordância. Resultados: Após o processo de seleção, foram incluídos 10 artigos. A lavagem gástrica realiza-se instilando 300mL de solução salina/ água potável, através de um cateter nasogástrico com posterior remoção de todo o conteúdo gástrico. A lavagem gástrica deve ser executada durante a primeira hora após intoxicação, posteriormente a esse limite temporal, é despromovida de benefícios, exceto em intoxicações por antidepressivos tricíclicos. Existem outros métodos de descontaminação, como o carvão ativado (maior eficácia) e o xarope de ipeca (eficácia semelhante). Conclusão: A lavagem gástrica revelou ser um procedimento que deve ser implementado em circunstâncias muito específicas e deve ter em conta aspetos como o tempo da contaminação, pessoa e condição clínica. Deverão ser considerados, também, outros procedimentos, que podem apresentar maior eficácia e menores riscos para a pessoa intoxicada.

Abstract Introduction: Gastric lavage involves the removal of potentially toxic substances from the stomach before they are systemically absorbed. Despite its widespread use, gastric lavage still lacks consensus among the clinical and scientific community. Objective: To identify and map the available scientific evidence regarding gastric lavage in individuals suffering from acute poisoning. Methods: The review followed the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. We considered studies involving adult individuals, victims of poisoning, undergoing gastric lavage in intra or extra-hospital settings. Studies in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese were included. Study selection was performed by two independent reviewers, with a third reviewer in case of disagreement. Results: After the selection process, 10 articles were included. Gastric lavage is performed by instilling 300mL of saline/water through a nasogastric catheter with subsequent removal of all gastric contents. Gastric lavage should be performed within the first hour after poisoning; beyond this time limit, it is not beneficial, except in cases of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Other decontamination methods, such as activated charcoal (greater efficacy) and ipecac syrup (similar efficacy), exist. Conclusion: Gastric lavage has been shown to be a procedure that should be applied in very specific circumstances and should take into account aspects such as the time of contamination, the person and their clinical condition. Other procedures should also be considered, which may be more effective and less risky for the poisoned person.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different decontamination agents on the bond strength of saliva-contaminated CAD/CAM blocks and repair composite materials. Two hunderd eighty 3-mm-thick specimens were prepared from four different CAD/CAM materials: Katana Zirconia UTML disc, IPS e.max CAD block, Shofu block, and Vita Enamic block. Each material was divided into seven different subgroups (N=70). Group 1 had a clean surface. The other groups were comprised of the samples, which were contaminated with human saliva: group 2: negative control (non-cleaned); group 3: cleaned with water spray; group 4: cleaned with 70% ethanol; group 5: cleaned with Ivoclean; group 6: cleaned with Katana Cleaner; and group 7: cleaned with phosphoric acid. After the decontamination protocols, the resin composite cylinders were bonded to the CAD/CAM surfaces with a thin layer of dual-cured resin cement. The samples were stored for 24 hours at 37°C in distilled water. Then, they were subjected to a shear bond strength test (SBS). The values were recorded, and fracture types were evaluated using a microscope. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test. Generally, all decontaminating agents improved the SBS of composites to Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max, and Vita Enamic materials (p<0.05). However, for Shofu materials, group 6 samples exhibited significantly higher bond strength values as compared with group 2 samples (p=0.026). The highest SBS values were seen in the phosphoric acid-treated group in Katana zirconia materials (26.45 ± 9.38 MPa), whereas the lowest values were seen in group 2 samples in Shofu materials (13.17±3.40 MPa). Each decontaminant agent improved the bond strength of composites to the contaminated CAD/CAM materials. If saliva is not cleaned before adhesive procedure, SBS values may decrease. All decontamination agents can be used safely on zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic, hybrid ceramic, and polymer-infiltrated ceramic surfaces.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue examinar el efecto de diferentes agentes descontaminantes sobre la fuerza de unión de bloques CAD/CAM contaminados con saliva y materiales compuestos de reparación. Se prepararon doscientas ochenta muestras de 3 mm de espesor a partir de cuatro materiales CAD/CAM diferentes: disco Katana Zirconia UTML, bloque IPS e.max CAD, bloque Shofu y bloque Vita Enamic. Cada material se dividió en siete subgrupos diferentes (N=70). El grupo 1 tenía una superficie limpia. Los otros grupos estaban compuestos por muestras que estaban contaminadas con saliva humana: grupo 2: control negativo (no limpio); grupo 3: limpiado con agua pulverizada; grupo 4: limpiado con etanol al 70%; grupo 5: limpiado con Ivoclean; grupo 6: limpiado con Katana Cleaner; y grupo 7: limpiado con ácido fosfórico. Después de los protocolos de descontaminación, los cilindros de composite de resina se adhirieron a las superficies CAD/CAM con una fina capa de cemento de resina de curado dual. Las muestras se almacenaron durante 24 horas a 37°C en agua destilada. Luego, fueron sometidos a una prueba de resistencia al corte (SBS). Se registraron los valores y se evaluaron los tipos de fracturas utilizando un microscopio. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de dos factores y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey. En general, todos los agentes descontaminantes mejoraron el SBS de los composites con los materiales Katana Zirconia UTML, IPS e.max y Vita Enamic (p<0,05). Sin embargo, para los materiales Shofu, las muestras del grupo 6 exhibieron valores de fuerza de unión significativamente más altos en comparación con las muestras del grupo 2 (p=0,026). Los valores más altos de SBS se observaron en el grupo tratado con ácido fosfórico en materiales de circonio Katana (26,45 ± 9,38 MPa), mientras que los valores más bajos se observaron en las muestras del grupo 2 en materiales Shofu (13,17 ± 3,40 MPa). Cada agente descontaminante mejoró la fuerza de unión de los composites a los materiales CAD/CAM contaminados. Si no se limpia la saliva antes del procedimiento adhesivo, los valores de SBS pueden disminuir. Todos los agentes descontaminantes se pueden utilizar de forma segura en superficies de circonio, cerámica de vidrio de disilicato de litio, cerámica híbrida y cerámica con infiltraciones de polímeros.

Abstract In the field of non-thermal food processing technologies, the application of cold plasma stands out for its rapid growth and broad prospects. Cold plasma is generated by applying energy to ionize a specific gas, producing highly reactive species such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as ozone, ions, free radicals, and ultraviolet radiation. The most common configurations for generating cold plasma include dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge. Key applications and effects include the destruction of biofilms, inactivation of microorganisms, decontamination of mycotoxins, degradation of pesticides, and modification of starches, among others. Proposed mechanisms of action range from chemical and molecular modifications to cellular lysis and genetic damage. This article provides an updated overview of the principles, generation, and applications of cold plasma technology in the food industry.

Resumen En el ámbito de las tecnologías no térmicas para el procesamiento de alimentos, la aplicación de plasma frío destaca por su rápido crecimiento y amplias proyecciones. El plasma frío se genera aplicando energía que ioniza un gas específico, lo que produce especies altamente reactivas como las reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno, además de ozono, iones, radicales libres y radiación ultravioleta. Las configuraciones más comunes para su generación incluyen la descarga de barrera dieléctrica y la descarga corona. Sus aplicaciones y efectos clave abarcan la destrucción de biofilms, inactivación de microorganismos, descontaminación de micotoxinas, degradación de pesticidas y modificación de almidones, entre otros. Los mecanismos de acción propuestos varían desde modificaciones químicas y moleculares hasta lisis celular y daño genético. Este artículo proporciona una visión general actualizada sobre los principios, generación y aplicaciones del plasma frío en la industria alimentaria.

In recent years, various methods for surface functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles with emerging modifications have been explored and reported. Green nano-chemistry aims to synthesize nanomaterials using bio-based resources, providing new materials for biological and environmental applications. Surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles using phytochemicals extracted from plants is a fundamental principle of green synthesis routes. Agricultural waste from different crops, such as plantain pseudostem, is of particular interest as a renewable resource due to its abundant availability, low toxicity, and economic feasibility. In this study, the juice extracted from plantain pseudostem was utilized for the phytofunctionalization of magnetite nanoparticles. Characterization techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the nanometric dimensions of the composite (size range of 12.6 ± 3.17 nm) and established its organic-inorganic nature. The superparamagnetic properties of the composite were also demonstrated. Moreover, the potential application of this nanohybrid in bioremediation for the immobilization of cadmium(II) and lead(II) showed promising results, highlighting its efficacy in managing water pollutants. years reported nanochemistry nano chemistry biobased bio based resources applications routes crops availability toxicity feasibility study TEM, TEM , (TEM) SEM, SEM (SEM) TGA, TGA (TGA) fouriertransform fourier transform FTIR (FTIR size 126 12 6 12. 317 3 17 3.1 nm organicinorganic organic inorganic nature demonstrated Moreover cadmiumII cadmium II cadmium(II leadII lead lead(II results pollutants (TEM (SEM (TGA 1 31 3.

Abstract Vismia japurensis Reichardt is a plant of ecological and chemical importance from which a variety of bioactive substances have been isolated. The current study aimed to establish in vitro cultures of this species as a source of secondary metabolites. Appropriate decontamination treatments and germination tests were performed and, after in vitro culture establishment, the propagated plants were multiplied in a sterile environment to increase the biomass of available experimental material. Seeds showed low contamination and a high germination percentage on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with gibberellic acid (both at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/L). V. japurensis nodal segments rapidly regenerated when first grown in WPM and then transplanted to Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). After 60 days in MS medium, the propagated plants were removed, lyophilized, and extracted with hexane and methanol. The hexane extract was fractionated via open column chromatography, and the substance isolated was purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Structural determination of the isolated substance was carried out using one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The isolated substance was identified as 1,8,10-trihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenone, which, based on the conducted literature search, is reported for the first time. metabolites establishment material (WPM both 1 mg/L. mgL mg/L . mg L mg/L) V MS. (MS) 6 removed lyophilized methanol chromatography twodimensional two dimensional spectrometry 1,8,10trihydroxy3,10dimethyl910Hanthracenone, 1810trihydroxy310dimethyl910Hanthracenone trihydroxydimethylHanthracenone 1,8,10 trihydroxy 3,10 dimethyl 9 10H anthracenone, 8 3 anthracenone H 1,8,10-trihydroxy-3,10-dimethyl-9(10H)-anthracenone search time (MS 10trihydroxy3 10dimethyl910Hanthracenone Hanthracenone 1,8,10trihydroxy3,10dimethyl910Hanthracenone 1810 1,8,1 310 3,1 10trihydroxy dimethylHanthracenone 181 1,8, 31 3, 18 1,8 1,

Gamma radiation is an effective method for microbial decontamination of plant materials. However, this treatment can induce changes in the chemical structure of plant constituents. Stem barks of Luehea ochrophylla were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation to evaluate decontamination efficiency and changes in chemical composition of plant material including phenolic fraction. The major microbial contaminants of non-irradiated samples were isolated and identified as the fungal species Eurotium chevalieri L. Mangin and Lecythophora decumbens. The dose of 5.0 kGy was effective to achieve total decontamination of the stem barks of L. ochrophylla. The formation of free radicals was verified in the plant material using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and was supposed to be related to the trans-aconitic acid, a plant constituent. It was the only secondary metabolite to have its concentration significantly altered with radiation in phenolic fraction, as observed by liquid chromatography with diode array detector coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-DAD-MS). The trans-aconitic acid was isolated and exposed to gamma radiation in aqueous medium. Its concentration decreased after exposition to a dose of 3.0 kGy, corroborating the supposition of its degradation. Citric acid was the main radiolytic product formed by irradiation of trans-aconitic acid in the presence of water. materials However constituents fraction nonirradiated non irradiated L decumbens 50 5 0 5. transaconitic trans aconitic constituent LCDADMS. LCDADMS LC DAD MS . (LC-DAD-MS) medium 30 3 3. degradation water (LC-DAD-MS

RESUMO Os efeitos sobre seres humanos do spray Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) utilizado pelas forças policiais no controle de distúrbios civis são amplamente conhecidos e largamente descritos em numerosos artigos científicos. No entanto, com o advento dos conceitos de bem-estar animal, levanta-se a questão se equinos expostos ao OC em tais eventos sofreriam os mesmos efeitos descritos em seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se cavalos da Polícia Montada expostos ao OC apresentam os mesmos sintomas descritos em seres humanos. Neste estudo, 18 cavalos da Polícia Militar do Paraná, saudáveis e sem histórico de doença do trato respiratório, foram conduzidos por uma nuvem de gás criada a partir do uso de seis espargidores de spray pimenta. Os parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal e coloração das mucosas foram avaliados 24 horas antes da exposição, 30 min e 24 horas após a exposição. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para realização de hemograma completo e hemogasometria, e amostras da mucosa ocular foram obtidas por meio de swabs estéreis. A análise desses parâmetros não revelou efeitos análogos aos descritos em seres humanos. A não manifestação de alterações oculares está diretamente correlacionada com a forma primária de descontaminação em seres humanos, que é correr com os olhos abertos a fim de permitir a ação do do ar contra os olhos. No caso dos equinos, o deslocamento deles, no andamento ao passo, em uma velocidade média de 6km/h, e ao trote, em uma velociade média de 18km/h, gera um fluxo de ar em todas as partes do corpo do animal; além disso, peças de selaria e partes do corpo do cavaleiro formam uma barreira contra a ação do agente OC, diminuindo, dessa forma, a área de contato. Após 30 minutos e 24 horas depois da exposição, também não foram observados efeitos agressores análogos aos encontrados nas vias áerea e conjuntivas oculares em seres humanos. (OC científicos entanto bemestar bem estar animal levantase levanta 1 Paraná respiratório pimenta respiratória cardíaca 2 exposição 3 hemogasometria estéreis deles passo 6kmh kmh 6km h km 6km/h trote 18kmh 18km 18km/h disso diminuindo contato

ABSTRACT The effects of the Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray used by police forces to control civil disturbances are widely known and extensively described in numerous scientific articles regarding humans. However, with the advent of animal welfare concepts, the question arises as to whether horses exposed to OC in such events would experience the same effects described in humans. The objective of this study was to determine if Mounted Police horses exposed to OC exhibit the same symptoms described in humans. In this study, 18 healthy horses from the Military Police of Paraná, without a history of respiratory disease, were led through a cloud of gas created using six pepper spray dispensers. Physiological parameters including respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and conjunctival color were evaluated 24 hours before exposure, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after exposure. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and blood gas analysis, and samples of the ocular mucosa were obtained using sterile swabs. Analysis of these parameters did not reveal effects analogous to those described in humans. The absence of ocular changes is directly correlated with the primary decontamination method in humans, which involves running with open eyes to allow the air to act against them. In the case of horses, the movement of their eyes while walking at an average speed of 6km/h in a walk and 18km/h in a trot generates airflow throughout the entire body of the animal. Additionally, pieces of tack and parts of the rider’s body form a barrier against the action of the OC agent by reducing the contact area. After 30 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, no aggressive effects like those found in humans in the airways and ocular mucosa were observed. (OC However concepts 1 Paraná disease dispensers rate temperature 2 exposure 3 analysis swabs them 6kmh kmh 6km h km 18kmh 18km Additionally riders rider s area postexposure, postexposure post post-exposure observed

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the feasibility of decontaminating PFF2 respirators in pandemic situations. Method: Quasi-experiment in a public hospital in South Brazil between April and June 2021. The sample consisted of PFF2 respirators used for six and 42 hours in the intensive care unit, divided into groups (usage time and types of intervention) and a control group. They were evaluated for resistance, integrity, and flammability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare multiple groups to verify whether the respirator remained safe after decontamination, among the different treatments and the mask usage time. Results: There was a significant difference in filter efficiency (p=0.002) and resistance (p<=0.001) between PFF2. Decontaminations did not influence integrity when their interaction with usage time was evaluated. Conclusion: Decontamination, separately or together, was a viable alternative. Objective PFF situations Method Quasiexperiment Quasi experiment 2021 4 unit intervention group flammability decontamination Results p=0.002 p0002 p 0 002 (p=0.002 p<=0.001 p0001 001 (p<=0.001 Conclusion Decontamination together alternative 202 p=0.00 p000 00 (p=0.00 p<=0.00 (p<=0.00 20 p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 p<=0.0 (p<=0.0 2 p=0. p0 (p=0. p<=0. (p<=0. p=0 (p=0 p<=0 (p<=0 p= (p= p<= (p<= (p p< (p<

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la viabilidad de descontaminar los respiradores PFF2 en situaciones pandémicas. Método: Cuasi experimento, en un hospital público del sur de Brasil, entre abril y junio de 2021. La muestra consistió en respiradores PFF2 utilizados durante seis y 42 horas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, divididos en grupos (tiempo de uso y tipos de intervención) y un grupo de control. Se evaluó su resistencia, integridad e inflamabilidad. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales para comparar varios grupos y comprobar si el respirador seguía siendo seguro de usar tras la descontaminación, entre los distintos tratamientos y el tiempo de uso de las mascarillas. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa en la eficacia del filtro (p=0,002) y la resistencia (p<=0,001) entre los PFF2. La descontaminación no influyó en la integridad cuando se evaluó su interacción con el tiempo de uso. Conclusión: La descontaminación, por separado o en conjunto, demostró ser una alternativa viable. Objetivo PFF pandémicas Método experimento Brasil 2021 4 intensivos intervención control inflamabilidad mascarillas Resultados p=0,002 p0002 p 0 002 (p=0,002 p<=0,001 p0001 001 (p<=0,001 Conclusión conjunto viable 202 p=0,00 p000 00 (p=0,00 p<=0,00 (p<=0,00 20 p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 p<=0,0 (p<=0,0 2 p=0, p0 (p=0, p<=0, (p<=0, p=0 (p=0 p<=0 (p<=0 p= (p= p<= (p<= (p p< (p<

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade da descontaminação de respiradores PFF2, em situações de pandemia. Método: Quase-experimento, em hospital público do Sul do Brasil, entre abril e junho de 2021. A amostra foi de respiradores PFF2 usados por seis e 42 horas no centro de terapia intensiva, divididos em grupos (tempo de uso e tipos de intervenção) e grupo controle. Foram avaliados quanto a resistência, integridade e inflamabilidade. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva e inferencial na comparação de múltiplos grupos para verificar se o respirador permanecia seguro para o uso após a descontaminação, entre os diferentes tratamentos e o tempo de uso das máscaras. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa da eficiência do filtro (p=0,002) e da resistência (p<=0,001) entre PFF2. As descontaminações não influenciaram na integridade quando avaliada a sua interação com o tempo de uso. Conclusão: A descontaminação, separadamente ou em conjunto, mostrou-se alternativa viável. Objetivo PFF pandemia Método Quaseexperimento, Quaseexperimento Quase experimento, experimento Quase-experimento Brasil 2021 4 intensiva intervenção controle inflamabilidade máscaras Resultados p=0,002 p0002 p 0 002 (p=0,002 p<=0,001 p0001 001 (p<=0,001 Conclusão conjunto mostrouse mostrou viável 202 p=0,00 p000 00 (p=0,00 p<=0,00 (p<=0,00 20 p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 p<=0,0 (p<=0,0 2 p=0, p0 (p=0, p<=0, (p<=0, p=0 (p=0 p<=0 (p<=0 p= (p= p<= (p<= (p p< (p<

Abstract. - The clinical laboratories belonging to the health system in Mexico are among the most discriminated departments due to factors such as sources of financing, as it requires strong administrative management, as well as the dependence on vast infrastructure, material, and human resources. Pneumonia, a disease that can be detected in a subclinical stage, is the 2nd cause of death from respiratory infections in Mexico and is, in turn, the 7th cause of death in the country. For the early diagnosis of diseases caused by microorganisms such as the one just mentioned, laboratory tests are performed, including inoculation in culture media for the proliferation of said microorganisms, however, the techniques used are manual, delaying technological progress. applied in terms of automation, which would allow better workflows with fewer resources. A great challenge in automating the process is cross contamination that occurs at the time of inoculation, as well as decontamination and sterilization after sowing. Considering this, the model of a device that performs the microbiological culture process automatically was developed, emphasizing the variables involved to avoid cross contamination and sterilization of the areas, comparing various decontamination techniques, the ones that best fit us are through exposure to UV light, since we avoid the malfunction of electronic components due to temperature.

Resumen. - Los laboratorios clínicos pertenecientes al sistema de salud en México son de los departamentos más discriminados debido a factores como fuentes de financiamiento ya que necesita de una fuerte gestión administrativa, así como la dependencia de basta infraestructura, recurso material y humano. La neumonía, enfermedad que puede detectarse en una etapa subclínica, es la 2da causa de muertes por infecciones respiratorias en México y está a su vez, es la 7ma causa de muerte en el país. Para el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedades causadas por microorganismos como la recién mencionada, se realizan exámenes de laboratorio, entre los que destacan la inoculación en medios de cultivo para la proliferación de dichos microorganismos, sin embargo, las técnicas utilizadas son manuales, retrasando el avance tecnológico aplicado en términos de automatización, lo que permitiría tener mejores flujos de trabajo con menos recursos. Un gran reto en la automatización del proceso es la contaminación cruzada que se da en el momento de realizar la inoculación, así como la descontaminación y esterilización posterior a la siembra. Considerando esto, se desarrolló el modelo de un dispositivo que realice el proceso de cultivos microbiológicos de forma automática, haciendo énfasis en las variables involucradas para evitar contaminación cruzada y la esterilización de las zonas, comparando diversas técnicas de descontaminación, las que mejor nos ajusta es por medio de exposición a luz UV, ya que evitamos el mal funcionamiento de componentes electrónicos por temperatura.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las plantas de beneficio animal deben utilizar un procedimiento de descontaminación de canales para el control de patógenos y con ello, prevenir la aparición de enfermedades transmitidas por el consumo de carne. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el procedimiento de descontaminación de canales bovinas en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, que se encontraban abiertas, inscritas y autorizadas por el Invima al momento del estudio. Métodos: Este estudio descriptivo recolectó información de 23 plantas de beneficio animal de la especie bovina, a partir de revisiones documentales y visitas a las plantas, usando formatos y cuestionarios entre julio de 2019 y abril de 2021. Resultados: El estudio permitió caracterizar los procedimientos y técnicas de descontaminación de canales bovinas, revelando que en al menos el 73,9% de las plantas de beneficio estudiadas se realiza la desinfección química de las canales para el control de microorganismos. A partir de fuentes secundarias, se encontró que la mayoría de las plantas de beneficio animal en el Departamento de Antioquia son muy pequeñas, 10 de ellas utilizan productos de desinfección de canales, tales como el ácido cítrico, ácido láctico, ácido peracético y mezcla de ácidos orgánicos en concentraciones entre 900 y 1200 ppm, 1,5 y 1,7%, 180 y 190 ppm y 900 y 1200 ppm, respectivamente; y estos son utilizados de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la respectiva ficha técnica del producto. Por otro lado, durante la visita a las plantas de beneficio y mediante la aplicación del cuestionario, se constató que las 12 plantas visitadas han implementado la desinfección química como método de intervención para el control de microorganismos patógenos, realizando su aplicación mediante dispositivos manuales, no obstante, estas prácticas no están fundamentadas científicamente. Por otro lado, se estableció que aparentemente el tipo de empresa, volumen de sacrificio y falta de recursos financieros son los factores que determinan la elección del procedimiento de descontaminación de canales. De igual manera, se evidenció la necesidad de realizar estudios para validar la efectividad del procedimiento de descontaminación en las diferentes plantas de beneficio. Conclusiones: Aunque se estableció que en las plantas de beneficio animal visitadas se implementa al menos una técnica de intervención como la desinfección química, esta elección no tiene un sustento con base a fundamentos científicos y técnicos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de mejoras en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento, incluyendo mejoras al programa de vigilancia de la reducción efectiva de patógenos en la cadena cárnica.

Abstract Background: Beef slaughterhouses must use a carcass decontamination procedure to control pathogens and thus prevent foodborne diseases transmitted by meat. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize beef carcass decontamination procedures at slaughterhouses located in the province of Antioquia (Colombia). All the slaughterhouses were open, registered, and approved by Invima (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos in Spanish) at the time of the study. Methods: This descriptive study collected information from 23 beef slaughterhouses between July 2019 and April 2021 through documentary reviews and visits to slaughterhouses, using forms and questionnaires. Results: The study allowed the characterization of the procedures used to decontaminate beef carcasses, showing that the chemical disinfection of the carcasses is used to control microorganisms in at least 73.9% of the slaughterhouses analyzed. According to secondary sources, it was found that most of the slaughterhouses are small (slaughter volume <50,000 heads per year); 10 of them use citric acid, lactic acid, peracetic acid, and a mixture of organic acids in concentrations between 900 and 1,200 ppm, 1.5 and 1.7%, 180 and 190 ppm, and 900 and 1,200 ppm, respectively, as carcass disinfectants and according to the technical data sheet of the product. During the visits and through the application of the questionnaire, it was found that the 12 slaughterhouses had implemented chemical disinfection which is not scientifically based, using manual devices as an intervention method to control pathogenic microorganisms. It was found that the type of company, slaughter volume, and the lack of financial resources are the determining factors in the selection of decontamination procedures. The validation of the beef carcass decontamination procedures in the different slaughterhouses in the study was demonstrated. Conclusions: Although it was established that at least one decontamination procedure, such as chemical disinfection, is used in the slaughterhouses of study, this option is not supported by scientific or technical evidence. The findings support the need for improvements in the slaughterhouses of the province of Antioquia, including the improvement of surveillance programs to reduce pathogens in the meat chain effectively.

Abstract The present study evaluated the influence of carvacrol, terpinene-4-ol, and chlorhexidine on the physical-chemical properties of titanium surfaces, cell viability, proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of fibroblasts and osteoblasts in vitro. Titanium surfaces (Ti) were treated with Carvacrol (Cvc), Terpinen-4-ol (T4ol), Chlorhexidine (CHX), DMSO, and ultrapure water (Control group). Physical-chemical modifications were evaluated by surface wettability, the surface free energy (SFE) calculated from the contact angle values using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble (OWRK) equation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry probe (EDS) system. Cells were seeded onto Ti-treated surfaces and incubated for 24 h and 72 h, then evaluated by Alamar blue assay and fluorescence microscopy. Surfaces treated with Cvc and T4ol showed the presence of Na, O, and Cl. All surfaces showed hydrophilic characteristics and SFE values between 5.5 mN/m and 3.4 mN/m. On the other hand, EDS peaks demonstrated the presence of O and Cl after CHX treatment. A reduction of cell viability and adhesion was noted on titanium surfaces treated with CHX after 24 and 72h. In conclusion, the results indicate that the decontamination with Cvc and T4ol on Ti surfaces does not alter the surface proprieties and allows an adequate interaction with cells involved in the re-osseointegration process such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts. carvacrol terpinene4ol, terpinene4ol terpineneol terpinene 4 ol, ol terpinene-4-ol physicalchemical physical chemical proliferation vitro (Ti Cvc, , (Cvc) Terpinen4ol Terpinenol Terpinen T4ol, Tol T (T4ol) CHX, (CHX) DMSO Control group. group . group) Physicalchemical Physical wettability (SFE OwensWendtRabelKaeble Owens Wendt Rabel Kaeble OWRK (OWRK equation SEM (SEM (EDS system Titreated 2 7 Na 55 5 5. mNm mN m 34 3 3. hand treatment 72h conclusion reosseointegration re osseointegration (Cvc (T4ol (CHX

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a influência do carvacrol, terpineno-4-ol e clorexidina nas propriedades físico-químicas de superfícies de titânio, viabilidade celular, proliferação, adesão e esplhamento de fibroblastos e osteoblastos in vitro. Superfícies de titânio (Ti) foram tratadas com Carvacrol (Cvc), Terpinen-4-ol (T4ol), Clorexidina (CHX), DMSO e água ultrapura (Grupo Controle). As modificações físico-químicas foram avaliadas pela molhabilidade da superfície, a energia livre de superfície (ELS) calculada a partir dos valores do ângulo de contato usando a equação de Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble (OWRK), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDS). As células foram semeadas em superfícies tratadas com Ti e incubadas por 24 h e 72 h, e avaliadas pelo ensaio Alamar blue e microscopia de fluorescência. As superfícies tratadas com Cvc e T4ol mostraram a presença de Na, O e Cl. Todas as superfícies apresentaram características hidrofílicas e valores de ELS entre 5,5 mN/m e 3,4 mN/m. Por outro lado, os picos de EDS demonstraram a presença de O e Cl após o tratamento com CHX. Uma redução da viabilidade celular e adesão foi observada em superfícies de titânio tratadas com CHX após 24 e 72h. Em conclusão, os resultados indicam que a descontaminação com Cvc e T4ol em superfícies de Ti não altera as propriedades da superfície e permite uma interação adequada com células envolvidas no processo de reosseointegração como fibroblastos e osteoblastos. carvacrol terpineno4ol terpinenool terpineno 4 ol físicoquímicas físico químicas proliferação vitro (Ti Cvc, , (Cvc) Terpinen4ol Terpinenol Terpinen T4ol, Tol T (T4ol) CHX, (CHX) Grupo Controle. Controle . Controle) (ELS OwensWendtRabelKaeble Owens Wendt Rabel Kaeble OWRK, OWRK (OWRK) MEV (MEV EDS. (EDS) 2 7 fluorescência Na 55 5 5, mNm mN m 34 3 3, lado 72h conclusão (Cvc (T4ol (CHX (OWRK (EDS

Resumen Como reacción a la contaminación del lago Villarrica, actores territoriales se movilizaron para exigir mayor protección ambiental. En respuesta, el gobierno chileno estableció un proceso colaborativo para elaborar el Plan de Descontaminación Ambiental. No obstante, el proceso no logró responder a las expectativas de las organizaciones territoriales, generando un cuestionamiento público hacia el Plan y a las motivaciones del gobierno. Para reducir la brecha entre la teoría y la práctica de gobernanza, se propone una metodología para analizar el proceso de gobernanza colaborativa realizado. Se concluye con recomendaciones para lograr mejores resultados y legitimidad.

Abstract In response to the contamination of Villarrica Lake, territorial actors have demanded greater environmental protection. In response, the Chilean State established a collaborative process to elaborate a Decontamination Plan. However, the process did not respond to their expectations, resulting in public questioning of the plan and government motivations. To reduce the gap between the design and practice of governance, we propose a methodology to analyze the collaborative governance process and recommend changes to achieve better and more legitimate results.